Journal articles on the topic 'Victorian era'
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Nnyagu, Uche, and Umeh Deborah. "Towards the Exploration of the Victorian Literature: The Historical Overview." South Asian Research Journal of Arts, Language and Literature 5, no. 05 (October 6, 2023): 177–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.36346/sarjall.2023.v05i05.002.
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The Victorian Period is a remarkable period in the history of literature as a lot of transformations took place in this era. The Victorian Period spaned from 1837 to 1901 and it is a remarkable era that left an indelible mark on the fabric of society, art, and literature. This paper delves into the rich precepts of the Victorian era, exploring its distinctive characteristics, social dynamics, and artistic expressions. This study commences with an overview of the historical and socio-political context of the Victorian Period, highlighting the reign of Queen Victoria and the significant events that shaped the era. It also examines how these influences set the stage for the unique values, beliefs, and attitudes that permeated the Victorian society. A central focus of this study is the exploration of the Victorian social hierarchy, with its rigid class structure and strict moral codes. This era was also marked by a flourishing artistic and literary scene that produced a wealth of literary masterpieces. In exploring the works of prominent Victorian authors such as Charles Dickens, Jane Austen, and the Brontë sisters, it equally explores the thematic underpinnings of their novels, such as social inequality, love, morality, and the changing dynamics of the Victorian society. Additionally, we will discuss the rise of serialized fiction and the influence of Victorian literature on contemporary storytelling. Lastly, this paper sheds light on the legacy of the Victorian Period, exploring its enduring impact on subsequent generations. It also discusses how Victorian ideals and sensibilities continue to shape modern society, art, and literature, as well as their resonance in contemporary discussions on gender, class, and societal norms.
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Taylor, Miles. "The Bicentenary of Queen Victoria." Journal of British Studies 59, no. 1 (January 2020): 121–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jbr.2019.245.
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AbstractThe past year, 2019, was the bicentenary of the birth of Queen Victoria. Since 2001, the centenary of her death, much has changed in the scholarship about the British queen. Her own journals and correspondence are more available for researchers. European monarchies are now being taken seriously as historical topics. There is also less agreement about the Victorian era as a distinct period of study, leaving Victoria's own relationship with the era she eponymizes less certain. With these changing perspectives in mind, this article looks at six recent books about Victoria (four biographies, one study of royal matchmaking, and one edited volume) in order to reassess her reign. The article is focused on three themes: Queen Victoria as a female monarch, her role in building a dynastic empire, and her prerogative—how she influenced the politics of church and state. The article concludes by warning that biography is not the medium best suited for taking advantage of all the new historical contexts for understanding Queen Victoria's life.
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Haque, Farhana. "Depiction of Victorian Era in the Novel Great Expectations by Charles Dickens." International Linguistics Research 1, no. 2 (July 31, 2018): p17. http://dx.doi.org/10.30560/ilr.v1n2p17.
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Charles Dickens’ Great Expectation actually did reflect the Victorian society and therefore the morality of that era’s people inside of the novel. Since we know that Victorian era basically present some features such as virtue, strength, thrift, manners, cleanliness, honesty and chastity. These are the morals that Victorian people used to hold with high esteem. In this novel Great Expectations, Dickens has created some Victorian characters whom we have seen both in good working way or not at all. But the protagonist named Pip was dynamic and he went through some several changes and dealt with different and significant moral issues. Somehow Pip left behind all the values he was raised with. Because Miss Havisham and Estella have corrupted Pip with rich life. Greed, beauty and arrogance were his ingredient of immoral life. The other characters like Joe and Biddy were static characters throughout the entire novel and became noticeable to be the manifestation of what we call as ideal Victorians. The main heroin of this novel was Estella with whom Pip thought he had some love connection. Hence, Estella has been presented as a good in the sense of potentiality and turned morally bad. Miss Havisham, who was basically a corrupt woman and she engraved the center of the novel. Great Expectations did disclose how was the situation of Victorian society through some important features such as higher class, corrupted judicial system between rural and urban England. Here in this novel, Dickens was concern about the education system in Victorian era where the lower class people get less opportunities of getting proper education. From the beginning to the end of this novel, Dickens explored some significant issues regarding higher and lower class system of Victorian society which did fluctuate from the greatest woeful criminal named Magwitch to the needy people of the swamp country, where Joe and Biddy were the symbol of that regime. After that we can proceed to the middle class family where Pumblechook was the person to represent that regime. Last but not the least Miss Havisham symbolized and bear flag of very rich and sophisticated Victorian woman who has represented the higher class society in the novel Great Expectations. Hence we can say Great Expectations has talked and displayed the class system of Victorian England and the characters of this novel therefore also did uphold the true reflection of Victorian era.
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Lambert, Andrew. "British Cruisers of the Victorian Era." Mariner's Mirror 100, no. 1 (January 2, 2014): 105–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00253359.2014.874154.
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Moore, Kevin Z. "Viewing the Victorians: Recent Research on Victorian Visuality." Victorian Literature and Culture 25, no. 2 (1997): 367–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s106015030000485x.
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Since carol christ's pioneering research in 1975 on the “finer optic” of Victorian poetry, the optic has become even finer in all senses of the word: refined, particular, precise, scientific, and, most importantly, thoroughly historical and material. The optical is no longer a metaphor, but a reality: a device, apparatus, or gadget whose lens-crafted appearance on the scene of vision enhances and alters “visuality,” a recently coined term for “how we moderns see seeing.” Terms which once stood solely upon metaphorical ground, as in W. D. Shaw's “The Optical Metaphor: Victorian Poetics and the Theory of Knowledge” (Victorian Studies, 1980), now refer to concrete practices, scientific optically monitored experiments, and lens and mirror evidentiary and entertainment venues that shaped internal and external life as “modern” during Queen Victoria's reign. In fact, her reign from 1837 until 1901 exactly corresponds with the era that saw the invention and gradual institutionalization of photo- and cinematographic techniques of imaging.
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Kusumaningrum, Ayu Fitri. "Symbolic Annihilation Terhadap Tiga Tipe Perempuan Era Victoria dalam Hetty Feather Karya Jacqueline Wilson." ATAVISME 23, no. 2 (December 18, 2020): 189–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.24257/atavisme.v23i2.641.189-205.
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Narasi perempuan dapat ditemukan dalam berbagai macam media sejak berabad-abad lamanya. Mulai dari yang dinarasikan oleh laki-laki sampai yang dituliskan oleh perempuan sendiri, media menampilkan bermacam-macam narasi perempuan. Novel anak, sebagai salah satu bentuk media, sebenarnya juga tak luput memotret narasi perempuan dan isu-isu yang berkaitan dengan gender lainnya, meski penelitian terhadap sastra anak masih terpinggirkan dalam kalangan komunitas sastra. Penelitian ini kemudian melihat adanya narasi perempuan yang dimusnahkan dalam novel anak Hetty Feather karya Jacqueline Wilson. Menggunakan teori symbolic annihilation yang digagas Gaye Tuchman dan beberapa konsep pendukung mengenai tipe-tipe perempuan era Victoria, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi bentuk-bentuk symbolic annihilation terhadap tiga tipe perempuan era Victoria. Penelitian ini kemudian menemukan adanya trivialization, omission, dan condemnation terhadap sosok angel in the house, fallen woman, dan new woman dalam Hetty Feather.Kata kunci:Era Victoria;narasiperempuan;media;sastraanak[The Symbolic Annihilation of Three Types of Victorian Women in Jacqueline Wilson’s Hetty Feather] Women’s narratives can be found in various types of media for centuries. Starting from one narrated by men to one written by women themselves, the media presents a variety of women’s narratives. Children’s novels, as one form of media, actually also capture women’s narratives and other gender-related issues, although research on children’s literature is still marginalized within the literary community. This research, then, examines the existence of the annihilation of women’s narratives in a children’s book Hetty Feather by Jacqueline Wilson. Using the theory of the symbolic annihilation proposed by Gaye Tuchman and some supporting concepts about types of Victorian women, this study aims to identify the forms of the symbolic annihilation of three types of Victorian women. This study, then, finds that there are trivialization, omission, and condemnation acts toward angel in the house, fallen woman, and new woman in Hetty Feather.
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Picker, John M. "CURRENT THINKING: ON TRANSATLANTIC VICTORIANISM." Victorian Literature and Culture 39, no. 2 (May 18, 2011): 595–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1060150311000179.
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A few years ago, out of scholarly as well as pedagogical interest, I happened to be looking through two recent anthologies on the nebulous-sounding subject of “transatlantic literature.” I was teaching a new course on transatlanticism and was particularly curious to discover how these texts represented the period that is the focus of this journal and the one to which at least a few of its readers are attached. In both cases, I was struck by the degree to which “the Victorian” – the era, people, frame of mind, even the word itself – was either subsumed within Romanticism or absent. In Transatlantic Romanticism: An Anthology of British, American, and Canadian Literature, 1767–1867, edited by Lance Newman, Joel Pace, and Chris Koenig-Woodyard, the subtitle alone incorporated half of the Victorian era, even while the contents omitted virtually all of the Victorians we would expect to represent that half. That anthology as well as the other, Susan Manning and Andrew Taylor's Transatlantic Literary Studies: A Reader, included glossaries of salient terms for transatlantic inquiry, and while “Enlightenment,” “Peterloo,” “Romantics,” and “sublime” appeared there, “Victorian,” not to mention “Great Exhibition,” “natural selection,” and “utilitarianism,” did not.
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McWilliam, David. "London's Dispossessed: Questioning the Neo-Victorian Politics of Neoliberal Austerity in Richard Warlow's Ripper Street." Victoriographies 6, no. 1 (March 2016): 42–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/vic.2016.0210.
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The moral justification for the rollback of benefits and services under the austerity programme unleashed by George Osborne since 2010, when he was first appointed Chancellor of the Exchequer by British Prime Minister David Cameron, is predicated on a neoliberal ideology that views unemployment and poverty as stemming from personal failings rather than the ways in which the free market has shaped British society since the election of Margaret Thatcher in 1979. By using Charles Murray's neo-Victorian argument that the welfare state has created a work-shy, antisocial ‘underclass’, neoliberal politicians and journalists have mythologised the Victorian era as one of discipline and stability, providing a model for the sort of society we should aspire once more to be. This article argues that Richard Warlow's television series, Ripper Street (2012 –), in showing the socio-economic causes of crime in late-Victorian London and the need for collective action and state intervention to alleviate them, challenges the construction of the era used to justify neoliberal austerity. It does so through what Ann Heilmann and Mark Llewellyn characterise as one of the defining features of neo-Victorian fiction: its ability to demonstrate the ‘quasi-fictiveness of the Victorians to our own period’, implicitly drawing parallels between the progressive zeal of nineteenth-century social reformers and the anti-austerity movement today.
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Purbasari, Dina Maulida, and Syahfitri Purnama. "REGISTER LANGUAGE IN THE VICTORIAN ERA AS REFLECTED IN THE CHARLES DICKENS "OLIVER TWIST"." INFERENCE: Journal of English Language Teaching 5, no. 3 (June 17, 2023): 209. http://dx.doi.org/10.30998/inference.v5i3.9083.
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<p class="Default">The aim of this research is to know about Language Register that being used in the Victorian Era. 1) How Industrial Revolution effects on the language choices in a Victorian Era, 2) What the expressions of Register Language are used in the Victorian Era, and 3) How Language Register cannot be separated from the use of language styles. The design of this research is a qualitative descriptive study with content analysis to find out about the context, purposes, and content messages of utterances in the communication. Analyzing and making inferences about the utterances producers as the addressors and the audience as the addressee of the text. It has found problems in society during Victorian era, especially to harsh conditions of orphans and children during the Industrial revolution which is the main focus. 1) Realism projected in realistic characters and setting, comprehensive detail about everyday occurrences, plausible plot, dialects of community, character development, and the importance in depicting social class. These elements are the background for choosing words, choosing language in all utterances between speakers, each character. Representing the use of language in the Victorian Era. 2). Many register languages are used, there are types of Register variation expressions used, the choice of lexical in a conversation sentence that refers to the context of the situation, the context of addressee and addressors, also the typical language variation used in the Victorian era. In the context of the situation, the register also influenced of choosing the right sequence of sentences intended by the interlocutor, in a particular situation. 3). There are variety of language in utterances where style is widely used. Utterances in daily context of living in the Victorian Era occurring in every conversation between speakers. This research is expected to be useful in obtaining information about Register Language and the advantages for English second Language learner and Learning English for special purposes. Broaden vocabulary and sentences of a Register Language can affect the ability of communication skill especially speaking skill.</p>
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Zhao, Qian. "Ideal Women for Who? A Comparative Study on Women in Traditional China and in Victorian Era." Academic Journal of Management and Social Sciences 4, no. 2 (September 25, 2023): 21–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/ajmss.v4i2.11863.
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Although Gu Hongming is regarded as a master of western culture, he strongly supports traditional culture. And his ideas about Chinese women are surprisingly reminiscent of women in Victorian era. The author attempts to compare traditional Chinese women with those in Victorian period in terms of family life and marriage customs through close reading and literature review. Traditional Chinese women are similar to Victorian women as they preside over the home and assume domestic duties, which reflects that woman alike lived in a patriarchal society. Nevertheless, Chinese women and Victorian women differ in their roles in marriage customs. By making a comparison between traditional Chinese women and those in Victorian era, the readers can understand that women’s difficulties are deep-rooted and women today still need to fight hard towards equal rights.
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Repina, Lorina P., and Anastasia K. Shabunina. "TRANSDISCIPLINARITY IN THE STUDY OF SOCIOCULTURAL PRACTICES OF EVERYDAY LIFE (ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE PHENOMENON OF FAMINE IN VICTORIAN ENGLAND)." Ural Historical Journal 76, no. 3 (2022): 34–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.30759/1728-9718-2022-3(76)-34-44.
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The study of the role of sociocultural practices in the everyday life of society involves the synthesis of methodological approaches in order to create a transdisciplinary research model. Analysis of various aspects of private life in the context of studying socio-cultural practices requires an analysis of the value categories of the society under study, taking account of worldview interpretations of phenomena by contemporaries, cultural attraction, individual self-identification and psychological perception of ongoing processes. The phenomenon of the Victorian famine is not meant to be studied only as a strictly biological phenomenon. The article interprets hunger as a sociocultural phenomenon, considers the associated fear of social stigmatization. The famine in the early Victorian period acts as a factor in the conceptual context of ongoing social phenomena, influencing the reception of cultural ties within society. The categories of “food”, “hunger” and “starvation death” were everyday companions of the public discourse of the era, reflecting the crisis state of Victorian society. Not only was the famine a factor that increased the potential for conflict, as it was perceived in the middle of the century, but by the end of the 19th century it began to be recognized by the authorities as a consequence of social contradictions and acted as an argument for the introduction and continuation of legislatively supported forms of social compromise. Having reworked the inhumane concept of getting rid of “social surpluses” of the period of popularity of Malthusian philosophy in the Middle Victorian period, the Victorians change the topology of the “hunger” concept in the system of structural and semantic models of social dialogue. The sociocultural phenomenon of famine is transformed in the communicative space of the Victorian era from a marker of condemned poverty into a social problem that unites various social groups.
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Kirby, Sarah. "‘The Worst Oratorio Ever!’: Colonialist Condescension in the Critical Reception of George Tolhurst’s Ruth (1864)." Nineteenth-Century Music Review 16, no. 02 (May 4, 2017): 199–227. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1479409817000325.
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The oratorio genre was regarded amongst the most edifying and instructive artforms of the Victorian era, and it was to these lofty ideals that George Tolhurst (1827–1877) aspired when composing his 1864 oratorioRuth. The first work of its kind written in the British colony of Victoria, Australia,Ruthreceived an initially favourable local reception; Tolhurst was urged by the Melbourne press to aim higher and present his work to a wider and more discerning audience. Consequently, he took his work to London where it was roundly criticized, widely mocked and eventually dubbed ‘the worst oratorio ever’. It might be assumed that a work so poorly received in the cultural metropolis of London would be, like so much other Victorian music, immediately forgotten. However, through its notoriously bad reception,Ruth– in what Percy Scholes describes as a ‘succès de ridicule’ – found a cult following that has spanned from the nineteenth century to the present day. This article examines the critical reception ofRuththrough the lens of colonial social relations, arguing that the treatment ofRuthin both London and Melbourne is emblematic of broader trends in the nineteenth-century relationship between parent state and settler colony. It also explores the surprising phenomenon of twentieth- and twenty-first-century consumption ofRuthin Britain, questioning whether the legacies of certain Victorian social and cultural prejudices relating to the artistic products of the colonies have been mitigated. Aesthetic and representational decisions made in recent revivals of Ruth suggest that cultural hierarchies forged during the Victorian era continue to be reinforced in the present day.
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Willis, Frances. "Innovative cover design: an exploration of 19th- and early 20th-century publishers’ cloth bindings designs." Art Libraries Journal 38, no. 1 (2013): 5–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0307472200017818.
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The Victoria and Albert Museum’s Renier Collection of Children’s Books provides a rich resource for research into book production as well as social history. Publishers’ cloth bindings have developed in a visually vibrant way that provides clues to the production dates of the books, as well as encouraging reflections on how they were marketed across the Victorian era and early 20th century. Questions also arise, such as, what was the relationship between the reader and cover? How did the cover designs reflect the times in which they were created? And, how different are our paperback era designs to those of the period when cloth was used?
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Gates, Barbara T. "SOUND AND SCENTS." Victorian Literature and Culture 34, no. 1 (March 2006): 385–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1060150306051229.
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AFTER MORE THAN A DECADEscrutinizing the importance of sight in the nineteenth century, Victorian scholars are training their own sights on other senses. Books like Jonathan Crary'sTechniques of the Observer(MIT 1990), James Krasner'sEntangled Eye(Oxford 1992), and Kate Flint'sThe Victorians and the Visual Imagination(Cambridge 2000)–studies that revolutionized our understanding of why and how sight mattered in Victorian culture–have recently been complemented by books like the two under review here. Janice Carlisle'sCommon Scents: Comparative Encounters in High-Victorian Fictionand John M. Picker'sVictorian Soundscapeshave much in common. While focusing on a sense other than sight, each shifts gracefully between Victorian culture and literature, and each demonstrates concern with class and gender. Both books can certainly awaken a reader to a new recognition of what it meant to be alive during an era of rapid change and rampant class-consciousness. We sniff out others along with the characters in Carlisle's chosen novels and retreat to our own quiet studies with sighs of relief as we read about Picker's Victorian scholars' and illustrators' attempts to create soundproof studies in order to exclude the cries and clatter of London streets. As we do so, it is all but impossible to come away without a refreshed perception of what it meant to be a middle-class Victorian male, besieged by the smell of an alluring woman or the annoying sound of a persistent organ grinder.
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Finnell, Joshua. "Missionary activity in the Victorian era: a selective bibliography." Reference Reviews 28, no. 5 (June 10, 2014): 2–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/rr-12-2013-0322.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to identify unique Victorian-Era collections of British and American missionary activity, which provide an introduction to the breadth and depth of primary sources in the field of missiology. Design/methodology/approach – This article provides a list of physical archives, digital repositories, microfilm collections and subscription databases with relevance to missionary activity in the Victorian Era. Collections were purposefully selected based on denominational importance or historical relevance. The bibliography consists of collections from both the USA and Great Britain. Findings – Through grants from the National Endowment for the Humanities, the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation, the digital availability of Victorian Era missionary materials has increased significantly over the past decade. Originality/value – This bibliography includes archival collections housed or hosted in the USA and Great Britain. The annotations describe the scope and uniqueness of each archive, and will be of interest to scholars interested in the field of missiology.
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Saeed, Nadia, Muhammad Ali Shaikh, Stephen John, and Kamal Haider. "Thomas Hardy: A Torchbearer of Feminism Representing Sufferings of Victorian Era Women." International Journal of Applied Linguistics and English Literature 9, no. 3 (May 31, 2020): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.7575/aiac.ijalel.v.9n.3p.55.
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The purpose of this paper was to highlight the miserable plight of women during the Victorian era, the age of social reforms, political improvements, collective welfare, and material prosperity. During this age, Queen Victoria worked on various issues that had remained the cause of unrest among the people. Her efforts, in this regard, were indeed commendable, but she took no interest to resolve issues of women who had been suffering terribly under patriarchy. The subject of women remained ignored for many years, then some writers started to highlight the miserable state of these passive creatures who were the constant victims of social, political and economic injustices, inequalities, deprivations, and domestic violence. Of all the feminists, Thomas Hardy stood unique as he brought to light almost all areas of life where women were suffering awfully and their voices were suppressed under the male-dominated system. Hardy took serious note of the long-ignored subject of society and provided a vivid and realistic picture of Victorian society through his extraordinarily brilliant novels. Thomas Hardy’s famous masterpiece ‘Tess of the d’Urbervilles: A Pure Woman” is one of the best novels depicting women-related issues that shook the minds of the people to proceed towards this delicate matter. The contents or events described in the novel confirmed that women were the disadvantaged section of society who were deprived of their due rights and respect in society. They were objectified and preferred to a man in each sphere of life.
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Rasulovna, Rashidova Feruza. "The status of women in the victorian era." ACADEMICIA: An International Multidisciplinary Research Journal 12, no. 4 (2022): 728–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/2249-7137.2022.00345.7.
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Kim, Soonbae. "Oscar Wilde and Masculinity in the Victorian Era." Journal of English Studies in Korea 37 (December 31, 2019): 5–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.46562/ssw.37.1.
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Gitter, Elisabeth. "Deaf-Mutes And Heroines In The Victorian Era." Victorian Literature and Culture 20 (March 1992): 179. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1060150300005179.
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Edouard, L. "Scientific and letter fraud in the Victorian era." BMJ 311, no. 7020 (December 16, 1995): 1644. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.311.7020.1644.
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Wahyudiputra, Alexei. "DEATH AS THE “REAL”: A PSYCHOANALYTIC READING OF MATTHEW ARNOLD’S YOUTH AND CALM." Poetika 9, no. 1 (July 26, 2021): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/poetika.v9i1.63325.
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Matthew Arnold was one of the poets who paid special attention to youth and the dynamics of youth culture in the Victorian era. Living in an era that stimulated modern times, Arnold produced writings that can be classified as historical records, although not factual, of society's reactions to the fundamental social and cultural changes of the time. The literary arena was particularly affected, as the Victorian era marked the beginning for poets and artists alike to shed the romantic spirit that they had breathed into their works and adapt to the technological and industrial realities around them. This article explores Matthew Arnold's poem entitled “Youth and Calm”. The poem explores a stream of consciousness that contemplates “the youth" and their dreams. This study aims to uncover the meaning of the poem based on its textual composition without correlating it with Arnold's other works. Using theoretical phenomenology tools to dissect language phenomena and the Freudo-Lacanian method in interpreting the theme, this study led to the revelation that the poem talks of “death” as a symbolically repressed object. Matthew Arnold merupakan salah satu penulis puisi yang menaruh atensi lebih pada pemuda dan juga dinamika kebudayaan muda-mudi pada era Victoria. Hidup di dalam yang era mendasari kultur modern, Arnold menghasilkan karya-karya yang dapat diklasifikasikan sebagai catatan historis, meskipun tidak faktual secara absolut, terkait reaksi masyarakat dalam menghadapi perubahan sosial dan kultural yang begitu mendasar di kala itu. Terlebih dalam arena literatur, kehadiran era Victorian merupakan awal penanda bagi penyair dan produser seni lainnya untuk mulai menanggalkan jiwa romantisme yang mereka hembuskan pada tiap karya dan beralih pada realita teknologi dan industri di sekitar mereka. Dalam artikel ini, puisi Matthew Arnold yang ditelaah secara mendalam berjudul “Youth and Calm”. Puisi tersebut mengeksplorasi arus pemikiran yang berisikan kontemplasi terhadap figur “pemuda” dan apa yang mereka impikan. Penulisan ini bertujuan untuk menggali makna puisi berdasarkan komposisi tekstualnya dan tanpa menghubungkannya dengan karya Arnold lainnya. Menggunakan paradigma fenomenologi untuk membedah struktur kebahasaan serta Freudo-Lacanian dalam menginterpretasi tema menghasilkan sebuah makna bahwa “Death” atau kematian merupakan objek yang secara simbolis dipendam oleh subjek youth yang dibahas pada puisi ini.
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Sattaur, Jennifer. "THINKING OBJECTIVELY: AN OVERVIEW OF “THING THEORY” IN VICTORIAN STUDIES." Victorian Literature and Culture 40, no. 1 (March 2012): 347–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1060150311000428.
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For those of us whose life's work consists of the study of the Victorian Era, nothing is plainer than the fact that one cannot escape from “things.” Indeed, for many of us the wealth of detail and artefact available is one of the attractions of the era: who could resist the hats, coaches, buttons, newspapers, lengths of ribbon, packets of tea, bits of old lace, sugared plums, ink pots, keys, and pocket watches that clutter the pages of Dickens, overflow from Gaskell, and crowd in amongst the characters of Collins, Thackeray, Trollope, Eliot, and Brontë? The Victorians had a preoccupation with and predilection for the careful and considered acquisition and utilisation of objects, and this preoccupation has become a focus for critical trends in this area. In 2003, Lynn Pykett wrote that “The Victorians were fascinated with objects and things – but recent scholarship has proved equally fascinated with this Victorian obsession” (1). This obsession can be traced back to a turn in Victorianist criticism in the 1980s, beginning with Brigg's Victorian Things and based on theories of commodity culture in writers such as Jean Baudrillard, Roland Barthes, and Walter Benjamin, towards an interdisciplinary interest in material culture and particularly in consumer culture and theories of consumption and commodification. More recently critics have moved away from Marxist explorations of objects as commodities, to explore the possibilities of the object in contexts other than those generated by discourses of exchange value, production, and consumption, adopting cultural materialist and new historicist approaches to the objects of Victorian culture and literature. This movement has become known as “Thing Theory.” Starting with Bill Brown's seminal work, A Sense of Things, in 2003, critics have sought for ways of explaining the relationship between the subject and the object in terms other than those of the capitalist market system, in order to take account of the complexities of the object as a signifier. This review seeks to give an overview of these two critical perspectives on the objects of Victorian studies, from the roots of “thing theory” in consumer culture and commodity studies, to the key texts and indicative readings which have shaped “thing theory” as a discipline. Starting with a look at some key texts on consumer culture in the nineteenth century, I then move on to look at those “thing theory” works which have moved away from a focus on the object as commodity, towards cultural materialism and an understanding of the Victorian “object” beyond its role in consumer culture. Finally, I look at some readings indicative of the work currently being published in the field.
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Kokhan, Olga N. "SARAH WATERS AND VICTORIAN CANON." Practices & Interpretations: A Journal of Philology, Teaching and Cultural Studies 7, no. 3 (September 1, 2022): 185–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.18522/2415-8852-2022-3-185-202.
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The article examines the specifics of the work of the modern British writer Sarah Waters with Victorian canon. The author’s forms of interaction with the Victorian text are investigated with references to the author’s revisionist stand of a professional historian, to her creative reflection on Victorian canon in the spirit of the historiographical novel, and interest in popular genres of Victorian era (Dickens’ socio-psychological novel, sensational novel, publications in the popular magazine “All the Year Round”). Waters’ novels use the Dickensian code and popular sensational plots in order to rethink class and gender issues, to show the social topography of Victorian era from today’s perspective, with its close interest in social marginalities and outsiders (travesty actors, representatives of non-traditional communities, criminals, spiritualists, the secret life of respectable classes). The writer shows that the dynamism of urban social topography, the complexity of cultural and gender self-determination of a person of Victorian era not only existed, but also had paramount importance for him/her. The role of Dickens’ text in understanding the theme of social and urban landscape in Sarah Waters’ novels is not limited to creating a postmodern pastiche. The connection between Waters and Dickens is genetic: the social basis becomes a necessary coordinate system for the development of the plot (sketches of the life of representatives of different strata, the creation of documentary sketches of urban life; attention to specific circumstances and environment, which form a particular character). Waters’ use of the plots and motives of the sensational novel is also associated with a broad picture of the social troubles, that provoke criminal plots of this genre.
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Hura, Prisilia. "MORAL DETERIORATION OF ENGLISH SOCIETY IN VICTORIAN ERA AS SEEN IN OSCAR WILDE’S THE PICTURE OF DORIAN GRAY." LINGUA LITERA : journal of english linguistics and literature 6, no. 1 (June 30, 2021): 32–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.55345/stba1.v6i1.99.
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This research aims to analyze the moral deterioration of English society in the Victorian Era in the novel The Picture of Dorian Gray by Oscar Wilde.Specifically, this research analyzes the reason for the moral deterioration of English society in the Victorian era and how moral deterioration affects British society. This study uses the theological theory by Ted Peter to analyze the selling soul to demons as the reason for moral deterioration, and the theory of Farhansyah to analyze hedonism as the effect of moral deterioration for British society in the Victorian era. This research finally underlined two major problems as the findings related to cause and effect in moral deterioration as seen on The Picture of Dorian Gray. The cause is selling souls to the demons. The effect of moral deterioration is hedonism. Related to hedonism, the writer only found two kinds of problems; ethical hedonism and aesthetic hedonism.
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Clarke, Clare. "IMPERIAL ROGUES: REVERSE COLONIZATION FEARS IN GUY BOOTHBY'S A PRINCE OF SWINDLERS AND LATE-VICTORIAN DETECTIVE FICTION." Victorian Literature and Culture 41, no. 3 (September 2013): 527–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1060150313000089.
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This essay looks at how the question of late-Victorian imperial decline is contested, formulated, and framed within Guy Boothby's A Prince of Swindlers – a popular, yet critically-overlooked, collection of detective stories set in Calcutta and London, that appeared in 1897, the year of Queen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee. There is, of course, a familiar critical narrative about the Victorian fin de siècle that characterises the era as a particularly fraught period “of mounting complexity and contradiction” with regard to empire (Dixon 2). The Berlin Conference of 1885, the failure of British Troops at the Siege of Khartoum, the so-called scramble for Africa, the undermining of Britain's steel manufacturing superiority by German and American competition, and the decline of the Royal Navy relative to the navies of France, Germany, Russia, and Italy all underscored the fragility of British imperial dominion. As Patrick Brantlinger puts it, “After the mid-Victorian years the British found it increasingly difficult to think of themselves as inevitably progressive; they began worrying instead about the degeneration of their institutions, their culture, their racial ‘stock’” (230).
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Rahman, Cinda Amilia. "THE STRUGGLE OF VICTORIAN WOM EN IN NOVEL “LITTLE WOMEN” BY LOUISA MAY ALCOTT." British (Jurnal Bahasa dan Sastra Inggris) 7, no. 2 (November 26, 2019): 90. http://dx.doi.org/10.31314/british.7.2.90-98.2018.
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This research discusses Louisa May Alcott’s novel, “Little Women”. It is a story about four sisters and mother in the March Family. The novel, which has a background in the Victorian Era, addresses many issues about women. The description of women at that time, positions in the Family, Education and Public work environment. Therefore this study aims to determine aspects of the struggle of women in Victorian era in terms of family, education, and Public work environment using a gynocriticism approach. The data used documentation data where data comes from novels and other supporting sources. The results of this study researchers found that there were aspects of women’s struggle at that time in the novel “Little Women” in Family, Education and Public work environment. In addition, researcher found a relation between the life story of author Louisa May Alcott and the “Little Women” novel that has been presented in some data.Keywords: Victorian Era, Gynocriticism, Louisa May Alcott, Little Women.
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Beveridge, Allan, and Edward Renvoize. "The presentation of madness in the Victorian novel." Bulletin of the Royal College of Psychiatrists 12, no. 10 (October 1988): 411–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/pb.12.10.411.
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The major novelists of the Victorian era enjoyed a large readership amongst the general public. They dealt with the pressing social issues of the day and their work both reflected and shaped society's attitudes to contemporary problems. The 19th century saw fundamental changes in society's response to the mentally ill with the creation of purpose-built asylums throughout the country. The Victorians were ambivalent in their reaction to the mentally disturbed. Whilst they sought to segregate the insane from the rest of the population, they were also terrified by the prospect of the wrongful confinement of sane people. The trial of Daniel McNaughton in 1843 for the assassination of Sir Robert Peel's Private Secretary, and the subsequent legislation, provoked general public debate about the nature of madness.
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Thanh Nha , M.A, Chau, and Hoang Thi Hoa , M.A. "SOCIAL CRITICISM TOWARDS LATE VICTORIAN SOCIETY AND THE THEME OF SACRIFICE IN OSCAR WILDES THE HAPPY PRINCE." International Journal of Advanced Research 8, no. 10 (October 31, 2020): 08–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/11816.
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The social context in the period of Victorian era is a valuable point to study. Those who belonged to the upper class lived wealthily and irresponsibly. One reverse side was that although they were in the high social status, they seemed to be poor in knowledge and tried to act as if they had had profound understanding of everything. In addition, the statue of the Happy Prince was considered a punishment for the leader who had been irresponsible for the life of his local citizens during his lifetime. When he died, he had to witness everything and endured what the local citizens had experienced such as the utter misery and the harshness of the weather. This research is aimed at giving critiques on the social context of the late Victorian era and analyzing deeply the theme of sacrifice through Oscar Wildes The Happy Prince. The Victorian era was known as the era of materialism and individualism in which the luxurious life of the rich was depicted clearly and self-importance was on top of everything and that resulted in the ignorance of the poors lives.
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Miquel Baldellou, Marta. "Mary Reilly as Jekyll or Hyde : Neo-Victorian (re)creations of Feminity and Feminism." Journal of English Studies 8 (May 29, 2010): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.18172/jes.154.
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In his article “What is Neo-Victorian Studies?” (2008), Mark Lewellyn argues that the term neo-Victorian fiction refers to works that are consciously set in the Victorian period, but introduce representations of marginalised voices, new histories of sexuality, post-colonial viewpoints and other generally ‘different’ versions of the Victorian era. Valerie Martin’s gothic-romance Mary Reilly drew on Stevenson’s novella to introduce a woman’s perspective on the puzzle of Jekyll and Hyde. Almost twenty-years after the publication of Martin’s novel, the newly established field of research in Neo-Victorian fiction has questioned the extent to which Neo-Victorian recreations of the Victorian past respond to postmodern contemporary reflections and ideas about the period. This article aims to examine the ways in which this Neo-Victorian gothic text addresses both the issues of Victorian femininity and feminist principles now in the light of later Neo-Victorian precepts, taking into consideration that Martin’s novel introduces a woman’s perspective as a feminist response to Stevenson’s text but also includes many allusions to the cult of domesticity as a legacy of the Victorian gothic romance.
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Winarti, Winarti. "EKSISTENSI PEREMPUAN DALAM PUISI 'BRIDE SONG' KARYA CHRISTINA ROSSETTI." LEKSEMA: Jurnal Bahasa dan Sastra 3, no. 2 (December 6, 2018): 149. http://dx.doi.org/10.22515/ljbs.v3i2.1144.
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This article aims at describing women existence as reflected on Bride Song poem written by Christina Rossseti. Rossetti’s view on women’s lives was inspired much by her awareness toward the their conditions in Victorian’s era. In the meantime, women were shaped to be an individuals who fulfill the ideal standard as preferred by men. By Bride Song, Rosetti tried to break patriarchal domination toward women. She wanted to turn back the existence equivalence between men and women based on human rights. She also attemped to open the world’s perspective to accept women’s existence as important as men’s and not just a binary opposition of it. Women’s existence in Bride Song is not only a struggle against men’s domination in Victorian era, but it also has relevance with contemporary issues on women’s struggle to show their existence in this modern era.
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Vasilyeva, Galina S. "The Theme of Women’s Fate in T. Hardy’s Novels “A Pair of Blue Eyes” and “Tess of the D’Urbervilles”." World Literature in the Context of Culture, no. 17 (2023): 18–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.17072/2304-909x-2023-17-18-23.
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The article presents an attempt to analyze female images in Victorian literature using the example of T. Hardy's novels "The Gaze of Blue Eyes" and "Tess of the d'Urbervilles". Through the analysis of female images, as well as a system of motives that contributes to the disclosure of the theme of female destiny.The author of the article concludes not only about the position of women in this era, but also indicates the position of T. Hardy himself regarding the mores of the Victorian era and the place of women in it.
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Kontos, Gregory. "M. Ruiz (ed.), International Migrations in the Victorian Era." Tijdschrift voor Sociale en Economische Geschiedenis/ The Low Countries Journal of Social and Economic History 16, no. 2 (October 18, 2019): 113. http://dx.doi.org/10.18352/tseg.1087.
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Chalaya, Yu P. "Non-ideational world of Victorian era in literary translation." Science and Education a New Dimension VI(151), no. 44 (February 20, 2018): 12–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.31174/send-ph2018-151vi44-02.
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Freeman, Susan Kathleen. "In Style: Femininity and Fashion since the Victorian Era." Journal of Women's History 16, no. 4 (2004): 191–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jowh.2004.0081.
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Carlson, Shirley J. "Black Ideals of Womanhood in the Late Victorian Era." Journal of Negro History 77, no. 2 (April 1992): 61–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3031483.
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Briley, Ron. "The Guitar in America: Victorian Era to Jazz Age." Popular Music and Society 33, no. 1 (February 2010): 107–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03007760903478564.
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Larsen, Marianne A. "Pedagogic knowledge and the Victorian era Anglo-American teacher." History of Education 31, no. 5 (September 2002): 457–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00467600210153636.
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Bown, Alfie. "Class, Culture and Suburban Anxieties in the Victorian Era." Journal of Victorian Culture 17, no. 1 (March 2012): 98–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13555502.2012.662026.
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Braun, Jerome. "Understanding Claims Regarding the Ease of Improving Public Morale." Theoria 69, no. 173 (December 1, 2022): 109–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/th.2022.6917305.
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Abstract In this article, I present discussions of conditions for reviving public morale and, in the process, public morality, which would ultimately be a political goal, using examples from the Victorian era in Britain and what Americans refer to as the Progressive Era at the beginning of the twentieth century in the United States. I begin with an older book by Gertrude Himmelfarb that emphasises the revitalisation of public morality in Victorian Britain. A book by Robert D. Putnam and Shaylyn Romney Garrett makes similar claims for the effects of the Progressive Era in the US, and for how a similar approach could be useful in the present era. Both books emphasise cultural critique and discount the effects of causality going in the opposite direction, starting with economic revival, and I discuss this dilemma in this article.
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Ilunina, A. A. "Reception of J. Austen’s creativity in Contemporary British Literature (Novel by Joe Baker “Longbourne”)." Nauchnyi dialog, no. 2 (March 3, 2021): 189–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.24224/2227-1295-2021-2-189-201.
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The experience of reception of creativity of J. Austen (1775—1817) in modern British literature is analyzed. The aim of the work was to identify the main directions and ideological and artistic functions of the deconstruction of pretext — the novel by J. Austen “Pride and Prejudice” (1813) — in the novel by Joe Baker (born in 1973) “Longbourne” (2013). It was revealed that the social, anti-colonial, anti-imperialist, anti-war, feminist components are the most significant in the deconstruction of pretext. For Baker, the main modes of rethinking the novel by J. Austen “Pride and Prejudice” become relevant in the modern social and cultural situation of revising the past and assessing the present in Britain, the problems of social contradictions, imperialism, colonialism and its consequences, the rights of women and minorities. It was concluded that in his artistic quest, Baker, although using the novel of the Regency era as a pretext, is moving closer to the neo-Victorian novel. It has been substantiated that it is advisable to clarify the definition of the “neo-Victorian novel of the younger generation” (the term by Y. S. Skorokhodko), designating works written in the pre-Victorian era, in particular, in the era of the Regency, as possible plot-forming pretexts, or to single out a new genre variety of British historiographic metanovel (L. Hutchen) — a Neo-Pre-Victorian novel.
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Aprill, Morgan, and Lauren Lutz. "Ghostly Hands." Digital Literature Review 1 (January 6, 2014): 167–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.33043/dlr.1.0.167-185.
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This edition critically analyzes “The Romance of Certain Old Clothes” by Henry James. It is put in context with three other Victorian ghost stories that use the similar trope of ghostly hands. The theme of these ghostly hands is used to explore Victorian era issues concerning class, property exchange, and the roles of women.
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Sirkel, Katri. "The Gentleman as a Hero? (Mis)representations of Heroic Masculinity in W. M. Thackeray’s Vanity Fair." Interlitteraria 22, no. 2 (January 16, 2018): 372. http://dx.doi.org/10.12697/il.2017.22.2.14.
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The aim of the article is to analyse the concept of gentlemanliness with regard to heroic masculinity in W.M. Thackeray’s novel Vanity Fair. Set at the time of the Napoleonic Wars and written in the 1840s, the novel casts light on the controversial nature of the notion of gentleman. In the Victorian period, gentlemanliness came to be modelled on the principles of chivalry but there was nevertheless an implicit assumption originating from the Regency era that being a gentleman meant yielding to leisurely elegance rather than performing heroic deeds. Thackeray, whose formative years had passed in the Regency-tinted 1820s and early 1830s but who as a novelist gained maturity in the mid-nineteenth century, was acutely aware of the contradiction between the Regency and Victorian perceptions of gentlemanliness and the unease resulting therefrom. Thus, the paper argues that although the Regency standards of gentlemanliness were discarded as incompatible with Victorian heroic masculinity, they had a considerable influence on how heroism as a component of gentlemanliness was perceived in the Victorian era. The analysis of gentlemanliness focuses on the four principal male characters in the novel – Jos Sedley, Rawdon Crawley, George Osborne, and William Dobbin, of whom each represents aspects of gentlemanliness not entirely compatible with the Victorian heroic ideal. The article suggests that the characters take heroism as an asset for creating a heroic image rather than as a manifestation of heroic deeds, thus presenting vividly the contradiction within the concept of Victorian heroic masculinity.
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Fox, Megan. "Shakespearanity." Undergraduate Research Journal for the Humanities 2, no. 1 (April 1, 2017): 60–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.17161/1808.23874.
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Shakespeare’s immense cultural value can be seen by the numerous book, movie, and internet references to his work which populate modern society. However, this was not always the case: for hundreds of years Shakespeare remained the almost exclusive property of the aristocracy and academia. Scholars have noted how this perception of Shakespeare shifted during the Victorian era, but have not yet explored how this influences contemporary interactions with Shakespeare. This paper, through a case study on the third murderer of Macbeth, argues that the Victorian Era changed the way modern people conceptualize and interact with the playwright by beginning the legacy of engaging with Shakespeare as a pop culture icon.
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Mohammed, Saman Ali. "Mid-Victorian England and Female Emancipation: Elizabeth Gaskell’s North and South." Journal of University of Human Development 5, no. 1 (March 12, 2019): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.21928/juhd.v5n1y2019.pp109-118.
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One of the heated discussions of the Victorian era is female emancipation. In the heart of an industrial period when materialism, economic competition and public domain were dominated by men, women had the domestic sphere. The apparent difference between these two spheres was not tolerable for Elizabeth Gaskell and she critiqued it. Her novel North and South discusses the perceptions on women, the idea of industrialization, and class distinction in Victorian Era. Developing her main character Margaret Hale, Gaskell critiques her society and the mentality behind a perception of patriarchal and materialistic society. Gaskell develops her character on many different levels by giving her various roles especially in the industrial north. Valuing certain qualities women possess in the domestic level, Gaskell brings Margaret to the debates, businesses, factories, riots and public sphere of Milton. Gaskell presents the contemporary and Victorian readers with a different perception of women, their roles, and significance in the private and public spheres.
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García Walsh, Katerina. "Mesmerism in Late Victorian Theatre." Complutense Journal of English Studies 28 (November 24, 2020): 217–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5209/cjes.71586.
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Originating as a medical practice and ultimately rejected as pseudoscience, mesmerism evolved into a literary symbol in the later Victorian era. This paper focuses on three plays that use mesmerism as a symbol of marital control and domination: the comedy His Little Dodge (1896), adapted from Le Systême Ribardier (1892), by George LeFeydeau and Maurice Hennequin; Trilby (1895), adapted from the novel by George Du Maurier; and, finally, Johan Strindberg’s The Father (1893). The mesmeric power one character imposes over another, overriding both consent and awareness in the trance state, serves both to reaffirm hierarchies of power and highlight anxieties about social change in the fin-de-siècle.
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Davis, Tracy C. "Actresses and Prostitutes in Victorian London." Theatre Research International 13, no. 3 (1988): 221–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0307883300005794.
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Despite the tendency for Victorian performers to be credited with increasing respectability and middle-class status and for actors to receive the highest official commendations, the popular association between actresses and prostitutes and belief in actresses' inappropriate sexual conduct endured throughout the nineteenth century. In the United States, religious fundamentalism accounts for much of the prejudice, but in Great Britain, where puritanical influences were not as influential on the theatre, other factors helped to preserve the derogatory view of actresses. In certain times and places actresses did have real links with the oldest of all ‘women's professions’, but the notion that the dual identity of Roman dancers or the exploits of some Restoration performers justify the popular association between actresses and prostitutes in the Victorian era is patently insufficient. The notion persisted throughout the nineteenth century because Victorians recognized that acting and whoring were the occupations of self-sufficient women who plied their trades in public places, and because Victorians believed that actresses' male colleagues and patrons inevitably complicated transient lifestyles, economic insecurity, and night hours with sexual activity. In the spirit of Gilbert and Gubar's axiom that experience generates metaphor and metaphor creates experience, the actress and the prostitute were both objects of desire whose company was purchased through commercial exchange. While patrons bought the right to see them, to project their fantasies on them, and to denigrate and misrepresent their sexuality, both groups of women found it necessary constantly to sue for men's attention and tolerate the false imagery. Their similarities were reinforced by coexistence in neighbourhoods and work places where they excited and placated the playgoer's lust in an eternal loop, twisted like a Mobius strip into the appearance of a single surface.
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Wolffe, John. "Plurality in the Capital: The Christian Responses to London’s Religious Minorities since 1800." Studies in Church History 51 (2015): 232–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s042420840005021x.
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On a late spring day in 1856 Prince Albert carried out one of the less routine royal engagements of the Victorian era, by laying the foundation stone of what was to become ‘The Strangers’ Home for Asiatics, Africans and South Sea Islanders’, located at Limehouse in the London docklands. The deputation receiving the prince was headed by the earl of Chichester, who was the First Church Estates Commissioner and president of the Church Missionary Society, and included Thomas Carr, formerly bishop of Bombay, Maharajah Duleep Singh, a Sikh convert to Christianity and a favourite of Queen Victoria, and William Henry Sykes, MP and chairman of the East India Company.
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Vallone, Lynne. "FERTILITY, CHILDHOOD, AND DEATH IN THE VICTORIAN FAMILY." Victorian Literature and Culture 28, no. 1 (March 2000): 217–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1060150300281138.
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GEORGE ELIOT’S MIDDLEMARCH concludes with the summing up of the lives of her most visionary characters, bringing them to either happy fulfillment or early demise according, not to the worth of their dreams but, in part, to their success or failure in choosing a domestic partner. For Dorothea Brooke, Middlemarch’s most luminous and large-souled citizen, Eliot can finally justify no other existence than that of a devoted wife and mother. Eliot defends this apparent demotion of her heroine from modern Saint Theresa to London matron by arguing that her “study of provincial life” was of necessity the story of domestic times, when, in fact, the “heroics” of raising a family and offering “wifely help” to a husband were more noble than sororal obligation or religious mysticism. Though the novel is set in the late Georgian period just before the first Reform Bill of 1832, it was published in 1871–72, at the height of the Victorian era and is thoroughly Victorian in character. For the Victorians, the “reformed rakes” of Richardson and Fielding are no longer desirable as heads of households. The Queen herself seemed to offer a model of perfect domesticity in her large family, middle-class values, and reliance on her husband. In fact, just as Eliot concedes the dominance of the “home epic” (890), the myth of the Victorian family continues to maintain a powerful presence within contemporary American culture. Questions that still consume us today — What makes a good mother?
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Dr. Ashish Gupta. "Probing Great Expectations: A Re-analysis." Creative Launcher 6, no. 5 (December 30, 2021): 38–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.53032/tcl.2021.6.5.05.
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Charles Dickens, a prolific, literary figure of Victorian era- reelects through and exquisite picture of whole Victorian England society. He is a writer of humanitarian novels and turns the light of knowledge upon a great Variety of English scene and characters, especially upon workhouses, debtors, prisons shops hovels of the poor, law offices, dark sheets and dark alleys the England haunts and hiding places of vice, crime pain. He knew his people best and gave them what they wanted. In his novel Great Expectations, Dickens explored some significant issues regarding high- and lower-class system of Victorian society.
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Jebodh, Rajiv. "Striking Down Victorian-Era Cross-Dressing Law in Public Ban." Journal of Legal Anthropology 2, no. 2 (December 1, 2018): 117–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/jla.2018.020213.
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This review considers how another outdated postcolonial law has been struck down in a former British colony amidst campaigns, global change and action by an appellate court. This follows from the historic 2018 Supreme Court ruling from Trinidad and Tobago in the Jason Jones judgement, in which it was decided that existing laws prohibiting consensual adult intercourse and sexual acts between consenting same-sex adults were unconstitutional. This review adds to that decision to highlight further social and sociolegal change in the region which has direct implications for future challenges to postcolonial laws which are ‘sitting on the books’. My review looks at recent case law which has overturned Guyana’s Victorian-era cross-dressing prohibition, as it relates to 153(1)(xlvii) of the Summary Jurisdiction (Offences) Act of Guyana.