Journal articles: 'Vietnamese in Australia'

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Pham, Hoa. "We are Vietnamese. A Reflection on Being Vietnamese-Australian." PORTAL Journal of Multidisciplinary International Studies 15, no. 1-2 (June 26, 2018): 87–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.5130/portal.v15i1-2.5733.

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We are Vietnamese - A reflection on being Vietnamese-Australian is a creative non fiction piece concerning being a Vietnamese-Australian author in the present day. It explores Hoa’s meeting with Pham Thi Hoai, a Vietnamese author in exile in Berlin, and her encounters with Thich Nhat Hanh the Vietnamese Zen Master. It also interrogates the cultural perceptions of Vietnam in Australia and Hoa’s own subject position as a published Asian Australian author. We are Vietnamese - A reflection on being Vietnamese-Australian est un essais sur ce que signifie être un auteur australo-vietnamien aujourd’hui. Il explore deux rencontres marquantes de l’auteure : l’une avec Pham Thi Hoai, une écrivaine vietnamienne en exile à Berlin, et l’autre avec Thich Nhat Hanh, le grand maître zen vietnamien. Il remet aussi en question les perceptions culturelles du Vietnam en Australie et la propre situation de Hoa en tant qu’auteure autralo-vietnamienne.

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Coughlan, James E. "Occupational Mobility of Australia's Vietnamese Community: Its Direction and Human Capital Determinants." International Migration Review 32, no. 1 (March 1998): 175–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019791839803200108.

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This article provides a cross-sectional cohort analysis of recent Australian census data and data collected from a 1990–91 nonrandom sample of 450 Vietnamese households in Melbourne, Australia, to determine the level of occupational mobility within the Vietnamese Australian community. The analysis reveals that there has been little net upward occupational mobility within the Vietnam-born community, although there has been some individual upward mobility. Regression analysis of the survey data reveal that no one variable stands out as explaining occupational mobility within Melbourne's Vietnamese community, and no variables relating to socioeconomic status or class in Vietnam are among the main explanators of Vietnamese occupational mobility in Australia.

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Steel, Zachary, Derrick Silove, Nguyen Mong Giao, Thuy Thi Bich Phan, Tien Chey, Anna Whelan, Adrian Bauman, and Richard A. Bryant. "International and indigenous diagnoses of mental disorder among Vietnamese living in Vietnam and Australia." British Journal of Psychiatry 194, no. 4 (April 2009): 326–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.108.050906.

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BackgroundWhether the prevalence rates of common mental disorders can be compared across countries depends on the cultural validity of the diagnostic measures used.AimsTo investigate the prevalence of Western and indigenously defined mental disorders among Vietnamese living in Vietnam and in Australia, comparing the data with an Australian-born sample.MethodComparative analysis of three multistage population surveys, including samples drawn from a community living in the Mekong Delta region of Vietnam (n=3039), Vietnamese immigrants residing in New South Wales, Australia (n=1161), and an Australian-born population (n=7961). Western-defined mental disorders were assessed by the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) 2.0 and included DSM–IV anxiety, mood and substance use disorders as well as the ICD–10 category of neurasthenia. The Vietnamese surveys also applied the indigenously based Phan Vietnamese Psychiatric Scale (PVPS). Functional impairment and service use were assessed.ResultsThe prevalence of CIDI mental disorders for Mekong Delta Vietnamese was 1.8% compared with 6.1% for Australian Vietnamese and 16.7% for Australians. Inclusion of PVPS mental disorders increased the prevalence rates to 8.8% for Mekong Delta Vietnamese and 11.7% for Australian Vietnamese. Concordance was moderate to good between the CIDI and the PVPS for Australian Vietnamese (area under the curve (AUC)=0.77) but low for Mekong Vietnamese (AUC=0.59). PVPS- and CIDI-defined mental disorders were associated with similar levels of functional impairment.ConclusionsCultural factors in the expression of mental distress may influence the prevalence rates of mental disorders reported across countries. The findings have implications for assessing mental health needs at an international level.

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Đào, Mục-Đích, and Anh-Thư Nguyễn. "Vietnamese Tones Produced by Australian Vietnamese Speakers." Heritage Language Journal 14, no. 3 (December 31, 2017): 224–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.46538/hlj.14.3.1.

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This paper reports an acoustic study that examined the tonal features of Vietnamese language used by the Vietnamese community in Australia. The target of this examination is the comparative analysis of the phonetic characteristics of tones produced by Vietnamese in Australia and in Vietnam. Tones produced by young (n=10) and older (n=10) Vietnamese Australians residing in Brisbane, Australia, were acoustically examined and compared with those produced by corresponding young (n=10) and older (n=10) Vietnamese residing in either Ho Chi Minh City or Can Tho City, Vietnam. The results showed that the main patterns of mispronunciation of tones by the young Vietnamese in Australia (YVA) include (i) confusing tones that are in the same registers or/and have similar characteristics, (ii) the tendency to pronounce complicated tones as simple tones, and (iii) confusing the diacritics marking tones. By “mispronunciation”, we mean the differences in tones used in Brisbane, Australia from the tones used in Vietnam. This study also examined the frequency of the contour of all tones produced by all four groups. The results show significant differences in terms of the frequency and distribution of irregular and common tone contours between the YVA group and the three other groups, suggesting that the YVA group failed to produce the tones correctly or did not reach the required standard of tone production of contemporary Southern Vietnamese. In addition, the findings with respect to tone contours showed that the tonal range of the YVA group is narrower than that of the other three groups.

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Rawson, Helen, and Pranee Liamputtong. "Influence of traditional Vietnamese culture on the utilisation of mainstream health services for sexual health issues by second-generation Vietnamese Australian young women." Sexual Health 6, no. 1 (2009): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh08040.

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Background: The present paper discusses the impact the traditional Vietnamese culture has on the uptake of mainstream health services for sexual health matters by Vietnamese Australian young women. It is part of a wider qualitative study that explored the factors that shaped the sexual behaviour of Vietnamese Australian young women living in Australia. Methods: A Grounded Theory methodology was used, involving in-depth interviews with 15 Vietnamese Australian young women aged 18 to 25 years who reside in Victoria, Australia. Results: The findings demonstrated that the ethnicity of the general practitioner had a clear impact on the women utilising the health service. They perceived that a Vietnamese doctor would hold the traditional view of sex as held by their parents’ generation. They rationalised that due to cultural mores, optimum sexual health care could only be achieved with a non-Vietnamese health professional. Conclusion: It is evident from the present study that cultural influences can impact on the sexual health of young people from culturally diverse backgrounds and in Australia’s multicultural society, provision of sexual health services must acknowledge the specific needs of ethnically diverse young people.

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Lien, On. "Attitudes of the Vietnamese Community towards Mental Illness." Australasian Psychiatry 1, no. 3 (August 1993): 110–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/10398569309081340.

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There are approximately 155,000 Vietnamese born people in Australia, with 46,000 in Victoria. The majority came to Australia as refugees. Many were subjected to the reality or threat of war, persecution, imprisonment, discrimination, economic deprivation, violence, the loss of family or other major stressors. These stressors have included the hazards of the escape, lengthy stays in refugee camps and, on arrival in Australia, lack of familiarity with English and with the culture. The Vietnamese Community in Australia was expected to have a high prevalence of mental illness, especially when newly arrived from refugee camps. In a study published in 1986 as “The Price of Freedom” [1] 32% of the young Vietnamese adult group was found to suffer from psychiatric disorder. At follow-up two years later, the prevalence of psychiatric disorder, without any major intervention, had dropped to 5–6%, a prevalence lower than that in the Australian-born community. In addition, the Vietnamese community's use of mental health services (inpatient and community-based) is lower than that of any other ethnic group.

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Kirby, James P. "Vietnamese (Hanoi Vietnamese)." Journal of the International Phonetic Association 41, no. 3 (November 11, 2011): 381–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025100311000181.

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Vietnamese, the official language of Vietnam, is spoken natively by over seventy-five million people in Vietnam and greater Southeast Asia as well as by some two million overseas, predominantly in France, Australia, and the United States. The genetic affiliation of Vietnamese has been at times the subject of considerable debate (Diffloth 1992). Scholars such as Tabard (1838) maintained a relation to Chinese, while Maspero (1912), despite noting similarities to Mon-Khmer, argued for an affiliation with Tai. However, at least since the work of Haudricourt (1953), most scholars now agree that Vietnamese and related Vietic languages belong to the Mon-Khmer branch of the Austroasiatic family.

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Nguyen, Anh. "Photo Essay: “Vietnamese Here Contemporary Art and Refections” Art Exhibition, Melbourne, Australia, May 2017." Migration, Mobility, & Displacement 4, no. 1 (June 7, 2019): 133–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.18357/mmd41201918976.

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Anh Nguyen was co-curator, with Nadia Rhook, of the “Vietnamese Here Contemporary Art and Refections” exhibition about Vietnamese migrants in Melbourne, Australia, May 4–26, 2017. Phuong Ngo’s work, the basis of this photo essay, was part of the exhibition, which featured visual art, performance art, and readings refecting on Vietnamese heritage, history, and memory in the diaspora. The exhibition was sponsored by the Australian Research Council’s Kathleen Fitzpatrick Laureate Fellowship, of which Anh Nguyen is a researcher.

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Nguyen, Nathalie Huynh Chau. "'My Husband was also a Refugee': Cross-Cultural Love in the Postwar Narratives of Vietnamese Women." PORTAL Journal of Multidisciplinary International Studies 15, no. 1-2 (June 12, 2018): 53–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.5130/portal.v15i1-2.5848.

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This article explores the representation of cross-cultural love in the postwar narratives of Vietnamese women. The end of the Vietnam War in 1975 and Vietnam’s reunification under a communist regime led to one of the most visible diasporas of the late twentieth century, in which more than two million Vietnamese left their homeland in order to seek refuge overseas. The main countries of resettlement were the United States, Australia, Canada and France. Vietnamese women in Australia who chose to marry outside their culture constitute a minority not only within the diaspora but also within Australian society and the Vietnamese Australian community. In contrast to the largely negative representations of cross-cultural relationships in novels and memoirs of colonial and wartime Vietnam, these women’s accounts highlight underlying commonalities between themselves and their European partners such as a shared understanding of political asylum or war. The narratives of these women illustrate cross-cultural rencontres that were made possible by the refugee or migration experience, and that signify a distinct shift in the representation of exogamous relationships for Vietnamese women. Oral history provides these women with the opportunity to narrate not only the self but also the interaction between the self and the other, and to frame and structure their experiences of intermarriage in a positive light. Cet article explore la représentation de l’amour interculturel dans les récits de l’après-guerre des femmes vietnamiennes. La fin de la guerre du Vietnam en 1975 et la réunification du Vietnam sous un régime communiste mena à une des diasporas les plus visibles de la fin du vingtième siècle, pendant laquelle plus de deux millions de Vietnamiens quittèrent leur pays pour se réfugier à l’étranger. Les pays principaux de réinstallation furent les Etats-Unis, l’Australie, le Canada et la France. Les femmes vietnamiennes en Australie qui ont choisi de se marier à l’extérieur de leur culture constituent une minorité non seulement dans la diaspora mais aussi en Australie ainsi que la communité vietnamienne en Australie. Contrairement à la représentation largement négative des relations interculturelles dans les romans et les mémoires du Vietnam colonial et en temps de guerre, les récits de ces femmes surlignent les points communs entre elles et leurs compagnons européens telle une compréhension mutuelle de l’asile politique ou de la guerre. Les récits de ces femmes illustrent des rencontres interculturelles rendues possible par l’expérience d’être réfugié ou migrant, et qui signalent un changement net de position dans la représentation des relations exogames concernant les femmes vietnamiennes. L’histoire orale permet à ces femmes de raconter non seulement le moi mais aussi l’interaction entre le moi et l’autre, et de structurer et d’encadrer leurs expériences de mariage interculturel de manière positive.

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Tran, Uyen N. T. L. "Vietnamese Immigrants in Brisbane, Australia: Perception of Parenting Roles, Child Development, Child Health, Illness, and Disability, and Health Service Utilisation." International Journal of Population Research 2012 (January 23, 2012): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/932364.

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The limited research into Vietnamese immigrants suggests that this group may have different perceptions relating to parenting roles, child development, child health, illness, and disability, and differing patterns of health service utilisation. The author conducted a pilot study exploring how Vietnamese immigrants differ from Anglo-Australian in relation to these issues. The pilot, utilising a mixed quantitative and qualitative method, was conducted in Brisbane, Australia, with subjects being existing clients of a health centre. Two focus group discussions were conducted and a structured questionnaire developed from the discussions. Vietnamese immigrants in contrast to Australian-born Caucasians regard the general practitioner as the main health care provider and were less satisfied with English-speaking health services. This study highlights potentially important health-related issues for children of Vietnamese immigrants living in Brisbane, the importance of further research in this area, and the methodological challenges faced when conducting research into Vietnamese immigrants.

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Tran, Van H., Sarah Verdon, Sharynne McLeod, and Cen Wang. "Family Language Policies of Vietnamese–Australian Families." Journal of Child Science 12, no. 01 (January 2022): e67-e78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0042-1743490.

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AbstractThis study aimed to investigate reported family language policies (quy tắc sử dụng ngôn ngữ cho gia đình) and language maintenance practices among Vietnamese–Australian parents. This mixed-methods study collected 151 Vietnamese–Australian parents' responses to close- and open-ended questions within an online questionnaire that was available both in English and Vietnamese. Bivariate analyses and logistic regression were conducted to explore associations between family language policies and factors related to demographics and Spolsky's language policy theory. Content analysis was undertaken in NVivo to investigate family language policies. One-third of the participants (35.6%) reported to have a family language policy and 72.5% of those with a policy indicated that they consistently implemented their policy. Significant factors associated with having a family language policy were parents' higher Vietnamese proficiency, more Vietnamese language use with their children, and intention of future residence in Vietnam. The four identified language policies were as follows: (1) using Vietnamese with the nuclear family (FLP1), (2) Vietnamese outside the nuclear family (FLP2), (3) English at home (FLP3), and (4) English outside the home (FLP4). Some families used more than one of these concurrently. This is one of the first large-scale mixed-method studies to explore family language policies, and the first to explore this issue with Vietnamese-speaking families in Australia. Many Vietnamese–Australian families do not explicitly have a family language policy aimed at maintaining Vietnamese at home; therefore, the Vietnamese–Australian community is at risk of a shift toward English language dominance and home language loss. As a result, the benefits of multilingualism within the Vietnamese–Australian community may be lost without support from the government and community to maintain their home language.

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Nguyen, Nathalie Huynh Chau. "Memory in the Aftermath of War: Australian Responses to the Vietnamese Refugee Crisis of 1975." Canadian Journal of Law and Society / Revue Canadienne Droit et Société 30, no. 02 (June 15, 2015): 183–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cls.2015.21.

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Abstract This article interweaves the personal and archival by exploring the intersection of official Australian records on the fall of Saigon and government handling of Vietnamese refugees in 1975 with my family history. As transitional justice addresses the legacies of human rights violations including the displacement and resettlement of refugees in post-conflict contexts, Australian responses to the Vietnamese refugee crisis of 1975 provide a relevant case study. Drawing on a wide range of archival documentation at the National Archives of Australia and the National Library of Australia, including policy papers, Senate findings, confidential cables, ministerial submissions, private correspondence and photographs, I trace the effect of government decisions on Vietnamese refugees seeking asylum. In the process I reveal actions by senior bureaucrats and in particular by then Prime Minister Gough Whitlam that are largely unknown. Combining archival research with personal history enables me to not only shed light on past actions of governance and uncover past injustice but also explore the enduring impact of government decision-making on individual lives.

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Pham, Mai N. "Language attitudes of the Vietnamese in Melbourne." Australian Review of Applied Linguistics 21, no. 2 (January 1, 1998): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/aral.21.2.01pha.

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Abstract This study is an attempt to investigate language attitudes of the older and younger generations of Vietnamese bilingual adults in Melbourne, in relation to their ethnicity in the Australian context and in the light of the historical background of the Vietnamese immigrants in Australia. A survey of 165 Vietnamese bilingual adults and students in Melbourne was carried out to investigate their language use in private and public domains, their appraisal of English and Vietnamese, their attitudes towards Vietnamese language maintenance, acculturation, and the question of their ethnic identity in Australian society. The results of the findings reveal that there is a significant difference between adults and students in various aspects of their language attitudes. Overall their choice of language use in private and public domains varies with situations and interlocutors. Although both groups show positive attitudes towards the appraisal of Vietnamese, the maintenance of Vietnamese language and culture and the retaining of their ethnic identity, what is significant is that students demonstrate stronger positive attitudes than adults. With regard to factors that influence the maintenance of Vietnamese, while adults think that government language policy is the most important factor, students express their confidence in the ability of the Vietnamese themselves to maintain their language.

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Le, Huong, and Jade McKay. "Chinese and Vietnamese international students in Australia." International Journal of Educational Management 32, no. 7 (September 10, 2018): 1278–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijem-08-2016-0180.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the voice of Chinese and Vietnamese international students through studying the similarities and differences in their learning experiences and the reasons underlying their experience. Design/methodology/approach In total, 57 Chinese and Vietnamese international students participated in focus groups and interviews regarding their experiences of higher education and their suggestions for improvement. Findings The findings show that Chinese and Vietnamese students had varying levels of challenges and different progress in the adaptation process and that Chinese students were more vocal and less satisfied with their experience of higher education than Vietnamese students. This is due to the mismatch in their expectation and the actual experience and the cultural influence. Research limitations/implications The sample size is relatively small. This study only looked at Vietnamese and Chinese students in one university, which might have limitations in relation to subjectivity and bias. Practical implications The findings provide useful implications for educators, institutional leaders and support staff to improve facilities, teaching quality and service to students. Originality/value In the current era of internationalisation, commercialisation and mobility in institutions around the world, this study advances current research and provides timely insight into the experiential differences of the Chinese and Vietnamese student experience and their voice.

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McKay, Susan, and Jeffery Pittam. "Determinants of anglo-Australian stereotypes of the Vietnamese in Australia." Australian Journal of Psychology 45, no. 1 (April 1993): 17–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00049539308259114.

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Viet, Nguyen Kim, and Vu Phuonc Phammai. "Psychogeriatric Studies in Australia." Australasian Psychiatry 5, no. 1 (February 1997): 11–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/10398569709082085.

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Dao, Dich Muc. "Analysing some Characteristics of the Vietnamese Tones produced by Young Vietnamese Australian People (for the Teaching of the Vietnamese language)." Science and Technology Development Journal 16, no. 3 (September 30, 2013): 26–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.32508/stdj.v16i3.1644.

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This paper reported a study that acoustically examined the tonal features of Vietnamese language used by the Vietnamese community in Australia. Tones produced by older (n=10) and younger (n=10) Vietnamese Australians residing in Brisbane, Australia, were acoustically examined and compared with those produced by corresponding older (n=10) and younger (n=10) Vietnamese residing in Ho Chi Minh/Can Tho City, Vietnam. The results showed that the main patterns of mispronunciation of tones by the younger Vietnamese in Australia (YVA) include (i) confusing tones which are in the same registers or/and have similar characteristics, (ii) the tendency to pronounce complicated tones as simple tones, and (iii) confusing the diacritics of tones. The results of the frequency of melodic contour of all tones produced by the four groups show significant differences between the YVA group and the other three groups in terms of the frequency and distribution of irregular and common tone contours of each tone, suggesting that the YVA group failed to produce the tones correctly or did not reach the required standard of tone production of contemporary standard Vietnamese. In addition, the results of tone contours showed that the tonal range of the YVA group is narrower than that of the other three groups.

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Gallegos, Danielle, Hong Do, Quyen Gia To, Brenda Vo, Janny Goris, and Hana Alraman. "Eating and physical activity behaviours among ethnic groups in Queensland, Australia." Public Health Nutrition 23, no. 11 (March 25, 2020): 1991–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s136898001900418x.

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AbstractObjective:To examine differences in eating and physical activity behaviours among ethnic groups in Queensland, Australia, and differences in those behaviours due to the duration of residency in Australia.Design:Cross-sectional study using baseline data collected for the Living Well Multicultural–Lifestyle Modification Program between October 2014 and June 2017.Setting:Culturally and linguistically diverse communities (CALD), including Afghani, Somali, Burmese, Pacific and South Sea Islander, Sri Lankan, Sudanese and Vietnamese, living in Queensland, Australia.Participants:People were recruited if they were ≥18 years old and living in the targeted CALD communities.Results:Burmese/Vietnamese, on average, had better eating scores in line with Australian dietary guidelines, compared with Afghani/Arabic-speaking (difference = 2·05 points, 95 % CI 1·39, 2·72), Somali/Sudanese (difference = 1·53 points, 95 % CI 0·79, 2·28) and Pacific Islander (difference = 1·46 points, 95 % CI 0·79, 2·13). Association between ethnicity and meeting the physical activity guideline was not significant. Those who stayed in Australia longer than a year were less likely to meet the physical activity guideline than those staying <1 year (OR = 0·51, 95 % CI 0·31, 0·84). There was no significant association between duration of residency in Australia and eating scores.Conclusions:Eating behaviours were significantly different among the ethnic groups in Queensland with Burmese/Vietnamese and Sri Lankan/Bhutanese having the healthiest diets. All ethnic groups were less likely to meet the physical activity guideline compared with the general Australian population. People with duration of residency of at least 1 year in Australia were less likely to meet the physical activity guideline compared with those who had shorter stays.

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Pittam, Jeffery, and John Ingram. "Accuracy of perception and production of compound and phrasal stress by Vietnamese-Australians." Applied Psycholinguistics 13, no. 1 (January 1992): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0142716400005397.

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ABSTRACTThis study considered the accuracy of perception and production of the compound-phrasal contrast by Vietnamese-Australians learning English and examined phonological, demographic, and speaker normalization factors that might influence acquisition of the contrast. In the study, 32 Vietnamese subjects took part; their performance on the perception part of the study was compared to that of 32 native English-speaking Australians. Complexity of phonological environment, in terms of number of syllables and consonant clusters alien to Vietnamese phonology, and length of residence in Australia were found to be the major factors influencing both the perception and production of the contrast. Accuracy of perception and production were highly correlated. Australian subjects, while performing significantly better than Vietnamese subjects on the perception task, nevertheless demonstrated the same pattern of accuracy across different levels of phonological complexity as had the latter.

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Hall, Alix, Sang Minh Nguyen, Lisa Mackenzie, Rob Sanson-Fisher, Ian Olver, Tran Van Thuan, and Tran Thanh Huong. "What Caused My Cancer? Cancer Patients’ Perceptions on What May Have Contributed to the Development of Their Cancer: A Cross-Sectional, Cross-Country Comparison Study." Cancer Control 26, no. 1 (January 1, 2019): 107327481986378. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1073274819863786.

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Accurate public perceptions on the risk factors associated with cancer are important in promoting primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention. Limited studies have explored this topic among patients with cancer in non-western, low-to-middle-income countries. A cross-sectional survey to compare Australian and Vietnamese cancer patients’ perceptions of what caused their cancer was undertaken. Adult, patients with cancer from both countries, receiving radiotherapy treatment completed a standardized survey, which included a 25-item module assessing their beliefs on the causes of their cancer. Items ranged from known evidence-based causes (eg, smoking, sun exposure) to non-evidence-based beliefs (eg, stress or anxiety, physical injury, or trauma). Country-specific logistic regression analyses were conducted to identify differences in the determinants of patients’ top perceived causes. A total of 585 patient surveys were completed (75% response rate; 285 from Australia, and 300 from Vietnam). Most patients were male (58%) and aged 60 years and older (55%). The most frequently reported risk factor overall and for the Australian sample was “getting older” (overall = 42%, Australia = 49%, and Vietnam = 35%). While the most frequently reported risk factor for the Vietnamese sample was “poor diet” (overall = 39%, Australia = 11%, and Vietnam = 64%). There were differences in the characteristics associated with the top causes of cancer identified by Australian and Vietnamese patients. Patients’ beliefs about what may have caused their cancer are complex and likely to be impacted by multiple factors, including the country from which they reside. Developing public awareness campaigns that are accurate and tailored to address the specific beliefs and possible misconceptions held by the target community are needed.

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Ninnes, Peter. "Language maintenance among Vietnamese-Australian students." Australian Review of Applied Linguistics 19, no. 2 (January 1, 1996): 115–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/aral.19.2.06nin.

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Using the theoretical framework developed by Clyne this paper examines the factors influencing language maintenance among a cohort of secondary school students of Vietnamese ethnic background in Adelaide. It reports on a survey of 197 students who were asked (1) to estimate the extent to which, in Australia, they used Vietnamese when speaking to close others; how often these people used Vietnamese when speaking to them; and how often the students used Vietnamese in certain social contexts; and (2) to rate their ability in written and oral Vietnamese and written and oral English. Variables derived from these measures were then correlated with a number of other demographic, social, cultural and attitudinal factors in order to determine the major influences on language maintenance. Language use was greater with parents and grandparents than with members of the students’ own generation. Vietnamese language was used more in private and ethnic settings such as the home and community events than in public settings. Vietnamese language competence declined and English language competence increased with length of residence. Overall length of residence in Australia and age at which that residence commenced were more influential in language maintenance than ethnic identity or attitudes to cultural maintenance.

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Nguyen, Kieu Nga, and Helen Jaqueline McLaren. "Female Student Migration: A Brief Opportunity for Freedom from Religio-Philosophical Obedience." Religions 11, no. 11 (October 27, 2020): 556. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel11110556.

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Vietnamese Confucian religio-philosophical ideals regulate social order in the family, community, and nation state. As a result, women’s duties to their husbands, fathers, ancestors, and Vietnam powerfully permeate all aspects of gendered life. This study of 20 Vietnamese women explored their experiences as international students in Australia. Primary focus was on how their gendered Confucian histories compelled their migratory journeys, influenced changes to their intimate partner experiences while in Australia, and the reimagining of identity, hopes and dreams on looking forward at their future returns to gendered life in Vietnam. The application of Janus Head phenomenology enabled understanding of how the women’s temporality became influenced by fascinations of future change, mixed with feelings of uncertainty and limbo that arose when forward facing hopes were thwarted by their looking back realities. There was an intense sense of unresolve as time drew closer to the end of their studies, in which the women associated feelings related to returning to Vietnam’s strict Confucian informed gender order as a “living Hell.”

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Ross, Tara T., Mohammad A. Alim, and Ataur Rahman. "Community-Scale Rural Drinking Water Supply Systems Based on Harvested Rainwater: A Case Study of Australia and Vietnam." Water 14, no. 11 (May 30, 2022): 1763. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14111763.

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Rainwater harvesting (RWH) systems can be used to produce drinking water in rural communities, particularly in developing countries that lack a clean drinking water supply. Most previous research has focused on the application of RWH systems for individual urban households. This paper develops a yield-after-spillage water balance model (WBM) which can calculate the reliability, annual drinking water production (ADWP) and benefit–cost ratio (BCR) of a community-scale RWH system for rural drinking water supply. We consider multiple scenarios regarding community aspects, including 150–1000 users, 70–4800 kL rainwater storage, 20–50 L/capita/day (LCD) drinking water usage levels, local rainfall regimes and economic parameters of Australia (developed country) and Vietnam (developing country). The WBM analysis shows a strong correlation between water demand and water supply with 90% system reliability, which allows both Australian and Vietnamese systems to achieve the similar capability of ADWP and economic values of the produced drinking water. However, the cost of the Vietnamese system is higher due to the requirement of larger rainwater storage due to larger household size and lower rainfall in the dry season, which reduces the BCR compared to the Australian systems. It is found that the RWH systems can be feasibly implemented at the water price of 0.01 AUD/L for all the Vietnamese scenarios and for some Australian scenarios with drinking water demand over 6 kL/day.

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Do, Hanh Thi. "Evolution of Australian policy to Vietnam." Science and Technology Development Journal 16, no. 1 (March 31, 2013): 47–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.32508/stdj.v16i1.1402.

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The relationship between Vietnam and Australia more and more obviously reveals the beneficiality stemming from the demands and capabilities of the two countries. Both positioned in the valley of the Pacific Ocean, the potential and growth of their relationship remains strong in a world of increasingly global and regional reunion and linkage. Optimizing the beneficiality and most effectively exploiting the potential of both countries in their relationship depend on many factors among which total scientific acknowledgement and appreciation of historical process of the relationship are extremely necessary. When does it originate the Australian policy to Vietnam? Which historical epics has it undergone? What is its evolutionary process? And the like? The answers to these questions are the main contents of this paper. The Vietnamese policy to Australia must be set up on the foundation of proper appreciation of this country’s policy to Vietnam and of total perception on the position of Vietnam toward it, on Vietnam’s benefits and exploiting methods in the relationship with this biggest country in Southern Pacific Ocean, etc.

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Hugo, Graeme. "Knocking at the Door: Asian Immigration to Australia." Asian and Pacific Migration Journal 1, no. 1 (March 1992): 100–144. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/011719689200100105.

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This paper assesses the level and composition of contemporary Asian immigration to Australia and explores its processes and impacts. The final reversal of the White Australia Policy in the 1970s opened the door to substantial increases in Asian immigration, particularly from Vietnam, Malaysia, the Philippines, China, India and Hong Kong. Most migrants are entering through the family reunion, refugee and business migration categories. Vietnamese dominate both family reunion and refugee categories, but the recent prominence among family migrants of Filipino wives and fiancees of Australian men is drawing attention and controversy. Asian migrants tend to be young and female, but there are also great variations in their economic and social adaptations to Australia. Discrimination, exploitation and unemployment are among the problems faced by some Asian groups.

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Nguyen, ND, JR Allen, JK Peat, P. Beal, BH Webster, and KJ Gaskin. "Iron status of young Vietnamese children in Australia." Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health 40, no. 8 (August 2004): 424–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1754.2004.00423.x.

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Morris, John W., and Patrick C. L. Heaven. "Attitudes and Behavioral Intentions toward Vietnamese in Australia." Journal of Social Psychology 126, no. 4 (August 1986): 513–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00224545.1986.9713619.

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Natoli, Riccardo. "Exploratory insights into the financial habits of CALD migrants." International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy 35, no. 11/12 (October 12, 2015): 795–811. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijssp-12-2014-0118.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore the financial habits and experience of culturally and linguistically diverse (CALD) migrants via a case study of first and second wave migrants from the Vietnamese community in Australia. Design/methodology/approach – This paper utilises a qualitative approach through semi-structured interviews. A thematic analysis was adopted when coding the interview data which led to the emergence of identified themes related to financial habits and experience. Findings – The findings reveal that first and second wave migrants shared similar views on seeking professional financial advice, but not on the use of community-based financial schemes. When asked about the potential benefits of attending financial education workshops to inform themselves of financial services, most were unwilling to attend. Research limitations/implications – Although the research targets first and second wave Vietnamese CALD migrants, no claims can be made regarding the representation of CALD migrants as a whole. The research has implications with respect to the perceived necessity of CALD migrants to utilise mainstream financial services. This paper provides recommendations for future research in this area. Originality/value – The paper provides one of the few studies of an Australian CALD migrant cohort with respect to financial habits. The paper also provides an understanding of the cultural barriers and challenges facing this specific cohort of the Vietnamese community in Australia with respect to potentially accessing financial services.

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Manh Tran, Thang, and Dorian Stoilescu. "An Analysis of the Content, Policies and Assessment of ICT Curricula in the Final Years of Secondary Schooling in Australia and Vietnam: A Comparative Educational Study." Journal of Information Technology Education: Research 15 (2016): 049–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.28945/2335.

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This paper explores and analyses similarities and differences in ICT curricula, policies, and assessment between the Vietnamese and Australian educational systems for the final years of secondary educational level. It was found that while having a common core set of tendencies, the Australian ICT curricula, policies, and assessments differ markedly from the Vietnamese counterparts. These differences can be explained by economic and cultural factors, national-wide educational trends, ICT strategies, and their degrees of implementation in schools. We found that limited constructivist implementations are used in ICT curricula in both countries, as Australian education has high expectations in national evaluations with an emphasis on standardized tests and Vietnamese education is still entrapped in prescriptive lessons of traditional pedagogy, emphasizing transmission model of information. We found that lack of opportunities in teacher professional development in ICT training is common for both countries. While the Australian educational system still struggles, especially in providing opportunities for learning theoretical and programming aspects, multiple challenging aspects were found in the ICT content and policies of the Vietnamese educational system that call for immediate change and improvement. In this sense, Vietnamese administrators are recommended to extensively follow up their educational strategies and policies, in order to make sure that their reforms are adequately implemented in schools. In order to bridge the gap and implement adequate ICT curricula, rigorous professional training in ICT teaching is essential for both Australian and Vietnamese teachers.

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Wang, Cen, Sarah Verdon, Sharynne McLeod, and Van H. Tran. "Profiles of Linguistic Multicompetence in Vietnamese–English Speakers." American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology 30, no. 4 (July 14, 2021): 1711–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2021_ajslp-20-00296.

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Purpose Speech-language pathologists work with increasing numbers of multilingual speakers; however, even when the same languages are spoken, multilingual speakers are not homogeneous. Linguistic multicompetence (aka multi-competence) considers competency across all languages and is associated with multiple demographic, migration, linguistic, and cultural factors. Method This article examines the linguistic multicompetence of adults with Vietnamese heritage living in Australia ( n = 271) and factors associated with varying profiles of multilingualism. Participants completed a self-report questionnaire (available in English and Vietnamese) regarding their language proficiency and associated factors. Results Participants were largely (76.6%) first-generation migrants to Australia. Three distinct profiles of linguistic multicompetence were statistically identified using a cluster analysis: (a) Vietnamese proficient ( n = 81, 31%), (b) similar proficiency ( n = 135, 52%), and (c) English proficient ( n = 43, 17%); that is, half were proficient in both languages. Multinomial logistic regression analyses compared participants profiled as having similar proficiency with those who were more dominant in one language. Factors associated with the Vietnamese proficient group (compared with the similar proficiency group) were that the participants used Vietnamese much more than English with different people across different situations, were more likely to believe that maintaining Vietnamese helped them communicate in English, and earned less. Participants in the English proficient group used English more than Vietnamese with different people across different situations, were more likely to have lived in English-speaking countries longer, were younger in age, and were less likely to believe that maintaining Vietnamese helped improve academic study than those with similar proficiency. Conclusion Undertaking a comprehensive language profile is an important component of any multilingual assessment to enable speech-language pathologists to develop an understanding of different presentations of linguistic multicompetence, engage in culturally responsive practice, and acknowledge that high levels of competence can be achieved across multiple languages. Supplemental Material https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.14781984

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Tran, Van C., Fei Guo, and Tiffany J. Huang. "The Integration Paradox: Asian Immigrants in Australia and the United States." ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 690, no. 1 (July 2020): 36–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002716220926974.

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Whereas Australia has pursued a skills-based migration policy, the United States has privileged family-based migration. The key contrast between these migration regimes provides a rare test of how national immigration policy shapes immigrant selection and integration. Does a skills-based immigration regime result in a more select group of Asian immigrants in Australia compared to their counterparts in the United States? Are Asian immigrants more integrated into their host society in Australia compared to the United States? Focusing on four groups of Asian immigrants in both countries (Chinese, Indians, Filipinos, and Vietnamese), this article addresses these questions using a transpacific comparison. Despite Australia’s skills-based immigration policy, we find that Asian immigrants in Australia are less hyper-selected than their counterparts in the United States. Asian immigrants in Australia also report worse labor market outcomes than those in the United States, with the exception of Vietnamese—a refugee group. Altogether, these findings challenge the conventional wisdom that skills-based immigration policy not only results in more selected immigrants, but also positively influences their integration into the host society.

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NGUYEN, THU-HUONG, BRIAN KING, and LINDSAY TURNER. "TRAVEL BEHAVIOR AND MIGRANT CULTURES: THE VIETNAMESE IN AUSTRALIA." Tourism Culture & Communication 4, no. 2 (January 1, 2003): 95–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.3727/109830403108750849.

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Ben-Moshe, Danny, Joanne Pyke, and Liudmila Kirpitchenko. "The Vietnamese diaspora in Australia: identity and transnational behaviour." Diaspora Studies 9, no. 2 (May 22, 2016): 112–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09739572.2016.1183891.

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Gaghurst, Katrine I., Julie A. Syrette, and Muoi Muoi Tran. "Dietary profile of Vietnamese migrant women in South Australia." Nutrition Research 11, no. 7 (July 1991): 715–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0271-5317(05)80625-6.

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Nguyen, N. D., J. R. Allen, J. K. Peat, W. N. Schofield, V. Nossar, M. Eisenbruch, and K. J. Gaskin. "Growth and feeding practices of Vietnamese infants in Australia." European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 58, no. 2 (January 29, 2004): 356–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601791.

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AITKEN, C. K., P. HIGGS, and S. BOWDEN. "Differences in the social networks of ethnic Vietnamese and non-Vietnamese injecting drug users and their implications for blood-borne virus transmission." Epidemiology and Infection 136, no. 3 (May 17, 2007): 410–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268807008679.

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SUMMARYThe social networks of 49 ethnic Vietnamese injecting drug users (IDUs) and 150 IDUs of other ethnicities recruited in Melbourne, Australia, were examined for ethnic differences in distribution of hepatitis C virus infection risk using social network analysis and molecular epidemiology. Vietnamese IDUs were more highly connected than non-Vietnamese IDUs, and more likely to be members of dense injecting sub-networks. More related infections were detected in IDUs with discordant ethnicities than were captured in the social network data; nonetheless, most dyads and most IDU pairs with related infections had matching ethnicity, confirming that mixing was assortative on that criterion. Mixing was not obviously dissortative by risk; low-risk Vietnamese IDUs injected more frequently than did correspondingly low-risk non-Vietnamese IDUs, but results for other measures were reversed or equivocal. Network measurements suggest that ethnic Vietnamese IDUs are at elevated risk of blood-borne infection, a conclusion supported by their relatively high HIV prevalence.

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Phan, Huong Le Thanh, Ly Thi Tran, and Jill Blackmore. "Internationalization, Student Engagement, and Global Graduates: A Comparative Study of Vietnamese and Australian Students’ Experience." Journal of Studies in International Education 23, no. 1 (October 5, 2018): 171–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1028315318803717.

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The article provides comparative insights into Vietnamese and Australian students’ experience of internationalization of the curriculum. We explore how local arrangements for curriculum internationalization in Australia and Vietnam enable and/or constrain students’ individual agency in taking control of their knowledge and skills to become skilful and culturally sensitive professionals and citizens. The article is part of a 4-year empirical study that includes 15 semistructured interviews with academics and nine focus groups with 40 students in both countries. We use practice architecture theory to interpret whether and to what extent students can be the key actors in internationalizing the curriculum and the factors that nurture or restrict their participation in this process. The article provides important comparative perspectives on students’ experience of participating in curriculum internationalization in Vietnam as a developing country and an international education importer and Australia as a developed country and an education export provider.

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Huong, Le, Fung Kuen Koo, Rodney Arambewela, and Ambika Zutshi. "Voices of dissent: unpacking Vietnamese international student experience." International Journal of Educational Management 31, no. 3 (April 10, 2017): 280–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijem-07-2015-0099.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine Vietnamese international students’ experiences with the campus learning environment by analysing differences in staff and student perceptions. Design/methodology/approach Two focus groups (n=12) and ten in-depth interviews were conducted with Vietnamese students and four in-depth interviews with the university staff (totalling 26). Findings The findings show a greater divergence of views between students and staff on teaching and learning than English language proficiency and student support services. These key differences were influenced by students’ prior expectations of their learning environment in Vietnam. Research limitations/implications This study is limited to one group of international students and to one Australian university. Practical implications The lecturers/administrators must have a good understanding of international students’ learning backgrounds and expectations to enhance their positive experience; appropriate teaching skills and practices are essential for teachers to meet the current needs of students. More effective training for international students to understand the multicultural nature of Australia is also essential. Originality/value This study contributes to the literature by identifying the experience of Vietnamese international students in a western university, which is, a relatively under-researched nationality compared to other Asian nationalities such as Chinese and Indian.

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Ranieri, N. F., S. Klimidis, and D. A. Rosenthal. "Validity of a Single-Item Index of Acculturation in Vietnamese Immigrant Youth." Psychological Reports 74, no. 3 (June 1994): 735–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1994.74.3.735.

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Mellor, David. "The experiences of Vietnamese in Australia: the racist tradition continues." Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 30, no. 4 (July 2004): 631–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13691830410001699496.

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Glavac, Sonya M., and Brigitte Waldorf. "Segregation and Residential Mobility of Vietnamese Immigrants in Brisbane, Australia." Professional Geographer 50, no. 3 (August 1998): 344–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/0033-0124.00125.

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Marino, Rodrigo, Geoff W. Stuart, F. A. Clive Wright, I. Harry Minas, and Steve Klimidis. "Acculturation and dental health among Vietnamese living in Melbourne, Australia." Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology 29, no. 2 (April 2001): 107–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0528.2001.290205.x.

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Happell, Brenda, Cadeyrn J. Gaskin, Stefan Gruenert, and Anne-Maree Polimeni. "The use of alcohol by Vietnamese living in Melbourne, Australia." Mental Health and Substance Use 3, no. 1 (February 2010): 47–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17523280903523637.

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Duong, Thi Tam, Tom D. Brewer, Jo Luck, and Kerstin K. Zander. "Understanding biosecurity threat perceptions across Vietnamese smallholder farmers in Australia." Crop Protection 117 (March 2019): 147–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2018.11.022.

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Mariño, Rodrigo, Geoff W. Stuart, F. A. Clive Wright, I. Harry Minas, and Steve Klimidis. "Acculturation and dental health among Vietnamese living in Melbourne, Australia." Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology 29, no. 2 (July 7, 2008): 107–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0528.2001.290205.x.

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Nunn, Caitlin. "Negotiating national (non)belongings: Vietnamese Australians in ethno/multicultural Australia." Identities 24, no. 2 (November 14, 2015): 216–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1070289x.2015.1096273.

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Watkins, R. E., A. J. Plant, D. Sang, T. O'Rourke, and B. Gushulak. "Development of a Vietnamese Version of the Short Form-36 Health Survey." Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health 12, no. 2 (July 2000): 118–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/101053950001200211.

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we aimed to test the psychometric properties of a culturally relevant translation of the medical outcomes study short form-36 health survey (SF-36) with prospective Vietnamese migrants. The translated survey was interviewer-administered to 1610 Vietnamese aged over 15 years who had applied to migrate to Australia. All but two SF-36 items had good discriminant validity, and all eight scales of the Vietnamese version of the SFS-36 had good discriminant validity, which supports the use of SF-36 constructs to assess self-reported health status among Vietnamese migrants. However, the mental health, vitality and bodily pain scales demonstrated low internal consistency. This finding is likely to be a product of the increased diversity among scale items following modifications to improve cultural relevance. Further modifications to improve the internal consistency of these scales are required. Asia Pac J Public Health 2000;12(2): 118-123

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Duong, Thi Tam, Tom D. Brewer, Jo Luck, and Kerstin K. Zander. "Farmers’ assessment of plant biosecurity risk management strategies and influencing factors: A study of smallholder farmers in Australia." Outlook on Agriculture 48, no. 1 (February 13, 2019): 48–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0030727019829754.

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Plant biosecurity threats such as pest, weeds and disease occurrences cause substantial economic damage to the agricultural sector, worldwide and in Australia. How smallholder farmers choose biosecurity management strategies remains poorly understood, particularly of smallholder cultural minority groups. In this study, we explore how Vietnamese smallholder farmers in Australia assess their biosecurity risk management strategies and the factors that explain their choice of different strategies. To do so, we conducted a survey of 101 Vietnamese farmers in the Northern Territory, South Australia and Western Australia. Based on the protection motivation theory, we assessed farmers’ perceived self-efficacy, response efficacy and response costs (all elements of their coping appraisal) using descriptive statistics, factor analysis and stepwise regression. Information sources related to biosecurity and farmers’ trust in public management explain how farmers assess their risk management strategies. Previous experience with biosecurity issues does not influence how farmers appraise their biosecurity risk coping capacity. Farmers use four types of biosecurity risk management strategies: chemical control, plant growth strategies, on-farm strategies and asset investment strategies. The first two are the most frequently used. We recommend tailoring relevant government policies to better support farmers’ adoption of risk management strategies based on their specific needs, more investment into biosecurity information dissemination and into trust building.

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White, Lesley, and Christiane Klinner. "Medicine use of elderly Chinese and Vietnamese immigrants and attitudes to home medicines review." Australian Journal of Primary Health 18, no. 1 (2012): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/py10099.

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There is a paucity of research into the perceptions of elderly Australian ethnic minorities towards public health services related to quality use of medicines. Among the six fastest growing ethnic groups in Australia, the Mandarin-speaking Chinese and Vietnamese constitute the largest elderly populations with poor English skills. This paper investigates the relationships of elderly Chinese and Vietnamese migrants with medicines, general practitioners and pharmacists, and how these relationships influence their awareness and attitudes of the home medicines review (HMR) program. Two semi-structured focus groups were held with a total of 17 HMR-eligible patients who have never received a HMR, one with Chinese and one with Vietnamese respondents, each in the respective community language. Confusion about medications and an intention to have a HMR were pronounced among all participants although none of them had heard of the program before participating in the focus groups. Respondents reported difficulties locating a pharmacist who spoke their native language, which contributed to an increased unmet need for medicine information. The Chinese group additionally complained about a lack of support from their general practitioners in relation to their medicine concerns and was adamant that they would prefer to have a HMR without the involvement of their general practitioner. Our results indicate a distinct HMR need but not use among elderly Chinese and Vietnamese eligible patients with poor English skills. Home medicines review service use and perceived medication problems are likely to improve with an increasing availability of bilingual and culturally sensitive health care providers.

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O’Mara, Ben. "Aged care, cultural and linguistic diversity and IT in Australia: a critical perspective." International Journal of Migration, Health and Social Care 10, no. 2 (June 10, 2014): 73–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijmhsc-05-2013-0006.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to contribute a critical perspective to debate on health disparities in Australia by examining the ways in which information technology (IT) can support more inclusive communication on aged care with refugee and migrant communities from culturally and linguistically diverse (CALD) backgrounds. Design/methodology/approach – The paper analyses research and policy literature on Australian aged care, IT and participatory approaches to health communication influenced by Friere's critical pedagogy. It distils significant themes for comparison with findings from: a qualitative research project involving communities from Vietnamese, Sudanese and Samoan backgrounds and elderly members of those groups; and, a later case study conducted with elderly women of Vietnamese background. Both projects were based in Melbourne's west. Findings – Friere's theoretical framework can be used to more fully determine the capacity of IT to perform inclusive communication on aged care with refugee and migrant communities from CALD backgrounds. This is best actioned through future research and practice that: prioritizes specific aged care issues; focuses on expanding the “transformation” and “critical consciousness” elements of Friere's dialogical theory; and, uses affordable, accessible and “multi-modal” IT combined with face-to-face bilingual facilitation and two-way communication between participants and health, community and university professionals. Research limitations/implications – Due to the conceptual nature of the paper, the research results lack generalizability. Therefore, researchers are encouraged to test the reccomendations further. Originality/value – The paper fills a gap in understanding about what may help in developing more inclusive aged care information using IT with elderly refugees and migrants from CALD backgrounds in Australia.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Vietnamese in Australia'

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