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Academic literature on the topic 'Vigilantes – Illinois'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Vigilantes – Illinois"

1

South, Jason M., and Stephen Pruett-Jones. "Patterns of Flock Size, Diet, and Vigilance of Naturalized Monk Parakeets in Hyde Park, Chicago." Condor 102, no. 4 (November 1, 2000): 848–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/condor/102.4.848.

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Abstract We examined patterns of diet, foraging group size, and vigilance effort of naturalized Monk Parakeets (Myiopsitta monachus) in Hyde Park, a neighborhood of Chicago, Illinois. Parakeets exhibited a highly seasonal and varied diet consisting of fruits, seeds, and buds, and they fed almost exclusively on birdseed provided at backyard feeding stations during the winter months. Birds foraged in groups of 1 to 31 birds, but most flocks were of 10 birds or less. Foraging group size was greatest in the fall and early winter, and smallest at the beginning of the spring when breeding began. Monk Parakeets adjusted their vigilance effort with changes in flock size. Individual vigilance effort declined with increasing flock size through a decrease in time spent scanning as well as the number of times scans were initiated. The number of parakeets exhibiting vigilance in a flock at any given time also decreased with flock size. It is likely that the highly adaptable and varied diet of Monk Parakeets contributes greatly to the persistence and growth of populations in a variety of North American habitats.
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2

Hlaing, Ei, Stephanie Clancy Dollinger, and Terry Brown. "159 The Role of Education on the Association between OSA and Cognitive Functions in Middle-age and Older Adults." Sleep 44, Supplement_2 (May 1, 2021): A65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsab072.158.

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Abstract Introduction A weak relation between an increase in education and improved health knowledge was observed among those who attended college, but not among those whose highest educational level attainment was high school (Altindag, Cannonier, & Mocan, 2014). Alachantis and colleagues (2005) had applied cognitive reserve theory (Stern, 2002) to help explain why OSA patients with higher intelligence scores perform well on cognitive tasks. The resource substitution theory (RST; Ross & Mirowsky, 2006) posits that higher education compensates for background disadvantages rather than magnifying background advantages. The goals of the current study were to examine the interaction between educational level and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) on cognitive functions such as verbal fluency, psychomotor vigilance, executive functions, visuospatial ability, and attention span and to determine whether the results would support the RST. Methods One hundred and nine participants (47 ApneaLinkTM -screened controls and 62 untreated OSA patients) participated in the study and completed the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, WAIS-III digit span and block design, semantic and phonemic fluency tests, and a psychomotor vigilance task. Subjective sleep (PSQI and ESS) and health measures (depression, anxiety, mood disturbance, diabetes, hypertension) were assessed. A hierarchical regression was conducted to test for the additional variance explained by the interaction term even after accounting for the covariates. Results In semantic fluency and visuospatial ability tasks, patients with higher education performed better than patients with high school or less education. This moderation effect of education was not observed for the control group. A significant interaction effect was not observed for vigilance, phonemic fluency, attention span, or executive functions although education was a significant predictor for all cognitive tasks. Conclusion The resource substitution theory was supported as the benefit of education seemed more crucial for OSA patients than for controls, specifically in semantic fluency and visuospatial ability. This benefit of higher education contributing to larger cognitive reserves in patients with OSA helped buffer some cognitive deficits but not for others, but this buffer no longer works when the cognitive demand gets larger. Support (if any) A grant from the Center for Integrative Research on Cognitive Neural Science, Southern Illinois University Carbondale was received.
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Lehrer, E. W., R. L. Schooley, and J. K. Whittington. "Survival and antipredator behavior of woodchucks (Marmota monax) along an urban–agricultural gradient." Canadian Journal of Zoology 90, no. 1 (January 2012): 12–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z11-107.

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Understanding effects of urbanization on biodiversity requires integrated assessments of demographic and behavioral responses by species, including urban-adapter species. Past research on mammalian responses to urbanization has emphasized predators, but prey species could respond to additional factors including variation in predation risk. We examined spatial heterogeneity in real and perceived risk across an urbanization gradient by comparing survival rates, causes of mortality, and antipredator behavior of adult woodchucks ( Marmota monax (L., 1758)) within an agricultural landscape in Illinois from 2007 to 2009. Survival rates were higher, and effects of urbanization were stronger, during the inactive season. Rural woodchucks primarily died from predation or costs associated with hibernation, whereas urban woodchucks mainly died from vehicle collisions or unknown reasons. Mean levels of antipredator behavior were unrelated to urbanization, but among-individual variation in vigilance levels increased in urban areas, which may reflect increased spatial variation in disturbance levels within urban environments. Distances from burrows while foraging and flight initiation distances also were unrelated to urbanization, suggesting that urban woodchucks were not strongly habituated to humans. Our research provides insights into demographic and behavioral responses to urbanization, and constraints to responses, by an urban-adapter species.
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Strausberger, Bill M., and Dirk E. Burhans. "Nest Desertion by Field Sparrows and its Possible Influence on the Evolution of Cowbird Behavior." Auk 118, no. 3 (July 1, 2001): 770–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/auk/118.3.770.

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Abstract In this study, Field Sparrows (Spizella pusilla) deserted 46% of nests, parasitized by Brown-headed Cowbirds (Molothrus ater) and only 1% of unparasitized nests suggesting that desertion functions primarily as an antiparasite defense. Sparrows did not desert nests following various clutch manipulations that are often associated with parasitism, indicating that desertion was not in response to the presence of cowbird eggs. Sparrows often deserted nests following encounters with real or mounted cowbirds, suggesting that nest desertion is a response to adult cowbirds. Sparrows deserted nests only in stages most vulnerable to the effects of parasitism. That finding is consistent with the possibility that desertion is a parasite-specific response. Sparrows arrived at nests earlier in the day at our Illinois site, where parasitism was greater, than in Missouri. Our findings confirm that host vigilance can prevent successful parasitism, and we provide the first direct evidence that encounters with cowbirds may cause hosts to desert nests. Our findings may help explain why cowbirds parasitize nests extremely early in the morning and lay rapidly. We suggest that consideration be given to host response following interactions with adult brood parasites because those interactions may have implications for both the ecology and evolution of both the parasite and host.
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E.L., Kotingo, and Allagoa D.O.B. "HIV Antibody Seroprevalence and Determinants Amongst Antenatal Clients in a Tertiary Hospital in the Niger Delta." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 14, no. 9 (March 31, 2018): 300. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2018.v14n9p300.

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Background: The pandemicity of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has continued to be a ‘medical quagmire,’ one of the most serious global catastrophe and public health problem that plagues the world today. Objectives: To determine the seroprevalence and clinico-epidemiological correlates of HIV infection in pregnancy. Methodology: This is a descriptive cross sectional study. Two hundred and twenty (220) consecutive healthy pregnant women attending the antenatal booking clinic of the hospital who met the inclusion criteria were recruited. Data was collected via a questionnaire. Data entry and analysis was done using SPSS (statistical package forsocial sciences) 22 statistical package (SPSS Inc., Illinois, U.S.A). P value less than 0.05 was taken as being significant. Results: Of the 220 women, 4.6% (n=10) were seropositive for HIV antibodies. Multiple sexual partners was the significant risk factors for HIV seropositivity (p<0.05). There was no significant association with respect to tattoo/scarification marks, female circumcision, previous blood transfusion, intravenous drug abuse or sharing of sharps, previous surgery, episiotomies or dilatation and curettage (p>0.05). Conclusion: The high endemicity of HIV infection in this study justifies the need for routine screening in pregnancy to identify and institute treatment of the infection promptly as this will reduce the mother to child transmission of the virus. Sex education on the dangers of multiple sexual partners or sexual promiscuity, availability of barrier methods of contraception and patronage, more efforts/interventions by relevant agencies, high sense of vigilance amongst others are very vital to curtailing this global pandemic in our society.
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Markovitz, J. "WILLIAM D. CARRIGAN. The Making of a Lynching Culture: Violence and Vigilantism in Central Texas, 1836 - 1916. Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press. 2004. Pp. xi, 308. $35.00." American Historical Review 111, no. 1 (February 1, 2006): 209–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/ahr.111.1.209.

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7

Tolnay, Stewart E. "Carrigan, William D. The Making of a Lynching Culture. Violence and Vigilantism in Central Texas, 1836–1916. University of Illinois Press, Urbana [etc.] 2004. xi, 308 pp. Ill. $35.00." International Review of Social History 51, no. 1 (March 30, 2006): 133–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020859006092352.

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8

Vandal, G. "The Making of a Lynching Culture: Violence and Vigilantism in Central Texas, 1836-1916. By William D. Carrigan (Champaign, Il: University of Illinois Press, 2004. xi plus 308 pp. $35.00)." Journal of Social History 39, no. 2 (December 1, 2005): 555–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jsh.2005.0163.

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9

Hlaing, Ei, Stephanie Clancy Dollinger, and Terry Brown. "436 Obstructive Sleep Apnea Treatment (e.g., CPAP) Differential Effects on Cognitive Performance." Sleep 44, Supplement_2 (May 1, 2021): A172—A173. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsab072.435.

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Abstract Introduction The efficacy of CPAP treatment for cognitive improvement among patients with OSA is inconsistent. Naegele et al. (1995) found that short term memory impairment persisted even after 4 to 6 months of CPAP; O’Donoghue et al. (2012) have reported they did not find improvement in vigilance or memory; Felver-Grant (2007) found that working memory improved but not other cognitive tests. Kanbay et al. (2015) found patients improved on the MMSE scores after 3 months of CPAP treatment. Kim et al. (2018) claimed just 3 weeks of CPAP treatment improved attention, sleep quality, and excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS). CPAP therapy has little effect on the improvement of cognitive deficits associated with OSA if the patients did not complain of daytime sleepiness (Zhou et al,, 2016). Methods Both untreated OSA patients (N=19) and ApneaLinkTM- screened controls (N=16) were administered a battery of cognitive tests before the patients started using CPAP and these two conditions were tested again after 3 months of CPAP treatment. A Fisher’s Exact Chi-Square test was used to determine if there was an association between conditions (OSA patients vs. Controls) and level of performance on cognitive tests (low vs. high scores) at the baseline and after 3 months of treatment. Results Depression scores, subjective sleep quality scores (global PSQI), EDS scores (Epworth Sleepiness Scale), and mood disturbance (Profile of Mood States) decreased after 3 months of CPAP treatment just for patients. Controls (individuals without moderate or severe OSA) performed better at the second time on phonemic fluency, immediate recall memory test, and 30 minute delayed memory recall test. Conclusion The fact that patients did not do better at time 2 on any of the cognitive tests may indicate a long term effect of hypoxia on the brain. The cognitive deficits may not reverse within the first 3 months of CPAP although self-reported depressive symptoms and perception of sleep quality and positive mood have improved when patients reported they are compliant with the treatment. Support (if any) A grant from the Center for Integrative Research on Cognitive Neural Science, Southern Illinois University Carbondale was received.
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10

Tajti, Tibor. "Berle and Means’ Control and Contemporary Problems." Bratislava Law Review 6, no. 2 (December 30, 2022): 59–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.46282/blr.2022.6.2.309.

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The best way to judge the quality of a new company law is to test it against real-life problems. This article attempts to do that by placing the concept of control in the center of its observations, posing related questions, and offering food for thought for the drafters of company laws. The concept of control in the context of corporations with highly dispersed shareholders holding atomized stakes (‘quasi-public corporations’) was first dissected by Adolf A. Berle (lawyer) and Gardiner C. Means (economist) in their 1932 classic The Modern Corporation and Private Property. Their conceptualization and classification of control serves as the basis for the analysis herein, even though interest in control has lately been overshadowed by novel schools of thought based on agency theory and the like. With that in mind, the central thesis of this article is that control is the ultimate ‘invisible hand’ of company law because it is unparalleled in importance, omnipresent, and – due to its multifaceted nature – inherently difficult to grasp, especially insofar as its precise essence or its manifestation in real life circumstances is concerned. Secondly, using examples from recent cases from Central and Eastern Europe (‘CEE’), this article aims to show that the crucially important concept of control is still not fully understood. Unfortunately, but perhaps unsurprisingly, empirical evidence readily proves that simple formulas for “taming” control do not exist. Instead, eternal vigilance, as well as regular re-evaluation of governance and oversight solutions, is needed not just by the boards and corporate officers in charge of oversight, but also by shareholders if control of corporate officers is at stake. Thirdly, the article demonstrates that control plays a similarly important role for small and mid-sized businesses (‘SMEs’) countering a burning set of problems that SMEs are doomed to face at some point in their existence: the issues corollary to the inter-generational transfer of the control and ownership of successfully operating companies. This topic is tackled through the prism of the milestone case of Galler v. Galler from Illinois, United States (US), which gave the green light to a peculiar but flexible set of solutions to these governance-related issues. I argue that the Galler formula, or at least parts of it, could be adapted elsewhere to serve similar ends. As the case studies offered in this article will demonstrate, these are living problems, especially insofar as they concern jurisdictions which are still yet to settle on wholly-adequate solutions, such as the post-socialist states of Central and Eastern Europe, China, and other fledgling legal systems across the globe.
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Books on the topic "Vigilantes – Illinois"

1

Post, Andrew. Knuckleduster. [United States]: Medallion Press, 2013.

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2

The failure of Superior Bank, FSB, Hinsdale, Illinois: Hearing before the Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs, United States Senate, One Hundred Seventh Congress, first session on the failure and implications of Superior Bank, FSB, Hinsdale, Illinois, focusing on the need for continued regulatory vigilance, more stringent accounting, and capital standards for retained assets, September 11 and October 16, 2001. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 2002.

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3

Analysis of the failure of Superior Bank, FSB, Hinsdale, Illinois: Hearing before the Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs, United States Senate, One Hundred Seventh Congress, second session on the analysis of the failure and implications of Superior Bank, FSB, Hinsdale, Illinois, focusing on the need for continued regulatory vigilance, more stringent accounting, and capital standards for retained assets, February 7, 2002. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 2002.

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4

Pfeifer, Michael J. Vigilantes, Criminal Justice, and Antebellum Cultural Conflict. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252036132.003.0003.

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This chapter traces, in the social and legal context of the southern, midwestern, and western frontiers, the lethal transition from the nondeadly collective violence (typically floggings) perpetrated by regulator movements in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, to the prolific extralegal hangings of gamblers, alleged slave insurrectionists, horse thieves, and murderers in Mississippi, Iowa, and Wyoming Territory from the mid-1830s through the late 1860s. Furthermore, the chapter looks at the phenomenon of vigilantism and how it operates within the legal context of the period. Vigilantes articulated a preference for criminal justice that privileged local opinion over a neutral commitment to due process law and the rights of the defendant, a stance that rejected an emerging commitment in reformist circles and in the legal culture to the notion of a fair-handed, omnipotent state as arbitrator of community differences and guarantor of individual rights.
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Waldrep, Christopher. The Popular Sources of Political Authority in 1856 San Francisco. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252037467.003.0002.

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This chapter traces the ideological formation surrounding a central moment in the history of American lynching, the San Francisco Vigilance Committee of 1856. The San Francisco vigilantes helped to craft highly influential arguments about the relationship between the people and the law that would be adopted by subsequent generations of lynchers in the West, Midwest, and South. The chapter follows the historical context in which the San Francisco vigilantes and their opponents articulated their respective understandings of constitutionalism. It argues that the numbers supporting the San Francisco vigilantes were a transient political majority, acting in defiance of constitutional principle, and thus it cannot be said that their lynchings were socially positive or antidemocratic.
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Woodrum, Robert H. Race, Unionism, and the Open-Shop Movement along the Waterfront in Mobile, Alabama. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252040818.003.0005.

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Robert Woodrum examines the clashes between waterfront employers and black longshore workers in Mobile, Alabama during the era of World War I. The regional Marine Employers’ Association, committed to upholding open-shop conditions, enjoyed support from the U.S. Shipping Board and local vigilantes, including the Ku Klux Klan. During strikes, the employers benefited from the mobilization of white strikebreakers.
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Winslow, Dena Lynn. “They Lynched Jim Cullen”. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252037467.003.0009.

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This chapter looks at the oral history that developed around the Northern Maine lynching. In spring 1873 James Cullen, possibly the only lynching victim in New England's history, swung into eternity at the hands of a mob in Mapleton, Maine. Cullen's lynching and the subsequent oral tradition of life and death on the Maine frontier provide a window into the cultural identity of the northeast borderland region. Northern Maine, like western states where vigilante justice was frequent, was a frontier region, and one theory of nonracial lynchings suggests that this was a recourse where legal systems were weak. But Maine's judicial system was firmly in place, and although Maine later abolished the death sentence, capital punishment was a legal option in Maine at the time of James Cullen's lynching.
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Fischer, Nick. Anticommunism and Political Terror. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252040023.003.0010.

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This chapter examines how political terror was used in the interwar period as yet another weapon in the campaign waged by the anticommunist movement. Several incidents of political terror that occurred in the United States after the Great War were grounded in attitudes expressed in the prosecution of leaders of revolutionary and nonconformist organizations. These attitudes were also expressed in the incarceration and even execution of symbolic scapegoats, including political prisoners, anarchists such as Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti, and radicals like the Wobblies, Tom Mooney and Warren Billings. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the prevalence of racism and nativism, perpetrated by vigilante groups, as part of anticommunism's program of political terror. The movement's objective was clear: to intimidate and prevent people from supporting certain ideas and organizations by destroying the lives of a select few.
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Juffer, Jane. “They Cling to Guns or Religion”. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252037665.003.0011.

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This chapter discusses how migration has become a central issue for the U.S. religious Right, which has joined forces with city councils, paramilitary border vigilante groups, and conservative politicians to proclaim that Latino migrants represent a threat to family values, the “law,” and the so-called Anglo-Saxon, Protestant roots of the nation. This coalition has been particularly influential in areas of the country where there have previously been few Latino residents, such as small-town Pennsylvania. In addition to Altoona and Hazleton in this state, more than a hundred cities across the country have passed laws that make it illegal for employers to hire and landlords to rent to undocumented peoples. Though purportedly local in their ambitions, the ordinances are underwritten by national organizations with connections to the Christian Right and white supremacist groups; together, they have rallied people around an antiglobalization populism that claims the federal government is not doing its job policing the borders and maintaining national economic sovereignty.
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Smith, Nicholas Rush. New Situations Demand Old Magic. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252040801.003.0007.

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Nicholas Rush Smith’s chapter explores collective violence in postapartheid South Africa, where vigilante violence involving an attempt to necklace alleged criminals has been common. That the necklace--placing a gasoline filled tire around the neck of a victim and setting it alight--is frequently deployed is surprising, Smith asserts, because the struggle against apartheid was, in important ways, a struggle for a procedural rights-based legal system, something necklacing undermines. Moreover, necklacing was originally developed as a tool to sanction political threats under apartheid, whereas today it is primarily used as a technique to punish criminals. Why, Smith asks, is necklacing still practiced twenty years after the dawn of democracy given that it was first implemented as part of the struggle against apartheid? Smith’s chapter argues that citizens deploying the necklace challenge the postapartheid state’s-rights-based legal system, which South Africans often argue enables insecurity and immorality, to proliferate; rhetorically and ideologically, this in some ways parallels the criticisms that American lynchers often made of procedural, due process rights. Through its spectacular violence, the necklace dramatizes these critiques of the democratic legal order much like it dramatized critiques of the apartheid state.
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Book chapters on the topic "Vigilantes – Illinois"

1

Blevins, Brooks. "Epilogue." In A History of the Ozarks, Volume 2, 237–44. University of Illinois Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5622/illinois/9780252042737.003.0007.

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The brief epilogue, which is meant to serve as a sort of interpretive bridge to volume 3, recounts the story of the Christian County, Missouri, Bald Knobbers and the national press that these vigilantes received in the late 1880s, culminating in a triple hanging in 1889. This last segment of the Bald Knobber saga marks a watershed in the history of the region as the point at which the “cultural Ozarks” starts to emerge in the American consciousness--a point that is extended in the first chapter of volume 3.
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Blevins, Brooks. "American Society in the Old Ozarks." In A History of the Ozarks, Volume 1, 197–240. University of Illinois Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5622/illinois/9780252041914.003.0007.

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Chapter 6 takes an in-depth look at the society created by the antebellum pioneers of the Ozarks. This chapter discusses the development of the key denominations in the region’s formal religious establishment and efforts to establish public, private, and higher education institutions. In addition, Chapter 6 includes discussions of slavery, politics, and vigilante violence in the antebellum Ozarks, including the exploits of the so-called “Slicker War” that raged in parts of the region for several years. The fits and starts of society in the Ozarks reflected the struggles and challenges of an evolving American region.
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Miklitsch, Robert. "Where the Sidewalk Ends." In I Died a Million Times, 97–115. University of Illinois Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5622/illinois/9780252043611.003.0005.

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If John Cromwell’s The Racket (1951) remains a representative transitional instance of the rogue cop film, the subgenre cannot be reduced, thematically speaking, either to vigilante violence or governmental corruption. For instance, in Otto Preminger’s prototypical rogue cop film, Where the Sidewalk Ends (1950), Mark Dixon’s encounter with criminal suspects is marked by physical violence and grim self-righteousness, although, not unlike Jim McLeod in an acknowledged model of the subgenre, Detective Story (1951), his crusading behavior derives less from some misguided notion of idealism than from the fact that his own father was a mobster. Moreover, even as Where the Sidewalk Ends radically reframes the antagonistic relation between the fugitive and cop, it situates the ultimately sympathetic figure of the policeman within the proletarian milieu of the metropolis and, in the process, reconfigures the limits of the rogue cop film.
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Capó, Julio. "“Prevent Miami from Becoming a Refugium Peccatorum”." In Queer and Trans Migrations, 41–58. University of Illinois Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5622/illinois/9780252043314.003.0003.

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This chapter highlights the experiences of Black Bahamian women who attempted to enter Miami during the early twentieth century. It explores how single or unaccompanied Bahamian women were often excluded at the border as liable to become a “public charge.” They subverted the state’s assumptions of whiteness, reproductive heterosexuality, and masculine labor productivity. This work also traces how vigilance and regulation extended the borders; they manifested in a violent form of welfare that buttressed anxieties at the borders, as the state’s confinement of these women in hospitals, asylums, and holding cells seemed to justify restrictive immigration measures that predicted Bahamian women would become public charges. The state’s multiheaded approach to controlling moving bodies it deemed undesirable produced grammars and praxes of illegality, confinement, and deportability.
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Kotlowski, Dean J. "“Negro and White Unite”." In Global Lynching and Collective Violence. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5622/illinois/9780252041389.003.0007.

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Nicholas Rush Smith’s chapter explores collective violence in postapartheid South Africa, where vigilante violence involving an attempt to necklace alleged criminals has been common. That the necklace--placing a gasoline filled tire around the neck of a victim and setting it alight--is frequently deployed is surprising, Smith asserts, because the struggle against apartheid was, in important ways, a struggle for a procedural rights-based legal system, something necklacing undermines. Moreover, necklacing was originally developed as a tool to sanction political threats under apartheid, whereas today it is primarily used as a technique to punish criminals. Why, Smith asks, is necklacing still practiced twenty years after the dawn of democracy given that it was first implemented as part of the struggle against apartheid? Smith’s chapter argues that citizens deploying the necklace challenge the postapartheid state’s-rights-based legal system, which South Africans often argue enables insecurity and immorality, to proliferate; rhetorically and ideologically, this in some ways parallels the criticisms that American lynchers often made of procedural, due process rights. Through its spectacular violence, the necklace dramatizes these critiques of the democratic legal order much like it dramatized critiques of the apartheid state.
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