Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Vieillissement magnétique'
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Young-Bernier, Marielle. "Marqueurs neurophysiologiques de la cognition et du vieillissement : Études par stimulation magnétique transcrânienne." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/31905.
Full textGenet, Sébastien. "Etude des mécanismes de vieillissement physique des polyréthanes : application aux Propergols solides." Mulhouse, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004MULH0757.
Full textThe aim is to study the mechanisms of the physical aging of propellants based on polyuréthanes made with a soft polybutadiene phase and a hard phase of urethane clusters. This system tends to relax during aging with a phenomenon of phase séparation that corrupts burning properties. "Spin echo" and "spin diffusion" solid state NMR investigations give access to the clusters diameter, the width of the interphase and, to the proton partition and the hardness of the two phases and of the interphase. These analyses indicate a macroscopic and a nanoscopic rigidification of the two phases and of the interphase. They show a stability of the clusters diameter and of the width of the interphase during aging. The behaviour of polyuréthanes in function of additives such as dioctylazelate plasticizer points out a sélective plasticization of the soft phase and a rigidification of the two phases in presence of charge. These behaviours are modelized for each case
Onen, Fannie. "Apport des technologies récentes d'IRM à l'étude du vieillissement cérébral." Paris 13, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA132002.
Full textChennabasappa, Madhu. "Etude du vieillissement de matériaux magnétocaloriques." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013BOR14970/document.
Full textMagnetic refrigeration has gained lot of importance and attention as they are highlighted to be environmental friendly, energy efficient. Presently, though at research stage, the magnetic refrigerators are pushed towards realization in domestic application with extensive work on materials and with few working models. One critical issue, the potential resistance to corrosion in case of different class of magnetocaloric materials (Gd6Co1.67Si3, Ni2Mn0.75Cu0.25Ga and Pr0.66Sr0.34MnO3) against the heat transport fluid is addressed. To better understand and improve the observed magnetocaloric properties in Heulser alloys Ni2Mn0.75Cu0.25Ga and to elaborate the same with the magneto-structural relation, studies on (i) cation distribution with in crystal structure and/or (ii) microstructural dependence are presented. Nuclear and magnetic phase diagram based on detailed neutron diffraction and magnetism studies for magnetocaloric perovskite oxide Pr1-xSrxMnO3 (0.25≤x≤0.45) is also presented
Lemaître, Hervé. "Marqueurs et facteurs de risque du vieillissement neuroanatomique : étude de la cohorte EVA-IRM." Caen, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005CAEN2006.
Full textBarnouin, Yoann. "Développement d’un indicateur de sarcopénie à partir de critères IRM." Paris 6, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA066467.
Full textSarcopenia is the inevitable decrease in muscle mass with advancing age, but its development can be accelerated through pathological and behavioural factors. However there is no consensus on the adoption of a true sarcopenia diagnostic criterion essential in a clinical practice. While some authors have decided to include the notion of physical performance (strength and/or mobility) in their criterion, others have standardized their quantitative criterion of muscle mass with indicators of stature evolving with age which may be confounding factors. Our work is part of the European project intituled “MyoAge”. One of the objectives is the assessment of neuromuscular changes during healthy ageing. It aims to develop a new indicator of sarcopenia using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data with one hundred young and elderly participants. Thanks to this gold standard technique to estimate body composition, we proposed a standard method of segmentation of different MRI slices of the quadriceps femoris (QUAD) in order to estimate the volume as accurately as possible based on anatomical landmarks. Then our work has shown that, by segmenting slices every 5 cm along the muscle group, it was possible to estimate accurately the volume through the cylindrical calculation method. After that, our work showed that segmenting one MRI slice at mid-femur length, it was possible to obtain a robust indicator of muscle volume normalized by femur length. Because intramuscular fat infiltration (IMF) increases significantly with age, our sarcopenia criterion proposes to consider it. The results of our study have also shown that IMF within the ACSA at mid-femur length was representative of IMF in the overall volume of the QUAD. Therefore, we chose to use the slice of the QUAD at 50 % of the femur length. Because QUAD muscle ACSA is independent of the height of the subject, the sarcopenia criterion or the muscle mass index is as follows: QUAD muscle ACSA – QUAD IMF ACSA. Subsequently, we tested our sarcopenia criterion by comparing to those generally available to check our assumptions and analyse its association with physical performance. The results indicate that: (1) the prevalence of sarcopenia greatly depends on the used diagnostic criterion which causes a real problem for the detection of sarcopenic individuals in a clinical setting and thus their medical care, and (2) there is an association between a "poor" muscle mass and a "poor" strength in our elders. However, no association with mobility parameters was observed. These results are consistent with those recently reported in the literature which doesn’t show a direct link between muscle mass and motor performance. Dynapenia, which is characterized by a decrease in muscle strength with advancing age, is more likely to be associated with physical limitations. The establishment of a dynapenia diagnostic criterion considering in parallel the evaluation of muscle strength and the muscle mass (as one of the possible causes of dynapenia) seems to be essential to detect people with an exaggerated loss of muscle strength (whether or not due to an exaggerated decrease in muscle mass that could be assessed through our sarcopenia criterion in order to prevent an increased risk of functional impairment and thus avoid the vicious circle of the dependence. Finally, our criterion of sarcopenia or "muscle mass" could be used on a larger scale beyond the scope of gerontology
Harand, Caroline. "Etude en imagerie cérébrale fonctionnelle du rôle du sommeil dans la consolidation de souvenirs épisodiques chez le sujet jeune et au cours du vieillissement normal : thèse soutenue sur un ensemble de travaux." Caen, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013CAEN1713.
Full textNumerous studies indicate that sleep favors episodic memory consolidation, leading to the functional reorganization of cerebral networks supporting this process. If the role of sleep in memory consolidation has been largely investigated in young healthy subjects, little is known about this process in aging. Using fMRI, this thesis aimed at better understanding the effect of sleep on memory consolidation in older adults. Studies were conducted in young and old healthy subjects who slept after learning emotional and neutral pictures and in young subjects who were sleep-deprived after learning. Sleep was recorded in older adults. All these subjects performed an fMRI recognition task 3 days and 3 months after learning to assess mid-term and long-term memory consolidation respectively. The first study demonstrated the role of the hippocampus in memory consolidation according to the episodic or semantic nature of memories. The second and third studies assessed the role of sleep in emotional memory consolidation. Despite the lack of obvious behavioural differences, we showed that sleep deprivation and increasing age are two conditions that may hinder this process. More precisely, we reported that this impairment is associated with decreased coupling between the amygdala and the ventromedial prefrontal cortex. Furthermore, disruption of slow-wave activity disruption in older subjects may also compromise this process
Samaille, Thomas. "Segmentation automatique des anomalies de la substance blanche du sujet âgé." Paris 6, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA066162.
Full textLémeret, Sabrina. "Etude de la relation entre le métabolisme lipidique et les marqueurs de vieillissement cérébral en imagerie par résonance magnétique." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BORD0063.
Full textIncreasing longevity and improved management of cardiovascular diseases has led to an increase in the frequency of age-related neurological diseases, especially stroke and dementia. MRI markers of vascular brain injury (white matter hyperintensities [WMH], silent infarcts and microbleeds) are powerful predictors of stroke and dementia, very frequent in the elderly, and can be measured easily. We studied the association between some components of lipid metabolism (plasma lipid levels, Apolipoprotein E [APOE] ε genotype) and MRI markers of vascular brain injury. We found in a systematic review with meta-analysis that the ε4 allele of the APOE gene is associated with larger WMH volume and a higher frequency of cerebral microbleeds, and that the APOEε2 allele is associated with larger WMH volume and a higher frequency of silent brain infarcts. We also report in the 3C-Dijon Study and in the EVA study that higher triglyceride levels are associated with an increased WMH volume and with a higher frequency of silent lacunar (small subcortical) brain infarcts. Finally, we investigated the clinical significance of these associations the 3C Study. We observed that higher triglycerides, LDL-cholesterol and total cholesterol levels, were associated with an increased risk of all dementia and its subtypes, in community persons aged 74 years at baseline and followed for up to 12 years. We conclude that lipid metabolism is associated with MRI-markers of cerebrovascular aging and dementia
Maillard, Pauline. "Vieillissement et hypersignaux de la substance blanche : Détection automatique et application à l'analyse de grandes cohortes." Caen, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008CAEN2041.
Full textThe increase of life expectancy during the last century has led to a growing number of dementia cases in the aging population. This incidence has reinforced the importance of characterizing the mechanisms of the normal brain aging. Among them, White Matter Hyperintensities (WMH) are a strong marker of vascular diseases and explain, in parts, cognitive decline observed in individuals aged 65 years and over. We have developed an automated algorithm for the detection, quantification, localization and mapping WMH using T1-, T2- and PD- (proton density) weighted MRI. This algorithm was applied to the analysis of two large MRI databases: EVA (Etude du Vieillissement Artériel) and 3C (Etude des 3 Cités). The reliability of the whole procedure was assessed by the comparison of WMH load estimated with a conventional visual inspection approach and by investigating whether previously reported associations still hold with the WMH load detected by our algorithm. We finally tested the inter-centre reproducibility the method by comparing WMH distributions and loads in the two samples and its robustness to different MRI parameters. In order to apply to longitudinal data, the method has been optimized to study individually the emergence of new WMH between the two trials and the development of WMH already existing at baseline. This study suggested that load of deep WMH was constant between the two sessions, contrary to juxtaventricular or periventricular WMH underlying that dichotomization of WMH based on physiological determinants has an etiological relevance. The results also indicated that development of existing WMH was larger with age, particularly in men, contrary to the emergence of new WMH that kept constant with aging. This original approach offer new possibilities to investigate the aetiology of WMH, still largely unknown, and to make their cognitive and motor consequences on aging population clearer
Saoudi, Rania. "Comportement des matériaux magnétiques nanocristallins FeCuNbSiB lors du vieillissement sous contraintes thermique et électrique." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lyon 1, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023LYO10132.
Full textIn the context of increasing energy efficiency, electrical systems need to be designed in a very compact way in order to reduce their volume and weight, specifically in systems used in transportation (automotive, rail and airplanes). This compactness leads the magnetic materials of the new electrical converters to operate in severe environments (high temperatures and high frequencies). This thesis focuses on the behavior over time (aging) of FeCuNbSiB nanocrystalline materials dedicated to the design of transformers, inductors and current sensors. Different grades of nanocrystalline materials were provided by our collaborator APERAM Imphy in the form of wound cores. At first, nanocrystalline materials are studied during continuous aging under different temperatures. In aim to monitor aging evolution, several macroscopic magnetic properties are measured at each aging period. In order to explain the aging mechanism, an analysis of the anisotropy energies is conducted, completed by measurements at different scales (local, mesoscopic and microscopic). Thereafter, the magnetic properties of nanocrystalline materials are monitored during their thermal aging under alternating excitation. The latter is applied using electronic circuits designed for fluxgate current sensors provided by LEM. Finally, the impact of magnetic aging of nanocrystals on the evolution of sensor parameters is studied
Hjiyej, Andaloussi Lamia. "Péroxydation cutanée photoinduite in vivo chez l'animal : exploration par relaxation magnétique protonique et applications." Toulouse, INPT, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994INPT036G.
Full textGrassiot, Blandine. "Caractérisation du déclin neuro-anatomique du sujet âgé sain : étude par IRM de la cohorte longitudinale des Trois cités." Caen, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006CAEN2060.
Full textBy taking advantage of a longitudinal database of 1200 subjects aged from 65 to 90 years, we focalized to characterize the neuroanatomical decline in healthy elderly and to evaluate the impact of different factors such as age, sex, hypertension, hormonal replacement therapy or apolipoprotein E genotype. Modifications of the brain anatomy in the seventh end eighth decades appears to be characterized by an important loss of grey matter compared to white matter, and a cortical pattern of atrophy affecting associative and limbic as well as primary areas. These modifications were influenced by sex but not by hypertension. Finally, the annual rate of cerebral atrophy seems to be stable with age except for the rate of hippocampus loss which increases with age. The women taking hormonal replacement therapy have smaller global and regional rate of atrophy localized in regions affected during normal aging. This result suggests that this treatment can protect from dementia in women with high risk of dementia. Concerning the apoE gene, the findings reveal that the epsilon-4 heterozygoty was not sufficient to highlight neuroanatomical or cognitive differences. Moreover, only the men carrying two e4 alleles have an increased hippocampal rate of atrophy combined with a cognitive decline
Gonneaud, Julie. "Substrats cérébraux et cognitifs de la Mémoire Prospective chez le sujet jeune et au cours du vieillisement normal : études cognitive, en IRM fonctionnelle et en Réalité Virtuelle : thèse soutenue sur un ensemble de travaux." Caen, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012CAEN1678.
Full textGoebel, Jean-Christophe. "Etude IRM du vieillissement articulaire à 1.5 et 7 Teslas : Approches volumiques et cartographiques." Thesis, Nancy 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009NAN10108/document.
Full textOsteoarthritis (OA) is a common disease observed in elderly population and characterized by a progressive destruction of cartilaginous tissue. The clinical diagnosis of this disease is realized by conventional radiography. This method allows visualizing bone modifications related to OA disease (cysts, subchondral bone thickening, and osteophytes) but is unable to assess directly cartilage structure. Due to its high spatial resolution and high contrast between tissues, Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is able to visualize the cartilage structure and to differentiate it from adjacent structures (bone, synovial tissue, menisci, and synovial fluid). We have employed MRI potentialities at high magnetic field (7 Teslas) to follow, in vivo, cartilage modifications in the rat femoro-tibial articulation. This methodology was used to evaluate normal cartilage ageing-process and to assess an experimental OA model (anterior cruciate ligament transaction). These works showed an age-related cartilage volumetric and thickness decrease, as well as femoral cartilage damages and tibial cartilage oedema in OA knees. In a second part of our work, we applied T2 mapping and volumetric techniques (at 1.5 T) to determine variations which occur in the elderly human patellar cartilage. Results demonstrated the capacity of T2 mapping to early detect matricial modifications before any cartilage volumetric impact can be found. At least, our last study, always at 1.5 T, focused on the synovial membrane volume and inflammatory activity by taking into account a human population suffering from knee OA
Joseph-Mathurin, Nelly. "Immunothérapie anti-amyloïde et vieillissement cérébral chez un primate non-humain, le Microcebus murinus : biomarqueurs IRM, biochimie et neuropathologie." Paris 6, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA066091.
Full textAngelie, Emmanuelle. "Étude méthodologique de l'imagerie spectroscopique RMN proton : analyse métabolique du vieillissement cérébral normal." Lyon 1, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999LYO1T116.
Full textCharroud, Céline. "Biomarqueurs d'imagerie fonctionnelle de la mémoire de travail au cours du vieillissement cérébral normal." Thesis, Montpellier, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015MONTS006/document.
Full textNormal brain aging is characterized by a progressive decline in information processing ability in particular in the system of working memory. Therefore, it is essential to examine neural substrates underlying the working memory system which can be assessed by functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). The aim of our work is to explore, in a large cohort of healthy elderly individuals, reorganizations in the networks in relation to (i) increase task load during a DIR (delayed item recognition) task, (ii) age during increase DIR task load and (iii) the performance in the DIR task during a resting state. Three hundred and eighty elderly participants (82 years, 56% women) from the Three-City cohort in Montpellier have been selected to perform an fMRI exam including a DIR task and a resting state. DIR task consisted of three phases: (i) stimulation – presentation of one, three or six letters - (ii) retention - blank screen to hold the stimulus items in mind - and (iii) probe - after the presentation of a target letter, the participant indicates whether or not this probe matched a letter in the study array. In the first work, using a covariance analysis, we observed, when the difficulty of the DIR task increases, simultaneously increased activation in salience and central executive networks during three phases separately of the DIR task and decreased activation in DMN during stimulation phase and in limbic regions and deep grey nuclei during retention phase. It may be hypothesized that salience and central executive networks interact in a complex way with DMN and limbic regions and deep grey nuclei. In the second work, age effects on load-dependent increases activations of the task were explored. Reduced activation in the left parietal lobe was identified in very old individuals compared to young old individuals during the stimulation phase suggesting an involvement of posterior–anterior shift with increasing age. In the third work, networks implicated in working memory (central executive, salience and the default mode networks) were highlighted by independent component analysis during the resting state. Our findings have confirmed that the functional connectivity and performance are related by: (i) a decreased in the both salience and the default mode networks and (ii) an increased in the central executive network. We can suggest that the decreased functional connectivity within the salience and the default mode networks could be due attentional and memory processes alterations and/or altered motivation. The increased functional connectivity within the central executive network could be related to compensatory mechanisms meanwhile elders would perform more poorly. All of these studies indicate that brain reorganizations of neural networks (salience, central executive and default mode) underlying working memory in normal brain aging
Debernard, Laëtitia. "Caractérisation des propriétés mécaniques des muscles avec la technique d'Élastographie par Résonance Magnétique (ERM)." Compiègne, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011COMP1974.
Full textThe objective of my thesis was to characterize the mechanical properties of the muscles of the thigh with magnetic resonance elastography (MRE) during physiological changes (growing muscle and age-related changes) and pathological process (Duchenne muscular dystrophy). This thesis depicted that shear modulus was a mechanical parameter more sensitive to the aged-related neuromuscular changes, while the attenuation coefficient was more related to the muscle quality, thus to the age and gender-related structural changes. Study of viscoelastic parameters of muscle tissue (vastus medialis and sartorius) and subcutaneous adipose tissue, with multi-frequency tests ERMs and rheological models (Voigt, Zener and Springpot) showed that the model Springpot was the best adapted for simulation of the viscoelastic properties. In addition, mapping of the shear modulus was correlated with the cartography of the muscle hardness, obtained by ultrasound elastography, thus validating the feasibility of the MRE to detect physiological changes in muscle. Finally, these data were used for the development of phantoms, reflecting muscle mechanical properties. All data, set up with that thesis, will be of use for the clinician to better determine the pathophysiology of neuromuscular disorder, to help in the choice of treatment (therapeutic or surgical) and in the evaluation of future treatments with a gain of function and tissue for the simulation the musculoskeletal system
Pubellier, Pierre. "Influence de charges micrométriques sur le vieillissement de composites à matrice polymère." Thesis, Paris Est, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PESC1177/document.
Full textA deep understanding of the ageing behaviour within cross-linked elastomers filled by inorganic particles is a key feature to propose a criterion for the end of life of electric cables in nuclear power plants. Indeed, materials used for wire insulation are usually composed of rubbers designed with several adjuvants and fillers. A significant amount of inorganic particles, such as aluminium trihydrate (ATH), is usually incorporated with the polymer matrix in order to achieve satisfactory fire-retardant properties. The ATH particles used are characterized by a micrometric-size and due to the weak polymer / filler contact area involved in such composites, the ageing mechanisms of the polymer matrix are expected to be essentially unchanged compared to the ones involved in the unfilled matrix. However, recent studies pointed out some differences in the thermal-ageing mechanisms between a cross-linked EPDM rubber (elastomer based on ethylene, propylene and diene units) filled by micrometric ATH (aluminium trihydrate) particles and the corresponding unfilled cross-linked EPDM.In that respect, this work aims at investigating the extent of generality of the above-mentioned filler effect on both thermo- and radio-oxidative ageing behaviour of an EPDM matrix filled by ATH particles. In particular, the influence of both filler content and filler surface functionalization is investigated. A special attention was paid to the evolution of the network at the macromolecular scale by determining the fraction of the various network components (elastically active chains, dangling chains and extractibles) as well as the cross-link density distribution. Such information have been derived using solid-state NMR (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance).The results obtained evidence a significant decrease of the thermal-ageing induction period for the EPDM network filled by ATH particles. This effect display a strong dependence with the amount and the surface functionalization of the ATH particles. However, no modifications of the oxidation kinetics may be observed under radio-chemical ageing. The comparison between the results suggests a possible modification of the oxidation initiation mechanisms within EPDM networks filled by ATH particles. Therefore, interfacial areas should play a great role in the observed modifications
Boudiaf, Naïla. "Effets du vieillissement normal sur la production lexicale : approche pluridisciplinaire." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016GREAS029/document.
Full textNormal aging is associated with cognitive difficulties in many domains except for language, which is still under debate. However, older adults report difficulties in lexical production, which are also known to be associated with pathological aging, such as Alzheimer’s disease. This work aimed first to characterize the changes in the cognitive processes involved in lexical production using a behavioral approach, then to characterize the associated neurofunctional and vascular changes using fMRI. In the first study including 72 healthy participants, aged between 30 and 84 years, we showed a differential aging effect on lexical production and semantic processing. Naming was well preserved in terms of competences in normal aging; nevertheless, it was affected by the general cognitive slowdown. However, semantic processing was more affected by aging, probably due to inefficient executive control. The second study using fMRI confirmed these results and suggested the establishment of compensatory mechanisms to overcome cognitive difficulties. Finally, in the third study using vascular fMRI we described basal and functional cerebral perfusion modifications in normal aging as well as at early stages of pathological aging. We showed a strong relationship between the hemodynamical properties and the cognitive abilities. This multidisciplinary approach combining behavioral, neuropsychological, neurofunctional and cerebral perfusion imaging studies, provided a more complete picture of cerebral and cognitive changes in lexical production during normal aging
Gandini, Delphine. "Effets du vieillissement sur une habilité numérique particulière, la quantification approximative : Combinaison d'une approche comportementale et neurofonctionnelle." Aix-Marseille 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007AIX10001.
Full textKalpouzos, Grégoria. "Modifications de la mémoire épisodique au cours du vieillissement normal : étude cognitive et par imagerie cérébrale structurale et fonctionnelle." Caen, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007CAEN1491.
Full textFlores, Robin de. "Altérations structurales, fonctionnelles et moléculaires des sous-champs hippocampiques et de leurs réseaux dans le vieillissement normal et la maladie d’Alzheimer." Caen, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016CAEN1019.
Full textRecent advances in neuroimaging techniques allow to better understand the pathophysiological processes of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and are particularly promising for early diagnosis. The objectives of this thesis were to better characterize the structural, functional and molecular alterations of the hippocampal subfields and their associated networks in Alzheimer's disease and normal aging using in vivo multimodal neuroimaging. First, we evaluated the structural hippocampal subfields alterations in normal aging (NA) and AD using a manual delineation method developed in our laboratory. We then evaluated the validity of the automatic segmentation algorithm implemented in FreeSurfer. These analyses showed specific structural changes in NA and AD, while the FreeSurfer method appeared inappropriate to estimate hippocampal subfield volumes. In addition, our work suggests that the practice of physical or cognitive activities have a beneficial effect on hippocampal substructures particularly sensitive to NA. Secondly, we evaluated the specific intrinsic functional connectivity of hippocampal subfields with the rest of the brain, before assessing their alterations in a pre-dementia stage of AD. Our results highlighted the specificity of hippocampal subfield networks and their functional alterations in early AD. In addition, our results showed a hierarchy in the progression of tau pathology within hippocampal subfield networks over the course of AD
Bertrand, Perrine. "Étude en IRM des modifications des connectivités cérébrales anatomique et fonctionnelle en fonction de l'âge chez le sujet sain." Toulouse 3, 2012. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/2021/.
Full textOur study was focused on the changes of anatomical and functional brain connectivity during aging. We acquired for each participant (47 male subjects, healthy, aged from 20 to 65) several MRI imaging (Philips 3T MRI): an anatomical sequence (T1 weighted image), a sequence of diffusion imaging in 32 directions and three sequences of functional imaging (at rest, during a motor task and an attentional). The anatomical image allows us to assess the brain atrophy and calculate the cortical thickness. With the diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) we have extracted fractional anisotropy and mean diffusivity and we have realized tractography. We used different software as SPM8 (Statistical Parametric Mapping), MATLAB (The MathWorks, Inc. ) and Statistica (Statsoft). We have analyzed the functional connectivity with the 3 sequences of fMRI using methods of Independent Component Analysis, and methods based on statistical analysis of networks (Network Based Statistics). Functional imaging has showed the role played by the Angular Gyrus (including many modifications on connections), and changes occurring in the Default-Mode Network and the Working Memory (decreases in the frontal lobe). Furthermore, we have demonstrated a decrease in fiber orientation in the anterior part of the Corpus Callosum, and in the cerebellum. Due to the study of anatomical connectivity, we have defined a set of sub-networks that resist structurally with age. Our contribution will allow a better characterization of the effect of normal aging on brain connectivity. Besides, benefits of this study may be useful for the comprehension of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer and Parkinson
Bollache, Emilie. "Caractérisation hémodynamique de l'aorte thoracique par IRM, tonométrie d'applanation et simulations numériques." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2014. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00958757.
Full textBaillet, Marion. "Les modifications du sommeil et du cycle veille/sommeil au cours du vieillissement : approche par actimétrie et imagerie cérébrale." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017BORD0950/document.
Full textSleep and activity/rest cycle disturbances represent risk factors for the development of cognitive decline and dementia in aging. However, the association between these disturbances and cerebral modifications during aging remains to be explored. The aim of this thesis was to determine if sleep and activity/rest cycle disturbances could constitute a cerebral frailty factor for the development of cognitive decline and dementia in older adults (AMImage cohort). First, we have shown that the discrepancy measured between self-reported sleep questionnaires and actigraphy - used as an objective technique - is influenced by the subject’s mood (Baillet et al., 2016). These results strengthen the use of an objective technique to measure sleep. Thanks to brain imaging, we observed that a reduced 24-h amplitude of the activity/rest cycle is associated with disruption of white matter structural integrity. Our results suggest that cerebral frailty associated with age-related activity/rest cycle dysfunction has a vascular origin (Baillet et al., 2017). Then, we observed that a poor sleep quality is associated with high cerebral amyloid burden, mainly circumscribed to frontal regions. This may be due to a deficit of amyloid-β peptide clearance from the brain during sleep. To conclude, sleep and activity/rest cycle disturbances in older adults may be associated with two separate physiopathological processes leading to cerebral frailty. As sleep and activity/rest cycle are modifiable risk factors, interventions to improve their quality could offer a potential useful strategy for reducing the burden of cognitive impairment and dementia in old age
Lopez, Kolkovsky Alfredo L. "1H and 31P NMR Spectroscopy for the study of brain metabolism at Ultra High Magnetic Field from Rodents to Men." Thesis, Paris 11, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA112080/document.
Full text1H and 31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy allows to detect and to measure in vivo and non-invasively the concentrations of biologically relevant compounds associated to metabolic processes such as neurotransmission (glutamate, GABA), neuronal and glial density (N-acetyl-aspartate, myo-inositol) and energetic metabolism (phosphocreatine, ATP) among others. Knowledge of the biochemical profile provides a mean to evaluate the metabolic state of the brain in pathological cases or in evolving physiological conditions, such as aging. Yet, the neural basis of age-related cognitive dysfunction in normal brain aging remains to be elucidated and it has been shown to develop at different rates depending on the structural region.At ultra-high magnetic fields, magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) benefits from an increased signal-to-noise ratio and a higher chemical shift dispersion, resulting in an increased sensitivity and spectral resolution. To exploit these advantages, 1H and 31P longitudinal studies were carried out in vivo at 17.2 Tesla in the aging rat brain to evaluate the progressive metabolic changes within the same individuals from the ages of 1 to up to 22 months of age using two rat cohorts with 1 and 8 months of age at the beginning of the study. For the 1H MRS studies, T1 and T2 metabolite relaxation times were measured at each exam in order to control age-related variations and to calculate absolute metabolite concentrations. 1H neurochemical profiles from four volumes of interest (VOI) in the brain were studied, revealing a progressive increase in myo-inositol and macromolecule content throughout the brain. In our main VOI composed mostly of cortex but also of corpus callosum and hippocampus, increased levels of choline-containing compounds (tCho) and glutamine were also observed, suggesting a mild neuroinflammation. No changes in NAA were observed in our main VOI, the thalamus or the caudate putamen (striatum). T2 decreases were observed with age for total NAA, tCho and macromolecules. Notably, unexpected effects correlated with the number of NMR exams were observed, the most prominent effect being an increase of the T1 relaxation times of the majority of metabolites.The second axis of the work done during this thesis was to set up an experimental framework for MR spectroscopic imaging (MRSI) studies at 7 Tesla in the human brain. 2D MRSI pulse sequences were developed for the acquisition of 31P and 1H metabolite maps using either slab selection or STEAM localization, respectively. A WET water suppression scheme was numerically optimized for its application at 7 T. Static B1-shimming configurations were implemented to reduce the inhomogeneity of the excitation field in the volume of interest and to generate outer-volume suppression (OVS) “ring” modes to saturate the signal in the periphery of the head. This approach allows to reduce the energy deposition in comparison to conventional OVS bands. Experiments were done in vitro showing their feasibility. The performance of standard OVS bands was also compared to a B1-insensitive train to obliterate signal (BISTRO) scheme in vivo using a double-tuned 1H/31P phased-array coil in a single-channel configuration for transmission. The demonstrated suppression efficacy of BISTRO opens the way for its use as a frequency-selective pre-saturation module for future 31P magnetization transfer experiments for the study of brain energy metabolism at very high magnetic field
Fauvel, Baptiste. "Particularités cérébrales anatomiques et fonctionnelles associées à l’expertise musicale : Quelles influences sur le vieillissement cognitif normal et sur la dynamique neurale de la mémoire de reconnaissance musicale." Caen, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015CAEN1005.
Full textThrough learning-related brain plasticity, individuals’ experiences could help building a cognitive reserve that favors a successfull cognitive aging. Many studies conducted with children reveal that musical learning promotes the development of cognitive functions. Therefore, the question of whether the involvment in musical practice in old age would also influence cognition has become a main topic of neuropsychology. This is what this thesis deals with, by featuring three correlational studies about the effect of musical expertise through anatomical and resting-state functional MRI data of young adult participants (study 1), behavioral measures obtained with adult and old individuals (study 2), and an effective connectivity analysis applied to activation-state functional MRI data recorded when young adult subjects performed a familiarity judgment task (study 3). Study 1 highlights that several brain regions were impacted by musical expertise, both in terms of gray matter volume and functional connectivity. Study 2 brings only poor clues in favour of a cognitive aging that would be reduced due to musical practice. Finally, study 3 shows that activity of the left hippocampus is elicited by an excitatory signal from the left inferior frontal gyrus in order to contribute to musical familiarity judgment, in musicians only. Methodologies and results of these three studies are discussed
Alba, Michel. "Étude de la dynamique des verres de spins." Paris 11, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA112173.
Full textMecheri, Gabriel. "Exploration non-invasive et non-irradiante des métabolites cérébraux du phosphore 31 par imagerie spectroscopique RMN : étude pilote appliquée à la démence de type Alzheimer comparativement au vieillissement cérébral physiologique." Lyon 1, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997LYO1T204.
Full textTaillan, Julien. "Vieillissement et variations stratégiques : étude des processus impliqués dans la sélection stratégique et leur évolution avec l'âge." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AIXM4766/document.
Full textResearchers in psychology have shown that we use several strategies to accomplish cognitive tasks. A strategy is a procedure or a set of procedures for achieving a higher level goal or task. One of the crucial issues concerns how we choose a strategy among several available strategies to solve each problem. To further our understanding of strategy selection, the overall objective of this thesis was to investigate processes involved in strategy selection, and their evolution with aging. To achieve this goal, we adopted both neuroscience and cognitive approach. Data reported in our fMRI studies indicate that a specific network was associated with strategy selection. This particular network includes prefrontal regions known to be engaged in tasks involving executive functions. Thus, our data suggest that, contrary to the assumptions of theoretical models, executive functions may be involved in the strategy selection. The lack of activation in these regions in older adults may help us to understand why the ability to choose the better strategy decreases during aging. Interestingly, we also show that participants can use different strategy selection processes based on the difficulty of problems. Finally, in the last section, we discuss the implications of our results for theoretical models of strategy selection, and for cognitive aging
La, Joie Renaud. "Etude de la topographie et des liens entre les altérations cérébrales dans la maladie d'Alzheimer : neuroimagerie multimodale et hippocampique : [thèse soutenue sur un ensemble de travaux]." Caen, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012CAEN1676.
Full textMartinelli, Pénélope. "Mémoire Autobiographique Episodique et Sémantique dans le Vieillissement Normal et dans la maladie d’Alzheimer : Etudes Comportementale et en IRM fonctionnelle." Thesis, Paris 5, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA05H108.
Full textIn this work, we investigated the functioning of autobiographical memory which enables the recall of personal past. Autobiographical memory provides the raw material from which identity is constructed and encompasses various types of knowledge from the general knowledge (i.e., semantic component) of a person’s past comprising abstracted personal information as well as repeated and extended events to very specific personal events (i.e., episodic component) situated in a particular time and space, for which the subject can mentally travel back through subjective time, reliving the encoding context. Several behavioral studies could show that episodic (which necessitate an active research) but not semantic retrieval become less easy to access in aging. Based on their capacity to retrieve semantic memories and some episodic memories, older people ensure a sense of identity and continuity in time. AM contributes to different aspects of identity and the access to personal memories enable the gradual changes of identity throughout lifespan and aging is a particular phase of change. The aim of this work was to investigate the processes underlying cognitive changes in aging. In this framework, we tried to understand more precisely the link between memory retrieval and the Self in normal aging and Alzheimer’s disease studying the Self-defining memories. We also conducted a meta-analysis determining the neural substrates of autobiographical episodic memories, autobiographical semantic memories and self-trait judgments. Finally, we propose fMRI results concerning aging effects on the neural substrates of episodic and semantic autobiographical memory retrieval. Taken together, these results set us on several causes of cognitive decline with aging in the context of autobiographical retrieval; in particular concerning the link between autobiographical memory and the Self and also concerning the role of executive functions during autobiographical retrieval
Roy, Maggie. "Étude du métabolisme cérébral au cours du vieillissement sain chez le rat : impact de la diète cétogène et de la restriction calorique." Thèse, Université de Sherbrooke, 2014. http://savoirs.usherbrooke.ca/handle/11143/170.
Full textMei, Bingqing. "Optimisation des couplages magnéto-mécaniques d'extensomètres à corde vibrante pour le suivi du vieillissement de constructions stratégiques." Thesis, Paris 6, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA066218/document.
Full textThis thesis focuses on the study and the optimization of the operation of vibrating wire sensors for strategic construction monitoring. This work is divided into three stages.Firstly, the sensor operation in damped mode and in sustained mode is described. To validate the developments, an electronic microcontroller-based reading device is realized. Secondly, the sensor behavior is investigated by establishing models representing the magneto-mechanical coupling between the vibrating wire, the excitation coil and the measurement coil. The influences of excitation mode and spurious parameters on the sensor response are analyzed. Finally, the effect of lightning is simulated using electrostatic discharge simulator. The sensor response is measured before, during and after discharge.The results of this work can be summarized in four main points. Firstly, the sustained mode is preferable to the damped mode. Secondly, the optimal excitation position is at the center of the wire. Furthermore, a continuous excitation or a pulsed excitation of a large number of cycles is preferable to a pulsed excitation of a small number of cycles. Thirdly, the resonant frequency measured in sustained mode differs from that measured in damped mode due to two parameters: average magnetic force and mutual coupling between coils. Fourthly, under the action of discharges, the remaining magnetic field is modified, thus leading to a variation in the resonant frequency measured by the sensor
Deblois, Lamontagne Mélodie. "Contrôle moteur du muscle fléchisseur dorsal de la cheville : influence de la dominance pédestre, du sexe et de l'âge sur l'excitabilité intracorticale et corticospinale." Thesis, Université Laval, 2011. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2011/28062/28062.pdf.
Full textDogui, Anas. "Développement de méthodes pour l'évaluation de la rigidité aortique en IRM : mesure de la distensibilité et de la vitesse d'onde de pouls." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00590814.
Full textAndre, Claire. "Modifications du sommeil liées à l'âge : liens avec la cognition et les biomarqueurs du vieillissement et de la maladie d'Alzheimer en neuroimagerie." Thesis, Normandie, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019NORMC021.
Full textSleep changes are a major feature of the ageing process, and sleep disturbances are increasingly recognized as a risk factor for cognitive decline and Alzheimer’s disease (AD). However, the brain mechanisms underlying this association are still unclear. The objective of this thesis was to deepen our understanding about brain structural, functional and molecular correlates of the main objective sleep changes in ageing, and to assess the potential links with cognitive performance. Our results demonstrate that the fragmentation of the first sleep cycles and the alteration of slow wave activity, are associated with reduced gray matter metabolism, perfusion and/or volume in fronto-cingulate and hippocampal areas. Moreover, sleep-disordered breathing and rapid eye movement sleep microstructure alterations were related to increased amyloid burden respectively in the posterior cingulate cortex and precuneus, or more widespread neocortical areas. However, associations with cognitive performance remained subtle or inexistent, suggesting early and asymptomatic associations between sleep and brain changes. Therefore, sleep may contribute to resilience processes and may help to cope with early neuropathological changes in AD. These results support the need to screen and treat sleep disturbances in older adults, before the onset of the first cognitive signs, in order to slow cognitive decline
Lekdim, Atef. "Contribution à l’étude du vieillissement thermique des matériaux magnétiques nanocristallins FeCuNbSiB et polycristallins FeCoV." Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSE1058.
Full textThe thesis takes part of the project GENOME “Gestion Optimisée de l’Energie” whose major issue is the design of the more electrical aircraft. The increase in the energy efficiency and the compactness of the electrical systems of these aircrafts lead to high temperature stresses. These thermal stresses are related to the compactness of the systems (reduction of mass and volume) as well as their location with respect to the hot sources (aircraft engine for example). Thus, the magnetic materials of the new electrical converters must be able to operate under conditions of high temperatures, above 200 °C. Typically, the FeCoV polycrystalline materials are dedicated to the fabrication of the stator and rotor sheets of the fast generators (located near the aircraft engine) and the FeCuNbSiB nanocrystalline materials are dedicated to the design of inductors and transformers of the static converters.This manuscript concerns the thermal ageing study of these two magnetic material families. These materials, supplied by the company APERAM, are available in several shades. The ageing study consists on applying several continuous ageing treatments at different temperatures (up to 300 °C for FeCoV and 240 °C for FeCuNbSiB). At each ageing step, several macroscopic properties namely: magnetic, electrical and mechanical (for the FeCoV materials) properties are measured. Using these macroscopic properties and complementary measurements carried out on a microscopic scale, analyses are made and hypotheses are proposed in order to explain the ageing mechanisms of these magnetic material families. The understanding of the magnetic ageing mechanisms is necessary towards establishing of phenomenological ageing models
Wandersman, Elie. "Transition vitreuse de nanoparticules magnétiques en interaction." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00193960.
Full textLaillier, Remi. "Cognition sociale et neuroimagerie dans le vieillissement normal et les dégénérescences lobaires frontotemporales Neurocognitive determinants of theory of mind across the adult lifespan Effects of grey and white matter damages on behavioural disorders, theory of mind and general aspects of cognition in frontotemporal dementias Les substrats cérébraux de la théorie de l’esprit." Thesis, Normandie, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019NORMC047.
Full textSocial cognition refers to the set of processes that allow us to interact and to adjust our behaviours in the social world. It has been suggested that behavioural modifications observed in normal and pathological aging can be due to changes in social cognition abilities, in particular in Theory of mind (ToM). The study of social cognition within the framework of frontotemporal lobar degenerations (DLFT), pathologies associated with important behavioural disturbances, takes its full meaning. However, relationships between ToM and other cognitive functions are still poorly understood, both on cognitive and cerebral levels. The main aim of these thesis was to contribute to broader understanding of joint working of those processes with the support of brain imaging. By adopting an ecological approach, our results have underlined links between the processes that contribute to ToM deficits and the neural basis on which they rely. They further highlighted subtle and early ToM dysfunctioning in subjects carrying a genetic mutation responsible of the development of a particular FTLD disease, in a presymptomatic stage
Degardin, Adrian. "Etude de l'intégration sensori motrice dans la maladie de Parkinson et modulation par la stimulation thêta burst intermittente du cortex moteur primaire." Phd thesis, Université du Droit et de la Santé - Lille II, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00635249.
Full textMichaud, Maxime. "Développement et validation d'une méthode de relaxométrie T2* bi-exponentielle en IRM cérébrale." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020TOU30226.
Full textIron accumulation plays a key role in the physiology of brain aging and in the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson's disease (PD) and multi- system atrophy (MSA). The quantification of intracerebral iron by Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is a major issue in current neuroimaging. To measure iron accumulation, one approach to quantitative MRI is the determination of T2* tissue relaxation characteristics (R2*=1/T2*). R2* mapping is generally calculated by adjusting the T2* decay signal of multiecho gradient acquisition data by a mono-exponential adjustment. Recent studies suggest a multi-exponential T2* to characterize tissues at the subvoxel level. The clinical utility of the latter methods is not yet established. Multi-echo gradient acquisition is disturbed by noise, introducing a bias in mono-exponential regression and even more so in multi- exponential regression. In this thesis, we proposed to develop a method for processing multiecho T2* brain images allowing a bi-exponential resolution (Bi-R2*). To overcome the low signal-to-noise ratio of these images, work on noise reduction has been conducted. Numerical simulation studies of signal decay made it possible to determine a selection criterion for determining subvoxel levels for the Bi-R2* method. The validity of the method was tested by further simulations, by an MRI phantom study and by a study of healthy young subjects. We have thus proposed a T2* acquisition method that optimizes bi-exponential resolution. Finally, we used the bi- exponential method on T2* MRI data from two previous studies (where the T2* acquisition method is not optimal) were analyzed: (i) a study aimed at cerebral modifications related to normal aging (ii) a study aimed at determining cerebral modifications between different neurodegenerative pathologies. The objective of this last part is to determine whether the bi- exponential method provides additional relevant information to the classical mono- exponential method
Ternifi, Redouane. "Mesure de la pulsatilité naturelle du tissu cérébral par ultrasons." Thesis, Tours, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014TOUR3306/document.
Full textThe study of biological tissues movement is currently, one of the major thematics in the medical imaging field. The challenge is to provide additional clinical information and allow for diagnostic assistance. The recently introduced elastographic techniques, provide ample opportunities for biomechanical tissues characterization, particularly of cerebral tissues. An innovative passive-elastographic methodology for assessing mechanical properties of brain tissue is proposed. The eventual aim is to allow for the diagnosis of neurodegenerative diseases
Dupuis, Vincent. "Dynamique lente des systèmes magnétiques désordonnés." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2002. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00002623.
Full textMoulinet, Inès. "Vers une meilleure compréhension des facteurs psychoaffectifs (anxiété et dépression) dans le vieillissement normal et pathologique : liens avec la cognition et la neuroimagerie multimodale Sex-specificities in anxiety and depressive symptoms across the lifespan and their links with multimodal neuroimaging Relationships of depressive symptoms to brain markers of neurodegeneration and amyloid deposition across the Alzheimer’s continuum Cross-sectional and longitudinal characterization of SCD patients recruited from the community versus from a memory clinic: subjective cognitive decline, psychoaffective factors, cognitive performances, and atrophy progression over time." Thesis, Normandie, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020NORMC422.
Full textSubclinical psychoaffective symptoms of anxiety and depression are common in the elderly and are associated with an increased risk of developing dementia and progressing from a pre-dementia stage to a dementia stage. However, they could also be symptoms associated with dementia and could be a clinical manifestation of the underlying pathology. The aim of this thesis was to contribute towards a better understanding of the links between anxiety and depressive symptoms and Alzheimer's disease (AD) hallmarks, including cognitive, structural, functional and molecular modifications, both in normal aging and during the course of this pathology. Our results show that higher anxiety symptoms are associated with lower grey matter volume in cognitively healthy elderly subjects, but only in women. This same association is present in all Subjective Cognitive Decline (SCD) participants recruited from the general population, and shows an increased vulnerability to age-related neurodegenerative diseases such as dementia. In Subjective Cognitive Decline (SCD) subjects, high depressive symptoms are associated with greater amyloid load in the brain, and thus an increased risk of developing AD, while in amyloid-positive Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) and AD subjects, they are related to better cognition and awareness of their cognitive deficits. Psychoaffective symptoms thus seem to have an evolving role during the transition from normal aging to pathological aging; they first manifest a brain vulnerability, then an underlying pathology and a risk of developing AD, and then are a marker of preservation in patients with cognitive decline (MCI and AD)
Devillers-Guerville, Lydia. "Rupture d'aciers inoxydables austéno-ferritiques moules, fragilises par vieillissement à 350-400c : aspects microstructuraux - simulation numérique de la dispersion et des effets d’échelle." ENSMP, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998ENMP0837.
Full textBourget, Stéphanie. "Évaluation de l'effet des champs magnétiques statiques sur le mûrissement et la sénescence des tomates en post-récolte." Thesis, Université Laval, 2011. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2011/28619/28619.pdf.
Full textNovy, Stéphane. "Mécanismes de vieillissement à très longue échéance des aciers inoxydables austénoferritiques." Rouen, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009ROUES039.
Full textEmbrittlement study of duplex stainless steels is a very important in order to predict the lifetime of primary circuits of nuclear power plant. Ferrite steels aged over 20 years, on-site, in laboratory and at different temperatures was analyzed by tomographic probe atom to assess the trend of aging of these materials with very long times. A more prospective work was also carried out, the aim was to model the decomposition of ferrite from austenitic-ferritic steels. The simulation of the decomposition of these steels are very complex, we initiated preliminary work in modelling the Fe-Cr alloys, because the decomposition of Fe and Cr in these steels is the main cause of their fragility. To validate the parameters used in simulation, an experimental study of the decomposition of an alloy Fe-20% at. Cr aged at 500 ° C was performed. This experimental study has shown that a non-classical germination (NCG) is involved in this alloy. The performed simulations on the same alloy at the same temperature, did not reproduce the progressive enrichment of precipitated phase α' (characteristic of NCG). The study of steels, aged over 20 years, has confirmed that the steel aged in laboratory are representative to steel aged in site ( T <350 ° C). Moreover, it has been shown that the Gphase (intermetallic precipitation at the interface α/α' phases) does not influence the embrittlement of the ferrite and the difference of thermo-mechanical treatment is not determinant of the variance decomposition observed in these steels