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Journal articles on the topic "Village dogs"
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Ruiz-Izaguirre, Eliza, Paul Hebinck, and Karen (C H. A. M. ). Eilers. "Village Dogs in Coastal Mexico." Society & Animals 28, no. 5-6 (March 2, 2018): 510–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685306-12341486.
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Abstract Village dogs are important for households in coastal Mexico, yet they are seen as out of place by etic stakeholders (public health and wildlife experts, and animal welfarists). Caregivers of village dogs are considered irresponsible, a view that is reinforced by Mexican policy. We describe two contrasting etic discourses in this article that have emerged from ideologies based on human-dog relation theories. The article is part of an ongoing shift in the social sciences that has seen attempts to move beyond anthropocentrism and to explore human-animal relations outside the parameters of the traditional nature-culture dichotomy. Local narratives hinge on different experiences with dogs. Villagers perceive their dogs as adults, capable of and subject to judgment. Etic discourses are currently the basis for dog management policies. Attaching the label of “irresponsible owner” to the caregivers of village dogs prevents their inclusion as legitimate participants in policy processes.
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Dwyer, Peter D., and Monica Minnegal. "Wild dogs and village dogs in New Guinea: were they different?" Australian Mammalogy 38, no. 1 (2016): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am15011.
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Recent accounts of wild-living dogs in New Guinea argue that these animals qualify as an ‘evolutionarily significant unit’ that is distinct from village dogs, have been and remain genetically isolated from village dogs and merit taxonomic recognition at, at least, subspecific level. These accounts have paid little attention to reports concerning village dogs. This paper reviews some of those reports, summarises observations from the interior lowlands of Western Province and concludes that: (1) at the time of European colonisation, wild-living dogs and most, if not all, village dogs of New Guinea comprised a single though heterogeneous gene pool; (2) eventual resolution of the phylogenetic relationships of New Guinean wild-living dogs will apply equally to all or most of the earliest New Guinean village-based dogs; and (3) there remain places where the local village-based population of domestic dogs continues to be dominated by individuals whose genetic inheritance can be traced to precolonisation canid forebears. At this time, there is no firm basis from which to assign a unique Linnaean name to dogs that live as wild animals at high altitudes of New Guinea.
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Gill, Gurlal S., Balbir B. Singh, Navneet K. Dhand, Rabinder S. Aulakh, Michael P. Ward, and Victoria J. Brookes. "Stray Dogs and Public Health: Population Estimation in Punjab, India." Veterinary Sciences 9, no. 2 (February 10, 2022): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9020075.
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The overpopulation of stray dogs is a serious public health and animal welfare concern in India. Neglected zoonotic diseases such as rabies and echinococcosis are transmitted at the stray–dog human interface, particularly in low to middle-income countries. The current study was designed to estimate the stray dog populations in Punjab to enhance the implementation of animal birth and disease (for example, rabies vaccination) control programs. This is the first systematic estimation of the stray dog population using a recommended method (mark–re-sight) in Punjab, India. The study was conducted from August 2016 to November 2017 in selected villages or wards in Punjab. For the rural areas, 22 sub-districts in each district were randomly selected, then one village from each of the 22 selected sub-districts was selected (by convenience sampling). For urban areas, 3 towns (less than 100,000 human population) and 2 large cities (more than or equal to 100,000 human population) were randomly selected, followed by convenience selection of two wards from each of the 5 selected towns/cities. To estimate the dog population size, we used a modified mark–re-sight procedure and analysed counts using two methods; the Lincoln–Petersen formula with Chapman’s correction, and an application of Good–Turing theory (SuperDuplicates method; estimated per km2 and per 1000 adult humans and were compared between localities (villages vs. towns), dog sex (male vs. female) and age group (young vs. adult) using linear mixed models with district as a random effect. The predicted mean (95% CI) count of the dogs per village or ward were extrapolated to estimate the number of stray dogs in Punjab based on (a) the number of villages and wards in the state; (b) the adult human population of the state and (c) the built-up area of the state. Median stray dog populations per village and per ward using the Lincoln–Petersen formula with Chapman’s correction were estimated to be 33 and 65 dogs, respectively. Higher estimates of 61 per village and 112 per ward are reported using the SuperDuplicates method. The number of males was significantly higher than the number of females and the number of adult dogs was about three times the number of young dogs. Based on different methods, estimates of the mean stray dog population in the state of Punjab ranged from 519,000 to 1,569,000. The current study revealed that there are a substantial number of stray dogs and a high number reside in rural (versus urban) areas in Punjab. The estimated stray dog numbers pose a potential public health hazard in Punjab. This impact requires assessment. The estimated stray dog numbers will help develop a dog population and rabies control program in which information about the logistics required as well as costs of implementing such programmes in Punjab can be incorporated.
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Shannon, Laura M., Ryan H. Boyko, Marta Castelhano, Elizabeth Corey, Jessica J. Hayward, Corin McLean, Michelle E. White, et al. "Genetic structure in village dogs reveals a Central Asian domestication origin." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 44 (October 19, 2015): 13639–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1516215112.
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Dogs were the first domesticated species, originating at least 15,000 y ago from Eurasian gray wolves. Dogs today consist primarily of two specialized groups—a diverse set of nearly 400 pure breeds and a far more populous group of free-ranging animals adapted to a human commensal lifestyle (village dogs). Village dogs are more genetically diverse and geographically widespread than purebred dogs making them vital for unraveling dog population history. Using a semicustom 185,805-marker genotyping array, we conducted a large-scale survey of autosomal, mitochondrial, and Y chromosome diversity in 4,676 purebred dogs from 161 breeds and 549 village dogs from 38 countries. Geographic structure shows both isolation and gene flow have shaped genetic diversity in village dog populations. Some populations (notably those in the Neotropics and the South Pacific) are almost completely derived from European stock, whereas others are clearly admixed between indigenous and European dogs. Importantly, many populations—including those of Vietnam, India, and Egypt—show minimal evidence of European admixture. These populations exhibit a clear gradient of short-range linkage disequilibrium consistent with a Central Asian domestication origin.
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Sellers, K. G., O. O. Dipeolu, S. Falade, and R. Babalola. "Household Livestock in the Eruwa District of the Ibarapa Division, Oyo State, Nigeria." Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 3, no. 2 (January 16, 2021): 34–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v3i2.2507.
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NUMBERS of sheep, goats, pigs, chicken, dogs and cats classified as adult males, adult females and young were counted in Eruwa Ibarapa Division, Oyo State, Nigeria and its associated villages during July and August 1974. Counts involved a total of 1975 households, 769 in the town and 506 in the villages; 9.42 per cent kept sheep, 58.44 per cent goats, 4.32 per cent pigs, 88.00 per cent chickens, 28.16 per cent dogs and 27.38 per cent cats. Means of animals per town household were 4.59 sheep, 3.58 goats, 11.95 pigs, 14.73 chickens, 1.89 dogs and 1.62 cats; means per village household were 6.75 sheep, 5.01 goats, no pigs, 17.60 chickens, 2.0r dogs and 1.81 cats, The investigation has provided a sampling frame from which samples can be drawn for specific investigations and continuing surveillances.
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Ruiz-Izaguirre, Eliza, Karen (C ). H. A. M. Eilers, Eddie A. M. Bokkers, Alessia Ortolani, Antonio Ortega-Pacheco, and Imke J. M. de Boer. "Human–dog interactions and behavioural responses of village dogs in coastal villages in Michoacán, Mexico." Applied Animal Behaviour Science 154 (May 2014): 57–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2014.02.002.
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Ortolani, Alessia, Hans Vernooij, and Raymond Coppinger. "Ethiopian village dogs: Behavioural responses to a stranger's approach." Applied Animal Behaviour Science 119, no. 3-4 (July 2009): 210–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2009.03.011.
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Dilago, Zakarias. "Penyuluhan dan Pelaksanaan Vaksinasi Rabies di Desa Tagalaya Kecamatan Tobelo." Jurnal Pengabdian Masyarakat: Darma Bakti Teuku Umar 1, no. 1 (December 31, 2019): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.35308/baktiku.v1i1.1463.
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This community service was carried out for 2 days for the people in Tagalaya Village, Tobelo District, aimed at increasing public knowledge about rabies, as well as efforts to reduce the spread of rabies in Tobelo District, especially in Tagalaya Village. This activity was carried out by Polytechnic Perdamaian Halmahera Lecturers and students. The method used is counseling, demonstration and vaccination. The implementation stage on the first day was through counseling in the form of exposure to material on rabies which included rabies transmission, rabies prevention methods and treatment for rabies victims, then followed by vaccination demonstrations on several dogs belonging to the community. The activity continued on the second day by going around the village to vaccinate dogs that are kept by the community. The results of the extension activity showed that the community in Tagalaya Village had a better understanding of rabies, while the vaccination carried out on the second day succeeded in vaccinating 67 dogs, both adult dogs and puppies belonging to the Tagalaya Village community.
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Cook, Robert A. "Dogs of War: Potential Social Institutions of Conflict, Healing, and Death in a Fort Ancient Village." American Antiquity 77, no. 3 (July 2012): 498–523. http://dx.doi.org/10.7183/0002-7316.77.3.498.
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AbstractInterpreting ritual activity at ancient sites, such as Sun Watch Village in the Middle Ohio Valley, can be difficult without clear and specific historical connections to later groups. This Fort Ancient site yielded evidence of ritual use of dogs and wolves that resemble those documented for several Central Algonquian and Siouan/Plains tribes. Although these ethnographic groups have not been conclusively linked as direct descendants of Middle Ohio valley populations, this information can be used as multiple specific analogies for understanding such “culturally unaffiliated” cases. At Sun Watch Village, local customs of dog and wolf ritualism became established at a time of increasing warfare and the appearance of Mississippians in the Fort Ancient region. Mississippians may have contributed to developing authority positions in individual villages that were coping with local population growth and in-migration of peoples within an increasingly hostile social landscape.
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Koziarski, Ralph. "Fur-Trade Period Animal Ceremonialism at the Grand Village of the Meskwaki." Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology 42, no. 1 (April 1, 2017): 37–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/26599947.
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Abstract The Bell site was the principal village of the Algonquian-speaking Meskwaki from ca. A.D. 1680 to 1730. Based on collected ethnohistoric data, it is hypothesized that the Meskwaki saw bears and dogs as spiritually important animals and expressed this view through differential treatment of their remains. The results suggest that discard behaviors for bears were unique and that their remains may be indicative of ritual feasting. Meanwhile, comparison of features with dog remains to features with bear remains does not show clearly comparable behaviors in most cases. Ethnohistoric and ethnographic data suggest that dogs played an important role as spiritual conduits for the Meskwaki and their neighbors, but the archaeological data are not unequivocal.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Village dogs"
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Porter, Karen. "Dogs in a Village." Master's thesis, University of Central Florida, 2006. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/2921.
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Nearly all of the histories of Shays's Rebellion point to debt as the reason why farmers in western Massachusetts rose against the courts and the state government in the fall and winter of 1786-87. Recent scholarship demonstrates a new line of reasoning based on the tax records of those involved. The following thesis, a screenplay, offers a fictional telling of this insurgency. The story is told using language pulled from contemporary letters and documents and follows a line of causation pointing to inequitable state tax structure and poor representation as the provocation. The response that ensued was not a rebellion – it was a Regulation.M.A.
Office of Liberal and Interdisciplinary Studies
Arts and Sciences
Liberal Studies
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Ainsworth-Darnell, James W. "Does it take a village? ; how neighborhood context affects school performance across racial groups /." The Ohio State University, 2000. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1488190595940894.
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Queruz, Francisco. "CONTRIBUIÇÃO PARA IDENTIFICAÇÃO DOS PRINCIPAIS AGENTES E MECANISMOS DE DEGRADAÇÃO EM EDIFICAÇÕES DA VILA BELGA." Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2007. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/7685.
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The development of actions and policies of patrimonial preservation acquires each time more importance for the societies that are trying to preserve its cultural heritages. This work presents a multiple case study performed in the buildings of the Belgian Village, in Saint Maria, in order to identify the most important agents and mechanisms that are involved in the deterioration of these constructions, which are important for the community. The proposal was supported by the premise that only with the knowledge of the factors that take place on the constructions it would be possible to plan its maintenance. This study initiated with the revision of the concepts of conservation and restoration of the cultural heritage, by a historical retrospect, and had arrived to the plural and multifaceted definitions of those terms. Also the pathological characteristics of the constructions, their rehabilitation and problems had been studied. These made possible to describe a proper classification of agents and mechanisms of degradation. The elaborated case studies was performed by field inspection and had allowed a generalized analysis of the more frequent problems and, thus, that would be inferred about the possible involved causes in this process. The results showed that a great set of problems that happen on the buildings occur in the superficial layers in its majority. Also it could be observed that the damages originated by climatic and environmental condition do not possess dependence with some specific type of problem in its majority, what it evidences the actions of recklessness, improper interventions and lack of preventive maintenance in the constructions.O desenvolvimento de ações e políticas de preservação patrimonial adquire cada vez mais importância para as sociedades que buscam preservar as suas heranças, seus bens. Este trabalho apresenta um estudo de caso múltiplo, elaborado sobre as edificações da Vila Belga, de Santa Maria, para identificar os principais agentes e mecanismos envolvidos na deterioração dessas edificações tombadas e importantes para a comunidade. A proposta apoiou-se na premissa de que somente com o conhecimento dos fatores que incidem sobre as edificações torna-se possível planejar sua manutenção. Iniciando-se com a revisão dos conceitos de conservação e restauração do patrimônio cultural, por meio de uma retrospectiva histórica, chegou-se às atuais definições, plurais e multifacetadas. Também foram estudadas as características das edificações, a reabilitação e as manifestações patológicas a que poderiam ser expostas, o que possibilitou elaborar uma classificação própria de agentes e mecanismos de degradação. Os estudos de caso elaborados por meio de levantamentos de campo permitiram que se obtivesse um panorama geral dos processos patológicos mais freqüentes e, assim, que se inferisse sobre as possíveis causas envolvidas nesse processo. Os resultados alcançados mostraram que existe um grande conjunto de patologias que incidem sobre as edificações e que são, em sua maioria, atuantes nas camadas superficiais das elevações. Também se pôde observar que os danos originados pelos condicionantes climáticos e ambientais não possuem, em sua maioria, dependência com algum tipo específico de patologia, o que evidencia as ações de negligência, as intervenções indevidas e a falta de manutenção preventiva nas edificações.
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Carter, Terrolyn P. "Does it take a whole village? : influences of the family, community and school on African American and Hispanic youth's academic achievement /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 2003. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p3091909.
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Marcis, Terezinha. "A integração dos índios como súditos do rei de Portugal: uma análise do projeto, dos autores e da implementação na Capitania de Ilhéus, 1758-1822." Faculdade de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas, 2013. http://repositorio.ufba.br/ri/handle/ri/13309.
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CAPES
A tese analisa o projeto de integração dos índios concebido pelos Secretários de Estado do reinado de dom José I, atendendo ao Alvará de 8 de maio de 1758 que ampliou para todo o Brasil as leis de 6 e 7 de junho de 1755. Essa legislação, complementada pelo Diretório dos Índios, determinou a liberdade desses povos, tornando-os súditos do rei de Portugal e restringindo o poder das ordens religiosas ao separar as esferas administrativas civis e eclesiásticas. A análise está organizada em duas partes e se fundamenta nos documentos oficiais produzidos no âmbito das Secretarias de Estado e do Conselho Ultramarino, do governo geral, do arcebispado e das capitanias e comarcas da Bahia e de Ilhéus. Na primeira é explicitado o projeto reformista e sua adequação, pelas autoridades reinóis, à realidade dos índios da Comarca da Bahia. A segunda parte discorre sobre a aplicação das reformas nos quatro aldeamentos jesuíticos situados na Capitania de Ilhéus. Os efeitos, ao longo do período colonial, são avaliados nas experiências dos indígenas como oficiais e vereadores das vilas de índios e nos conflitos e negociações com os párocos, diretores e arrendatários. The thesis analyzes the integration project of the indigenous peoples, conceived by Secretaries of State acting during the reign of dom José I, in accordance to the Charter of May 8, 1758 that expanded laws of June 6, and 7, 1755 to Brazil as a whole. This legislation, supplemented by the Directory of the Indians, has determined the freedom of these peoples, making them subjects of the king of Portugal, and restricting the power of the religious Orders due to the separation between the administrative and civil from the ecclesiastical spheres. The analysis is organized in two parts and is based on official documents produced within the framework of the Secretaries of State and Overseas Council, General Government, the Archbishop and captaincies and comarcas of Bahia and Ilhéus. The first part explains the reform project and its suitability by royal authorities concerning existing indigenous peoples context in Bahia‟s Comarca. The second part discusses the reform‟s implementation in four Jesuit settlements situated in the Ilhéus Captaincy. The effects, during the colonial period are evaluated through the experiences of indigenous people as officers and councillors in Indians villages, and in conflicts and negotiations with priests, directors and tenants.
Salvador
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Crowley, Michelle. "Does This Broomstick Make Me Look Wicked? An Analysis of the Modern and Postmodern Villain." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1337265127.
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Silva, Lucas Eduardo da. "Nacionalismo, neofolclorismo e neoclassicismo em Villa-Lobos: uma estética dos conceitos." Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/27/27157/tde-15122011-232554/.
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Com a finalidade de elaborar um estudo em estética musical, analisamos os conceitos de nacionalismo, neoclassicismo e neofolclorismo em Villa-Lobos. Propomos uma abordagem crítico-ideológica que se distancia dos padrões costumeiros na musicologia brasileira, uma vez que reconhecemos certa ingenuidade consolidada na vã tentativa de se desatrelar nacionalismo de um contexto político-partidário. Como apoio às hipóteses de trabalho levantadas, levamos em conta aspectos filosóficos, poético-estilísticos e histórico-sociológicos.Aiming at elaborating a study in musical aesthetics, we have analyzed the concepts of Nationalism, Neo-Classicism, Neo-Folklorism in Villa-Lobos. We propose a critic-ideological approach that goes away from the ordinary patterns in Brazilian musicology, once we recognize certain ingenuity consolidated in the vain attempt to detach nationalism from a party-political context. As a support to the raised hypothesis of this work, we took into account the philosophical, poetic-stylistic and historical-sociological aspects.
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Santos, Fábio Ferreira. "O fetiche da tecnologia no espaço agrário : o caso dos assentamentos rurais Jacaré Curituba e Edmilson Oliveira em Sergipe." Pós-Graduação em Geografia, 2013. https://ri.ufs.br/handle/riufs/5582.
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This study examines the use of technology in rural settlements Gator Curituba and Edmilson de Oliveira, located respectively in the cities of San Francisco and the Caninde Carira in the state of Sergipe and their repercussions on the production of space and the reproduction of peasant families. From a reasoned analysis of the contradictions of the process of production and reproduction of space by human actions arising from the inclusion of capital in the field through the introduction of technologies for public policies the state is present implementing policies for rural settlements, which reverberate territorial transformations in the region. It was observed that in the study area, contradictorily, peasant production units resist cultivating various products that meet the basic needs of food. In the study area, are produced various products for the National School Feeding Programme, National Programme of Use and biodiesel production, to processing industries and for family consumption. However, capital appropriates output for playback, as monopolizes the territory of rural settlements appropriating agricultural production units and redefining peasant from production, social relations of production. In turn, farmers are looking for ways of resistance and permanence in the field through diversification of production, planting crops such as vegetables , vegetables and fruits , friendly products market acceptance , which confirms the strength of these subjects in the creation and recreation of peasantry even being subordinated to capital.Esse estudo analisa o uso da tecnologia nos assentamentos rurais Jacaré-Curituba e Edmilson de Oliveira, situados respectivamente nos municípios de Canindé do São Francisco e Carira, no estado de Sergipe e seus rebatimentos na produção do espaço e na reprodução das famílias camponesas. A partir de uma análise fundamentada nas contradições do processo de produção e reprodução do espaço pelas ações humanas oriundo da inserção do capital no campo via introdução de tecnologias por políticas públicas o Estado faz-se presente implementando políticas para os assentamentos rurais, as quais repercutem em transformações territoriais na região. Observou-se que na área de estudo, contraditoriamente, as unidades produtivas camponesas resistem cultivando diversos produtos que suprem as necessidades básicas de alimentação. Na área de estudo, são produzidos diversos produtos destinados ao Programa Nacional de Alimentação Escolar, Programa Nacional de Uso e produção do biodiesel, às indústrias de beneficiamento e para o consumo da família. Entretanto, o capital apropria-se da produção para sua reprodução, à medida que monopoliza o território dos assentamentos rurais se apropriando da produção agrícola das unidades camponesas e redefinindo desde a produção, às relações sociais de produção. Por sua vez, os camponeses procuram formas de resistência e permanência no campo através da diversificação da produção, plantando outras culturas, como hortaliças, verduras e frutas, produtos de fácil aceitação do mercado, o que confirma a força desses sujeitos na criação e recriação do campesinato mesmo sendo subordinado ao capital.
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Campos, Gean Piérre da Silva. "A teoria dos conjuntos e a música de Villa-Lobos: uma abordagem didática." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/48/48134/tde-01122014-105021/.
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Essa pesquisa tem como foco principal explorar como obras musicais de Villa-Lobos são passíveis de serem lidas ou analisadas por meio de uma racionalidade matemática. O intuito é buscar um enfoque didático alternativa didática para a abordagem de conceitos oriundos da Teoria dos Conjuntos, baseados nos estudos do matemático Georg Cantor (Teoria Ingênua dos Conjuntos) e nos estudos de Allen Forte (Teoria dos Conjuntos aplicada à Música). Busca-se trazer para o universo da Música e da Matemática ambas as teorias, por meio de um enfoque transdisciplinar, e situar o saber em regiões em que o aspecto afetivo já adquiriu níveis capazes de dar sentido ao conhecimento e propiciar a assimilação de significados relacionados à outra área. Em busca desses objetivos, e ainda estudar possíveis indicações das relações entre Matemática e Música em um cenário didático/pedagógico, essa obra lança mão da afetividade, transdisciplinaridade e pensamento analógico como forma de articular áreas aparentemente distantes, mas com forte semelhança em suas estruturas. Esse estudo pretende explorar (1) trabalhos que usaram a Teoria dos Conjuntos em análises de obras de Villa-Lobos, (2) processos criativos e composicionais presentes em obras musicais de Villa-Lobos, (3) técnicas matemáticas de análise musical, (4) tipos e estruturas matemáticas que possam auxiliar em análises musicais e verificar de que maneira a racionalidade matemática está presente na composição musical. Este estudo ao pesquisar trabalhos que usaram a Teoria dos Conjuntos em análise musical de obras de Villa-Lobos preenche uma lacuna na teoria musical; evidencia estruturas matemáticas que auxiliam na análise musical, mostrando a presença da racionalidade matemática. Uma das grandes contribuições desse trabalho é estabelecer relações de analogia entre conteúdos do currículo da matemática, frequentemente traduzidos por códigos numéricos, e aspectos da área musical, reconhecidos por sons.This research is mainly focused on exploring how musical works by Villa-Lobos are likely to be read or analyzed by a mathematical rationality. The aim is to seek a didactic approach a teaching alternative in order to deal with concepts from the Set Theory, based on studies by mathematician Georg Cantor (Naive Set Theory), and from studies of Allen Forte (Set Theory applied to Music). It intentsthe following: to bring both theories into the world of Music and Mathematics through a transdisciplinary approach; to situate knowledge in areas where the affective aspect has already acquired levels able to make sense of such knowledge; to encourage the assimilation of related meanings from area to the other. In the pursuit of such goals, and still researching possible indications of the relationship between Mathematics and Music in a didactic/pedagogical scenario, this work makes use of affection and transdisciplinarity analogical thinking as a way of articulating seemingly distant areas with yet strong similarities in their structures. This research therefore explores (1) studies that used the Set Theory in analysis of works by Villa-Lobos, (2) creative and compositional processes present in musical works by Villa-Lobos, (3) mathematical techniques of musical analysis, (4) types and mathematical structures that can assist in musical analysis, and it verifies how the mathematical reasoning is present in the composite musical work. The present study, by researching papers that used the Set Theory in musical analysis of works by Villa-Lobos, fills a gap in music theory; it shows evidence of mathematical structures that can assist in musical analysis, showing the presence of mathematical reasoning. A major contribution of this work is to establish relations of analogy between the mathematical content of the curriculum, often translated by numerical codes, and aspects of Music recognized by sounds.
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Griffin, Katherine Eileen. "Does Gender Matter? Human Elephant Conflict in Sri Lanka: A Gendered Analysis of Human Elephant Conflict and Natural Resource Management in a Rural Sri Lankan Village." PDXScholar, 2015. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/2533.
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This study is a gendered analysis of natural resource management at the local scale of a poor rural Sri Lankan village in a conservation buffer zone. This village experiences destruction of forests and human elephant conflict. The objective of this study is to gain an in-depth knowledge of residents' use and understandings of environmental resources, and to investigate if gender helps shape these factors. This study relies on a social sustainability conceptual framework. It tracks participation of local women and men in natural resource management, and in conservation within and outside of the Bibile community. Local nongovernmental organizations focus on mitigating human elephant conflict and government policies influence particular farming practices. Unless socially and environmentally sustainable practices are developed, areas within and outside of the protected areas are not sustainable in their current state (Jayewardene 1998). Current interventions are failing to solve this problem in both rural communities and natural ecosystems, demonstrated most clearly by shrinking forest habitats and the frequency of human and elephant deaths (Bandara 2009). By broadening the analysis of natural resource management to examine possible social, economic, and political influences, my research examines how different resource management approaches might be filtered and reflected by variation in local residents' use and understanding of environmental resources. I suggest that gender, household decision-making, and equality are overlooked but potentially important aspects in the perception and implementation of natural resource management.
Books on the topic "Village dogs"
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McCarty, Robert j. Snow Valley Heroes, A Christmas Tale: Planet Of The Dogs Volume3. Marblehead, MA, USA: Barking Planet Publishing, 2008.
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Pau, Ketan. Globalisation: Does the global village exist? a review of the divergence/emergence debate. Northampton: Nene College, 1997.
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Sommerville, Rebecca, ed. Changing human behaviour to enhance animal welfare. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789247237.0000.
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Abstract This 183-paged book covers ways to improve welfare in situations where there is no large corporate buyer to enforce standards. Many of the chapters in the book cover working equids or village dogs. This requires a totally different approach compared to working with corporate supply managers. Many of the chapters describe successful work in low-income areas of countries such as Pakistan, Nigeria, India or Ethiopia. It has a total of 11 chapters and is essential reading for people who are working to improve animal welfare in the local animals in a low-income area or developing country. It will also be helpful for people working in zoos or animal shelters. It is aimed at readers who are working directly with the people who care for the animals.
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What is community informatics (and why does it matter) ? Monza, Italy: Polimetrica, 2007.
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Foreman, Michael. Saving Sinbad! La Jolla, CA: Kane/Miller, 2002.
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Mia's story: A sketchbook of hopes and dreams / Michael Foreman. Cambridge, MA: Candlewick Press, 2006.
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Saving Sinbad! London: Red Fox, 2003.
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Sander, Sonia. Beware the beast from below. New York: Scholastic, 2011.
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ill, Neely Scott, and WB Television Network, eds. Beware the beast from below. New York: Scholastic, 2011.
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Rossi, Aldo. Aldo Rossi: Architecture, furniture and some of my dogs : notebook of the exhibition of Aldo Rossi for Unifor in New York, October 1990. New York: UNIFOR-Molteni, 1990.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Village dogs"
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Jenkinson, Douglas. "Does the Vaccine Work?" In Outbreak in the Village, 35–43. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45485-2_6.
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Child, Brian. "Does it take a village?" In Sustainable Governance of Wildlife and Community-Based Natural Resource Management, 226–49. Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2019. |: Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315211152-12.
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Jenkinson, Douglas. "1987. Does the Effectiveness of the Vaccine Wear Off?" In Outbreak in the Village, 69–76. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45485-2_10.
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Fonseca, Christine. "Yes, It Really Does Take A Village." In Emotional Intensity in Gifted Students, 107–15. 2nd ed. New York: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003234883-11.
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Ahimbisibwe, Karembe F., and Alice N. Ndidde. "Learning Economic Citizenship Among Rural Women: Village Saving Groups in Western Uganda." In Learning, Philosophy, and African Citizenship, 155–75. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-94882-5_9.
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AbstractThe notion of economic citizenship is prevalent in non-governmental organizations’ (NGOs) interventions aimed at promoting inclusive development in the Global South. In this chapter, we draw on the concept of participatory learning (Mayoux in IDS Bulletin 29:39–50, 1998; Pretty in World Development 23:1247–1263, 1995), to explore how NGO-initiated village savings and lending associations (VSLAs) provide platforms for learning among rural women in Uganda. Based on findings from qualitative participatory research with saving groups in western Uganda, we identify three ways through which women learn a plethora of skills that promote economic citizenship. Further, we reflect on how shared learning inspired by VSLAs enables women to negotiate power relations and achieve empowerment nuanced to local settings. We conclude that VSLAs provide learning that lessens impediments to and strengthens women’s citizenship at the community level, even if this does not tackle entrenched traditional norms in a fundamental way.
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Bakin, Kyokutei. "In Kominato, Yoshizane gathers the righteous; In a bamboo thicket, Takayoshi seeks his revenge." In Eight Dogs, or "Hakkenden", translated by Glynne Walley, 73–96. Cornell University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501755170.003.0009.
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This chapter assesses how Kanamari Hachirō Takayoshi guided the Satomi Yoshizane and his men toward Kominato. The first thing Kanamari Takayoshi did, having planned his actions beforehand, was to set fire to a stand of bamboo by the side of the Tanjō Temple in order to bring together the villagers. As might have been foretold, when the Satomi army that night crossed the bridge that formed the boundary between the region of the inlet of Maehara and Hamaogi, it was overtaken by a couple of hundred mounted men, led by grassroots warriors and village samurai, who yearned for Yoshizane's virtue and sought after his ways. They came to submit to him, and thus his forces swelled to a thousand mounted men and this bridge was known to later ages as the Thousand-Knight Bridge. Nor is that all, for long ago when the Noble Lord Yoritomo of the Minamoto pressed his way into this land bound for Kazusa, he caused his rearguard to wait on the banks of this river; thus there came to be a shrine there called Shirahata — “White Banner” — near unto the place known as Matsusaki — “the Cape of Waiting.”
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"Pacific Salmon: Ecology and Management of Western Alaska’s Populations." In Pacific Salmon: Ecology and Management of Western Alaska’s Populations, edited by Robert J. Wolfe and Joseph Spaeder. American Fisheries Society, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.47886/9781934874110.ch18.
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<em>Abstract.</em>—Salmon <em>Oncorhynchus </em>spp. is a staple food for the Native villages of the Yukon and Kuskokwim drainages and Norton Sound in Alaska. The economy of the area is characterized by the high production of wild foods for local use and low-per-capita monetary incomes. Traditional subsistence activities form the core of village economies. Subsistence harvests, the priority use of salmon designated by state and federal law, have displayed variable trends, primarily linked to local environmental variables and the food needs of people and sled dogs. Commercial fishing of western Alaska salmon stocks intensified during the early 1970s through 1980s, providing income to small-scale fishers selling to export markets. During the 1990s, commercial salmon harvests collapsed resulting in substantial decreases of income to villages. In the Yukon River drainage, families have culled dog teams in response to lower subsistence salmon harvests for dog food, impacting cultural traditions involving sled dogs. Declines in subsistence salmon harvests for food may lead to increased harvests of other wild-food species or cause human out-migration from villages; however, no programs are currently in place to monitor such effects. A growing number of case studies have documented the important contributions of Traditional Ecological Knowledge to fishery research as well as to the formulation of fisheries regulations.
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Ebeling, Jennie. "Gone to the Dogs Zer‘in through Western Eyes." In The Woman in the Pith Helmet, 35–55. Lockwood Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5913/2020334.ch04.
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Many western travelers to Palestine in the nineteenth century visited Zer‘in, the site of ancient Jezreel, on their tours to sites of biblical significance. Although dozens of published accounts by Chris- tian pilgrims and other visitors record information about the contemporary Arab settlement and its inhabitants, the focus of these accounts is the ancient remains, or, more accurately, the lack thereof. Trav- elers made note of decorated sarcophagi lying at the entrance to the village and a “tower” standing at its center, but they drew a stark contrast between the imagined splendor of Ahab and Jezebel’s Jezreel and the general squalor and ruin they witnessed at Zer‘in. This survey reveals how nineteenth-century trav- elers experienced the site through the lens of the biblical stories set at Jezreel, particularly those about Jezebel, and explained the conditions at the site on the biblical curse placed on Ahab and his evil queen.
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"Dogs in the Village beyond Hills: Hwang Sun-won (translated by Bob Donaldson)." In Modern Korean Literature, 187–207. Routledge, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203038543-22.
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Cudworth, Erika. "Working the Dog." In The Oxford Handbook of Animal Organization Studies, 115—C8.P97. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780192848185.013.8.
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Abstract This chapter examines how time and space are organized in specific ways around paid human work, walking with dogs, and within the home. In so doing, the chapter contributes to moves critiquing anthropocentric assumptions which form the basis of much of the study of organization(s); by suggesting that the organization of everyday practices and spaces are multispecies. The role of animals has been under-researched in organization studies until recently, and when animal companions are discussed, this tends to be in the context of workplaces, for example veterinary surgeries or linked to public presentation. This chapter, however, focuses on aspects of the mundane in everyday spaces, considering the home and the outside spaces of dog and human walking as important arenas in which organizational relations cohere. The chapter draws on material from an ethnographic study utilizing data from interviews and observations in two UK field sites—the Lea Valley Park in East London, and a village in the East Midlands in England. The chapter finds that homespace and time, and the activity of walking is organized by both dogs and their human companions in ways that involve compromise, labour, and accommodation. However, human working life poses difficulties for the multispecies household in ways which compromise the wellbeing of some humans and many dogs.
Conference papers on the topic "Village dogs"
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Simin, Denok Kurniasih, Darmanto Sahat Setyawan Manurung, Guntur Gunarto, and Zaula Rizqi. "Village Budgeting: Where Does It Come From?" In Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Social Transformation, Community and Sustainable Development (ICSTCSD 2019). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icstcsd-19.2020.41.
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Yang, Xiao, Yajun Fang, and Berthold K. P. Horn. "Analysis of Information Exchange: How Does It Affect Patient-Hospital Relationship?" In 2018 4th International Conference on Universal Village (UV). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/uv.2018.8642107.
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Shangguan, Zhongkai, Yue Zhao, Wei Fan, and Zhehan Cao. "Dog Image Generation using Deep Convolutional Generative Adversarial Networks." In 2020 5th International Conference on Universal Village (UV). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/uv50937.2020.9426213.
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Amaria, Anosh P., Ryan Nguyen, Joshua A. Davison, Souma Chowdhury, and John F. Hall. "Optimization Model for Owner-Based Microgrids Using LSTM Predicted Demand for Rural Development." In ASME 2019 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2019-97964.
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Abstract Over the past several years, microgrids have been setup in remote villages in developing countries such as India, Kenya and China to boost the standards of living of the less privileged citizens, mostly by private companies. However, these systems succumb to increase in demand and maintenance issues over time. A method for scaling the capacity of solar powered microgrids is presented in this paper. The scaling is based on both the needs of the owner and those of the consumers. Data acquired from rural villages characterizes the electrical use with respect to time. Further, it employees a Long-Short Term Memory (LSTM) deep learning model that can help the owner predict future demand trends. This is followed by a model to determine the optimum increase in capacity required to meet the predicted demand. The model is based on empowering the owner to make informed decisions and the equity of energy distribution is the key motivation for this paper. The models are applied to a village in Eastern India to test its applicability. Acknowledging the highly varying nature of demand for electricity and its applications, we propose a rule-based adaptive power management strategy which can be tailored specifically in accordance to the preference of the communities. This will ensure a fair distribution of power for everyone using the system, thereby making it applicable anywhere in the world. We propose to incorporate social and demographic conditions of the user in the optimization to ensure that the profit of the owner does not outweigh the needs of the users.
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Gorgo, Letizia, and Gloria Riggi. "URBAN TRACES: revitalization strategies for abandoned villages." In 24th ISUF 2017 - City and Territory in the Globalization Age. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/isuf2017.2017.5938.
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Letizia Gorgo¹, Gloria Riggi² ¹Dipartimento di Architettura e progetto. Dottorato in Architettura e costruzione, Sapienza, Università di Roma, Via Gramsci, 53. 00197 Roma ² Dipartimento di Architettura e progetto. Dottorato in Architettura e costruzione, Sapienza, Università di Roma, Via Gramsci, 53. 00197 Roma E-mail: letiziagorgo@hotmail.it, gloriariggi@libero.it, Keywords : abandoned villages, urban morphology, scattered hotel, existing fabric, revitalization strategies Conference topics and scale: City transformations In Italy today, one can count more than 6000 villages that have been abandoned(deserted) for a variety of causes. This negletc state produces a serious problem related to a wider phenomenon of abandonment of entire portions of italian territories. Realities that differ form the city because of their morphology: Does urban shape represent an urban limit? or is it an alternative testimony to the city? Research purpose is to understand how relationship, between these cases and the territory, works; in particular during the absence of the main component: the human one. The case study Santo Stefano di Sessanio, an ancient village in the center of Italy, inhabited until 90's, shows how the examination of urban shape represents the potentiality of his own revitalization. By relating his historical identity to the scattered hotel projectual approach, it contributes to combine conservation, valorization and sustainability of the existing building fabric, in order to claim the authenticity of these villages declaring their own autonomy and dimension to major urban centers polarization. In this example transformation is meant as conscious project that grow up from the built reality not from the project itself, transformation as knowledge of urban facts, tool to approach to the structure of this reality. References Rossi A., (1966 ) ‘L’architettura della città’, Quodlibet, Macerata Muratori S., (1967) ‘Civiltà e territorio’, Centro studi di storia e urbanistica, Roma Cartei, G. F., (2007) ‘Convenzione europea del paesaggio e governo del territorio’, Il Mulino, Bologna Caravaggi L., (2014) ‘La montagna resiliente’, Quodlibet, Macerata, Strappa, G., Carlotti, P., Camiz, A., (2016) ‘Urban Morphology and Historical Fabrics’, Gangemi Editore, Rome
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Sinarwati, Ni Kadek, I. Nyoman Putra Yasa, and I. Made Pradana Adi Putra. "Does Indonesian Government Program Have an Impact on the Development of Village-Owned Enterprise?" In 5th International Conference on Tourism, Economics, Accounting, Management and Social Science (TEAMS 2020). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/aebmr.k.201212.005.
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Ruhamak, Muhammad Dian, Nindi Vaulia Puspita, and Yudiarto Perdana Putra. "E-WoM and Destination Image: How Does It Affect the Revisit Intention at English Village." In 2nd International Conference on Business and Management of Technology (ICONBMT 2020). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/aebmr.k.210510.011.
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Sukarja, Detania, Mahmul Siregar, and Tri Murti Lubis. "The Regulatory Framework of Village-Owned Enterprise in Indonesia: Does It Conform with Good Corporate Governance Principles?" In International Conference on Law, Governance and Islamic Society (ICOLGIS 2019). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.200306.184.
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Chen, Si. "Does One More Year Matter? Dosage Effect of the One-Village-One-Preschool Intervention in Rural China." In 2021 AERA Annual Meeting. Washington DC: AERA, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3102/1688320.
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Junita, D., R. Sari, R. Zenita, and Kamaliah Kamaliah. "Does organizational level capabilities is important to sustainability performance? A case study on Village Owned Enterprises in Indonesia." In The Proceedings of the 1st Seminar The Emerging of Novel Corona Virus, nCov 2020, 11-12 February 2020, Bali, Indonesia. EAI, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4108/eai.11-2-2020.2301950.
Full textReports on the topic "Village dogs"
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Griffin, Katherine. Does Gender Matter? Human Elephant Conflict in Sri Lanka: A Gendered Analysis of Human Elephant Conflict and Natural Resource Management in a Rural Sri Lankan Village. Portland State University Library, January 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.2530.
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Raymond, Kara, Laura Palacios, and Evan Gwilliam. Status of climate and water resources at Big Bend National Park: Water year 2019. Edited by Tani Hubbard. National Park Service, September 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2294267.
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Climate and hydrology are major drivers of ecosystem structure and function, particularly in arid and semi-arid ecosystems. Understanding changes in climate, groundwater, streamflow, and water quality is central to assessing the condition of park resources. This report combines data collected on climate, groundwater, and springs at Big Bend National Park (NP) to provide an integrated look at climate and water conditions during water year (WY) 2019 (October 2018–September 2019). However, this report does not address the Rio Grande or its tributaries. Annual precipitation was higher than normal (1981–2010) for Big Bend NP at four of the five National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Cooperative Observer Program weather stations: 111% of normal for Chisos Basin, 122% of normal for Panther Junction, 155% of normal for Persimmon Gap, and 124% of normal for Rio Grande Village. Castolon had 88% of normal annual precipitation. All five stations had higher than normal rainfall in October and December, while rainfall totals were substantially below normal at all stations in November, February, and March. Monthly precipitation totals for April through September were more variable from station to station. Mean monthly maximum air temperatures were below normal in the fall months, with Panther Junction as much as 7.5°F below normal in October. Monthly temperatures from January through July were more variable. Temperatures in August and September were warmer than normal at every station, up to +9.4°F at Rio Grande Village and +8.7°F at Chisos Basin in July. The reconnaissance drought index values indicate generally wetter conditions (based on precipitation and evaporative demand) at Chisos Basin since WY2016 and at Panther Junction and Persimmon Gap since WY2015, except for WY2017. This report presents the manual and automatic groundwater monitoring results at nine wells. Five wells had their highest water level in or just before WY2019: Panther Junction #10 peaked at 99.94 ft below ground surface (bgs) in September 2018, Contractor’s Well peaked at 31.43 ft bgs in November 2018, T-3 peaked at 65.39 ft bgs in December 2018, K-Bar #6 Observation Well peaked at 77.78 ft bgs in February 2019, and K-Bar #7 Observation Well peaked at 43.18 ft bgs in February 2019. This was likely in response to above normal rainfall in the later summer and fall 2018. The other monitoring wells did not directly track within-season precipitation. The last measurement at Gallery Well in WY2019 was 18.60 ft bgs. Gallery Well is located 120 feet from the river and closely tracked the Rio Grande stage, generally increasing in late summer or early fall following higher flow events. Water levels in Gambusia Well were consistently very shallow, though the manual well measurement collected in April was 4.25 ft bgs—relatively high for the monitoring record—and occurred outside the normal peak period of later summer and early fall. The last manual measurement taken at TH-10 in WY2019 was 34.80 ft bgs, only 0.45 ft higher than the earliest measurement in 1967, consistent with the lack of directional change in groundwater at this location, and apparently decoupled from within-season precipitation patterns. The last water level reading in WY2019 at Oak Springs #1 was 59.91 ft bgs, indicating an overall decrease of 26.08 ft since the well was dug in 1989. The Southwest Network Collaboration (SWNC) collects data on sentinel springs annually in the late winter and early spring following the network springs monitoring protocol. In WY2019, 18 sentinel site springs were visited at Big Bend NP (February 21, 2019–March 09, 2019). Most springs had relatively few indications of natural and anthropogenic disturbances. Natural disturbances included recent flooding, drying, and wildlife use. Anthropogenic disturbances included flow modifications (e.g., springboxes), hiking trails, and contemporary human use. Crews observed one to seven facultative/obligate wetland plant...
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Vargas-Herrera, Hernando, Pamela Andrea Cardozo-Ortiz, Clara Lía Machado-Franco, Carlos Alberto Cadena-Silva, Freddy Hernán Cepeda-López, Aura María Ciceri-Lozano, Carlos Eduardo León-Rincón, et al. Reporte de Sistemas de Pago - Junio de 2021. Banco de la República de Colombia, July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/rept-sist-pag.2021.
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El Banco de la República, con el Reporte de Sistemas de Pago, entrega un panorama completo de la infraestructura financiera local, siendo este un producto importante de la labor de seguimiento a dicha infraestructura. Las cifras contenidas en este reporte corresponden al año 2020, período de pandemia durante el cual las medidas de confinamiento para aliviar la tensión sobre el sistema de salud generaron para Colombia, al igual que en la mayoría de los países, una fuerte reducción de la actividad económica y el consumo. Desde el comienzo de la pandemia, la Junta Directiva del Banco de la República adoptó las decisiones necesarias para otorgar al mercado amplia liquidez en pesos y dólares, garantizar la estabilidad de los mercados, proteger el sistema de pagos y preservar la oferta de crédito. El pronunciado crecimiento de los agregados monetarios reflejó la mayor preferencia por liquidez, la cual fue atendida oportunamente por el Banco de la República. Las decisiones adoptadas se realizaron mediante diferentes operaciones, las cuales fueron compensadas y liquidadas en la infraestructura financiera. Después de la introducción, la segunda sección del presente reporte de pagos analiza la evolución y el desempeño de las diferentes infraestructuras financieras. Se destaca que el sistema de pagos de alto valor CUD registró en 2020 un mayor dinamismo que el año anterior, principalmente por el aumento de los depósitos remunerados que en promedio diario realizó la Dirección General de Crédito Público y del Tesoro Nacional (DGCPTN) con el Banco de República, así como una mayor actividad del mercado de simultáneas de deuda pública. Consecuentemente con el crecimiento de la actividad en el CUD, el Depósito Central de Valores (DCV) registró una mayor actividad por el aumento del mercado monetario de deuda pública y por las colocaciones por parte del Gobierno Nacional en el mercado primario. El valor de las operaciones compensadas y liquidadas por intermedio de la Cámara de Riesgo Central de Contraparte (CRCC) continúa creciendo, jalonado principalmente por los contratos non delivery forward (NDF) peso/dólar. Con respecto a la CRCC, es oportuno mencionar que a partir de finales del año pasado esta cámara se encarga de administrar los riesgos y de compensar y liquidar las operaciones del mercado de contado peso/dólar, debido a la fusión con la Cámara de Compensación de Divisas de Colombia (CCDC). Así mismo, a partir del último trimestre del año 2020 la CRCC se encarga de compensar y liquidar el mercado de renta variable, labor que venía desempeñando la Bolsa de Valores de Colombia (BVC). En la sección tres se entrega una visión integral de los pagos en el mercado de bienes y servicios, es decir, de las transacciones efectuadas en el circuito de personas naturales y empresas no financieras. Durante la pandemia las transferencias electrónicas inter e intrabancarias, que en su mayoría son originadas por empresas, registraron un incremento tanto en número como en valor de operaciones frente a 2019. Por su parte, los pagos con tarjetas débito y crédito originados principalmente por personas naturales mostraron un comportamiento decreciente con respecto a 2019. Los pagos realizados con cheques siguen disminuyendo, presentando una tendencia a la baja muy pronunciada en el último año. Como complemento a la información sobre transferencias electrónicas, el reporte incluye en esta sección un sombreado sobre la caracterización de la población con cuenta de ahorro y corriente, empleando los datos de la encuesta del Banco de la República sobre percepción de uso de los instrumentos de pago en 2019. Se incluye también un recuadro sobre la evolución transaccional de una billetera móvil provista por una sociedad especializada en depósitos y pagos electrónicos (Sedpe), mostrando que desde su creación a finales del año 2017 ha incremento en el número de usuarios y el valor de las transacciones, con especial velocidad durante la pandemia. Adicionalmente, se presenta un diagnóstico sobre los efectos de la pandemia en los patrones de pago de la población, fundamentado en datos sobre el uso del efectivo en circulación, sobre los pagos con instrumentos electrónicos, y sobre el consumo y la confianza del consumidor. Se concluye que el desplome en el índice de confianza del consumidor y la caída en el consumo privado dieron lugar a cambios en los patrones de pago de las personas. Las compras con tarjetas de crédito y débito disminuyeron, mientras que los pagos por bienes y servicios mediante transferencia electrónica aumentaron. Estos resultados, junto con el considerable aumento del efectivo en circulación, podrían proveer indicios a favor de un posible atesoramiento del papel moneda con motivo precaución por parte de las personas y de un mayor uso del efectivo como instrumento de pago. Se incluye, además, un recuadro que presenta los principales cambios que se introdujeron en la regulación del sistema de pagos de bajo valor en el país mediante la expedición del Decreto 1692 de diciembre de 2020. La cuarta sección se refiere a las importantes innovaciones y cambios tecnológicos que se han observado en el sistema de pagos al por menor. Se destacan cuatro temas en esta línea. El primero se constituye en un punto clave para la construcción de la infraestructura financiera de pagos inmediatos. Consiste en el diseño e implementación de los llamados esquemas superpuestos, los cuales son un desarrollo tecnológico que permite una comunicación abierta entre los diferentes agentes de la cadena de pagos, logrando una alta interoperabilidad entre diferentes proveedores de servicios de pago. El segundo tema explora los avances en el debate internacional sobre la emisión de moneda digital por parte de los bancos centrales (CBDC por su sigla en inglés), con el fin de entender su posible impacto en el sistema de pagos de bajo valor y en el uso del efectivo. El tercer tema está relacionado con nuevas formas de iniciación de pagos, tales como los códigos QR, la biometría o la tecnología de comunicación de campos cercanos (NCF por su sigla en inglés). Estos cambios, aparentemente pequeños, pueden tener efectos importantes en la experiencia del usuario con el sistema de pagos de bajo valor. El cuarto tema, finalmente, es el crecimiento de los pagos vinculados con la telefonía móvil y el internet. El reporte finaliza en la sección cinco con una reseña de dos trabajos de investigación aplicada realizados en el Banco de la República en el año 2020. El primero analiza el nivel patrimonial de la CRCC, reconociendo el rol relevante que esta infraestructura ha adquirido en la compensación y liquidación de varios mercados financieros en el país. Se exploran los requerimientos de capital para las entidades de contrapartida central establecidos en algunas jurisdicciones, se identifican los riesgos que se busca cubrir desde la perspectiva del servicio que este tipo de entidades ofrece al mercado y aquellos asociados a su actividad corporativa. Se analizan los niveles patrimoniales de la CRCC a partir de lo observado en la regulación de la Unión Europea y se concluye que la CRCC cuenta con un esquema de anillos de seguridad muy similar al observado en la experiencia internacional y que su nivel patrimonial es superior al exigido por la regulación colombiana, siendo suficiente para cubrir otros riesgos. El segundo trabajo de investigación identifica y cuantifica las fuentes que utilizan las entidades participantes en el CUD para cumplir con sus obligaciones diarias contraídas en el mercado financiero local, y con su uso como herramienta de monitoreo de la liquidez intradía en condiciones normales. Leonardo Villar Gómez Gerente General
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Payment Systems Report - June of 2021. Banco de la República, February 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/rept-sist-pag.eng.2021.
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Banco de la República provides a comprehensive overview of Colombia’s finan¬cial infrastructure in its Payment Systems Report, which is an important product of the work it does to oversee that infrastructure. The figures published in this edition of the report are for the year 2020, a pandemic period in which the con¬tainment measures designed and adopted to alleviate the strain on the health system led to a sharp reduction in economic activity and consumption in Colom¬bia, as was the case in most countries. At the start of the pandemic, the Board of Directors of Banco de la República adopted decisions that were necessary to supply the market with ample liquid¬ity in pesos and US dollars to guarantee market stability, protect the payment system and preserve the supply of credit. The pronounced growth in mone¬tary aggregates reflected an increased preference for liquidity, which Banco de la República addressed at the right time. These decisions were implemented through operations that were cleared and settled via the financial infrastructure. The second section of this report, following the introduction, offers an analysis of how the various financial infrastructures in Colombia have evolved and per¬formed. One of the highlights is the large-value payment system (CUD), which registered more momentum in 2020 than during the previous year, mainly be¬cause of an increase in average daily remunerated deposits made with Banco de la República by the General Directorate of Public Credit and the National Treasury (DGCPTN), as well as more activity in the sell/buy-back market with sovereign debt. Consequently, with more activity in the CUD, the Central Securi¬ties Depository (DCV) experienced an added impetus sparked by an increase in the money market for bonds and securities placed on the primary market by the national government. The value of operations cleared and settled through the Colombian Central Counterparty (CRCC) continues to grow, propelled largely by peso/dollar non-deliverable forward (NDF) contracts. With respect to the CRCC, it is important to note this clearing house has been in charge of managing risks and clearing and settling operations in the peso/dollar spot market since the end of last year, following its merger with the Foreign Exchange Clearing House of Colombia (CCDC). Since the final quarter of 2020, the CRCC has also been re¬sponsible for clearing and settlement in the equities market, which was former¬ly done by the Colombian Stock Exchange (BVC). The third section of this report provides an all-inclusive view of payments in the market for goods and services; namely, transactions carried out by members of the public and non-financial institutions. During the pandemic, inter- and intra-bank electronic funds transfers, which originate mostly with companies, increased in both the number and value of transactions with respect to 2019. However, debit and credit card payments, which are made largely by private citizens, declined compared to 2019. The incidence of payment by check contin¬ue to drop, exhibiting quite a pronounced downward trend during the past last year. To supplement to the information on electronic funds transfers, section three includes a segment (Box 4) characterizing the population with savings and checking accounts, based on data from a survey by Banco de la República con-cerning the perception of the use of payment instruments in 2019. There also is segment (Box 2) on the growth in transactions with a mobile wallet provided by a company specialized in electronic deposits and payments (Sedpe). It shows the number of users and the value of their transactions have increased since the wallet was introduced in late 2017, particularly during the pandemic. In addition, there is a diagnosis of the effects of the pandemic on the payment patterns of the population, based on data related to the use of cash in circu¬lation, payments with electronic instruments, and consumption and consumer confidence. The conclusion is that the collapse in the consumer confidence in¬dex and the drop in private consumption led to changes in the public’s pay¬ment patterns. Credit and debit card purchases were down, while payments for goods and services through electronic funds transfers increased. These findings, coupled with the considerable increase in cash in circulation, might indicate a possible precautionary cash hoarding by individuals and more use of cash as a payment instrument. There is also a segment (in Focus 3) on the major changes introduced in regulations on the retail-value payment system in Colombia, as provided for in Decree 1692 of December 2020. The fourth section of this report refers to the important innovations and tech¬nological changes that have occurred in the retail-value payment system. Four themes are highlighted in this respect. The first is a key point in building the financial infrastructure for instant payments. It involves of the design and im¬plementation of overlay schemes, a technological development that allows the various participants in the payment chain to communicate openly. The result is a high degree of interoperability among the different payment service providers. The second topic explores developments in the international debate on central bank digital currency (CBDC). The purpose is to understand how it could impact the retail-value payment system and the use of cash if it were to be issued. The third topic is related to new forms of payment initiation, such as QR codes, bio¬metrics or near field communication (NFC) technology. These seemingly small changes can have a major impact on the user’s experience with the retail-value payment system. The fourth theme is the growth in payments via mobile tele¬phone and the internet. The report ends in section five with a review of two papers on applied research done at Banco de la República in 2020. The first analyzes the extent of the CRCC’s capital, acknowledging the relevant role this infrastructure has acquired in pro¬viding clearing and settlement services for various financial markets in Colom¬bia. The capital requirements defined for central counterparties in some jurisdic¬tions are explored, and the risks to be hedged are identified from the standpoint of the service these type of institutions offer to the market and those associated with their corporate activity. The CRCC’s capital levels are analyzed in light of what has been observed in the European Union’s regulations, and the conclusion is that the CRCC has a scheme of security rings very similar to those applied internationally and the extent of its capital exceeds what is stipulated in Colombian regulations, being sufficient to hedge other risks. The second study presents an algorithm used to identify and quantify the liquidity sources that CUD’s participants use under normal conditions to meet their daily obligations in the local financial market. This algorithm can be used as a tool to monitor intraday liquidity. Leonardo Villar Gómez Governor