Journal articles on the topic 'Vietnamese letters'

The paper describes two dictionaries compiled by Pigneaue de Béhaine and Jean-Louis Taberd as the foundation for the Vietnamese script, shown in the solutions using Latin letters, combined with some diacritics to describe parts of syllables in Vietnamese. The paper also pointed out and analyzed the causes of the success and great contributions of these two dictionaries.

During the Vietnam War, South Vietnamese students were some of the most vocal activists asserting multiple visions for Vietnam’s future. Students’ attitudes spanned the political spectrum from staunchly anti-Communist to supportive of the National Liberation Front. Like young people throughout the world in the 1960s, students in South Vietnam embodied the spirit of the global Sixties as a hopeful moment in which the possibility of freedom energized those demanding political change. South Vietnam’s university students staged protests, wrote letters, and drew up plans of action that tried to unite the disparate political interests among the nation’s young people as politicians and generals in Saigon attempted to establish a viable national government. South Vietnamese government officials and U.S. advisors paid close attention to student activism hoping to identify and cultivate sources of support for the Saigon regime. While some students were willing to work with Americans, others argued that foreign intervention of any kind was bad for Vietnam. The Saigon government’s repressive tactics for dealing with political protest drove away students who otherwise might have supported it.

This article explores the controversial life, writings, and death of Lieutenant General Trần Độ, a decorated war hero who became Vietnam’s leading political dissident during the final decade of his life. The general made use of his biography to author “open letters” that circulated via elite social networks and later the internet. In them, he called on the Vietnamese Communist Party to democratize itself in order to foster just and equitable development for all. The details illustrate the critical importance of an individual’s biography in shaping not only dissent, but official efforts to censor it as well.

In the course of development of Internet, search systems and scientometrics, a unified standard of spelling proper names, toponyms and anthroponyms among them, acquires special importance. The purpose of this article is to suggest such a standard for the papers for publication in editions of the Center for Vietnam and ASEAN Studies of the RAS ICCA. Based on the rules set in previous years, there are some suggestions for spelling Vietnamese letters and their combinations in toponyms and anthroponyms in Russian, as well as the written form of Vietnamese personal names, also in references.

In the early 1930s, the well-known man of letters Phan Khôi wrote a series of essays about the Vietnamese language in which he advanced a number of proposals for reform. I focus on those arguments that are specifically concerned with the practices for referring to persons and, in particular, the practices for referring to participants in communication (i.e., speaker-addressee, writer-reader). I suggest that these arguments articulate a vision for Vietnamese public life that was imagined as breaking from the legacy of a Confucian past and establishing the conditions for the free flow of discourse among self-abstracted individuals.

The article is devoted to cross-cultural issues of virtual business communication. The urgency of this research is in finding out the causes of failures in virtual business communication between Russian and Vietnamese business partners. In the aspect of intercultural communication, national stereotypes of communicative behavior (hereinafter NSCB) that impede the effective business communication of Russian and Vietnamese speakers have been identified. In the aspect of virtual communication, based on linguistic and cultural analysis, the specifics of electronic business letters in Russian, English and Vietnamese is revealed. The results of the study indicated the following reasons of failures in virtual intercultural business communication: lack of direct interactions between business partners – speakers of different languages; representation of communicative intentions in written form; peculiarities in NSCBs, reflected in the national language; cultural differences in NSCBs of business partners; each language has its own means of verbalizing the communicative intentions associated with the NSCBs of the native speaker of that language. The study resulted in distinguishing the types of speech and etiquette violation in virtual business communication between Russian and Vietnamese partners, which might help in lessening communicative misunderstanding and achieving extra-linguistic goals of communication.

Based on academic achievements of, primarily, Chinese and Vietnamese researchers including materials recorded in the form of writings, reports, diaries, and letters sent to Europe by Western missionaries operating in China and Vietnam in the 17th and 18th centuries, and at the same time combining the application of two main research methods of Science and History (historical method and logical method) with other research methods (systematization, analysis, synthesis, statistics, etc.) and especially the comparative method, this article aims to clarify two points of focus. The first is the open attitude of Chinese and Vietnamese rulers in accepting Western medical achievements and the positive, respectful, and admiring views of some missionaries towards different aspects of traditional Chinese and Vietnamese medicine. The second is the contradiction in some Western missionaries' perception and actions when they criticized the superstition in the way of disease diagnosis and treatment of the Vietnamese and Chinese, especially the Taoist priests, however they committed to such approaches in the process of examining and treating indigenous people. The study of some of the phenomena that arose during the connections made between Western medicine and traditional Chinese and Vietnamese medicine in the 17th and 18th centuries as mentioned above would make a certain contribution to the study of the history of the East-West cultural exchange in China and Vietnam in general, as well as the medical history in the two countries, in particular during this period.

Sino-French war of 1884–1885 on land and at sea was significant as the beginning of a new stage of active French colonial policy in the Far East. It was a continuation of the Second French-Vietnamese war of 1883–1886, more known as “Tonkin Campaign”. France wanted to occupy Tonkin (northern Vietnam) and entrench a protectorate there. Tonkin belonged to Chinese sphere of interest because of Hong (Red) river which connected China’s southern provinces with the sea as an important trade route. Armed Conflict between France and China became inevitable. Military operations of the Far East squadron under the command of Admiral Amédée Courbet (1827–1885) become an important part of the campaign: Defeat of Chinese fleet in the Battle of Fuzhou, capture of Keelung, blockade of Taiwan’s ports, occupation of the Pescadores. This article for the first time introduces in the Russian language the “letters of sea cadet Jean” — letters from a sea cadet of Courbet’s squadron who depicted different episodes of the campaign, including landing and stay at Taiwan, relations with local authorities and population, Chinese and aborigines. For the first time the letters were published in 1890/91 in French and re-published with some notes in 2005; there is no translation into any foreign language so far. Written by a young seaman under a culture shock from a completely new and surprising world these letters are valuable for the sincerity of the story, freshness of the impressions and certain literary merits.

Abstract In letters home to his relatives, Lieutenant Martin Troyes (1905–1997) provides perhaps the only eyewitness accounts of the early part of the 1930–31 Nghệ-Tĩnh Soviets written while the rebellion is occurring from the perspective of a soldier. The Nghệ-Tĩnh Soviets were a Communist-led anti-colonial uprising mainly in Nghệ An and Hà Tĩnh provinces of north-central Vietnam, which began as localized protests against heavy taxation and for political representation but quickly evolved into widespread violence and destruction. Troyes's comments point to much wider-ranging violence than scholars have previously discussed and much broader internecine violence than historians have previously presented, especially between Catholic Vietnamese and Communist sympathizers.

Introduction: the paper summarizes new material on the topic under study, introduces into scienti c circulation the concept of electronic evidence, which amendments and additions to the 2015 Vietnamese Criminal Procedure Code (hereinafter referred to as the CPC), and contains new legal rules on evidence for the effective  ght against crime in modern situations. Methods: the research materials were scienti c articles, normative legal acts of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam (hereinafter referred to as SRV), expert opinions, and the Internet sources. The work used a combination of general scienti c and speci c scienti c methods: description, the method of logical comprehension, abstraction and generalization, analysis and synthesis, a systematic approach, and the statistical method. Results: as one can see electronic data is an unconventional source of evidence, which is digital symbols stored on media, electronic devices or in a global information network by processing output data, including numbers, letters, sounds, images, and etc., thereby providing information related to criminal events; they are created in a virtual space and have no borders or territories. Conclusions: at the end of the paper, it is concluded that electronic data is an unconventional source of evidence, exists in cyberspace and can go beyond the borders of the state, and this type of crime is often transnational in nature.

Gujin Shilin 古今释林 is a multilingual dictionary, published in 1789 by Yi Ui-Pong (李义凤). The initial motivation for publishing the book was to supplement the incompleteness of other commentary books on Zhuzi Yulei 朱子语类, including Yi Hwang’s (李滉) Yulujie 语录解. At last, Yi Ui-Pong completed his project as an unabridged encyclopedia of East Asian languages based on more than 1500 Jingshiziji 经史子集 (classics, history, philosophy and collections of belle letters) of China and Korea. The book has been understudied because of its enormous number of entries, its inaccessibility due to the many languages used within, and its lack of readability due to typos and variant letters. Therefore, the goal of the present paper is to analyze the background of the publication of Gujin Shilin, and its structure, content and research value. Gujin Shilin contains vocabulary from Mongolian, Manchu, Japanese, Vietnamese, Thai as well as Korean and Chinese from different historical periods. These can be used as invaluable data for the study of international studies involved in each field, including the phonological changes that the Asian languages have gone through, the interrelation among Asian languages and their mutual influences, the linguistic life, culture and custom shared by the ‘Chinese character cultural sphere’ countries and the study of the variant Chinese characters.

The rise of an interethnic imagination in recent american literature has been remaking what we think of as ethnic fiction into interethnic fiction. While memory, history, and tradition continue as shaping forces in American letters, an urge toward encounter with others is vividly reworking fictional structures, plots, casts of characters, and uses of language, as well as social visions, literary ambitions, and currents of intertextual influence. In some cases, the mind of a protagonist or narrator, indeed the very mind of a text, comes to seem the site of a momentous encounter of peoples, a living human nexus (Rody). Such is the case in the fiction of Viet Thanh Nguyen, in which the interethnic impulse generates a remarkable pronominal drama, a performance that oscillates between a narratorial “I” and a “we” to negotiate—across the pain and struggle of war, dislocation, and immigrant Americanization and across disparate political and literary allegiances—a Vietnamese American voice.

The oldest known surviving grammar of quốc ngữ, called the Linguae Annamiticae seu Tunchinensis brevis declaratio, was published in 1651 in Rome and written in Latin by French Jesuit missionary Alexandre de Rhodes. Presented here is the first complete English translation of de Rhodes’ text. It comprises eight chapters: quốc ngữ letters; accents; nouns; personal, reflexive, and demonstrative pronouns; relative and interrogative pronouns; verbs; additional parts of speech; and syntax. This English version makes this Latin text, which is a fundamental work highlighting the origins of quốc ngữ, accessible to non-Latin-reading scholars of the Vietnamese language for the first time. Included with this translation is an introduction that situates de Rhodes’ work in the context of other contemporary Jesuit linguists also working on quốc ngữ and points out that the Brevis declaratio follows the model of the grammar book of Manuel Alvares. Appended at the end of the translation is a glossary that clarifies some linguistic vocabulary de Rhodes used.

In a letter to Vietnam War veteran Charles McDuff, Major General Franklin Davis, Jr. said, "The United States Army has never condoned wanton killing or disregard for human life." McDuff had written a letter to President Richard Nixon in January 1971, telling him that he had witnessed U.S. soldiers abusing and killing Vietnamese civilians and informing him that many My Lais had taken place during the war. He pleaded with Nixon to bring the killing to an end. The White House sent the letter to the general, and this was his reply.&hellp; McDuff's letter and Davis's response are quoted in Nick Turse's <em>Kill Anything That Moves: The Real American War in Vietnam</em>, the most recent book to demonstrate beyond doubt that the general's words were a lie.&hellp; In what follows, I use Turse's work, along with several other books, articles, and films, as scaffolds from which to construct an analysis of how the war was conducted, what its consequences have been for the Vietnamese, how the nature of the war generated ferocious opposition to it (not least by a brave core of U.S. soldiers), how the war's history has been whitewashed, and why it is important to both know what happened in Vietnam and why we should not forget it.<p class="mrlink"><p class="mrpurchaselink"><a href="http://monthlyreview.org/index/volume-67-number-1" title="Vol. 67, No. 1: May 2015" target="_self">Click here to purchase a PDF version of this article at the <em>Monthly Review</em> website.</a></p>

The author explores the origin of the symbol “dragon” in the cultures of ancient Southern China and Vietnam from the “crocodile”, puts forward the hypothesis that the ancient ethnonym and toponym “Yue” 越, (modern Vietnam) come from the Chinese zoonym ‘crocodile’ 鳄鱼 èyú. Other sources are the words “yue” 岳 ‘mountain’, “yue” 钺 ‘great battle axe’ and “yue” 月 ‘moon’. The Vietnamese word âu ‘seagull’, isomorphic to the Chinese word 鸥 ‘ōu’, is also involved in the semiotic analysis. Correlation of the Chinese letter from “jiaguwen” to “kaishu” (with the mention of the Vietnamese “ty-nom” and the letter of the state “Dian”) with historical and modern reality contributes to the objectification of the Chinese-Vietnamese world, the possibility of studying it using philological knowledge. The article also provides a comparison of the Chinese classification of nature by Zhou Qu-fei with the system of Carl Linnaeus and the earlier classification of Conrad Gesner, and develops the idea of the economy of nature.

On 7 May 2009, the People's Republic of China (PRC) protested Vietnamese and joint Malaysian-Vietnamese submissions to the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf (CLCS). In support of Chinese claims, a map was annexed to the letter of protest portraying a dotted U-shaped line engulfing the greater part of the South China Sea. Following a brief primer on the genesis of the U-line, this article aims to decipher the text of the protest letter accompanying the U-line, suggesting several possible interpretations. This contribution argues that the map is of doubtful probative value in the light of various factors fleshed out in international jurisprudence regarding map evidence. Attention will be paid to the reactions of third-party states to the U-line. This article maintains that effective protest on the part of regional states has prevented the map from becoming opposable to them.

AbstractStudies of Siam's diplomatic relations from the mid-nineteenth century have been focussed on its troubled relations with Western colonial powers, often within a bilateral framework. While highlighting issues such as territorial losses and treaty revisions, scholarly interest tends to have overlooked Siam's relations with its neighbouring countries. Based on archival records at the National Archives of Thailand, this article aims to fill this gap by examining diplomatic exchanges between the Siamese and Vietnamese courts that took place between 1879 and 1882. In April 1879, a royal mission from the Vietnamese court bearing gifts and a royal letter from Tự Đức to Chulalongkorn arrived in Bangkok. It was allegedly the first formal mission from the Vietnamese court in almost half a century after the two countries had come into conflict in the 1830s. By examining how Siam and Vietnam sought to maintain and manipulate ‘traditional’ interstate relations in the face of treaty arrangements that France enforced upon Vietnam, this article reveals complex issues involved in the process of negotiations, such as the questions of maintaining the equality between the two monarchies and of the ‘translation’ of the concepts of sovereignty between Thai and Sino-Vietnamese languages, and suggests the necessity to pay more attention to historical and broader regional contexts in Asia.

Since 2002, with the enormously successful release of the movie Hero by Zhang Yimou, we have been witnessing the resurrection of the royal theme in contemporary East Asian cinema, and the return of Confucian cosmology as its philosophical foundation. In this paper, I focus on Vietnamese films which represent royal subjects and court life, like Heroes of the Tay Son Dynasty (Tây Sơn hào kiệt; Lý Hùng, Lý Huỳnh, and Phượng Hoàng; 2010), Blood Letter (Thiên mệnh anh hùng, Victor Vũ, 2012), and Tam Cam The Untold Story (Tấm Cám chuyện chưa kể, Ngô Thanh Vân, 2016); and Chinese films, like Hero (英雄, Zhang Yimou, 2002), The Banquet (夜宴, Feng Xiaogang, 2006), and Red Cliff (赤壁, John Woo, 2008). Firstly and most importantly, my essay examines how the cosmic and environmental elements in such movies are manipulated to advocate some particular political discourse as a kind of ecological politics. From this analysis, I analyse and explain the similarities in how the filmmakers in Vietnam and China establish the stereotypes of power and legitimacy of authority utilizing and transforming the Confucian spiritual cosmology. I also try to clarify the difference between the two cinemas in how they express the concepts “the Unity of Heaven and Man” (tianren heyi), “Rectification of Names” (zhengming), and “Virtue of Loving Life” (haosheng) in their political implications. Finally, I will discuss the layers of meaning and visual narratives by analysing the characters and social contexts of the films to reaffirm the varying degrees of influence of Confucian tradition on contemporary forms of cultural and political practices.

Several cross-sectional studies have suggested that the transparency of the number-naming system of East Asian languages (Chinese, Japanese) facilitates children's numerical development. The Vietnamese number-naming system also makes the base-10 system very explicit (eleven is "mười một," literally "ten-one," and thirty is "ba mươi," literally "three-ten"). In contrast, Western languages (English, French) include teen words (eleven to sixteen) and ten words (twenty to ninety) that make their counting systems less transparent. The main question addressed in this paper is: To what extent does a language's number-naming system impact preschoolers' numerical development? Our study participants comprised 104 Vietnamese and 104 French-speaking Belgian children between 3½ and 5½ years of age, as well as their parents. We tested the children on eight numerical tasks (counting, advanced counting, enumeration, Give-N, number-word comparison, collection comparison, addition, and approximate addition) and some general cognitive abilities (IQ and phonological loop by letter span). The parents completed a questionnaire on the frequency with which they stimulated their child's numeracy and literacy at home. The results indicated that Vietnamese children outperformed Belgian children only in counting. However, neither group differed in other symbolic or non-symbolic abilities, although Vietnamese parents tended to stimulate their child at home slightly more than Belgian parents. We concluded that the Vietnamese number-naming system's transparency led to faster acquisition of basic counting for preschoolers but did not support other more advanced numerical skills or non-symbolic numerical abilities. In addition, we extended the evidence that both transparent number-naming system and home numeracy influence young children's counting development.

Study of petrological and geochemical characteristics of mantle peridotite xenoliths in Pliocene alkaline basalt in Nghia Dan (West Nghe An) was carried out. Rock-forming clinopyroxenes, the major trace element containers, were separated from the xenoliths to analyze for major, trace element and Sr-Nd isotopic compositions. The data were interpreted for source geochemical characteristics and geodynamic processes of the lithospheric mantle beneath the region. The peridotite xenoliths being mostly spinel-lherzolites in composition, are residual entities having been produced following partial melting events of ultramafic rocks in the asthenosphere. They are depleted in trace element abundance and Sr-Nd isotopic composition. Some are even more depleted as compared to mid-ocean ridge mantle xenoliths. Modelled calculation based on trace element abundances and their corresponding solid/liquid distribution coefficients showed that the Nghia Dan mantle xenoliths may be produced of melting degrees from 8 to 12%. Applying various methods for two-pyroxene temperature- pressure estimates, the Nghia Dan mantle xenoliths show ranges of crystallization temperature and pressure, respectively, of 1010-1044°C and 13-14.2 kbar, roughly about 43km. A geotherm constructed for the mantle xenoliths showed a higher geothermal gradient as compared to that of in the western Highlands (Vietnam) and a conductive model, implying a thermal perturbation under the region. The calculated Sm-Nd model ages for the clinopyroxenes yielded 127 and 122 Ma. 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A contemporary Hanoi newspaper, Viêt-Nam Tân Báo, reported on 28 April 1945: ‘Old men of 80 to 90 years of age that we talked with all told us that they had never before seen a famine as terrible as this one’. The Vietnamese starvation was described in a letter written in April 1945 by a foreign visitor named Vespy:They roam in long, endless groups, comprising the whole family, the elderly, the children, men, women, all of whom are disfigured by poverty, skinny, shaky and almost naked, including young girls of adolescent age who should have been very shy. From time to time they stop to close the eyes of one of them who has collapsed and who would never be able to rise again or to take the piece of rag (I do not know what to call it exactly), that has covered the fallen victim. Looking at those human shadows who are uglier than the ugliest animals, seeing the shrunk corpses, with only a few straws covering them for both clothes and funeral cloth, at the side of the roads, one could feel that human life was so shameful.

In “Rencontres exceptionnelles” Jean Vanmai offers a thoughtful personal account of his participation in the colloquium “Rencontres”. Taking the perspective of a Caledo-Viet author, whose writing has long been confined to his small home island in the Pacific, he reflects on how his enchanting encounter with a larger community of readers, researchers and, in particular, French and Australian fellow writers of Vietnamese origin reconnected him with his roots and voices of the Vietnamese diaspora. Using the trope of the unanswered letter from a Vietnamese boatperson stranded in a Malaysian refugee camp in the early 1980s, he addresses the painful questions of war, loss and exile. By taking upon himself to respond some forty years later to his compatriot’s distress call, he dwells on the Vietnamese collective past and investigates his own sense of identity and belongingness. He concludes his narrative with the vision of a borderless Vietnamese diaspora where generations of proud descendants of Dragons and Immortals bond and share the same love for the ancestral land. “Rencontres exceptionnelles” est un compte-rendu personnel et réflectif dans lequel Jean Vanmai réfléchit à sa participation au colloque “Rencontres”. En prenant la perspective d’un auteur Calédo-Viet dont l’écriture a été longtemps confinée à sa petite île au cœur du Pacifique, l’auteur se penche sur les rencontres établies avec les lecteurs, les chercheurs et surtout ses confrères franco- et australo-vietnamiens qui l’ont reconnecté à ses racines et à la diaspora vietnamienne. Il utilise le motif de la lettre morte qu’une migrante vietnamienne échouée dans un camp de réfugiés en Malaisie lui a envoyée et qu’il a oubliée pendant une quarantaine d’années pour aborder les questions douloureuses de la guerre, la perte et l’exil. À travers sa réponse tardive à l’appel de détresse de sa compatriote, Vanmai replonge dans le passé collectif vietnamien et examine ses propres sentiments d’identité et d’appartenance. Pour conclure, il offre la vision d’une diaspora vietnamienne sans frontière où les fiers descendants de Dragons et d’Immortels se retrouvent unis dans un même amour de la terre ancestrale.

This article aims at portraying the characteristics of a good teacher through “Letter to a Teacher” – the work of Lorenzo Milani and eight boys of “Barbiana” – from an Asian perspective. Beyond this discourse, the analysis has implied that a good teacher (1) gives constructive feedback, (2) has knowledge, (3) uses marks properly, (4) balances and satisfi es learners’ needs, (5) looks into the roots of problems, (6) cares for the learners, (7) limits inequality, (8) thinks critically and is responsible, and (9) communicates well in most cases.

Having lived in Paris starting in the summer of 1919 at the latest, Nguyễn Ái Quốc committed himself to the struggle against colonization and joined forces with all those with allied objectives who could support his cause before drawing nearer to the French Communist Party in 1920. During the course of 1921, he learned of a group of French Protestants who hoped to undertake an exploratory mission in Indochina. In the letter that he addresses to the pastor pioneering the project, Nguyễn Ái Quốc clearly exposes the contradictions of a process that is doubtlessly laudable yet still quite contrary in nature, since evangelization was an accomplice to colonization. These research notes present an unpublished document that throws light on the intellectual development of the future Hồ Chí Minh on the numerous origins of Vietnamese Protestantism, and on the debates about colonization and evangelization occurring within French Protestantism.

The alkali volcanics and intrusive rocks, dated at around 35-33Ma, are cut by mineralised northeast and east trending faults showing predominant evidence for strike-slip. Mineralisation includes haematite-Au-Cu and is accompanied by iron-rich alteration of the volcanic rocks. Detailed assessment of the geometry of the fault system at Pu Sam Cap suggests that the faults formed as a Riedel shear system during left-lateral slip within the Song Hong-Song Chay shear zone and the numerous contemporaneous northwest trending faults to the south; the northeast trending faults are interpreted as dextral “book-end’’ faults between major northwest trending faults enclosing the Pu Sam Cap massif. As mineralisation is hosted within these faults and is also associated with lamprohyric dykes it confirms a thermal event younger than the alkaline volcanics and syenitic intrusives at Pu Sam Cap, suggesting a hidden, young porphyry system. The age of faulting, and thus the maximum age for this young intrusive event, is attributed to the 23-21Ma period of late-stage left-lateral strike-slip motion across northwest Vietnam.ReferencesAnczkiewicz R., Viola G., Muntener O., Thrirlwall M., Quong N.Q., 2007. Structure and shearing conditions in the Day Nui Con Voi massif: implications for the evolution of the Red River Fault. Tectonics 26: TC2002.Cao Shunyun, Liu Junlai, Leis B., Zhao Chunquiang 2010. New zircon U/Pb geochronology of the post-kinematic granitic plutons in Diancang Shan Massif along the Ailao-Shan-Red River Shear Zone and its geological implications. Acta Geologica Sinica (English Edition), 84, 1474-1487.Chung S.-L., Lee T., Lo C., et al., 1997. Intraplate extension prior to continental extrusion along the Ailao Shan-Red River shear zone.Geology, 25, 311-314.Cloos H., 1928. Experimentezurinnern Tektonik. Zentralblatt fur Mineralogie und Palaeontologie, 1928, 609-621.Findlay R.H., Phan Trong Trinh 1997. 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Exhumation history of the Red River shear zone in northern Vietnam: new insights from zircon and apatite fission-track analysis. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 33, 78-90.Yang Yiseng, Hong Qun, Hu Huan-ting, Hieu Pham Trung, Nguyen Thi Bich Thuy, Chen Fu-kun, 2013. Geochemical characteristics and genesis of the Cenozoic porphyry in the Laizhou area, northwestern Vietnam. Acta Petrologica Sinica, 29(3), 899-911. (In Chinese with English abstract, full English version through Google Translate).

Though Canada’s Multiculturalism Act (1971) enables migrants to enter the country and keep their values and cultures, in practice this can be a difficult process. This essay focuses on two narratives written by a Chinese Canadian immigrant, Ying Chen’s Lettres chinoises (1993), and a Vietnamese Québécois refugee, Kim Thúy’s Vi (2016), to highlight the ways in which immigrating into a new country can be a highly affective experience. Drawing on Jacques Derrida’s notion of hospitality, this essay examines the ways in which each writer foregrounds the issues faced by migrants and refugees as they negotiate life in a new society. The emotional and physical experience of being a stranger joining a host society are concomitant and equally problematic. Sara Ahmed’s work is equally significant as it focuses on strangers’ embodied experiences of migration in a host society. Ultimately, this essay examines migration as a transformative experience for protagonists as they come to terms with a new life in Québec. La loi du Multiculturalisme instaurée au Canada en 1971 permet aux migrants de maintenir leurs valeurs et leur mode de vie d’avant le processus migratoire. Or, en pratique, ceci n’est pas toujours vécu sans heurts. Dans la présente étude, nous aborderons deux récits migratoires: le roman Les lettres chinoises (1993) de la Sino-Canadienne, Ying Chen, et Vi (2016) de la Québécoise d’origine vietnamienne, Kim Thúy, afin de mettre en relief la notion de l’immigration comme une expérience affective. En puisant dans les théories de Jacques Derrida portant sur l’hospitalité, nous discuterons la manière dont chacune de ces écrivaines traite des problèmes auxquels font face leurs protagonistes immigrants dans une nouvelle société. De plus, les aspects physiques et émotionnels qu’engendrent l’aliénation demeurent cruciaux et ainsi, nous nous tournerons vers les théories de Sara Ahmed afin de mettre en évidence les perspectives affectives et corporelles de l’immigration lorsque immigrés et réfugiés tentent de s’adapter à leur nouvelle vie au Québec.

This paper describes the development of a Decision support system (DSS) for earthquake warning service in Vietnam using Web GIS technology. The system consists of two main components: (1) an on-line database of earthquakes recorded from the national seismic network of Vietnam, and (2) a set of tools for rapid seismic hazard assessment. Using an online earthquake database, the system allows creating a shake map caused by a newly recorded earthquake. In addition, the Web GIS environment allows any user, including non-professional to get useful information about a just-occurred event and the possible impact caused by the earthquake shortly after its occurrence. A fault-source model developed for Vietnam was used as a part of the hazard calculation and mapping procedure. All information and results obtained from the system are automatically included in the earthquake bulletins, which will be disseminated national wide afterward by the Vietnam earthquake information and tsunami warning Center.The shake maps produced by the DSS in terms of both Peak Ground Acceleration and intensity values are rapidly available via the Web and can be used for emergency response, public information, loss estimation, earthquake planning, and post-earthquake engineering and scientific analyses. Application of the online decision support system in earthquake warning service can mitigate the earthquake risk and reduce the losses and damages due to earthquakes in Vietnam in future.ReferencesBoore D.M., Joyner W.B. and Fumal T.E., 1994. Estimation of Response Spectra and Peak Acceleration from Wester North American earthquakes: an interim report, USGS open file report, 94-127, Menlo Park, California, United States Geological Survey.Boore D.M. and Atkinson G.M., 2008. 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“The Sea and the Kingfisher” (French: La Mer et le martin-pêcheur) is a special novel written by Bui Ngoc Tan. This work is not only the pride of contemporary Vietnamese literature in general and Hai Phong literature in particular when it won the Henri Queffenlec Award in France in 2012; but also the stamp of the author's journey "resurrection of the dead", after more than 5 years of imprisonment and 20 years of torture of reading and writing. Because of his special circumstances, social change is always reflected in Bui Ngoc Tan’s work. “The Sea and the Kingfisher” is the same as a little cosmos, a panoramic discourse reflecting all of the love and sorrow of a generation having to face so many incidents and ideological conflicts. Above all of the limited literature, “The Sea and the Kingfisher” is a worthy writing. This is seen as a realistic novel, straight and steady, which exposes a world that is still deep in darkness, beneath the golden and glamorous slogan. There are honest people buried deep in the bottom, crumpled and writhed, silently alive, and silently dead. "Belles-lettres" of Bui Ngoc Tan, is a chord of many "words" that were invoked from thousands and thousands of lives of anonymity in the same era. It is both pristine, bitter, and a sigh of pain, laden with deep thoughts. It's also the crystallization of the love of life and faith, thus the aspiration of social transformation. Using the sociocriticism, the writer focuses on researching the relationship between life and the working life of Bui Ngoc Tan through his works. And then, we will reach a deeper understanding of the value of Bui Ngoc Tan's literary heritage, the morality or the self-consciousness of the writer's social role, and the aspirations to improve society by literature that he cherished all life.

Alfina, I. T., Nurlaela, S., Wijayanti, A. (2018). The influence of profitability, leverage, independent commissioner, and company size to tax avoidance. The 2nd International Conference on Technology, Education, and Social Science 2018, 2018(10), 102–106.Ayu, P. C., Sumadi, N. K. (2019). Pengaruh kepemilikan institusional dan kepemilikan manajerial terhadap nilai perusahaan. Widya Akuntansi Dan Keuangan, 1(1), 87-104.Agyei, S. K., Marfo-Yiadom, E., Ansong, A., Idun, A. A. A. (2020). Corporate tax avoidance incentives of banks in Ghana. Journal of African Business, 21(4), 544-559.Atwood, T. J., Drake, M. S., Myers, J. N., Myers, L. A. (2012). Home country tax system characteristics and corporate tax avoidance: International evidence. American Accounting Association, 87(6), 1831–1860. https://doi.org/10.2308/accr-50222Alkurdi, A., Mardini, G. H. (2020). The impact of ownership structure and the board of directors’ composition on tax avoidance strategies: empirical evidence from Jordan. 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ABSTRAK Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pengaruh diversifikasi pembiayaan dengan beberapa kontrol variabel baik variabel internal bank maupun variabel eksternal terhadap NPF BPRS di Indonesia. Faktor internal terdiri dari aset, CAR, pembiayaan, efisiensi operasi, sedangkan variabel eksternal adalah kondisi ekonomi makro yaitu output domestik dan tingkat inflasi. Penelitian ini menggunakan data time series, bulan Januari 2010 sampai Desember 2019. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode Autoregressive Distributed Lag model (ARDL). Berdasarkan hasil uji kointegrasi terdapat hubungan jangka panjang dalam penelitian ini. Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa diversifikasi menyebabkan NPF yang tinggi. Selain itu, peningkatan CAR dan Inflasi menyebabkan meningkatkan NPF pada BPRS di Indonesia. Pembiayaan yang diproksi dengan rasio pembiayaan terhadap total aset menunjukkan pengaruh yang negatif terhadap NPF. Implikasi bagi BPRS yakni BPRS diharapkan lebih pada konsentrasi pembiayaan pada sektor tertentu karena akan mengurangi risiko pembiayaan bermasalah pada BPRS. selain itu BPRS dalam melakukan pembiayaan perlu menerapkan prinsip kehati-hatian agar dapat meningkatkan profitabilitas dan mengurangi pembiayaan bermasalah. kemudian bagi pemerintah diharapkan terus menjaga kondisi ekonomi sehingga dapat mengurangi risiko pembiayaan bermasalah. Kata Kunci: NPF, Diversifikasi, Pembiayaan, Inflasi, ARDL. ABSTRACT This research aims to analyze the effect of financing diversification with some variable controls on both internal bank variables and external variables to NPF of BPRS in Indonesia. Internal factors consist of assets, CAR, financing, operating efficiency. While external variables are macroeconomic conditions, i.e., domestic output and inflation rate. This study uses time-series data, from January 2010 to December 2019. The study used the Autoregressive Distributed Lag Model (ARDL) method. Based on the cointegration test results, this study has a long-term relationship. This research shows that diversification leads to high NPF. In addition, the increase in CAR and Inflation led to an increase in NPF of BPRS in Indonesia. Projected financing with a ratio of financing to total assets negatively influences NPF. The implication for BPRS is that BPRS should focus on financing in specific segments because it will reduce the risk of non-performing financing. BPRS also needs to apply the prudential principle to increase profitability and reduce non-performing financing. In addition, the government must also maintain a stable economic condition to reduce the risk of non-performing financing. Keywords: NPF, Diversification, Financing, Inflation, ARDL. DAFTAR PUSTAKA Abidin, Z., Rumbaf, A. S., Iqbal, M., & Prabantarikso, R. M. (2020). Determinants of credit risk diversification in Indonesian banking industry. 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This paper uncovers the history of antiwar activist Nguyen Thai Binh and the birth of the Union of Vietnamese after his death. As a former student at the University of Washington, Seattle, Binh participated in numerous antiwar protests against the U.S. military and imperialist government. On July 2, 1972, he hijacked Pan Am Flight 841 headed to Tan Son Nhut airport to protest American bombings of North Vietnam, but was assassinated in the attempt. Amidst the broiling anti-war movements of the 1960s and early 1970s, the Union of Vietnamese was the only group of Vietnamese in America to organize against the war following Binh’s death, suggesting the unique positionality of Vietnamese students and early immigrants among other marginalized groups in their struggles for liberation. In this paper, I reference the works of scholars Karen Ishizuka and Sylvia Shin Huey Chong to compare different methodological approaches to writing about the Asian American antiwar movement. Their texts frame my discussions of the invisibility of the Vietnamese antiwar narrative, the cross-cultural alliances that formed from political convergences, and the orientalist perception of the Vietnamese body. Thus, I argue that Nguyen Thai Binh’s activism and the Union of Vietnamese demonstrate a departure from the predominantly non-Vietnamese antiwar historiography. Through my analysis of letters, pamphlets, and government documents, I consider the ways in which Binh’s fatal devotion to ending American brutality in Vietnam and the Vietnamese antiwar movement both challenge American perceptions of race and ethnicity and critique the violent militarism of the war in Vietnam.

Abstract The Soviet campaign in support of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam in the Vietnam War saturated Soviet public culture in the late 1960s and early 1970s. It was the longest solidarity action in Soviet history and the first to reach mass television audiences. This article examines the production and reception of a televised documentary film about the Vietnam War made by Konstantin Simonov – a celebrity writer who played a crucial role in Soviet culture during World War II, and then, in the post-war period, in the struggle to come to terms with terrible truths about Stalinism and the chaos and trauma that war had rendered. Simonov's film presented the Vietnam War in lyrical rather than analytical terms, calling upon viewers to draw connections between the suffering of the Vietnamese and the Soviet wartime experience and to enact their solidarity with the Vietnamese in terms of feeling. The film proposes a solidarity of pain and an understanding of war and wartime suffering as elemental and overwhelming. In dozens of letters to Simonov, we find an understanding and appreciation of this vision, which decentres Vietnam and instead sends viewers on a journey back to Soviet history and trauma.

Abstract Introduction Cigarette smoking is highly prevalent among Asian American immigrant subgroups. Previously, Asian language telephone Quitline services were only available in California. In 2012, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) funded the national Asian Smokers’ Quitline (ASQ) to expand Asian language Quitline services nationally. However, there are relatively few calls to the ASQ from outside California. Methods This pilot study assessed the feasibility of two proactive outreach interventions to connect Vietnamese-speaking participants who smoke to the ASQ. Both interventions, 1) proactive telephone outreach with a counselor trained in motivational interviewing (PRO-MI) and 2) proactive telephone outreach with interactive voice response (PRO-IVR), were adapted to be culturally and linguistically appropriate for Vietnamese-speaking participants. Participants were randomly assigned 2:1 to PRO-IVR vs. PRO-MI. Assessments were conducted at baseline and three months post-enrollment. Feasibility indicators were the recruitment rate and initiation of ASQ treatment. Results Using the HealthPartners EHR, a large health system in Minnesota, we identified approximately 343 potentially eligible Vietnamese participants who were mailed invitations letters and baseline surveys with telephone follow-up. We enrolled 86 eligible participants (25% recruitment rate). In the PRO-IVR group 7/58 participants were directly transferred to the ASQ (12% initiation rate) and in the PRO-MI group 8/28 participants were warm transferred to the ASQ (29% initiation rate). Conclusions This pilot study demonstrates the feasibility of our recruitment methods and of implementing proactive outreach interventions to promote the initiation of smoking cessation treatment with the ASQ. IMPLICATIONS This pilot study contributes novel data on the uptake of Asian Smokers’ Quitline (ASQ) services among Asian-speaking people who smoke (PWS) with two proactive outreach interventions: 1) proactive telephone outreach with a counselor trained in motivational interviewing (PRO-MI) and 2) proactive telephone outreach with interactive voice response (PRO-IVR). We found that it is feasible to implement these proactive outreach interventions to promote the initiation of ASQ cessation treatment among Vietnamese-language speaking PWS. Future large trials are needed to rigorously compare PRO-MI and PRO-IVR and conduct budget impact analyses to understand the most efficient strategies for incorporation into health system settings.

This paper uses the model of experimental mouse liver damage with paracetamol to evaluate the liver protective effects of the methanol extract (Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott) (MCE). After 8 days, the hepatoprotective activities of MCE in mice (damaged by paracetamol) at doses of 500, 1,000 and 2,000 mg/kg/day proved effective as the AST enzyme content decreased by 6.98, 22.84 and 26.59%, respectively; and ALT decreased by 53.17, 56.46 and 57.93%, respectively. MCE at a dose of 1,000 mg/kg/day had a protective effect equivalent to that of silymarin (used in liver treatment) at a dose of 50 mg/kg/day and MCE at a dose of 2,000 mg/kg/day had better effect. Observation of the microscopic liver tissue cross section also revealed that the mice treated with MCE of C. esculenta at doses of 1,000 and 2,000 mg/kg/day showed significantly improvement in their liver tissues compared to the non-treated control group. Keywords: Colocasia esculenta, hepatoprotective, paracetamol. References [1] S. Shahani. Evaluation of hepatoprotective efficacy of APCL-A poly herbal formulation in vivo in rats, Indian Drugs. 36(1999) 628-631.[2] Y. Cui, X. Yang, X. Lu, J. Chen, Y. Zhao. Protective effects of polyphenols-enriched extract from Huangshan Maofeng green tea against CCl4-induced liver injury in mice, Chemico- Biological Interactions 220 (5) (2014) 75-83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbi.2014.06.018 [3] K.C. Choi, W.T. Chung, J.K. Kwon, J.Y. Yu, Y.S. Jang, S.M. Park, S.Y. Lee, J.C. Lee. Inhibitory effects of quercetin on aflatoxin B1 induced hepatic damage in mice, Food Chemical Toxicology, 48 (10) (2010) 2747-2753 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2010.07.001[4] E.S. Sabina, J. Samue, S.R. Ramya, S. Patel, N. Mandal, P. Preety, P.P. Mishra, M.K. Rasool. Hepatoprotective and antioxidant potential of Spirulina fusiformis on acetaminophen induced hepatotoxicity in mice, International Journal of Integrative Biology 6 (1) (2009) 1-5. http://ijib.classicrus.com/.../1501.pdf[5] Pham Hoang Ho. Vietnamese plants, episode III. Young Publishing House, (1999), pp. 353 (in Vietnamese).[6] C.O. Eleazu, M. Iroaganachi, K.C. Eleazu. Ameliorative potentials of cocoyam (Colocasia esculenta L.) and unripe plantain (Musa paradisiaca L.) on the relative tissue weights ofstreptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Journal of Diabetes Research, 197 (2013), https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/160964.[7] R.C. Cambie, L.R. Ferguson. Potential functional foods in the traditional Maori diet. Mutation Research Letters 523–524 (2003) 109-117. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0027-5107(02)00344-5[8] C.L. Abraham, K. Yoshinori, T. Masakuni, I. Hironori, O. Hirosuke, T. Hajime. Flavonoid glycosides in the shoot system of Okinawa Taumu (Colocasia esculenta S). Food Chemistry 119 (2010) 630- 635. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2009.07.004[9] P.J. Bouic, D. Etsebeth, R.W. Liebenberg, C.F. Albrecht, K. Pegel, J.P.P. Van. Beta sitosterol and beta sitosterol glycoside stimulate human peripheral blood lymphocyte proliferation: Implications for their use as an immunomodulatory vitamin combination. International Journal of Immuno-pharmacology 18 (12) (1996) 693-700. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0192-0561(97)85551-8.[10] Vo Van Chi. Dictionary of Vietnamese medicinal plants. Medical Publishing House (1997), pp. 871-873 (in Vietnamese).[11] Do Trung Dam. Method of determining drug toxicity. Medical Publishing House, Hanoi (2014), pp. 11-137 (in Vietnamese). [12] J.T. Litchfield, F. Wilcoxon. A simplified method of evaluating dose-effect experiments, Journal of Pharmcology and Experimental Therapeutics, 96 (2) (1949) 99-113. PMID: 18152921 [13] Doan Thi Nhu, Do Trung Dam, Pham Duy Mai. Method research of the pharmacological effect of drugs from medicinal herbs, Science and Technics Publishing House, Hanoi (2006), pp. 142 (in Vietnamese).[14] A. Godwin. Histochemical uses of haematoxylin - A Review. JPCS 1 (2011) 24-34. [15] Ho Thi Thanh Huyen, Thai Nguyen Hung Thu, Nguyen Thai An. Some results of plan microscopic studies and chemical composition of Bombax malabaricum DC., Bombacaceae, Proceeding Pharma Indochina VII, 10/2011, The 7th Indochina Conference on Pharmaceutical science, Bangkok, Thai Lan (2011) 270-274.[16] A.N. Chinonyelum, A.P. Uwadiegwu, O.C. Nwachukwu, O. Emmanuel. Evaluation of hepatoprotective activity of Colocasia esculenta (L. Schott) leaves on thioacetamide-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Pakistan Journal Pharmaceutical Sciences, 28 (6S) (2015) 2237-2241. [17] O.F. Dayo, B.C. Eluke, E.O. Ukaejiofo, O.L. Olayinka, C.I. Johnpaul, O.A.K .Tajudeen, I. Chinwe, L.S. Adetona. Hepatoproactive and haematopoietic modulatory efficacy of leaf extract of Colocasia esculenta in Albino wistar rats. International Journal of Tropical Medicine 12 (3-6) (2017) 35-41. https://doi.org/3923/ijtmed.2017.35.41.

The central nervous system receptors are important targets of the drugs, involved in many neurological diseases. Therefore, this study was designed to build an in vitro screening model using recombinant receptors distributed in the central nervous system (CNS). Method: construction of cDNA system encoding for receptors; using Semliki Forest virus for the rapid and high expression of receptors in mammalian cell lines; designing binding assays for in vitro pharmacological studies of compounds and methanol plant extracts. Results: 24 cDNAs encoding for receptors and 1 screening kit with neurokinin-1 receptor were constructed; 4 receptors were expressed successfully. Conclusion: The in vitro screening model was established successfully and applied for NK1 receptors with high sensitivity and specificity. This model is a useful tool for discovery and development of target compounds acting in the CNS. Keywords Recombinant CNS receptors, an in vitro screening assays, bioactive compounds, Semliki Forest virus. specificity References [1] Đỗ Huy Bích và cs, Cây thuốc và động vật làm thuốc ở Việt Nam, NXB Khoa học và kỹ thuật, 2004[2] Kenneth H. Lundstrom, M.L. Chiu, G Protein - Coupled receptors in Drug Discovery, Taylor & Francis Group, 2006[3] Zhu M., Bowery N.G., Greengrass P.M., Phillipson J.D., Application of radioligand receptor binding assays in the search for CNS active principles from Chinese medicinal plants, J. Ethnopharmacol. 54 (1996) 153[4] Phạm Thị Hồng Nhung, Hoàng Thị Mỹ Nhung, Đinh Đoàn Long, Cải biến vectơ hệ Virus Semliki Forest (SFV) nhằm biểu hiện thụ thể GPCR của người Việt Nam, Tạp chí Khoa học ĐHQGHN: Khoa học Tự nhiên và Công nghệ 31 (2015) 47[5] Berglund P., Sjoberg M., Garoff H., Atkins G.J., Sheahan B.J., and Liljestrom P., Semliki Forest virus expression system: production of conditionally infectious recombinant particles, Biotechnology 11 (1993) 916[6] Dinh DL, Pham THN, Hoang TMN, Trinh TC, Vo TTL, Pham TH, Kenneth L., Interaction of Vietnamese medicinal plant extracts with recombinantly expressed human neurokinin-1 receptor, Planta Medica Letters, 2(2015)42 [7] Rosso M., Mu᷈ Noz M., Berger M., The Role of Neurokinin -1 Receptor in the Microenvironment of Inflammation and Cancer, The Scientific World Journal, 2012 (2012)1[8] Tô Việt Bắc, Bùi Minh Đức, Phạm Thị Kim, Thử nghiệm khả năng gây độc trên chuột của chế phẩm rotundin, Tạp chí Y hoc Việt Nam, 7(1994)46[9] Violin J.D., Crombie A.L., Soergel D.G., Lark M.W., Biased ligands at G-protein-coupled receptors: promise and progress, Trends Pharmacol Sci, 35(2014) 308[10] Lundstrom K., Henningsen R., Semliki Forest virus vectors applied to receptor expression in cell lines and primary neurons, J. Neurochem 71 (1998) [11] Federal Register 58 No. 19, Addition of Appendix DL-X to the NIH guidelines regarding Semliki Forest virus. Human Gene Therapy. 1993. p.5.

Background: This paper analyses input from global interests in the policy process leading up to the passing of alcohol control legislation in Vietnam in 2019. The global alcohol industry now relies on growth in volume in emerging markets in middle-income countries such as Vietnam, a large, rapidly industrialising country with a youthful population and emerging middle class. The industry’s role in the alcohol policy process is compared with that of global health interests. Methods: Document analysis of letters and English language media coverage was supplemented by and triangulated with data from key informants on changes in the content of draft alcohol legislation and participant observation. Results: The alcohol legislation was negotiated in the context of active engagement from the global alcohol industry and some input from global public health interests. The global alcohol industry established a partnership relationship with politicians using CSR and funded a local employee in Hanoi over the decade prior to the draft legislation being considered. Direct lobbying took place over the content of the legislation, which went through six published drafts. Trade and investment agreements provided a supportive environment and were referred to by both politicians and industry. In contrast public health resource was limited and lacked the support of a normative global policy to counter the economic imperatives. Vietnamese Ministry of Health proposals for cost effective alcohol policy were not enacted. Conclusions: Global commercial interests employed their considerable resources to engage in CSR and build partnerships with policymakers over a long period, contributing significantly to an environment unsupportive of enacting effective alcohol control policy. The absence of structural support from a global health treaty on alcohol and lack of an equivalent level of long-term sustained input from global health actors contributed to the legislative outcome, which excluded proposed cost-effective policies to reduce alcohol harm.

The aims of study was formulation and evaluation of berberin (BBR) loaded proliposomes by spray-drying method. BBR proliposomes were evaluated for appearance, spray-drying efficiency, morphology and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Liposomes, obtained after hydration, were evaluated for particle size, size distribution, morphology and entrapment efficiency. The results showed that BBR proliposomes were prepared by spray-drying method with molar ratio of Hydrogenated soy phosphatidyl choline (HSPC): Sodium deoxycholat (NaDC): vitamin E (vtE): BBR = 7: 1: 6: 6. Mixture of manitol and Aerosil at weight ratio of 97:3 was used as carrier. Results of DSC showed that berberin was dispersed molecularly into proliposomes powder. BBR liposomes, obtained after hydration, had average particle diameter of about 29 μm and entrapment efficiency was 22.23%. Keywords Proliposomes, liposomes, berberin, sodium deoxycholate, spray-dried. References [1] W. Kong, J. Wei, A. Parrveen et al., Berberine is A Novel Cholesterol-Lowering Drug Working Through A Unique Mechanism Distinct From Statins, Nature Medicine, Vol. 10, No. 12, 2004, pp. 1344-1351, https://doi.org/10.1038/nm1135.[2] S. K. Kulkarni, A. Dhir, on The Mechanism of Antidepressant-Like Action of Berberine Chloride, European Journal of Pharmacology, Vol. 589, No. 1-3, 2008, pp. 163-172, https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.ejphar.2008.05.043.[3] Y. T. Ho, J. S. Yang, T. C. Li et al., Berberine Suppresses in Vitro Migration and Invasion of Human SCC-4 Tongue Squamous Cancer Cells Through the Inhibitions of FAK, IKK, NF-Κb, U-PA and MMP-2 and-9, Cancer Letters, Vol. 279, No. 2, 2009, pp. 155-162, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.canlet.2009.01.033.[4] S. Muneer, Z. Masood, S. Butt et al., Proliposomes as Pharmaceutical Drug Delivery System: A Brief Review, Journal of Nanomedicine and Nanotechnology, Vol. 8, No. 3, 2017, pp. 448-450, https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7439.1000448.[5] H. K. Omer, N. R. Hussein, A. Ferraz et al., Spray-Dried Proliposome Microparticles for High-Performance Aerosol Delivery Using a Monodose Powder Inhaler, AAPS PharmSciTech, Vol. 19, No. 5, 2018, pp. 2434-2448, https://doi.org/10.1208/s12249-018-1058-4.[6] T. T. H. Yen, T. T. N. Quynh, D. T. Thuan, P. T. M. Hue, Preparation of Berberin Liposomes, Contained Sodium Deoxycholate by Ethanol Injection Method, Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Drug information, Vol. 11, No. 4, 2020, pp. 11-17 (in Vietnamese). [7] T. T. H. Yen, T. T. Hue, P. T. M. Hue et al., Preparation of Berberin Proliposomes by Film Deposition on Carrier Surface Method, VNU Journal of Science: Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vol. 36, No. 2, 2020, pp. 9-15, https://doi.org/10.25073/2588-1132/vnumps.4204.[8] R. G. Ahmed, S. Sherif, Z. Zainab et al., Silymarin Spray-Dried Proliposomes: Preparation, Characterization and Cytotoxic Evaluation, Drug Delivery Letters, Vol. 10, No. 1, 2020, pp. 14-23, https://doi.org/10.2174/2210303109666190722114211.[9] A. Bangham, M. M. Standish, J. C. Watkins Diffusion of Univalent Ions Across the Lamellae of Swollen Phospholipids, Journal of Molecular Biology, Vol. 13, No. 1, 1965, pp. 238-252.

Celastrus hindsii Benth et Hook. is known as a herbal medicine for the treatment of cancer. In this study we evaluated the cytotoxic and antioxidant effects of Celastrus hindsii Benth et Hook. leaf extract. Samples of Celastrus hindsii were extracted with 90 % ethanol and subsequently fractionated with n-hexane, ethyl acetate (EtOAc) and n-butanol (n-BuOH) solvents. To evaluate the cytotoxic effect, we performed MTT (3- (4,5 dimethylthiazol-2 - yl) - 2,5 - diphenyltetrazolium) assay on the three cell lines human liver Hep G2 (HB - 8065TM), lung LU-1 (HTB - 57TM), breast MCF-7 (HTB - 22TM). The antioxidant effect was evaluated by screening DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picryhydrazyl) free radical assay. The results showed that the EtOAc fraction had the strongest cytoxicity effects on liver cancer cells and lung cancer cells with an IC50 value of 33,7 ± 1,5 mg/mL and 13,0 ± 0,5 mg/mL. The BuOH fraction showed a weaker effect on lung cancer cells with IC50 value of 64,0 ± 2,2 mg/mL. The antioxidant results indicated that the EtOAc fraction had the best antioxidant effect with IC50 value of 46,9 ± 2,5 µg/mL. The EtOH total extract also has strong antioxidant activity with IC50 value of 48,5 ± 2,3 µg/mL. Our study showed that Celastrus hindsii leaf extract has the strong cytotoxicity and antioxidant activities. Keywords Celastrus hindsii Benth et Hook., cytotoxicity, MTT, antioxidant, DPPH. References [1] Ministry of health, General oncology. 2009: Vietnam Education Publishing House Limited Company, 9-10.[2] N.V. Tuyen, Pharmaceutical chemistry curriculum, 2014, Science and Technics Publishing House. 222-223.[3] V.V. Chi. Dictionary of Vietnamese medicinal plants. Medical Publishing House 1 (2012).[4] V. Gan, G. Chen, W. Zhang, J. Zhou . Oleanen induces apoptosis of cervical cancer cells by up-regulation of Bim. International Journal of Gynecologic Cancer 22(1) (2012) 38.[5] Y.H. Kuo, L.M.Y. Kuo. Antitumour and anti-AIDS triterpenes from Celastrus hindsii. Phytochemistry 44(7) (1997) 1275.[6] T. Mosmann, Rapid colorimetric assay for cellular growth and survival: application to proliferation and cytotoxicity assays 65(1-2) (1983) 55.[7] P. Mahakunakorn, M. Tohda, Y. Murakami, K. Matsumoto, H.J.B. Watanabe, P. Bulletin, Antioxidant and free radical-scavenging activity of Choto-san and its related constituents 27(1) (2004) 38.[8] P.T. Thuong, M.K. Na, N.H. Dang, T.M. Hung, P.T. Ky, T.V. Thanh, et al. Antioxidant activities of Vietnamese medicinal plants 12(1) (2006) 29.[9] X.Q. Hu, W. Han, Z.Z. Han, Q.X. Li, X.K. Xu, P. Fu, et al. A new macrocyclic lactone and a new quinoflavan from Celastrus hindsii. Phytochemistry letters 7 (2014) 169.[10] A.C. Spivey, M. Weston, Woodhead SJCSR. Celastraceae sesquiterpenoids: biological activity and synthesis 31(1) (2002) 43.[11] T.L. Ngoc, Technology. Separation process of rosmarinic acid and their derivatives from Celastrus hindsii benth leaves. Vietnam Journal of Science 54(2C) (2016) 380.[12] F.R. Mowsumi, A. Rahaman, N.C. Sarker, B.K. Choudhury, Hossain SJWJPPS. In vitro relative free radical scavenging effects of Calocybe indica (milky oyster) and Pleurotus djamor (pink oyster). 4(07) (2015).[13] T.D. Viet, T.D. Xuan, T.M. Van, Y. Andriana, R. Rayee, H.D. Tran. Comprehensive Fractionation of Antioxidants and GC-MS and ESI-MS Fingerprints of Celastrus hindsii Leaves. Medicines 6(2) (2019) 64.[14] T.N. Ly, M. Shimoyamada, Yamauchi RJJoa, chemistry f. Isolation and characterization of rosmarinic acid oligomers in Celastrus hindsii Benth leaves and their antioxidative activity 54(11) (2006) 3786.

Since Jan 4th 2016, the State Bank of Vietnam (SBV) has applied the central exchange rate regime pegging VND to a basket of 8 currencies, which reflects the adaptation of macro policies in general, exchange rate policy in particular when integration context has changed. In order to propose suitable solutions to administrate exchange rate policy effectively, this article employs the VAR model, in which the relationship between exchange rate and three objectives of exchange rate policy (including prices, output and trade balance) are tested. The data used in this model is quarterly, in the period 2001q1-2017q3. Based on the results of the VAR model, a number of policy implications has been proposed, including: (i) continuing to apply currency basket pegged exchange rate regime; (ii) in stead of choosing to devaluate VND, the SBV should use other exchange rate management tools; (iii) speeding up the development of derivative exchange rate market is necessary to reduce the level of ERPT to the import price index so that helps to control inflation in Vietnam and (iv) the SBV should prioritize the exchange rate policy administration towards price stability through adopting the inflation-targeting monetary policy. Keywords Exchange rate policy, exchange rate, inflation, economic growth, trade balance References [1] Campa, J. M. and Goldberg, L. S., “Exchange rate pass-through into import prices”, The Review of Economics and Statistics, 87(4) (2005), pp. 679-690. [2] Ghosh, A. and Rajan, R. S., “Exchange rate pass-through in Korea and Thailand: Trends and determinants”, Japan and the World Economy, No. 21 (2009), pp. 55–70.[3] McCarthy, J., “Pass-Through of Exchange Rates and Import Prices to Domestic Inflation in Some Industrialized Economies”, Eastern Economic Journal, No. 33(4) (2000), pp. 511-537.[4] Hahn, E., Pass-Through of External Shocks to Euro Area Inflation, European Central Bank, Working Paper No.243, 2003.[5] Ito, T. and Sato, K., “Exchange rate changes and inflation in post-crisis Asian economies: VAR analysis of the exchange rate pass-through”, Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, No 40 (2008), pp. 1407-1438.[6] Kim, K. H., “US Inflation and the Dollar Exchange Rate: A Vector Error Correction Model”, Applied Economics, 30(5), 1998, pp.613-619.[7] Beirne, J. and Bijsterbosch, M., Exchange rate pass-through in central and eastern European member states, European Central Bank, Working Paper Series, No.1120, 2009.[8] Huong, T.T.X., V.X.Vinh and N.P. Canh, “Transmission of monetary policy: A number of appropriate regression models”, Journal of Development and Integration, No. 16 (26), 2014, tr.41-46.[9] Vinh, N.T.T, “The role of different channels on trasmitting monetary policy into output and price in Vietnam”, Journal of Economics and Development, No. 214 (2015), tr.20-30.[10] Giang, L.T., Applied structural vector autoregression model to analyze monetary transmission mechanism in Vietnam, Dotoral Thesis, National Economics University, 2017.[11] Trinh, P.T.T., “Impact of foreign exchange reserves to inflation: Approaching by VAR model”, Economic Development Review, No. 26 (2015), tr.46-68.[12] Minh, V.V., Exchange rate pass-through and its implications for inflation in Vietnam, Vietnam development forum, Working paper 0902, 2009.[13] Anh, N.D.M, T.M. Anh and V.T. Thanh, “Exchange rate pass-through into inflation in Vietnam: An assessment using Vector Autogression approach”, Vietnam Economic Management Review, 2010.[14] Anh, P.T., “Applying SVAR model to analyzing exchange rate pass-through effects (ERPT) in Vietnam”, Journal of Economics and Development, No. 220 (2015), tr.48-58. [15] Anh, P.V., Choosing the exchange rate regime in order to implement the inflation targeting policy in Vietnam, Doctoral Thesis, Foreign Trade University, 2017.[16] Minh, H.D., The relationship between inflation and exchange rate in Vietnamese economy, Doctoral Thesis, Hanoi University of Science and Technology, 2014. [17] Hausmann, R., Pritchett, L. and Rodrik, D., Growth accelerations, NBER Working paper series 10566, 2004.[18] Rodrik D., “The Real Exchange Rate and Economic Growth”, Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, Vol. 2008, pp. 365-412. [19] Gluzmann, P. A., Levy – Yeyati, E. and Sturzenegger, F., “Exchange rate undervaluation and economic growth: Díaz Alejandro (1965) revisited”, Economics Letters, No 117 (2012), pp. 666–672.[20] Kappler, M., Reisen, H., Schularick, M. and Turkisch, E., “The Macroeconomic Effects of Large Exchange Rate Appreciations”, Open Econ Rev, No.24 (2012), pp.471–494.[21] Habib, M. M, Mileva, E. and Stracca, L., “The real exchange rate and economic growth: Revisiting the case using external instruments”, Journal of International Money and Finance, Accepted Manuscript, 2017. [22] Rose, A. K., “Exchange rates and the trade balance: Some evidence from developing countries”, Economics Letters, No. 34 (1990), pp.271-275, North-Holland.[23] Vural, B. M. T., “Effect of Real Exchange Rate on Trade Balance: Commodity Level Evidence from Turkish Bilateral Trade Data”, Procedia Economics and Finance, No.38(2016), pp.499 – 507.[24] Trang, L.M, Exchange rate policy to promote export of Vietnam, Doctoral Thesis, Thuong mai University, 2017. [25] Bahmani – Oskooee, M., “Is there a long-run relation between the trade balance and the real effective exchange rate of LDCs?”, Economics Letters, No. 36 (1991), pp.403-407, North-Holland.[26] Anh, D.T.H., Impact of the real exchange rate on trade balace in the context of international economic integration, Doctoral Thesis, Banking Academy, 2012. [27] Arize, A. C., Malindretos, J. and Igwe, E. U., “A Convenient Method for the Estimation of ARDL Parameters and Test statistics: U.S.A Trade Balance and Real Effective Exchange Rate Relation”, International Review of Economics and Finance, 2017, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.iref.2017.03.024.[28] Wang, C. H., Lin, C. H. and Yang. C. H. et al, “Short-run and long-run effects of exchange rate change on trade balance: Evidence from China and its trading partners”, Japan and the World Economy, No. 24 (2012), 266-273.[29] Koray, F. and McMillin, W. D., “Monetary shocks, the exchange rate, and the trade balance”, Journal of International Money and Finance, No.18 (1999), pp.925–940[30] Hang, N.T.T., D.T.Minh, T.T.Thanh, L.H.Giang and P.V.Ha, Exchange rate policy choice in the context of economic recovery, VEPR, Working Paper No, 2010.[31] Nhung, N.C. and T.T.T. Huyen, “Exchange rate pass-through into Vietnamese import prices by industries and by countries”, International Business Management, 11 (11), 2017, pp.1834-1843.

Ocean Vuong’s semi-autobiographical novel On Earth We’re Briefly Gorgeous opens as a letter to the narrator, Little Dog’s, mother—it is a letter she’ll never be able to read, as she is illiterate in both her Vietnamese mother tongue and the limited English she has learned following her immigration to America. Little Dog, having learned both languages, resists the rigidity of their respective, repressive syntaxes; if syntax functions as ideology—as an imagined set of rules and processes which govern a structure of sentences within a language and, in turn, the subjected bodies which are interpellated by the literal and subsequently constructed Subject of such sentences—then Little Dog opposes such ideology by subverting the hierarchical Subject/subject relationships created within the subject/object sentence structure. Rather than align with Ferdinand de Saussure’s structuralist argument towards language as based in such hierarchical binary oppositions, Little Dog searches for a new language—one that can truly act as a bridge, rather than a border—often intentionally breaking prosaic form and grammar rules in an effort to unearth it.

The need for writing is undoubtedly pervasive in our lives, especially in modern societies of the 21st century. When examining the everyday world, one finds people engaged in many varieties of writing such as sending a text message, writing a covering letter or a scholarship application form, composing a research paper, etc. In short, writing not only is an integral part of our social and professional activities but also determines our life chances. The growth of English as a lingua franca makes English writing more important than ever before, which results in more attention paid to teaching English writing in non-English speaking contexts. This paper reports on part of the findings of a study that investigated practices of teaching English writing at the lower secondary level in Ba Ria-Vung Tau, Vietnam. The research employed a qualitative, multi-case study approach. The findings revealed a significant gap between the English education policies of the Vietnamese government and classroom practice. The teaching of secondary English writing did not prepare learners well for the 21st century language skills as expected.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), a novel coronavirus , is causing a serious worldwide COVID-19 pandemic. The emergence of strains with rapid spread and unpredictable changes is the cause of the increase in morbidity and mortality rates. A number of drugs as well as vaccines are currently being used to relieve symptoms, prevent and treat the disease caused by this virus. However, the number of approved drugs is still very limited due to their effectiveness and side effects. In such a situation, medicinal plants and bioactive compounds are considered a highly valuable source in the development of new antiviral drugs against SARS-CoV-2. This review summarizes medicinal plants and bioactive compounds that have been shown to act on molecular targets involved in the infection and replication of SARS-CoV-2. Keywords: Medicinal plants, bioactive compounds, antivirus, SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19 References [1] R. Lu, X. Zhao, J. Li, P. Niu, B. Yang, H. 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Cellular senescence is a state in wich cells can not longer divide. The dysregulation of the cell senescence signaling pathway could lead to uncontrolled cell proliferation and formation of malignant cells. Intervening in cell senessence signaling pathway to bring cancer cells back to cell senessence state is a potential way in cancertreatment. Recent studies show that tumor cells can undergo celluar senessencestate by using special chemotherapy. In this study, we indicatedthat All trans retinoic acid (ATRA) is able to influence the expression of genes involved in cell senessence signaling pathway in gastric cancer cells MKN45. ATRA down-regulatesthe expression of important genes controlling cell growth. On the other hand, ATRA up-regulate the expression of GADD45A, P21 and P53 genes that play an important role in the signaling pathway of cells.This finding suggestes that ATRA could inhibite MKN45 cells through activating cell senescence signaling pathway. Keywords: All trans retinoic acid, gastric cancer stem cell, cell senescence. References [1] L. Hayflick, P.S. Moorhead, The serial cultivation of human diploid cell strains, Exp. Cell Res. 25 (1961) 585-621. https://doi.org/10.1016/0014-4827 (61)90192-6.[2] V. Dupé, N.B.Ghyselinck, V. Thomazy, L. Nagy, P.J. Davies, P. Chambon and M. Mark, Essential roles of retinoic acid signaling in interdigital apoptosis and control of BMP-7 expression in mouse autopods, Development Biology. 208 (1999) 30-34. https://doi.org/10.1006/dbio.1998. 9176.[3] López-Otín Carlos, et al, The hallmarks of aging, Cell. 153 (2013) 1194-1217. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.cell.2013.05.039.[4] Kuilman Thomas, et al, The essence of senescence, Genes & development. 24 (2010) 2463-2479. https://doi.org/10.1101/gad.1971610.[5] Collado Manuel and Manuel Serrano, Senescence in tumours: vidence from mice and humans, Nature Reviews Cancer. 10 (2010) 51-57. https:// doi.org/10.1038/nrc2772.[6] Hofmann, L. 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This study clarifies the impact of the fluctuation of the VND/USD and VND/JPY exchange rates on the trade balance between Vietnam and Japan through testing the J-curve effect by using a vector autoregressive (VAR) model, Impulse Response Function (IRF), stationary test, Granger test and variance decomposition analysis. There are 5 variables including oil price (POIL), Gross Domestic Product (GDP), Consumer price index (CPI), Trade balance/Capital account (CA), Nominal exchange rate (NER) based on 67 observations from 2001Q1 to 2017Q3. The highlight of this study compared with previous studies is that we not only evaluate the effect of the exchange rate movements towards the total trade balance between Vietnam and Japan but also investigate how the fluctuations of exchange rate affect the trade balance in each commodity group; therefore, we suggest more essence evaluation and policy implications for these sectors. The results show that the depreciation or the devaluation of VND will improve the trade balance of group 84 (Machinery, mechanical appliances, nuclear reactors, boilers) and group 94 (Furniture) in both the exchange rate VND/USD and VND/JPY, and group 27 (Mineral fuels, mineral oils and products of their distillation) and group 85 (Electrical machinery and equipment and parts thereof) in the VND/USD exchange rate. Besides, in total products and group 27, the VND/JPY exchange rate impacts on the trade balance in J-curve effect. Keywords J-curve, VAR, exchange rate, trade balance, Vietnam, Japan References 1. Alemu, Aye Mengistu, Examining the Effects of Currency Depreciation on Trade Balance in Selected Asian Economics, International Journal of Global Business, 7 (1), 59-76, June 2014.2. Anil K Lai, Thomas C. Lowinger (2002), The J Curve: Evidence from at Asia, Journal of economics Integration 17 (2), June 2002, pp 397-415.3. 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Nguyen Quang My, Mustafa Sayim & Hamid Rahman (2017), The Impact of Exchange Rate on Market Fundamentals: A Case Study of J-curve Effect in Vietnam, Research in Applied Economics.28. Phan Thanh Hoan, Nguyen Dang Hao (2007), Relationships between Exchange rate and Trade balance in Vietnam in 1995-2004, Journal of Science, Hue University, No. 43, 2007.29. Senhadji, Abdelhak S., 1998, Dynamics of the Trade Balance and the Terms of Trade In LDCs: the S-Curve, Journal of International Economics, Vol. 46, pp.105-131.30. Thanh Hoan Phan, Ji Young Jeong (2015), Vietnam Trade Balance and Exchange Rate: Evidence from Panel Data Analysis, Journal of Applied Economics and Business Research JAEBR, 5(4): 220-232 (2015).31. Tran Hong Ha (2011), Application of the model to measure the impact of real multilateral exchange rates on the trade balance in Vietnam, Journal of Financial Markets, No. 16, pages 23-25.32. Vu Ky (2012), The J curve effects - Exchange rate and Trade balance in Vietnam, Master thesis of University of EconomicsWebsite1. www.gso.gov.vn - General Statistics Office website2. www.imf.org - Website of the International Monetary Fund3. www.oanda.com/ - Currency Data Website4. www.trademap.org - The International Trade Center website5. www.boj.or.jp - The Bank of Japan6. http://www.imf.org/external/index.htm - International Monetary Fund