Journal articles: 'Views trade'

1

LEPKOWSKI, WIL. "Commerce Economist Challenges Administration Trade Views." Chemical & Engineering News 63, no. 39 (September 30, 1985): 12–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cen-v063n039.p012.

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Struthers, Karen, and Glenda Strachan. "Attracting women into male-dominated trades: Views of young women in Australia." International Journal for Research in Vocational Education and Training 6, no. 1 (April 25, 2019): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.13152/ijrvet.6.1.1.

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Context: The persistent low female participation in male-dominated trades is not attracting a high level of public attention and policy action. There are determined, yet adhoc actions by advocates in response to evidence that economic benefits will be derived for industry and women through increased female participation in the male-dominated trades. Occupational segregation of the trades remains resistant to change. Methods: To better understand the barriers limiting female participation in the male-dominated trades from the perspective of young women, this PhD study features interviews with female secondary students, complemented by interviews with industry stakeholders and a quantitative analysis of VET and trade participation data. The three primary research questions are: 1) What is the extent of gender segregation in vocational education and training (VET) and typically male-dominated trades in Australia, and how does this compare internationally? 2) Why do very few female students choose male-dominated trades as their job pathway? 3) What can be done, particularly in the education and training sectors, to increase female interest in, and take-up of, the male-dominated trades? Findings: The results of this research showed that the composition of trade-qualified females in male-dominated trades is persistently low at 2-3%. The views of young women affirmed the evidence showing system-wide barriers limit female interest in these trades. Most influential is that gender stereotypes of work are set by Year 10 and that female enrolment in Maths (a pre-requisite for male-dominated careers) is low; these trades are seen as “jobs for the boys who don’t do academic,” and the fear of intimidation and harassment deters young women. Low enrolment of female students in male-dominated trade courses indicates that this entrenched occupational segregation of the trades will remain resistant to change for some time to come. Conclusion: The findings indicate that ad hoc responses to overcome gender segregation of the trades is not effective. Influenced by systems theory and a social ecological model (SEM) of change, the researchers promote the need for sustained, nation-wide awareness and action involving VET and school sectors, industry, government and trade unions to attract more women into male-dominated trades.

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Storm, Servaas. "Development, Trade or Aid? UN Views on Trade, Growth and Poverty." Development and Change 36, no. 6 (November 2005): 1239–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0012-155x.2005.00462.x.

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Hilpert, H. G. "Two American Views on Trade with Japan." Social Science Japan Journal 5, no. 1 (April 1, 2002): 103–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ssjj/05.1.103.

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Prakash, Jay, and T. V. Vijay Kumar. "Multi-Objective Materialized View Selection Using Improved Strength Pareto Evolutionary Algorithm." International Journal of Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning 9, no. 2 (July 2019): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijaiml.2019070101.

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A data warehouse system uses materialized views extensively in order to speedily tackle analytical queries. Considering that all possible views cannot be materialized due to maintenance cost and storage constraints, the selection of an appropriate set of views to materialize that achieve an optimal trade-off among query response time, maintenance cost, and the storage constraint becomes an essential necessity. The selection of such an appropriate set of views for materialization is referred to as the materialized views selection problem, which is an NP-Complete problem. In the last two decades, several new selection approaches, based on heuristics, have been proposed. Most of these have used a single objective or weighted sum approach to address the various constraints. In this article, an attempt has been made to address the bi-objective materialized view selection problem, where the objective is to minimize the view evaluation cost of materialized views and the view evaluation cost of the non-materialized views, using the Improved Strength Pareto Evolutionary Algorithm. The experimental results show that the proposed multi-objective view selection algorithm is able to select the Top-K views that achieves a reasonable trade-off between the two objectives. Materializing these selected views would reduce the query response times for analytical queries and thereby facilitates the decision-making process.

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Temin, Peter. "Two Views of the British Industrial Revolution." Journal of Economic History 57, no. 1 (March 1997): 63–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050700017927.

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There are two views of the British Industrial Revolution in the literature today. The more traditional description sees the Industrial Revolution as a broad change in the British economy and society. This broad view of the Industrial Revolution has been challenged by Crafts and Harley who see the Industrial Revolution as the result of technical change in only a few industries. This article presents a test of these views using the Ricardian model of international trade with many goods. British trade data are used to implement the test and discriminate between the two views of the Industrial Revolution.

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Batty, Rob. "Conceptual confusing similarity and pictorial trade marks." Queen Mary Journal of Intellectual Property 11, no. 4 (January 4, 2022): 409–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4337/qmjip.2021.04.01.

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Several high-profile rebrands, including those by Twitter and Starbucks, have involved removing text from logos. This move towards wordless, pictorial trade marks raises a difficult question about how the scope of protection of a registered trade mark should be determined. This article examines the particular issue of how much weight should be given to the idea or concept underlying a pictorial mark when assessing whether a defendant’s junior mark is ‘confusingly similar’. Drawing on legal principles and case examples from Europe, the United Kingdom, Singapore and New Zealand, it is claimed that courts and adjudicators should be careful not to overweight conceptual similarity. It is argued that a lack of care in assessing conceptual similarity risks awarding one trader overbroad protection, which may be tantamount to conferring on one trader a monopoly in an idea. A lack of care may also undermine the logic of a registration system by untethering protection from what is recorded on the Register, and may make trade mark law less predictable and certain. * The author declares that he was junior counsel in a case discussed in this article, Carabao Tawandang Co Ltd v Red Bull GmbH HC Wellington CIV-2005-485-1975, 31 August 2006. The views represented in this article are the author’s own, and do not reflect the views of his employer at the time, or the views of the client represented in that particular case.

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Ramadoni, M. Desta, and Badrun Badrun. "Perdagangan Arab dan Kedatangan Islam ke Nusantara: Rekonstruksi Pemikiran Orientalis." Local History & Heritage 2, no. 1 (May 10, 2022): 17–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.57251/lhh.v2i1.313.

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Debating the arrival of Islam in the archipelago, many historians have their own views and arguments. Arab trade in the archipelago has left very clear traces. This trace is compared as evidence of the early emergence of Islam. Thomas W. Arnold, John Crawfurd, L. W. C Van den Berg and Michael Laffan are figures who have the opinion that Arab traders had an important role in the process of entering Islam in the archipelago. This research is a theoretical study with the concept of library research which reconstructs the thoughts and views of these figures to see the influence of Arab traders in the archipelago. Even in the 2nd century BC Arab traders traded with Sri Lanka. The trading ability of the Arabs then solidified their dominance in the West-Eastern trade world which has intensified since the 7th century AD. Although some experts doubt the ability of Arab traders and their relations in the spread of Islam, Arab trading activities have been able to contribute to the Islamic world in the archipelago.

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Woolcock, Stephen. "US Views on 1992." National Institute Economic Review 134 (November 1990): 86–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002795019013400107.

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North American, and in particular US views of 1992 must be seen in the broad political context of transatlantic relations. The US has shown consistent support for the idea of European integration. Initially this took the form of linking Marshall aid to greater European economic cooperation, then organised by the Organisation for European Economic Cooperation (OEEC). There was also strong political support for Monnet's supranational approach to European integration as a means of helping to bring about Franco-German reconciliation and to stabilise Europe. In the early days of European integration there were strategic and political reasons for American concerns to see a stronger (Western) Europe. The possible adverse effects of economic integration for the US were seen as more than manageable, given the strength of the US economy in relation to those of the European countries. With the promise of enhanced markets for US exports and US production the creation of the EEC was seen as being trade creating rather than trade diverting.

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10

Crook, John R. "U.S. Views on Illicit Trade in Conventional Weapons." American Journal of International Law 100, no. 4 (October 2006): 957–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0002930000758003.

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11

Dullien, Sebastian. "Shifting Views on Trade Liberalisation: Beyond Indiscriminate Applause." Intereconomics 53, no. 3 (May 2018): 119–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10272-018-0733-8.

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12

Harley, C. Knick, and N. F. R. Crafts. "Simulating the Two Views of the British Industrial Revolution." Journal of Economic History 60, no. 3 (September 2000): 819–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050700025778.

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This study examines technical change, trade, economic structure, and growth during the British Industrial Revolution by means of computational general equilibrium (CGE) modeling. It rejects Peter Temin's contention that our “new view” of sectorally concentrated productivity growth is inconsistent with industrial export data. A CGE trade model with diminishing returns in agriculture and realistic assumptions about consumer demand shows that while technical change in cottons and iron were major spurs to exportation of those specific goods, the need for food imports also stimulated exports generally. Incorporating trade data thus enriches our “new view.”

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Furåker, Bengt, and Mattias Bengtsson. "Trade Union Cooperation in the EU: Views Among Swedish Trade Unions and Their Members." Nordic Journal of Working Life Studies 3, no. 3 (September 1, 2013): 117. http://dx.doi.org/10.19154/njwls.v3i3.3014.

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This article compares views among Swedish trade unions with those of their members regarding cross-national union cooperation in Europe or the EU. Data are derived from two different surveys, one among trade unions in 2010–2011 and the other among employees in 2006. It turns out that trade unions are generally more affirmative than their members to transnational union cooperation. In the employee survey, differences appear between members of the three peak-level organizations—the LO (manual workers), the TCO (white-collar workers), and Saco (professionals). However, controlling for education, these differences cannot be verified statistically. Higher education—which above all Saco members have—is linked to more positive attitudes toward transnational union cooperation. The gap between the organizations and their affiliates concerning engagement in European issues appears to be larger in the LO than in Saco, with the TCO somewhere in the middle.

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14

Asher, Robert. "Experience Counts: British Workers, Accident Prevention and Compensation, and the Origins of the Welfare State." Journal of Policy History 15, no. 4 (October 2003): 359–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jph.2003.0022.

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This article examines the views of Britain's organized railway, mining, and engineering workers (machinists) and their union leaders about state involvement in workplace accident prevention (1876–97), accident compensation (1876–1911), and the 1911 National Insurance Act. The miners and the railwaymen left numerous comments on these topics because they labored in unusually hazardous trades. (Their unions were large and were relatively democratic.) After 1880, leaders of the miners and railwaymen concluded that it was problematic to rely solely on trade union workplace bargaining power to protect worker life and limb and to compensate injured workers for their economic losses. Faced with what was initially seen as a Hobson's choice between employer compulsion and state compulsion, after the mid-1880s these trade unionists began to lean toward the latter. Historical experience led the trade union leaders whose views are discussed in this article to trust increasingly the Labor Department of the Board of Trade and to endorse Liberal welfare-state programs proposed in 1908 and thereafter. In 1911 the rank-and-file machinists who expressed their views about National Insurance in letters to the labor press were suspicious of augmenting the power of the state, but they were unwilling to scuttle National Insurance, preferring to agitate to expand union rights of participation. Worker opposition tosomefeatures of state-mandated income maintenance programs, especially those with compulsory payroll deductions, should not be interpreted as rejection of the welfare state in principle.

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15

Settele, Sonja, and Cortnie Shupe. "Lives or Livelihoods? Perceived Trade-Offs and Policy Views." Economic Journal 132, no. 643 (October 5, 2021): 1150–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ej/ueab077.

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Abstract We study the role of perceived trade-offs between human lives and economic benefits in shaping policy views. In an online experiment with a representative sample from the United States conducted during the early Covid-19 pandemic, we provide randomised information on the medium-run costs of restricting economic activity to mitigate infections. A one standard deviation lower perceived economic cost of lockdowns increases support by about twice as much as having a Covid at-risk condition, and by half as much as being a Democrat. Varying projected health benefits has a similar effect. Personal exposure to health risks reduces people’s responsiveness to cost-benefit considerations.

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16

Brown, Clair, Julia Lane, and Timothy Sturgeon. "Workers' Views of the Impact of Trade on Jobs." Industrial Relations: A Journal of Economy and Society 52, no. 1 (December 19, 2012): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/irel.12009.

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17

Clarence-Smith, William G. "Review Essay: Continental European Views of the Slave Trade." Slavery & Abolition 28, no. 1 (April 2007): 127–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01440390701269889.

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Cipolla, Craig N., and Amélie Allard. "Recognizing River Power: Watery Views of Ontario’s Fur Trade." Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 26, no. 3 (November 12, 2018): 1084–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10816-018-9405-z.

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19

Tsziegen, Chen. "Book trading in the structure of book study: the evolution of ideas." Вісник Книжкової палати, no. 2 (February 26, 2020): 11–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.36273/2076-9555.2020.2(283).11-15.

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The article describes the evolution of views of leading scientists in the field of bibliology regarding the book trade. It focuses on the concepts created by some of the founders of bibliology such as N. Lisowski, A. Lovyagin, M. Kufaev. Views on book trade presented in the works of Soviet book specialists in the 1920s—30s (M. Shchelkunov, N. Somov, A. Mézières) are also outlined. Attention is given to the discussion of the structure of bibliological sciences as a comprehensive science, as well as the place that book trade occupies within it in the period of the "rebirth" of bibliology. Furthermore, the article analyzes the place of book trade in the functional concepts of bibliology created by A. Barsuk. It also focuses on the role of book trade in the writings of J. Morgenstern, E. Nemirovsky, and in M. Nyzovyi four-component structure of book science. The views on book trade within the systematic-typological concepts of bibliology by A. Belovickaya are also considered. The article also defines the place of book trade in the documentional conception (Yu. Stolyarov, A. Shvetsova-Vodka) and presents the views on this phenomenon reflected in the works of M. Raz and V. Markova. The analysis of the aforementioned reflections on the book trade as an object of bibliographic research allows the author to conclude that in the conceptions of leading scholars it is regarded as a part of book sciences (traditional bibliology), as a communication intermediary in documental communication (documental concept), and as a communication intermediary in book communications (socio-communicative approach). Finally, the article identifies the prospects of further studies for scientific research on the e-book trade.

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20

King, Michael. "Profiting from a tainted trade: private investigators’ views on the popular culture glamorisation of their trade." Journal of Criminological Research, Policy and Practice 7, no. 2 (February 17, 2021): 112–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jcrpp-07-2020-0050.

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Purpose The public fascination for private investigators has led to an abundance of imagery in popular culture media. This study aims to examine the views of practising private investigators regarding their professional images of dirty work. Design/methodology/approach To fill the gap in the literature, this study used data collected from semi-structured interviews with 33 industry practitioners from 3 Australian states. The paper investigates private investigator’s perceptions about themselves/job roles and the public perceptions of private investigators in Australia. Interviews were recorded and transcripts created. A thematic analysis of the interview transcripts was undertaken. Findings Private investigators were drawn from a range of professions, including public policing and government regulation. The findings indicate that the reality differs from the images typically portrayed in popular culture. Interviewees discussed the contrasts between media images and reality, providing a more complex portrayal of private investigation and what private investigators find satisfying and challenging about their work. Practical implications This study is helpful for improving the understanding of private policing, the media views of policing, those who conduct work within an environment considered to be tainted and their views of self. Originality/value Using a qualitative research design, this paper offers insights into the challenges facing private investigators and how they reconcile being in a tainted occupation with providing a necessary service to the community.

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Essig, Joseph, Ping Xu, James C. Garand, and Ceren Keser. "The “Trump” Effect: Political Elite and Support for Free Trade in America." American Politics Research 49, no. 3 (February 5, 2021): 328–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1532673x21992124.

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While previous literature has offered two broad categories of explanation for individual trade preferences: economic self-interest and non-economic factors, we contend that during times of intensified elite discourse on trade, individuals may follow elite opinions to form their opinions on trade. Utilizing data from the 2016 American National Election Survey, we examine the effect of Trump’s protectionist views and rhetoric on public trade opinion. We argue that there was a “Trump effect” on trade attitudes among the mass public in 2016 and this effect went beyond the party line, meaning that Trump supporters, regardless of their partisanship, were more likely to be influenced by his protectionist views and to adopt anti-free trade positions. Moreover, we suggest a conditional effect of political knowledge on the “Trump effect” of trade opinion. Our empirical tests offer strong support for both hypotheses, suggesting a significant “Trump effect” on public trade opinion in 2016.

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Hoffman, Michael E. S. "Job Losses and Perceptions of Globalization." Journal of World Trade 44, Issue 5 (October 1, 2010): 967–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/trad2010037.

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The focus of much recent economic anxiety has been on the relationship between job losses and a limited number of hot-button issues, in particular (offshore) outsourcing and immigration. I use the variation over time (from a consistent Gallup poll administered from 1992 to 2009) and in the cross section (from the German Marshall Fund’s 2007 survey ‘Perspectives on Trade and Poverty Reduction’) to explore potential causes of recent aversion to globalization. I demonstrate that up until recently views on foreign trade were highly correlated with the national unemployment rate. Views on free trade are also strongly related to opinions of how the economy is doing. I further assess predictors of opinions on outsourcing and immigration, as they relate to the causes of job losses. Education, occupation, work experience, and political party are important predictors of views on the economy, free trade, and job losses. In contrast to prior research, more education predicts greater support for trade intervention in the form of limits on outsourcing, which may explain recent fluctuations in aggregate public opinion.

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Pugachevska, Kateryna. "TRADE RESTRICTIONS IN THE CONTEXT OF FOREIGN TRADE LIBERALIZATION." Scientific Bulletin of Mukachevo State University. Series “Economics” 1(13) (2020): 51–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.31339/2313-8114-2020-1(13)-51-55.

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Research on the impact of the external component on economic growth shows the prevailing view of the positive impact of foreign trade and its liberalization on economic growth. At the same time, discussions on trends in foreign trade liberalization are part of the issue of contradictory impact of free cross-border movement of goods, capital and labor on the economic development. The majority of sources on endogenous growth contains a range of models for the relationship between trade restrictions and economic growth. Therefore, the aim of the article is to study trade restrictions in the context of foreign trade liberalization. At a high level of economic development, the liberalization of the economy allows to increase the benefits of foreign trade, but the issues related to the opening of national markets in the economic periphery remain controversial. The article considers the essence and classification of foreign trade restrictions. The views of scholars of leading economic schools on the relationship between trade liberalization and economic growth have been represented. It has been determined, that the main trends in the liberalization of foreign trade are: expanding the scope of regulatory measures by both national governments and global trade institutions; coordination and intensification of international cooperation in the areas of multilateral liberalization of foreign trade; growing non-tariff barriers to the development of international trade. The results of the study allow to deepen the understanding of the peculiarities of ensuring national economic interests in the conditions of dynamization of foreign trade. Key words: trade restrictions, national economic interests, import regulation, foreign trade liberalization, tariff and non-tariff restrictions.

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Bodnarchuk, Tetiana. "Views of Ivan Vernadsky on the role of foreign trade policy in economic development." Ìstorìâ narodnogo gospodarstva ta ekonomìčnoï dumki Ukraïni 2021, no. 54 (December 1, 2021): 182–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/ingedu2021.54.182.

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Nowadays, the process of making effective economic decisions requires reference to the history of Ukrainian economic thought. The study of intellectual heritage and innovative ideas of prominent Ukrainian economists, among whom Ivan Vernadsky occupies an important place, will enrich the understanding of the mechanisms and ways of modern economic transformation. The purpose of the article is to analyze and generalize Ivan Vernadsky’s conceptual views on the role of foreign trade policy in economic development. The theoretical basis of this study is conceptual approaches to understanding the nature of foreign trade policy, in particular, protectionism and free trade. Systematic, comparative-historical, institutional-evolutionary, and historical-genetic analyses were used as the research methodology. The author considers Ivan Vernadsky’s conceptual approach to foreign trade as a basis for providing the country's economic leadership in the international area. The economist’s ideas on the advantages of liberal foreign trade policy, free trade, and its mutual benefits for countries are revealed. Ivan Vernadsky was a staunch opponent of restrictive foreign trade policy, which creates obstacles to the country's competitive advantages and economic progress. Attention was paid to Ivan Vernadsky's criticism of customs protectionism. According to the scientist's point of view, protectionism leads to monopolization, price rises, technical and technological backwardness of production, destabilization of foreign trade relations, etc. At the same time, one of the scientist’s merits is the formation of an innovative approach to the interpretation of protectionism as a general economic doctrine and a realistic economic policy. Ivan Vernadsky’s vision of the basics of efficient management is generalized. He creates an original theory of economic development, which can be used for selection of effective mechanisms of modern economic policy.

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Chung, Alec. "Effects of Trade Relations on South Korean Views of China." Asian Politics & Policy 7, no. 4 (October 2015): 597–621. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/aspp.12218.

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CLARK, ANDREW, and ANDREW OSWALD. "Trade Union Utility Functions: A Survey of Union Leaders' Views." Industrial Relations 32, no. 3 (September 1993): 391–411. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-232x.1993.tb01056.x.

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RELSCH, MARC S. "Air Products' Baker Airs Views on Trade, Industry Image, Education." Chemical & Engineering News 69, no. 39 (September 30, 1991): 13–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cen-v069n039.p013.

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Appleton, Arthur, and Patrick Macrory. "Heterodox Views: What Is Wrong With the WTO and How to Fix It." Journal of World Trade 56, Issue 5 (October 1, 2022): 713–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/trad2022029.

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The international trade architecture is out-of-date. A consensus among Members is almost impossible to achieve. Tariffs make little sense in an era of global supply chains. The trade system ignores most important environmental, governmental, labour, and human rights challenges. Anti-globalization rhetoric is undermining the international economy and the rules-based trading system. The World Trade Organization (WTO) needs to evolve. The provocative views expressed in this article are designed to stimulate discussion and an eventual dialogue on WTO reform. WTO, reform, consensus, tariffs, environment, unfair competition

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Abdul Kadar, Nizamuddeen Kunai, and Mamdouh AL Mustafa. "Summerised Pharmacological Views on Dexmedetomidine." SOJ Anesthesiology & Pain Management 6, no. 1 (March 22, 2019): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.15226/2374-684x/6/1/00166.

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Dexmedetomidine is selective alpha two adrenergic agonist like clonidine, but it is eight times more selective alpha two agonist than clonidine. Dexmedetomidine produces sedation and anxiolysis effect and it has analgesic effect like opioids but no respiratory depression, which makes it best for procedural sedation. Dexmedetomidine can be used for awake fiberoptic intubation, as it does not cause respiratory depression [1]. Atipamezole is a synthetic alpha two adrenergic receptor antagonist, which is used to treat over dose of dexmedetomidine. Dexmedetomidine is sold under the trade name called precedex, dexdomitor and dexdor. Case Study on dexmedetomidine is going on as it is new medicine which came in the market after 1999.

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Ghafele, Roya. "The metaphors of globalization and trade." Communicating/Doing Politics 3, no. 3 (December 31, 2004): 441–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jlp.3.3.05gha.

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This research project examined the metaphors of Globalization and trade in the context of current asymmetries prevailing between high- and low-income countries. As a theoretical underpinning we used historical discourse analysis which views language as a social activity through which humans conceive and understand the reality they live in. Metaphors in particular provide speakers with an inventory of comparisons and pictures. Metaphors offer the discourse its down-to-earth shading and help in this way to secure one specific perspective on reality. How this is being done in the WTO system is demonstrated in the empirical part of the article. Metaphors on Globalization and trade were extracted from face-to-face interviews with WTO staff and trade diplomats of low-income African countries. These metaphors were analyzed with respect to their force in making trade ‘speakable’, and by doing so providing the one particular view on Globalization that hardly leaves any space for alternative considerations.

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Furåker, Bengt. "The issue of statutory minimum wages: Views among Nordic trade unions." Economic and Industrial Democracy 41, no. 2 (June 7, 2017): 419–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0143831x17711769.

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Nordic trade unions are known to be sceptical of statutory minimum wages. The peak level organizations are generally against legislation, as they believe that their model of bargaining is preferable. In contrast, trade unions in many other parts of Europe find it necessary with statutory minimum wages to protect all workers and not just the unionized. Legislation can also be considered a way of preventing wage dumping and avoiding poverty. This article explores the attitudes among Nordic trade unions below the central/confederate level. The empirical basis is a survey of a large number of organizations in the five countries. The data show a great deal of scepticism towards statutory minimum wages, but some responding organizations recognize certain benefits. It is concluded that Swedish unions are most sceptical of the possible advantages of legislation, whereas in regard to attributed disadvantages Norwegian but also Danish unions are most inclined to agree. Type of industry and size of the organization are other factors with some impact on attitudes towards statutory minimum wages.

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Filin, Nikita A., Vladimir O. Koklikov, and Aleksandr S. Khodunov. "EURASIAN ECONOMIC UNION IN THE VIEWS OF THE IRANIAN EXPERT COMMUNITIES." RSUH/RGGU Bulletin. Series Eurasian studies. History. Political science. International relations, no. 3 (2020): 40–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2686-7648-2020-3-40-54.

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The article considers the development of Iran’s relations with the Eurasian Economic Union, as well as the views of Russian and Iranian experts on further prospects for cooperation. It is shown that the economic potential of Iran, despite existing economic difficulties, is comparable to the potential of the most developed countries of the organization. Iranian authorities are in favor of stepping up relations with the Eurasian Economic Union, which the organization itself is committed to. Russian and Iranian experts generally support further intensive development of Iran’s trade and economic relations with that organization, but they note on a number of issues in the way. According to Iranian experts, the Free Trade Agreement with the Eurasian Economic Union will allow Iran to overcome the severe American sanctions and revive its economy through a sharp increase in exports. But some experts oppose an active rapprochement between Iran and the Union, seeing that as a danger to weak domestic production or to relations with Western Europe, which occupies a much larger place in Iran’s foreign trade than the countries of the Eurasian Economic Union.

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Seldén, Kristina Lovén. "Laval and Trade Union Cooperation: Views on the Mobilizing Potential of the Case." International Journal of Comparative Labour Law and Industrial Relations 30, Issue 1 (March 1, 2014): 87–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/ijcl2014006.

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Although the case law of the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) in the Laval case has been thoroughly examined from both legal and political perspectives, few references have been made to its implications for cross-border trade union cooperation. Using qualitative data from interviews with European trade union representatives, this article explores whether Laval hampered or stimulated transnational cooperation and mobilization.The analysis reveals that, although the interviewees identified the Laval case as particularly significant, they had difficulty mapping out a common route for dealing with the potential consequences of the case, such as wage dumping. Competing discourses co-existed as to the measures to be taken, displaying important and historically rooted differences between European trade unions regarding the context, scope and objectives of transnational collective action. In contrast, it could be argued that the risk of wage dumping arising from the Laval case and the ongoing discussion to find ways to manage this risk led European trade unions to address controversial issues that were in need of attention. It emerges from the interview materials that the management of these issues arguably entailed mobilization but, above all, the effect on transnational union relations appeared to be constitutive.

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Savolain, Juha, and Tomi Mannisto. "Conflict-Centric Software Architectural Views: Exposing Trade-Offs in Quality Requirements." IEEE Software 27, no. 6 (November 2010): 33–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ms.2010.139.

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Scherkoske, Greg. "Integrity and Moral Danger." Canadian Journal of Philosophy 40, no. 3 (September 2010): 335–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00455091.2010.10716726.

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While it isn't clear that we are right to value integrity — or so I shall argue — most of us do. Persons of integrity merit respect. Compromising one's integrity — or failing completely to exhibit it — seems a serious flaw. Two influential accounts suggest why. For Bernard Williams, integrity is ‘a person's sticking by what [she] regards as ethically necessary or worthwhile.’ To this Cheshire Calhoun adds a helpful negative gloss:To lack integrity is to underrate both formulating and exemplifying one's own views. People without integrity trade action on their own views too cheaply for gain, status, reward, approval or for escape from penalties, loss of status, disapproval. Or they trade their own views too readily for the views of others who are more authoritative, more in step with public opinion, less demanding of themselves, and so on.

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Law, Robin. "Dahomey and the Slave Trade: Reflections on the Historiography of the Rise of Dahomey." Journal of African History 27, no. 2 (July 1986): 237–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853700036665.

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The rise of the kingdom of Dahomey coincided with the growth of the slave trade in the area, and consequently has often served as a case study of the impact of the slave trade upon African societies. The article reviews the historiography of the rise of Dahomey, in an attempt to clarify the relationship between the nature of the Dahomian state and its participation in the slave trade. It considers, and refutes, the view that the rulers of Dahomey had originally intended to bring the slave trade to an end. It examines the militaristic character of the Dahomian state, and suggests that this is best understood as a consequence of increased warfare stimulated by the overseas market for war captives. Finally, it examines and partially endorses those views which have presented the political centralization of Dahomey as a constructive response to the problems of order posed by slave-raiding.

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Dobson, John. "The Battle in Seattle: Reconciling Two World Views on Corporate Culture." Business Ethics Quarterly 11, no. 3 (July 2001): 403–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3857846.

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Abstract:This paper investigates the broad ideological conflict between world views on corporate culture. Two views are identified: one encompassing standard liberal economic philosophy; the other taking broader notions of corporate culture from ethics theory. The conflict that surrounded the World Trade Organization meeting in Seattle is used as an illustration of the current conflict between these views. The writings of Alasdair MacIntyre are employed as a means of elucidating and reconciling these two world views.

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Denis, Jean-Émile, Christine Stavrinidis, and Serge Tessier. "Les incidences sectorielles et régionales du libre-échange Canada-Etats-Unis." Études internationales 17, no. 1 (April 12, 2005): 33–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/701962ar.

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The debate on the advantages and disadvantages of free trade between Canada and the U.S. has intensified over the past months. Reluctance towards such an option in trading policy has increased and views differ more and more on the subject, particularly concerning its sector-based and regional consequences. Following a survey of the findings of earlier economic studies, the consequences of free trade between Canada and the U.S. are assessed as regards job distribution in the manufacturing industry. Estimates are derived from studies made by Harris and Cox which allow comparison to be made between the consequences of bilateral and multilateral free trade s. Contrary to the views expressed by the Royal Inquiry Commission, the results lead to the conclusion that bilateral free trade will bring about a marked relocation of the labour force. It turns out that job opportunity in areas with high level of employment would grow, as would the specialization of Quebec in these areas, as compared to Ontario.

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KEMP, SIMON. "Psychology and opposition to free trade." World Trade Review 6, no. 1 (February 16, 2007): 25–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474745606003089.

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This paper reviews psychological reasons why the enthusiasm of the general public for free international trade might be less than that of the economist. Six specific reasons are advanced: (1) lay views of utility emphasize employment over consumption; (2) status quo bias results from loss aversion; (3) people think altruistically but parochially; (4) people often consider fairness in bargaining situations; (5) people may hold inappropriate fixed pie beliefs; and (6) people may misunderstand Ricardo's principle of comparative advantage. The reasons vary in their apparent rationality and appear to operate in concert rather than independently.

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Sutyrin, Sergei, Guan Xueling, Miroslav Jovanovic, Mina Mashayekhi, Jean-Marie Paugam, Alexey Portansky, and Maarten Smeets. "World Trade Organization: Quo vadis?" St Petersburg University Journal of Economic Studies 36, no. 4 (2020): 543–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu05.2020.401.

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During last couple of years, the academic community, national civil servants in charge of trade policies, and employees of international economic organizations have intensively discussed reforming the World Trade Organization. All participants of the debate tend to agree that the system of multilateral trade regulation in its present form does not match expectations and requirements. There is less unanimity regarding the reasons that have resulted in the poor performance of the institution under review. As for possible ways to solve the problem, existing opinions differ dramatically. Both expert views and official proposals of WTO members (Canada, EU, Japan, China and some others) deal with prospects for the Doha round, modalities of future agreements, decision-making process, and a range of other questions waiting for uneasy answers.

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TITTLER, ROBERT. "Rural Society and the Painters’ Trade in Post-Reformation England." Rural History 28, no. 1 (February 28, 2017): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956793316000121.

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Abstract:This article examines two opposing views on the role and presence of painters in post-Reformation rural England. The art historian William Gaunt concluded that painters simply ‘vanished’ from the local scene in their flight to London; the historical geographer John Patten saw non-agricultural workers in general flocking to the rural scene in the same era. Drawing on a database of over 2,600 working painters, the article explores the presence and role of the painters’ occupation in rural England between 1500 and 1640. It emphasises the painters’ accommodation to changing consumer demands; it offers a revised view of their geographic distribution over time; it shows that painters continued to serve the rural scene, albeit in somewhat different ways and from different locales than before.

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Rahim, Sikander. "What use is the Neo-Classical Theory of International Trade?" LAHORE JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS 4, no. 1 (January 1, 1999): 89–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.35536/lje.1999.v4.i1.a7.

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International economic policy is now more under the sway of orthodox economics than it has ever been. The main international economic institutions, the IMF, the World Bank, the WTO, and the major developed economies are unremitting advocates of free trade and impose their views on the developing countries. And the developing countries, whose attempts at economic development through protection have mostly failed, are on the whole inclined to accept these views. Over the last twenty years economic policy in these countries has more and more come to be formulated by orthodox neo-classical economists, often described in the press as “reformers”, who advocate more reliance on markets and less protection against imports.

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Giwa, Fiyinfoluwa. "The New Development Bank and Multilateral Trade Facilitation Agreements on BRICS." Management and Economics Research Journal 6 (2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.18639/merj.2020.9900016.

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Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa (BRICS) have made a tremendous economic impact on the world. Through the New Development Bank (NDB) and the Trade Facilitation Agreement (TFA) by the World Trade Organization, they have become stronger. This article made use of different views to discuss the implication of the NDB and TFA on BRICS. No empirical analysis was carried out. From the viewpoints of other scholars, the Trade Ministers of the BRICS and the World Trade Organization, the NDB and TFA can enhance intellectual and economic growth in the BRICS countries.

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Elechi, O. Oko, Eric G. Lambert, and Smart E. Otu. "VIEWS OF NIGERIAN AND U.S. COLLEGE STUDENTS ON TERRORISM, RESPONSES TO TERRORISM, AND THE PUNISHMENT OF TERRORISTS." JOURNAL OF CRIME AND CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR 2, no. 2 (2022): 87–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.47509/jccb.2022.v02i02.02.

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When Boko Haram insurgents attacked the United Nations Headquarters in Abuja on August 26, 2009, Nigerians’ reactions were similar to U.S. reactions to al-Qaida’s September 11, 2001 attacks on World Trade Center and Pentagon. The aftermaths of these terrorist incidents caused the governments of both countries to devote enormous resources to their counterterrorism policies and efforts. This study aims to explore how social orientations and environment influence individuals’ views, attitudes, and perceptions on terrorism. Using a convenience sampling technique, 274 Nigerian and 484 U.S students were surveyed. Results showed some degree of convergence and divergence. First, Nigerian participants were more likely to express stronger views on the problem of terrorism for society than their U.S. counterparts. Second, Nigerian participants were also more likely to view terrorism as more politically motivated than their U.S. counterparts. Third, nationality was highly significant in predicting views, attitudes, and perceptions. It appears culture plays a role in helping shape views on terrorism.

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Карнаушенко, А. С. "GENESIS OF SCIENTIFIC VIEWS AT THE FORMATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF TRADE ENTREPRENEURSHIP." Таврійський науковий вісник. Серія: Економіка, no. 8 (August 31, 2021): 5–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.32851/2708-0366/2021.8.1.

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The article represent’s the studying of scientific works of foreign and domestic scientists, who have handled the development and peculiarities of the organization of entrepreneurship. Scientists, including author of the study, tend to believe that entrepreneurship is a manifestation of economic freedom of the person, who has free choice and the ability to manage their own employment so that they could achieve the greatest success. The main purpose of this study is exploring and systematization of knowledge about entrepreneurship. The methodology of this study is a historical approach to the research topic. The point of this approach is that it is necessary to explore the historical development of the term “entrepreneurship”. As a result of the study, it was found that six main theories of entrepreneurship should be noted, which examine the essence of entrepreneurship from different points of view. The study also presents the main psychological traits which entrepreneur should have. The article identified four social contexts that indicate the entrepreneurial potential of the personality. Anthropological theory indicates that the personality is influenced by social and cultural factors. Resource-based entrepreneurship theory emphasizes the importance of external and internal resources in the formation of an entrepreneur as a subject of economic performance. Considering the historical formation of the term “entrepreneurship” it is established that the first definition of this term was recorded in the 12th century, but in the main economists, scientists and entrepreneurs focused on this phenomenon since the 18th century and until now that issue remains relevant and requires constant systematization of knowledge about it.

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Follette, Cameron La, and Douglas Deur. "Views Across the Pacific: The Galleon Trade and Its Traces in Oregon." Oregon Historical Quarterly 119, no. 2 (2018): 160–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/ohq.2018.0051.

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Cameron La Follette and Douglas Deur. "Views Across the Pacific: The Galleon Trade and Its Traces in Oregon." Oregon Historical Quarterly 119, no. 2 (2018): 160. http://dx.doi.org/10.5403/oregonhistq.119.2.0160.

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Chung, Alec. "Effects of International Trade on East and Southeast Asians’ Views of China." Korean Journal of International Studies 17, no. 2 (August 31, 2019): 159–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.14731/kjis.2019.8.17.2.159.

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Barbeau, Elizabeth M., Roberta Goldman, Cora Roelofs, Joshua Gagne, Elizabeth Harden, Kathleen Conlan, Anne Stoddard, and Glorian Sorensen. "A New Channel for Health Promotion: Building Trade Unions." American Journal of Health Promotion 19, no. 4 (March 2005): 297–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.4278/0890-1171-19.4.297.

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Purpose. Labor unions are a largely unevaluated channel for health promotion interventions for working class populations, who are at increased risk for smoking and poor diet. We conducted qualitative and quantitative research to understand the meaning and function of union membership in workers' lives and applied this information to health promotion intervention design. Methods. Cross-sectional data included a survey conducted with a nationally representative sample of unionized construction workers (n = 1109; 44% response rate), and 16 focus groups (n = 88) conducted in multiple regions around the country. Results. The vast majority of survey respondents held strongly positive views of their union. Focus group findings revealed the meaning of the union in members' daily lives, how members view information from the union, and their perceptions of the union's limitations. Conclusions. The findings provide a compelling rationale for considering unions as a channel for health promotion interventions.

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Plath, Tilman. "Wilhelm Friebe and Mikhail Chulkov on Russian Mercantilism." Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. History 67, no. 4 (2022): 1065–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu02.2022.403.

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On the basis of two treatises on the history of trade, the article considers the economic views of two scientists from different circles – German- and Russian-speaking scientific communities in St. Petersburg during the Enlightenment. It shows that although Chulkov and Friebe had no contact with each other, they held fairly similar views on the European concept of mercantilism. Both considered themselves to be great patriots of the Russian empire. As far as a detailed understanding of the term wealth, Chulkov was more inclined towards an almost religious framework, while Friebe clearly revolved around exclusively monetary issues. Both supported the independence of the local industry. According to the doctrine of mercantilism, both advocated trade, but Chulkov focused on domestic trade, while Friebe - on foreign trade. With regard to the impact of trade on the social dimension of society, Chulkov certainly backed the interests of Russian merchants, while for Friebe ethnicity was crucial. He depicted Baltic Germans performing especially brilliantly in trade in contrast to Jews portrayed in the darkest antisemitic manner. Accordingly, Chulkov considered the new Baltic provinces foreign, but Friebe, who himself lived there, regarded this territory as the key to modernization of Russia. In general, this article is an example of how the Russian science developed its own character against the background of the European phenomenon of enlightenment, with a special focus on economic thinking in late mercantilism.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Views trade'

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