Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Vieillissement des matériaux'
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Chennabasappa, Madhu. "Etude du vieillissement de matériaux magnétocaloriques." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013BOR14970/document.
Full textMagnetic refrigeration has gained lot of importance and attention as they are highlighted to be environmental friendly, energy efficient. Presently, though at research stage, the magnetic refrigerators are pushed towards realization in domestic application with extensive work on materials and with few working models. One critical issue, the potential resistance to corrosion in case of different class of magnetocaloric materials (Gd6Co1.67Si3, Ni2Mn0.75Cu0.25Ga and Pr0.66Sr0.34MnO3) against the heat transport fluid is addressed. To better understand and improve the observed magnetocaloric properties in Heulser alloys Ni2Mn0.75Cu0.25Ga and to elaborate the same with the magneto-structural relation, studies on (i) cation distribution with in crystal structure and/or (ii) microstructural dependence are presented. Nuclear and magnetic phase diagram based on detailed neutron diffraction and magnetism studies for magnetocaloric perovskite oxide Pr1-xSrxMnO3 (0.25≤x≤0.45) is also presented
Trabelsi, Walid. "Vieillissement de matériaux composites carbone/époxy pour applications aéronautiques." Phd thesis, Paris, ENSAM, 2006. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00002194.
Full textFiorani, Jean-Marc. "Vieillissement structural et comportement mécanique de matériaux hors équilibre." Nancy 1, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992NAN10191.
Full textCharles, Yann. "Identification d'un mode de vieillissement dans un assemblage céramique-métal." Cachan, Ecole normale supérieure, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002DENS0006.
Full textMarquis, Didier. "Phenomenologie et thermodynamique : couplages entre thermoelasticite, plasticite, vieillissement et endommagement." Paris 6, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989PA066694.
Full textKerrache, Ali. "Etude des processus de vieillissement des matériaux amorphes hors d'équilibre." Phd thesis, Université d'Angers, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00613722.
Full textGuiheneuf, Vincent. "Approche multi-physique du vieillissement des matériaux pour application photovoltaïque." Thesis, Paris Est, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PESC1091/document.
Full textThis thesis investigates the aging of photovoltaic (PV) modules based on crystalline silicon technology via a multi-material approach. The first objective is to determine the degradation mechanisms involved during the operation of the PV modules and thus to be able to propose technological solutions improving their durability. For this purpose, accelerated aging tests were carried out on the glass, the crystalline silicon PV cell and the PV mini-module composed of glass, a polymeric encapsulant and the silicon cell.Their functional properties are systematically evaluated and the follow-up of these indicators allows to define aging laws. In parallel, physicochemical characterizations are carried out to determine the degradation mechanisms of the different components of the module. The study of damp heat on glass throws into evidence a surface degradation with a hydration process of the silica network and a leaching phenomenon of the sodium which involves an increase of the glass transmittance. The PV cell exhibits a deterioration of the electrical performance and reflectance after UV radiation exposure due to a photo-oxidation process of the SiNx antireflection layer. It has also been established that high UV power can also promote a regeneration phenomenon of electrical performances. The aging of the mini-module under UV shows the phenomenon of photo-induced degradation (LID) generating a slight decrease in the electrical performance from the first exposure whereas the impact of damp heat on the electrical performance is null after 2000 hours
Gougeon, Nicolas. "Rupture et vieillissement des fibres optiques." Rennes 1, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003REN10152.
Full textPeyras, Laurent. "Diagnostic et analyse de risques liés au vieillissement des barrages." Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003CLF21407.
Full textCastaing, Philippe. "Vieillissement des matériaux composites verre-polyester en milieu marin : délaminage d'origine osmotique." Toulouse, INPT, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992INPT016G.
Full textOzawa, Yasunori. "Etude du vieillissement des matériaux d'électrode positive pour la batterie lithium ion." Grenoble INPG, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005INPG0148.
Full textThe thermal aging kinetics of two positive electrode materials for lithium ion batteries; hexagonal LiCoO2 and cubic (spinel) LiMn2O4 was carried out in the 60ºC-75ºC temperature range by electrochemical measurements and crystal structure investigations. Two different mechanisms are at the origin of reversible and irreversible capacity losses: 1) lithium re-intercalation due the electrolyte instability for the reversible part and, 2) phase transformations due to the electrode material instability for the irreversible one. Empirical kinetics laws allowed the corresponding activation energy to be determined. A comparison with a new material with hexagonal structure LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 showed enhanced performances due to a higher structural stability
Shahidi, Salman. "Rendu du vieillissement par efflorescence de matériaux de construction en synthèse d’images." Limoges, 2007. https://aurore.unilim.fr/theses/nxfile/default/ac6ca441-d69f-401b-9b54-5754539389f8/blobholder:0/2007LIMO4022.pdf.
Full textImages synthesized by computer graphics methods appear often too smooth, too perfect, and too clean to be considered as realistic. To solve this problem, a great number of aging phenomena must be taken into account. These phenomena can appear with various forms, affecting the geometry, light/matter interactions, and textures. This issue is currently studied more and more in computer graphics by employing new techniques in modeling field as well as in rendering field. This thesis proposes techniques to treat important defects on building materials: efflorescence and crumbling. The methods developed within this thesis provide new algorithms to increase the realism of such images. In order to avoid employing too much parameters, making its handling difficult, we propose to establish a phenomenological empirical model, which enables us to obtain physically plausible results with only a few, intuitive parameters
Baillis, Christophe. "Vieillissement des aéroréfrigérants : Etude de la déformée et de la fissuration." Lyon, INSA, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996ISAL0044.
Full textThis work contributes to a better understanding of the mechanical behavior of cooling towers subjected to monotonous static loads (or considered as static loads). The objective is to find, with numerical simulations: the origins of the observed damages, causes of their evolution, their influences on the behavior of the structure. The first part is a bibliographical study. In the second chapter, we present models used in this work. The modelisation is based on a 2D approach with Fourier series taking into account, the reinforced concrete behavior, geometrical imperfections and cracks. The third chapter is a study about the origins of observed damages. Influences of shrinkage of the concrete, the self-weight and soil displacements are analyzed considering the tower during his building. The last chapter is a study of the evolution of damages during time. Effects of creep and soil d1splacements, are simulated to quantify their effects on the observed damages evolution. The strength and the stability of the structure with geometrical imperfections and cracks are computed considering self-weight, wind and soil displacements
Allié-Eberhardt, Catherine. "Influence du vieillissement hygrothermique de matériaux composites à matrice thermoplastique sur leurs propriétés." ENMP, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993ENMP0515.
Full textPouillès, Véronique. "Caractérisation diélectrique de matériaux composites isolants : contribution à la modélisation de leur vieillissement." Toulouse 3, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995TOU30109.
Full textDurin, Christian. "Contribution à l'étude du vieillissement de matériaux composites carbone/epoxyde sous ambiance spatiale." Toulouse, ENSAE, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988ESAE0008.
Full textZheng, Xianqin. "Etude du vieillissement accéléré des matériaux de polychlorure de vinyle colorés par pigments." Lyon 1, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993LYO10137.
Full textWloczysiak, Philippe. "Etude des propriétés rhéologiques et du vieillissement physique et chimique de mélanges bitumes – polymères." Mulhouse, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995MULH0389.
Full textCollette, Floraine. "Vieillissement hygrothermique du Nafion." Phd thesis, Paris, ENSAM, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00354847.
Full textL'évolution des propriétés mécaniques montre une augmentation du module d'Young et une diminution de l'allongement à la rupture tandis que l'hydrophilie (directement liée à la conductivité) mesurée par DVS (Dynamic Vapour Sorption) diminue. L'évolution de la structure chimique, suivie par spectroscopie infrarouge, met en évidence la formation d'anhydride sulfonique. Une preuve indirecte de la formation de cette espèce est apportée par la résonnance magnétique nucléaire.
Le mécanisme de dégradation proposé est celui de la condensation des acides sulfoniques pour former l'anhydride. L'évolution des propriétés s'explique à la lumière de ce mécanisme.
La comparaison du Nafion® 112 et du Nafion® 212-CS montre que le Nafion® 212-CS vieillit trois fois moins vite que le Nafion® 112. La catalyse de la réaction de condensation par les cations métalliques présents en plus grande quantité dans le Nafion® 212-CS est à l'origine de cette différence de cinétique de vieillissement observée.
D'autre part, les essais à différentes humidités montrent que lorsque le taux d'hygrométrie croît, la réaction de condensation est accélérée. On propose un mécanisme de dégradation ionique de type SN1 avec formation d'une espèce intermédiaire RSO2+.
Enfin, on montre qu'en présence de catalyseur, la réaction de condensation est réversible : il y a hydrolyse de l'anhydride conduisant à des propriétés recouvrées. Il y a rajeunissement de la membrane.
Genet, Sébastien. "Etude des mécanismes de vieillissement physique des polyréthanes : application aux Propergols solides." Mulhouse, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004MULH0757.
Full textThe aim is to study the mechanisms of the physical aging of propellants based on polyuréthanes made with a soft polybutadiene phase and a hard phase of urethane clusters. This system tends to relax during aging with a phenomenon of phase séparation that corrupts burning properties. "Spin echo" and "spin diffusion" solid state NMR investigations give access to the clusters diameter, the width of the interphase and, to the proton partition and the hardness of the two phases and of the interphase. These analyses indicate a macroscopic and a nanoscopic rigidification of the two phases and of the interphase. They show a stability of the clusters diameter and of the width of the interphase during aging. The behaviour of polyuréthanes in function of additives such as dioctylazelate plasticizer points out a sélective plasticization of the soft phase and a rigidification of the two phases in presence of charge. These behaviours are modelized for each case
Baumann, Florian. "Vieillissement et comportement d’échelle dynamique hors équilibre." Thesis, Nancy 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007NAN10106/document.
Full textAgeing phenomena and dynamical scaling behaviour have been observed in many out-of-equilibrium systems, but a general framework for the description of such systems is still missing. A first step in this direction is the theory of local scale-invariance (LSI), which attempts to identify generalised forms of spatio-temporal dynamical scaling. For systems with a dynamical exponent z = 2, it has already been known how to treat stochastic partial differential equations and the consequences have been verified in many explicit models. In this thesis a reformulation and extension of LSI for systems with z ? 2 is presented. We infer for the first time generalised Bargmann superselection and discuss extended dynamical symmetries of Langevin equations with z ? 2. We can establish a formalism for the calculation of non-equilibrium correlation -and response functions and the results are confirmed in several new model calculations. Secondly, the ageing behaviour in reaction-diffusion systems is investigated. Although the main features of ageing as seen in magnets are still valid, important differences in exponent relations are found. Explicitly, the contact process is studied through field-theoretical methods and two bosonic models are solved exactly. For the latter, we show how to extend LSI with z = 2 to nonlinear models. Thirdly, the ageing behaviour in semi-infinite magnetic systems close to the surface is considered. The results show that the general scaling picture known from infinite systems remains valid, but some ageing exponents and scaling functions differ from the bulk quantities
Cocaud, Julie. "Vieillissement humide de matériaux composites de pales d’hélicoptères : caractérisations et modélisations, de l'échelle de la résine à celle d'assemblages multi-matériaux." Thesis, Nantes, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019NANT4065.
Full textExposure of a polymer matrix composite (PMC) structure to a wet environment can affect its durability due to moisture diffusion. This phenomenon is so called wet ageing (WA). This study focuses on the WA of helicopter blades PMCs. In order to qualify the diffusive behavior of these structures, a multi-scale characterization campaign was carried out. Helicopter blades materials were subjected to severe environmental conditions. Consistent hygro-mechanical behaviors were obtained regarding the different scales of materials (resins, composite materials, multi-material assemblies). The materials constitutive laws were determined from the experimental results. Also, the associated hygroscopic parameters were identified. Afterwards, a numerical study made it possible to model the water diffusion within a multi-material assembly based on the diffusive parameters of the constituent materials. The interfacial conditions were defined and validated by comparing numerical and experimental results. Then, this model was adapted to the finite element method. Finally, the simulation of water diffusion within a complex multi-material structure, in the present case, a helicopter blade section, was achieved
Lekdim, Atef. "Contribution à l’étude du vieillissement thermique des matériaux magnétiques nanocristallins FeCuNbSiB et polycristallins FeCoV." Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSE1058.
Full textThe thesis takes part of the project GENOME “Gestion Optimisée de l’Energie” whose major issue is the design of the more electrical aircraft. The increase in the energy efficiency and the compactness of the electrical systems of these aircrafts lead to high temperature stresses. These thermal stresses are related to the compactness of the systems (reduction of mass and volume) as well as their location with respect to the hot sources (aircraft engine for example). Thus, the magnetic materials of the new electrical converters must be able to operate under conditions of high temperatures, above 200 °C. Typically, the FeCoV polycrystalline materials are dedicated to the fabrication of the stator and rotor sheets of the fast generators (located near the aircraft engine) and the FeCuNbSiB nanocrystalline materials are dedicated to the design of inductors and transformers of the static converters.This manuscript concerns the thermal ageing study of these two magnetic material families. These materials, supplied by the company APERAM, are available in several shades. The ageing study consists on applying several continuous ageing treatments at different temperatures (up to 300 °C for FeCoV and 240 °C for FeCuNbSiB). At each ageing step, several macroscopic properties namely: magnetic, electrical and mechanical (for the FeCoV materials) properties are measured. Using these macroscopic properties and complementary measurements carried out on a microscopic scale, analyses are made and hypotheses are proposed in order to explain the ageing mechanisms of these magnetic material families. The understanding of the magnetic ageing mechanisms is necessary towards establishing of phenomenological ageing models
Billy, Fabien. "Vieillissement et propriétés résiduelles de matériaux issus du démantèlement d'avions en fin de vie." Phd thesis, ISAE-ENSMA Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Mécanique et d'Aérotechique - Poitiers, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00824151.
Full textLoubeau, Florian. "Analyse des phénomènes de vieillissement des matériaux d’isolation électrique de machines de traction électrique." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016GREAT086/document.
Full textDesign and validation of a new electric motor require an examination of the behavior of the electrical insulating materials under different stresses. Characterizations were performed during aging, thermal, hydrothermal, thermomechanical and electrical, both on the materials, with a special focus on the impregnating resins: a polyesterimide and a filled epoxy, and on models of the electrical system. Other materials have also been characterized such as the enamel covering the copper, with a formulation based on polyesterimide and polyamide-imide, and two 3-layer insulating papers based on Nomex® and Kapton® for the first and on Nomex® and PET for the second. Physicochemical analyses (mass loss, IR and dielectric spectroscopies, optical microscopy) and mechanical characterizations (3-points bending) allowed the identification of the degradation mechanisms during thermal and hydrothermal aging. The effects of the applied stresses on the motorettes were evidenced by measurements of partial discharges. Correlations with the observed behaviors of the materials were underlined, such as the loss of enamel adhesion or the delamination of the epoxy resin. The influence of the waveform on the PDIV has also been studied and it revealed no significant difference between sinus wave and square wave. Simulations of electric fields on the motorettes are in agreement with the measurements of partial discharge inception voltages (PDIV) and with the influence of temperature on these PDIV
Le-Magda, Mélanie. "Influence du vieillissement sur le comportement des matériaux et des interfaces des systèmes mécatroniques." Rouen, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011ROUES010.
Full textMechatronic systems resultt from the tight integration of the electronic and mechanical components. Their used condeition is stringent (currents>200A), so failures can occur. This thesis is devoted to study two common mechatronic materials: epoxy matrix/glass fiber woven PCB FR4 (Printed circuit Boiard Flam Retardant 4) composite and PbSnAg alloy. Isothermal aging at 110°C is applied to PCB FR4 for over 8800 h. It mainly affects the epoxy, which has evolved in complex ways since 2800 h. This is reflected by the appearance of bimodal curves for C'', "out of phase" signal by TMDSC (Thermo-Modulated Differential Scanning Calorimetry) and for tan ð, the ratio between storage and loss modulus by DMA (Dynamic Mechanical Analysis). The oxidation of a certain volume fraction of the resin leading to the appearance of a new phase can be an explanation. The Young's modulus of thes two phases is modelised and combines the analysis of the aged epoxy with several models of the composite's behavior (rheological laws, Berthelot's model and mathematical law). Concerning the PbSnAg alloy, isothermal aging at 200°C for 7000 h is applied to the cast and soldered alloys. In the cast condition, formation, coalescence and fragmentation of Ag3Sn intemetallic compounds (IMCs) are observed but the tensile properties of the alloy are not affected. When the same alloy is soldered between two copper substrates coated with Ni and Ni-P layers, in addition to Ag3Sn, other IMCs based on Ni, P and Sn are also observed and grow during aging according to Fick's law. This microstructural evolution leads to a decrease of the mechanical properties of the solder when they are measured with the Arcan shear test
Eliard, Camille. "Etude spectroscopique de la réaction de vulcanisation et du vieillissement thermique de matériaux caoutchoutiques." Thesis, Lille 1, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LIL1R022/document.
Full textUnderstanding the rubber materials’ aging is a challenge in the world of industry. To respond at this problematic, the characterization of the material at each stage of its preparation is essential. Actually, sulfur vulcanization is often used in industry while the reaction’s mechanisms and the structure of the materials formed are still hypothetical and controversial. Knowledge of these mechanisms would improve the life of rubbers. For this we have used innovative techniques such as Direct Analysis at Real-Time coupled with Mass Spectrometry (DART-MS) and Electronic Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR). Spectroscopic analysis by EPR and DART-MS is performed on each additive and mixture (rubber and additives) at different stages of their preparation (raw, uncured and vulcanized) to make a database. The center of the thesis is the study conducted by EPR on the vulcanization reaction and the accelerated aging of materials to provide response’s elements on the radical mechanisms proposed in the literature. Vulcanization is studied by comparing the ex-situ study which the material is vulcanized in the rheometer and the in-situ study which mimicking the vulcanization reaction in the EPR spectrometer for a real-time study. EPR analyzes show the presence of different paramagnetic species (organic and metallic) evolving during the vulcanization and aging reaction. EPR spectroscopy shows clearly its interest in the study of the vulcanization reaction and in the aging
Saoudi, Rania. "Comportement des matériaux magnétiques nanocristallins FeCuNbSiB lors du vieillissement sous contraintes thermique et électrique." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lyon 1, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023LYO10132.
Full textIn the context of increasing energy efficiency, electrical systems need to be designed in a very compact way in order to reduce their volume and weight, specifically in systems used in transportation (automotive, rail and airplanes). This compactness leads the magnetic materials of the new electrical converters to operate in severe environments (high temperatures and high frequencies). This thesis focuses on the behavior over time (aging) of FeCuNbSiB nanocrystalline materials dedicated to the design of transformers, inductors and current sensors. Different grades of nanocrystalline materials were provided by our collaborator APERAM Imphy in the form of wound cores. At first, nanocrystalline materials are studied during continuous aging under different temperatures. In aim to monitor aging evolution, several macroscopic magnetic properties are measured at each aging period. In order to explain the aging mechanism, an analysis of the anisotropy energies is conducted, completed by measurements at different scales (local, mesoscopic and microscopic). Thereafter, the magnetic properties of nanocrystalline materials are monitored during their thermal aging under alternating excitation. The latter is applied using electronic circuits designed for fluxgate current sensors provided by LEM. Finally, the impact of magnetic aging of nanocrystals on the evolution of sensor parameters is studied
Baur, Prisca. "Durabilité d'assemblages structuraux collés avec des adhésifs polyesters et vinylesters dans la construction navale de plaisance." Poitiers, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002POIT2280.
Full textIn pleasure boats made of composite, shipyards use to bond the elements by mechanical bolting or overlaminating. The aim of this thesis is to study the feasibility of deck/shell and bulkhead/shell assembly using adhesive bonding. Three adhesives with fillers were evaluated: orthophthalic polyester, isophthalic polyester and vinylester. First, the adhesive properties were characterised. The influence of fillers and the effects of hygrothermal ageing have been particularly investigated. Simple-lap and tee joints have been tested in shear-tension for the former, and in bending and tension for the latter. The behaviour of these assemblies was examined for the case when adhesive bonding replaces traditional joining methods. The influence of the geometry of these joints was also studied. In parallel, a prototype boat has been instrumented to identify the loads applied to a bulkhead/shell joint. The feasibility demonstrated in this work has been applied to an industrial process
Raujol, Sonia. "Influence du vieillissement sur le comportement en fluage d'un superalliage pour disques d'une turbine." Toulouse, INSA, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004ISAT0015.
Full textThe purpose of the national project called «Future Supersonic Transport Airplane» concerns the creation of a successor for Concorde able to have a life time four times longer and an increase of the aeroengine output. A new powder metallurgy superalloy called NR3, developed at ONERA, was then elaborated at SNECMA to be used for turbine disks in order to resist the new real working conditions. They are defined by a creep deformation near 700°C under 300 MPa during 20. 000 hours and the long time maintenance, at such a temperature, of this two-phase alloy, inducing a microstructural change negative for the mechanical properties must be understood. The aim of our work is to study, after different thermal treatments, the evolution of the deformation micro-mechanisms during this microstructural ageing, in order to deduce its impact on the creep resistance of the alloy. Several different experimental techniques were used at different scales: macroscopic creep tests, post mortem and in situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and EDX spectroscopy. Finally, a particular emphasis is made on the decrease of the population of the smallest “tertiary” precipitates during ageing. Their important role is revealed by TEM observations through the evolution of the micro-mechanisms responsible for the deformation. It is clearly demonstrated that their dimension, the channel width between them, their chemistry and the quality of their order control at this temperature the variation of the creep resistance of the alloy
Novy, Stéphane. "Mécanismes de vieillissement à très longue échéance des aciers inoxydables austénoferritiques." Rouen, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009ROUES039.
Full textEmbrittlement study of duplex stainless steels is a very important in order to predict the lifetime of primary circuits of nuclear power plant. Ferrite steels aged over 20 years, on-site, in laboratory and at different temperatures was analyzed by tomographic probe atom to assess the trend of aging of these materials with very long times. A more prospective work was also carried out, the aim was to model the decomposition of ferrite from austenitic-ferritic steels. The simulation of the decomposition of these steels are very complex, we initiated preliminary work in modelling the Fe-Cr alloys, because the decomposition of Fe and Cr in these steels is the main cause of their fragility. To validate the parameters used in simulation, an experimental study of the decomposition of an alloy Fe-20% at. Cr aged at 500 ° C was performed. This experimental study has shown that a non-classical germination (NCG) is involved in this alloy. The performed simulations on the same alloy at the same temperature, did not reproduce the progressive enrichment of precipitated phase α' (characteristic of NCG). The study of steels, aged over 20 years, has confirmed that the steel aged in laboratory are representative to steel aged in site ( T <350 ° C). Moreover, it has been shown that the Gphase (intermetallic precipitation at the interface α/α' phases) does not influence the embrittlement of the ferrite and the difference of thermo-mechanical treatment is not determinant of the variance decomposition observed in these steels
Zhao, Dan. "Evolution de l'adhérence des chaussées : Influence des matériaux, du vieillissement et du trafic, variations saisonnières." Phd thesis, Ecole centrale de Nantes, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00905871.
Full textPires, Isabelle. "Vieillissement dans l'antigel de matériaux composites polyamide-6,6 renforcé par des fibres de verre courtes." Montpellier 2, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000MON20124.
Full textLahoud, Nadine. "Modélisation du vieillissement des isolants organiques sous contrainte électrique : application à la fiabilité des matériaux." Toulouse 3, 2009. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/517/.
Full textThe aim of this study is to improve the description of solid organic insulators or polymers ageing under electrical stress. With this objective in view, the different ageing scenarios existing in the literature were analyzed, compared and improved. This theoretical study showed that many parameters related to their heterogeneous structure and the distribution of their properties were neglected in order to simplify the modelling. This study presents a new approach in the description of solid organic insulators ageing by taking into consideration their experimentally demonstrated structural complexity. In this approach, the polymer material has been assimilated to a set of sites representing different energy states, thereby different properties as well as ageing rates depending on each site. The principal parameters involved during the ageing process, such as the specific volume variation, the dielectric strength evolution and the local value of the electrical field have been defined. The expression of the retardation time specific to each elementary ageing process has been established. Finally, a distributed form of those retardation times has been presented. Our "phenomenological" approach is thus a multi-sites one permitting, along with an experimental study, to establish an equation relating the life time of polymer electrical insulators to the different parameters at play, all along respecting their distribution over the entire set of sites within the polymer
Jin, Shuai. "Etude de vieillissement du comportement mécanique des agro-matériaux à base de fibres de chanvre." Troyes, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013TROY0006.
Full textThe main objective of this work consists to manufacturing the new composite materials based on hemp fibers and to characterizing their mechanical behavior with different aging effects. We started our study by characterizing the tensile behavior of the single hemp fiber, with original state and accelerated aging. Different aging conditions are chosen to study separately the influence of each climatic parameter (relative humidity, temperature and UV) on the mechanical behavior. The experimental results showed that the UV and humidity play a more important role than temperature on the mechanical properties of single fibers. Microscopic observations have allowed to analyzing the evolution of aging degradation of single fibers. The composites PP / Hemp are then manufactured, aged and characterized with different fibre volume fractions. Aging conditions are the same as those of single fibers. According to the results, UV and temperature are most penalizing to the mechanical properties of composite; it is clear that the PP polymer protects well the fibers and lessens greatly the effect of moisture on the fibers. The last part is devoted to the analytical and micromechanical modelling. The obtained results from Hashin-Shtrikman+ and Neerfeld Hill model showed a good correlation with the experimental results
Lopitaux, Garance. "Etude du vieillissement de matériaux constitutifs de structures composites haute performance traitées sous rayonnement ionisant." Lille 1, 2001. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/2001/50376-2001-335.pdf.
Full textYahyaoui, Hanen. "Matériaux isolants pour appareillages haute tension dans le domaine du courant continu : comportement et vieillissement." Thesis, Montpellier, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015MONTS267.
Full textThe development of high voltage dc equipment requires design according to specific criteria and including materials with appropriate properties. Indeed, while in ac the dielectric behaviour is mainly determined by permittivity, which varies little for the used materials with field and temperature at power frequency, the dc behavior is determined by highly non-linear volume and surface conductivity-related phenomena. Thus, it is well known that, in dc conditions, electric charge is injected and trapped in the bulk and on the surface, affecting the distribution of the electric field. Space charge accumulation is able to increase significantly the values of the field, thus accelerating ageing and increasing the risk of breakdown. The electrode nature, the field and temperature dependence of the electrical conductivity of the insulating material are key factors involved in the high dc field phenomena.Epoxy resins form an important category of polymeric insulating materials used in a wide range of electric power installations and equipment. In particular, they have been used especially as insulating supports for ac Gas Insulated Switchgear (GIS), because of their electrical and mechanical properties. However, the behaviour of these materials under high dc stress is less known and needs thorough investigation in view of dc applications.The purpose of this thesis is to investigate dielectric behavior of epoxy resins in order to assess their suitability for use in high DC voltage switchgear and define actions and criteria support for the design of such devices.We start by presenting the most important chemical thermal and dielectric properties of polymers as well as the various properties of the epoxy resin.Dielectric properties of the material at initial state with continuous temperature and electrical stress (loss factor, volume resistivity, thresholds and nonlinearity coefficients, surface resistivity, breakdown, evolution of space charge) are determined and investigated under dc fields at different temperatures
Alchikh, Mohamad. "Vieillissement mécano-chimique du polyvinyldifluore (PVDF) dans la soude." Strasbourg, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009STRA6031.
Full textBinesti, Didier. "Les varistances à base d'oxyde de zinc : épreuves de vieillissement et dégradation." Bordeaux 1, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985BOR10587.
Full textLamontagne, Jérôme. "Vieillissement des bitumes modifiés polymères à usage routier par simulation et techniques spectroscopiques." Aix-Marseille 3, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002AIX30002.
Full textRoad bitumens undergo during their road service life some ageing reactions resulting in a loss of mechanical properties of the pavement. In order to improve these performances an addition of some polymers is necessary. The polymer modified bitumens (PmB) are materials which the structure is complex and depend on at the same time the polymer nature, its concentration, the chemical composition of the bitumen and the manufacture process. The analytical microspectrometry be confirmed indispensables to characterise chemically the PmB microphases. In order to follow continually the PmB ageing, a new methodology was developed allowing to visualise and analyse the different phases of these systems without change the equilibrium repartition of bitumen and polymer phases. It was demonstrated in the case of bitumens modified by a SBS, an homogenisation of the polymer repartition in the bosom of the PmB. For the bitumens modified by EVA and EBA, the rate of swelling of these polymers decreases
Devillers-Guerville, Lydia. "Rupture d'aciers inoxydables austéno-ferritiques moules, fragilises par vieillissement à 350-400c : aspects microstructuraux - simulation numérique de la dispersion et des effets d’échelle." ENSMP, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998ENMP0837.
Full textBoucher, Vincent. "Etude du vieillissement de matériaux hautes températures pour machines tournantes et définition de méthodes d'essais accélérées." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00585496.
Full textMercier, Julien. "Prise en compte du vieillissement et de l'endommagement dans le dimensionnement de structures en matériaux composites." Phd thesis, École Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00156986.
Full textLa diffusion d'eau dans le matériau (matrice époxy renforcée par des fibres de verre) est tout d'abord analysée expérimentalement par détermination des cinétiques d'absorption sous différentes conditions d'humidité. Des baisses de différentes propriétés mécaniques en fonction de la quantité d'eau absorbée sont mises en évidence et quantifiées lors d'essais expérimentaux de traction. Les mécanismes physiques à l'origine de ces modifications sont identifiés. Un mode
d'endommagement particulier, la fissuration intralaminaire, ainsi que son couplage avec l'humidité,
sont aussi étudiés expérimentalement. Des différences entre évolutions réversibles et irréversibles de propriétés sont mises en évidence et analysées en détail.
Un modèle prédictif qui prend en compte les effets d'endommagements d'origine hydrique et/ou mécanique est alors proposé. Un calcul couplé diffusion/mécanique, sur un logiciel de modélisation par éléments finis, permet de déterminer le comportement global du
matériau, connaissant le gradient de propriété suivant l'épaisseur. Il est donc possible de suivre en continu au cours du vieillissement l'évolution de rigidité du matériau, pour n'importe quel état de fissuration et d'absorption (i.e. n'importe quel état intermédiaire entre état sec et état saturé en eau). Des essais numériques de cyclages, à la fois de chargement mécanique (charge-décharge) et de vieillissement (absorption-séchage) ont enfin été menés avec succès. Il est ainsi possible de simuler n'importe quelle condition (température, humidité, épaisseur, chargement appliqué) et donner une estimation des propriétés du matériau tout au long de son utilisation.
Castaing, Rémi. "Vieillissement d'accumulateurs aux ions lithium : influence des conditions d'utilisation et scénarios de dégradation." Nantes, 2014. https://archive.bu.univ-nantes.fr/pollux/show/show?id=439d8fbc-9220-439f-ae40-5e9f6ae12a7f.
Full textThe aging of Li-ion bateries for electric vehicle was studied. Although the power demand proile is uneven and complex, the candidate electrode materials are tested in the laboratory under constant-current conditions. His work targeted to analyze the efect of use conditions on batery materials. A rigorous technical and analytical frame was used for manufacturing and aging the cells and measuring their performance. His was the key to objectively analyze the results of aging using statistical tools. He evolution of performance in aging was diagnosed using complementary spectroscopic, microscopic and electrochemical analyses and in the light of the published degradation mechanisms
Bassery, Josserand. "Prise en compte du vieillissement et de la fatigue dans le dimensionnement de structures en matériaux composites." Phd thesis, École Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris, 2011. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00609158.
Full textVidal-Dho, Matthias. "Mécanismes de vieillissement liés à la pénétration d’humidité dans les matériaux diélectriques à faible permittivité des interconnexions." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020GRALT066.
Full textOver the past decades, scaling of microelectronic chips, in particular transistors and memory cells, has allowed to increase substantially both the density of integrated circuit and integrate the umber of functions offered. Such scaling required the introduction oflow permittivity dielectrics, which are particularly sensitive to moisture pollution. This thesis details the dielectrics main properties and the consequences of moisture ingress insuch low-permittivity dielectrics, also referred as SiOC :H dielectrics. The fabrication of low-κ/copper-based interconnects is detailed. Then, the SiOC :H dielectric material is characterised to determine its chemical and molecular structure in order to understand underlying physical phenomenon leading to the material electrical performances degradation. Then, the conception and fabrication of electrical test structures required to evaluate the impact of moisture on the electrical properties and performances of integrated SiOC :H dielectric material is presented. Finally, the results of electrical characterisations carried out on these structures provide a better understanding of physical phenomenon leading to electrical performance degradation of SiOC :H dielectric material used in the semiconductor industry
Salles, Corinne. "Performance et vieillissement de membranes céramiques à transport d'oxygène." Thesis, Montpellier, Ecole nationale supérieure de chimie, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018ENCM0001/document.
Full textOxygen transport membranes (OTM) are dense ceramic membranes that allow oxygen diffusion along a chemical potential gradient. OTMs can increase the efficiency of oxycombustion processes or partial oxidation of methane, resulting in lower CO2 emissions overall. The oxygen transport is proportional to the ambipolar conductivity of the OTM material. However, OTM materials with the highest ambipolar conductivity are more prone to fast degradation under operation conditions. To be competitive, OTMs must associate high oxygen transport properties but also must be chemically, thermally, and mechanically stable, and preferably not expensive. CaTi0.9Fe0.1O3−δ (CTF) has recently been shown to match these demands, appearing as a promising OTM material that is worth studying in further detail.This PhD is therefore dedicated to study the performance and stability of CTF in typical operation conditions of an OTM. To improve the performance of a membrane, it is necessary to determine if the semi-permeation is limited by surface exchange reactions or by bulk diffusion. The first results of this work will detail the nature of the limiting reaction step for oxygen transport in CTF. Specifically, CTF is co-limited by bulk diffusion and surface exchange reactions at T < 750 °C, but is mainly limited by bulk diffusion at higher temperatures. The following chapter details the bulk diffusion process and electrical conductivity in light of the defect chemistry of CTF, as a function of oxygen partial pressure and temperature. Under typical operation conditions, CTF must be regarded as a mixed ionic and electronic conductor, with increasing predominance of ionic conductivity at T > 800°C. The second part is dedicated to the stability of the CTF under atmospheric compositions typically found in standard operating conditions, known to degrade the performance of usual membrane materials. The oxygen transport of CTF is shown to remain extremely stable under CO2, CO, and H2 atmospheres over several hundred hours. Some degradation (- 25% of oxygen semi permeation flux) was observed when exposed to humidified CO2, but returning to initial values when exposed to dry helium for a hundred hour. Post-mortem XRD, SEM and Raman analyses did not show any obvious signs of surface or bulk degradation. CTF was tested for CH4 oxidation for a thousand hours and the formation of CO, CO2 and H2O was followed. Despite this reactive environment, the oxygen transport CTF membrane fully regenerates upon returning to helium atmosphere. Therefore, despite relatively low performance (5×10-3 mL.min-1.cm-1 at 900°C), this material is full of promises and especially its outstanding stability under methane can be very interesting for some applications
Mario, Olivier. "Étude du vieillissement des assemblages structuraux acier/aluminium : influence de l’environnement sur le dimensionnement." Paris, ENMP, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007ENMP1512.
Full textThe objective of this work is to study the behaviour of a filled structural epoxy adhesive, in both its bulk state and as used to form a bonded assembly realised between two metallic substrates. This behaviour has to be characterised in the initial state but also after hydrothermal ageing, in order to dimension a bonded structure. Microscopic analyses underline the dominating role played by the microstructure. The fillers (of talc especially) are composed of layers with weak, cohesive, inter-layer energy. After crosslinking at high temperature, and during cooling, stresses are induced around these fillers and lead to local damage, responsible for the reduction of the elastic properties of the joint. Under strain, the talc layers exfoliate and create a microscopic crack network in the joint. The final crack leading to failure passes preferentially through these fillers. The first consequence is that the maximum stress is directly linked to the fractional filler content. Water diffusion into the polymer matrix follows non-Fickian kinetics. Water is present in a first phase, linked to the polar sites of the polymer, and in a second phase, without interaction with the matrix. The mechanical and physicochemical properties measured on the bulk adhesive vary proportionally with the water concentration within the adhesive. This model, transposed to the adhesive bonded joints, also allows us to describe the evolution of mechanical properties according with ageing. All these results gathered together in a numerical model allow us to know the state of a structure after ageing and allow us to dimension the desired industrial structure
Faurichon, de la Bardonnie Marc. "Caractérisation du vieillissement électrique de transistors microniques n-Mos par l'étude de la jonction substrat-drain." Perpignan, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PERP0248.
Full textKuntz, Pierre. "Evolution du comportement sécuritaire de batterie lithium-ion pendant leur vieillissement." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020GRALI069.
Full textLithium-ion battery technology is more and more widespread due to its high energy density and good cycleability. Today electric vehicles runs with Lithium-ion technologies. Despite Lithium-ion technology has numerous advantages, it has been proved that lithium-ion battery are the cause of many accidental car fires. Thereby battery safety is a key issue to continue to develop more performant and enduring vehicle, but also to ensure the user’s safety. Depending on the condition of use, different aging mechanisms inside the cell could be activated and induce physical and chemical modifications of the internal components. Therefore, aging of a cell has a strong influence on its safety behavior. Three references of commercial 18650-type lithium-ion cells are investigated using BEV (Battery Electric Vehicle) representative aging at various temperatures (-20°C, 0°C, 25°C, 45°C) according to the international standard IEC 62-660. Ante-mortem and post-mortem analyses (half coin cell at the electrode level, SEM, EDX, GD-OES, XRD, GCMS, DSC, FTIR…) are performed on internal components in order to identify clearly, which aging mechanism occurs in accordance to the cell characteristics and the aging conditions. Then safety test are performed (ARC, short-circuit and overcharge) to evaluate the safety behavior of each cell. By comparing safety behavior of fresh cell vs. aged cells, it will be possible to understand the impact of each aging mechanism on cell safety behavior