Journal articles on the topic 'Victoria Social policy History 20th century'
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1
Dju, Orlindo, Johnatan Da Costa Santos, Darinka Brosovich Flores, and Jorge Marko Calderon Verduga. "African direction in the foreign policy of Brazil." OOO "Zhurnal "Voprosy Istorii" 2020, no. 11-1 (November 1, 2020): 121–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.31166/voprosyistorii202011statyi06.
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The article considers political, economic, social and cultural aspects of Brazilian-African cooperation at the end of the 20th century and at the beginning of the 21st century. At the present stage, after two decades of active development, Brazilian policy towards Africa has been losing momentum. Nowadays the cooperation between Brazil and African countries requires developing a new strategy.
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Bergenheim, Sophy. "The population, its health and social sciences." Nordic Studies on Alcohol and Drugs 35, no. 2 (April 2018): 84–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1455072518765325.
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This commentary provides a glimpse into a conceptual history approach to the topic of public health. I focus primarily on the history of public health during the first half of the 20th century. I will also reflect on its entanglement with the social sciences in later times. The first two sections discuss three core elements of the concept of public health: the “public” or collective that the term refers to, “health”, and finally, “public health” as “health of a collective”. These elements are historical and political concepts, which means that they do not have a fixed definition, but need to be placed in their historical and political contexts. In the final section, I discuss some connections between social science and public health during the 20th century.
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Ageeva, Elena, Natalia Alekseeva, Georgii Bernatskii, Sergei Borodin, and Victoria Kalinovskaya. "British citizenship: a history of reform in the 20th century." OOO "Zhurnal "Voprosy Istorii" 2022, no. 5-1 (May 1, 2022): 229–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.31166/voprosyistorii202205statyi12.
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The article examines the development of citizenship legislation in Great Britain from the 20th century to the present day. The authors analyze the influence of the historical context and political events on the formation of the current system of categories of British citizenship and on changes in the legislation on citizenship. Special attention is paid to understanding the institution of citizenship in the context of contemporary social cultural problems of British society, migration policy and the formation of national identity.
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Willis, Frances. "Innovative cover design: an exploration of 19th- and early 20th-century publishers’ cloth bindings designs." Art Libraries Journal 38, no. 1 (2013): 5–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0307472200017818.
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The Victoria and Albert Museum’s Renier Collection of Children’s Books provides a rich resource for research into book production as well as social history. Publishers’ cloth bindings have developed in a visually vibrant way that provides clues to the production dates of the books, as well as encouraging reflections on how they were marketed across the Victorian era and early 20th century. Questions also arise, such as, what was the relationship between the reader and cover? How did the cover designs reflect the times in which they were created? And, how different are our paperback era designs to those of the period when cloth was used?
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Oancea, Claudiu. "Mirroring Post-1989 Historiography in Romania: Revista de Istorie Socială (The Review of Social History)." East Central Europe 34-35, no. 1-2 (2008): 355–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18763308-0340350102022.
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Social history is a relatively new field in Romanian historiography. In this context, Revista de Istorie Socială has attempted, since 1996, to contribute to the development of this field of studies and to bridge the gap between various historical schools and generations, opening new fields of research and reinterpreting old ones. This review essay provides an overview of the Review’s editorial policy, its publications, structure and content, in order to evaluate its impact on the development of social history in post-communist Romania. It is argued that the Review exhibits various historiographical influences, ranging from 19th century historicism to 20th century national schools of social history, most importantly the French Annales.
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Shmelev, Dmitry. "Muslim Immigration to France in the 20th Century: Causes, Cycles, Problems." ISTORIYA 12, no. 5 (103) (2021): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840015636-8.
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The article devoted to the problem of Muslim immigration in France in the 20th century. The focus is on the causes of Muslim immigration, its cycles, specificity and consequences for modern French society. Based on a comparison of various statistical data, it stated that Muslim immigration is an integral part of three large waves of immigration flows that took place from the end of the 19th to the end of the 20th centuries. The article notes the correlation of the number of Muslim immigrants in France with the global numbers of immigrant arrivals to the country. However, if in the first two waves their number depended on the economic needs of the French economy (Muslims came to earn money), then during the third wave other factors came into play — the creation of stable communities, family reunification, going on stage second and third generations of immigrants, social problems of their arrangement and adaptation to French legal norms and customs. The article notes the specificity of the geographical concentration of the Muslim population, which takes place either near large industrial centers and cities (which makes it easier to find work and social protection), or in places of proximity to their native countries (southern France). Special attention paid to the problem of the evolution of state policy in the admission and integration of immigrants, when various methods tired from assimilation, the adoption of quotas to the policy of flexible regulation of immigration and expulsion of illegal immigrants from the country. The article analyzes the position of the Muslim community in France, the role of Muslim associations in its life, the impact on the socio-cultural life of the French. It can stated that Islam has become the second religion in France, which determines its position — a stable presence in socio-economic life (employment, the spread of the social protection system to immigrants), political (the right to vote, the possibility of creating associations, manifestations), religious (the possibility of worship), cultural (the formation of a specific immigrant subculture).
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Oakley, Ann. "A Historical Perspective on the Use of Randomized Trials in Social Science Settings." Crime & Delinquency 46, no. 3 (July 2000): 315–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011128700046003004.
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Similar to medicine, social science has historically grappled with controlling for chance and bias in assessing the effectiveness of interventions. Questions about what works and how to evaluate the evidence underlie all areas of policy intervention. In the early years of the 20th century, social science in North America developed an established tradition of quantitative sociology that included experimental studies. This was followed by a number of social experiments from the 1960s to the 1980s. The history of prospective experimental studies with control groups applied to the social domain contains important lessons for experimental social science in the 21st century.
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Houlahan, Bridget. "Origins of School Nursing." Journal of School Nursing 34, no. 3 (October 11, 2017): 203–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1059840517735874.
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This study investigated the origin and implementation of school nursing in New York City, using traditional historical methods with a social history framework. The intent of this research was to produce a comprehensive historical analysis of school nursing at the turn of the 20th century in order to provide a historical framework to promote the work of school nurses today. Understanding the core fundamental concepts of school nursing from its origins and the significance of the emergence of community support for the role of the school nurse at the turn of the 20th century can inform current policy to back school nursing and school health today.
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Omercic, Jasmin. "Waqf in Bosnia and Herzegovina in the 20th and 21st Century." ICR Journal 8, no. 3 (July 15, 2017): 342–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.52282/icr.v8i3.179.
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This paper investigates the socio-economic role of waqf in Bosnia and Herzegovina from the 20th century to date. Bosnia and Herzegovina waqf endured through various political fortunes and improved the social and economic circumstances of Muslims. A contemporary challenge is to reconstruct this waqf. A new development is the emergence of Islamic Economics. Since 1995, the Waqf Directorate of the Islamic Community of Bosnia and Herzegovina (WD-ICBIH), the main authority over waqf, initiated reforms to revive the socio-economic role of waqf and integrate it into Bosnia and Herzegovina development. The study identifies the challenges facing the Waqf Directorate and the development of Islamic Economics in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The emergence of Islamic Economics and Islamic Banking and Finance, in cooperation with the Bosnia Bank International, presents opportunities to the Waqf Directorate to achieve its vision and mission. Some avenues for waqf integration into Bosnia and Herzegovina development qualify as commendable efforts of reform, indicate a feasible future for the Waqf Directorate, and gradually address various challenges. The paper concludes with actionable policy recommendations.
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Bacher, John C., and J. David Hulchanski. "Keeping Warm and Dry: The Policy Response to the Struggle for Shelter Among Canada's Homeless, 1900-1960." Articles 16, no. 2 (August 8, 2013): 147–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1017786ar.
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During the first six decades of the 20th century, the social security safety net designed to protect Canadians from destitution has seen many holes. Despite the well documented extent of misery, conservative attitudes of prejudice against the poor through these years prevented the development of an effective community response to poverty and substandard housing conditions. This paper examines the evolution of the Canadian welfare state over three periods. It finds that while a social security system of old age pensions, family allowances and unemployment insurance had emerged by the end of the Second World War, its creation was due more to opportunistic political calculations, than a benevolent effort to reduce homelessness.
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Guangxiang, Zhang. "The policy of the wine monopoly in Russia in 1894—1914: goals and results." OOO "Zhurnal "Voprosy Istorii" 2020, no. 12-2 (December 1, 2020): 190–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.31166/voprosyistorii202012statyi29.
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The tax system is one of the most important elements of economic policy. The method, nature and scale of money resource mobilization depend on the state’s level of development. In Russia, from the 15th to the beginning of the 20th century, the revenue from alcohol sales made up a significant part of the state budget. At the same time, alcohol abuse has become a serious social problem. Thus, the Russian government should, on the one hand, ensure moderate alcohol consumption by the population, and, on the other, increase fiscal revenues. The article discusses various aspects of this problem.
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Rodrigo, A., René van der Veer, Harriet J. Vermeer, and Marinus H. van IJzendoorn. "From foundling homes to day care: a historical review of childcare in Chile." Cadernos de Saúde Pública 30, no. 3 (March 2014): 461–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0102-311x00060613.
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This article discusses significant changes in childcare policy and practice in Chile. We distinguish four specific periods of childcare history: child abandonment and the creation of foundling homes in the 19th century; efforts to reduce infant mortality and the creation of the health care system in the first half of the 20th century; an increasing focus on inequality and poverty and the consequences for child development in the second half of the 20th century; and, finally, the current focus on children’s social and emotional development. It is concluded that, although Chile has achieved infant mortality and malnutrition rates comparable to those of developed countries, the country bears the mark of a history of inequality and is still unable to fully guarantee the health of children from the poorest sectors of society. Recent initiatives seek to improve this situation and put a strong emphasis on the psychosocial condition of children and their families.
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Shaidurov, Vladimir. "The Siberian Polonia in the second half of the 19th - early 20th century in the Polish historiography." Przegląd Wschodnioeuropejski 8, no. 1 (June 1, 2018): 11–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.31648/pw.3600.
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The period between the 19th – early 20th century witnessed waves of actively forming Polish communities in Russia’s rural areas. A major factor that contributed to the process was the repressive policy by the Russian Empire towards those involved in the Polish national liberation and revolutionary movement. Large communities were founded in Siberia, the Volga region, Caucasus, and European North of Russia (Arkhangelsk). One of the largest communities emerged in Siberia. By the early 20th century, the Polonia in the region consisted of tens of thousands of people. The Polish population was engaged in Siberia’s economic life and was an important stakeholder in business. Among the most well-known Polish-Siberian entrepreneurs was Alfons Poklewski-Koziell who was called the “Vodka King of Siberia” by his contemporaries. Poles, who returned from Siberian exile and penal labor, left recollections of their staying in Siberia or notes on the region starting already from the middle of the 19th century. It was this literature that was the main source of information about the life of the Siberian full for a long time. Exile undoubtedly became a significant factor that was responsible for Russia’s negative image in the historical memory of Poles. This was reflected in publications based on the martyrological approach in the Polish historiography. Glorification of the struggle of Poles to restore their statehood was a central standpoint adopted not only in memoirs, but also in scientific studies that appeared the second half of the 19th – early 20th century. The martyrological approach dominated the Polish historiography until 1970s. It was not until the late 20th century that serious scientific research started utilizing the civilizational approach, which broke the mold of the Polish historical science. This is currently a leading approach. This enables us to objectively reconstruct the history of the Siberian Polonia in the imperial period of the Russian history. The article is intended to analyze publications by Polish authors on the history of the Polish community in Siberia the 19th – early 20th century. It focuses on memoirs and research works, which had an impact on the reconstruction of the Siberian Polonia’s history. The paper is written using the retrospective, genetic, and comparative methods.re.
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Solov’ev, Kirill A. "OLD AXIOMS AND NEW THEOREMS OF RUSSIAN HISTORY. ON THE NEW BOOK BY M.A. DAVYDOV “TEOREMA STOLYPINA” (SPB.: ALETEIYA, 2022. 838 P.)." RSUH/RGGU Bulletin. Series Political Sciences. History. International Relations, no. 2 (2022): 134–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2073-6339-2022-2-134-141.
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The article deals with the issues that were posed in the latest monograph by M.A. Davydov “Teorema Stolypina”. The book offers a very special, innovative view of the socio-economic processes in Russia in the 19th century. Usually, the authors focus on political, social, financial institutions, government policy and global conjuncture. M.A. Davydov has a very special research “optics”. He analyzes the modernization processes in Russia in the 19th-20th centuries in the context of social thought of that time, the categorical apparatus of Russian intellectuals. It allows the author to imagine an invisible passageway of possibilities in which the government operated until the First Russian Revolution. The traditionalist style of thinking, shared by supporters of various views, was the most important obstacle to dynamic economic development. That circumstance emphasizes the importance of Stolypin’s reforms, which were not a continuation of the previous course, but a direct break with it. The concept presented by the author finally makes it possible to tie together the intellectual, political, and economic processes in Russia on the eve of the great upheavals of the early 20th century
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Yanchenko, Denis G. "Discussion on the Issue of National Outskirts in Late Imperial Russia." Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. History 66, no. 4 (2021): 1379–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/11701/spbu02.2021.419.
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The monograph “National outskirts in the policy of the Russian Empire and Russian social thought” is a comprehensive study of the strategy and tactics of imperial integration of foreign ethnic peripheries, the causes of political decisions of the authorities and public debate of the 19th — early 20th centuries on the problems of borderlands. The geographical coverage is large: Poland and Finland; the Western and Southwestern regions; the Baltics; the Caucasus; and Central Asia. Each of the considered outskirts had a unique juridical status and its own legislation, economy, social classes, diverse national structure, and a complex history of mutual relations with St. Petersburg. In the last twenty years the methodological approaches to the study of imperial history have been significantly supplemented. The combination of new archival sources with extensive historiographical heritage allows the authors of the reviewed monograph to form a new substantiated view on the relations between imperial center and national periphery. They involved mutual influence of the peripheries and the capital: the public and the tsarist bureaucracy. The modernization potential of the Empire by the beginning of the 20th century had been exhausted, and the inability to reorganize the system of regional government led to a protracted crisis. The clash of conservative and liberal concepts of Empire building is evident in the detailed source analysis of periodicals and journalism of the era. Diverse natural and geographical zones of Russia, ethnic and religious population, rich natural resources determine the exceptional civilizational significance of Russian border policy in 19th — early 20th centuries, and the attention to it of contemporary researchers.
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Bahri, Saeful. "SHEIKH DJAMIL DJAHO AND SOCIO-RELIGIOUS CRITICISM OF MINANGKABAU MUSLIM: A Study on Tazkirat al-Qulub Fi Mu‘amalat ‘Allam al-Guyub." Analisa: Journal of Social Science and Religion 3, no. 02 (December 28, 2018): 239–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.18784/analisa.v3i02.651.
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This article discusses the socio-religious critique of Sheikh Djamil Djaho on the religious and socio-society conditions in Minangkabau. Analysis of the content and approach of social history-intellectuals was used to dissect the contents of the book Tazkirat al-Qulub associated with social-religious context in the policy at the beginning of the 20th century. Based on the analysis of texts it is known that Sheikh Djaho expressed his criticism towards several groups. Among the groups are (1) scholars, (2) worshippers, (3) Sufism experts, and (4) experts of the world. According to Sheikh Djaho, the four groups might include gurur (faction), when they use intelligence in their respective fields as masks, not in honesty. This study shows three points. First, the presence of Sheikh Djaho's criticism departs from the reality of the life of the clergy and layman at that time. Second, the reality of social life keeps a text alive in society. Third, the solution to social-religious reality in the early 20th century was the practice of tasawwuf.
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Kwiatkowski, Piotr T., and Jonathan Weber. "Polish Sociology in the Face of Social and Political Changes of the 20th Century." Kultura i Społeczeństwo 63, no. 4 (December 27, 2019): 193–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.35757/kis.2019.63.4.10.
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The author of this essay deals with the specificity of sociology in Poland, reaching for the book of Antoni Sułek A Mirror on the High Road. Chapters from the History of Social Research in Poland (2019). Chapters of this book taken as a set constitute a review of the key issues that Polish sociologists strived to tackle in the 20th century. For approximately half of the book (6 chapters) Sułek focuses on issues of Polish sociology from the mid-1950s to the turn of the 1990s: the first is the change of theoretical and methodological paradigms in Polish sociology in the second half of the 20th century; the second is the successes of Polish sociology, but also its weaknesses — the author devoted much space to the theoretical limitations that prevented sociologists from predicting the formation of Solidarity in 1980. The third topic is the historical analysis of surveys conducted in the last decade of communism — their reliability as well as social and political functions. Finally, Sułek’s vision of socially-involved sociology appears. The strength of such sociology lies in its methodology, with which specific phenomena can be correctly defined, impartially analysed, and systematically investigated. And this in turn enables evidence-based debate and policy.
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Isra Sarwar, Muhammad Shamshad, and Farooq Arshad. "Crisis of Identity in 20th Century: The Case of the Sikhs in India." PERENNIAL JOURNAL OF HISTORY 3, no. 2 (December 20, 2022): 280–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.52700/pjh.v3i2.123.
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Punjab has been in turmoil since the partition of British India and now its predicament is the outcome of blend of factors. These factors may include mixing of religion with politics, central machination, vote-bank polities and obvious economic grievances. In the post-partition period, the Sikhs demanded affirmative discrimination largely based on colonial heritage job and regional autonomy. They started using ethnic symbols like history, geography, culture and land to gain sympathies of the masses and to attain greater political autonomy and economic benefits. Unfortunately, the Congress considered their struggle for identity disturbing for the secular outlook of India and put this social issue into the conceptual framework of communal politics and aligned it with Sikh tradition. The situation was politically engineered by Congress through mixing religion with politics and it took decisive actions following the divide and rule policy and extracted electoral benefits out of it. The militant operations against fellow the Sikh citizens and manipulated actions radicalized the society which created social unrest and urged the Sikhs to demand a separate state. This article has highlighted the Sikh political struggle for the
recognition of their separate identity and demand for Khalistan. The critically analyzed historical study is based on qualitative methods by using secondary sources.
Punjab has been in turmoil since the partition of British India and now its predicament is the outcome of blend of factors. These factors may include mixing of religion with politics, central machination, vote-bank polities and obvious economic grievances. In the post-partition period, the Sikhs demanded affirmative discrimination largely based on colonial heritage job and regional autonomy. They started using ethnic symbols like history, geography, culture and land to gain sympathies of the masses and to attain greater political autonomy and economic benefits. Unfortunately, the Congress considered their struggle for identity disturbing for the secular outlook of India and put this social issue into the conceptual framework of communal politics and aligned it with Sikh tradition. The situation was politically engineered by Congress through mixing religion with politics and it took decisive actions following the divide and rule policy and extracted electoral benefits out of it. The militant operations against fellow the Sikh citizens and manipulated actions radicalized the society which created social unrest and urged the Sikhs to demand a separate state. This article has highlighted the Sikh political struggle for the recognition of their separate identity and demand for Khalistan. The critically analyzed historical study is based on qualitative methods by using secondary sources.
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Labisch, Alfons. "The Role of the Hospital in the Health Policy of the German Social Democratic Movement before World War I." International Journal of Health Services 17, no. 2 (April 1987): 279–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/326a-bepd-0fp8-hluc.
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In this article, the author aims to contrast the traditional architecture-oriented history of hospitals with an empirical sociohistorical approach. The main topic discussed is the hospital's role in health policy as seen by German Social Democrats in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Social democratic hospital policy developed as a compromise between two extreme positions: the party theoretician's abstract ideals on the one side and the rank and file's pragmatic view on the other. Thus, the social history of the hospital can illustrate how, around the turn of the century, the political labor movement in Germany shifted from radical revolutionary aims to pragmatic social reform in everyday political practice. At the same time, the hospital underwent a fundamental social change from a charity institution to a municipal center of modern medical care. This implies that any static or one-sided interpretation of the hospital's history and sociology is inadequate: its social role constantly changes according to broader social change and different interests of social groups and organizations. As for the social history of medicine in general, modern medicine's development can not be adequately understood from the narrow perspective of medical institutions themselves. It has to be seen in the broader context of socioeconomic and sociocultural development.
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Gavrilov, Artem Vyacheslavovich. "Historiography of agricultural modernization problem of Russia from the second part of the 19th century to the beginning of the 20th century." Samara Journal of Science 6, no. 2 (June 1, 2017): 186–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/snv201762220.
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The Russian history from the second part of 19th century to the beginning of the 20th century is a very significant period for the development of the country. One can say that at that time peasant community faced globalization challenge. Agricultural problem was a key issue, which penetrated the whole period bringing up political controversies, ideological strives, success in economical development, starvation in 1891, reforms and revolutions 80-90th of the 19th century were critical for the whole epoch as unsolved peasant issue at that moment was one of the reasons of revolutionary upheavals of the 20th century. For the last twenty-five years the study of different sides of peasant community life has progressed really far and has broken new ground. It is necessary to single out that this progress has been done due to extensive capabilities, which started in the soviet time as well as to the prerevolutionary study of this question. We single out following areas of focus in modern researches which form the problem of modernization of the agricultural sphere from the end of the 19th century to the beginning of the 20th century. Firstly, it is the policy to peasant community and race because of the governmental deal. Then it is a huge amount of works dedicated to social-economical village development - peasant autonomy, farming and landed property, land market development, productivity of land, condition of labor force, cooperation problem and development of peasant industry, financial issue of the peasant community. Traditionally social-cultural development of the village is in the great demand including popular education, common law for peasants and the evolution of the peasant family.
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Anan’ev, Denis A. "RUSSIA’S FAR EASTERN POLICY IN THE LATE 19TH — EARLY 20TH CENTURY IN THE WORKS OF THE ENGLISH AND GERMAN-LANGUAGE RESEARCHERS." Ural Historical Journal 73, no. 4 (2021): 97–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.30759/1728-9718-2021-4(73)-97-105.
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The paper analyzes the works of the English- and German-language researchers who studied the history of Russia’s Far Eastern policy at the turn of the 19th–20th centuries. According to these scholars, a striking feature of that policy was the inseparability of the foreign and internal political tasks, while its main result was Russia’s involvement in the war against Japan. However, Western authors focused not only on the foreign policy and military aspects of the “Russian eastward expansion” (analyzed by C. von Zepelin, A. Malosemoff, S. Marks, R. Quested, J. Stephan) but also on the geographic, demographic, social and economic aspects (B. Sumner, A. A. Lobanov-Rostovsky, R. Quested, D. Geyer, J. Lensen et al.). The ideological component of the Far Eastern policy (associated with the ideas of Russia’s historical civilizing mission in Asia and the need to oppose the “Yellow Peril”) was considered in the works by A. Malozemoff, D. Schimmelpenninck van der Oye. The economic reasons for the development of the region were discussed by the authors who studied processes of “modernization” and S. Yu. Witte’s policy of “peaceful penetration” (B. Sumner, A. A. Lobanov-Rostovsky, R. Quested, D. Geyer, J. Lensen et al.). Sociocultural processes that led to the formation of “national identity” and “regional identity” were analyzed by J. Stephan, Ch. Y. Hsu, D. Wolff, Sh. Corrado. Despite the diversity of conceptions proposed by the Englsih- and Germanlanguage researchers it is possible to identify the two key trends in the study of the topic. The majority of works emphasized the expansionist intentions of Russia as one of the “imperialist powers” who participated in dividing spheres of influence in the Asia-Pacific region. However, many authors acknowledged Russia’s objective need to strengthen its position on the Pacific frontier, to protect its Far Eastern territories, to settle them and develop their economy.
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Barysheva, Ekaterina A. "The Formation of the Library System of India (19th - 20th centuries)." Bibliotekovedenie [Library and Information Science (Russia)] 1, no. 2 (April 28, 2016): 197–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.25281/0869-608x-2016-1-2-197-204.
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This article is devoted to the formation and development of system of public libraries in India and their place in the educational, social, cultural and informational space of the country. The formation of the library system in India occurred during the complex colonial and post-colonial periods of its history. It took place in the conditions of underdevelopment, the uneven social, political and cultural development of the regions, ethnolinguistic disunity, and mass illiteracy of the population, dominating in the society of caste, religious and gender prejudices. The article demonstrates that public libraries in India, beginning with their appearance in the first half of the 19th century, had a special mission. They were considered not only as repositories of books, but, first of all, as centers of education, aimed to spread the knowledge, fight with ignorance by introducing to the reading, to raise the cultural and intellectual level of Indian society, thereby contributing to its prosperity. The article describes the main stages and directions of state policy of India in the field of librarianship from the early nineteenth to the late twentieth century, recounts the history of the founding of the National library, emphasized the role of Raja Rammohan Roy Library Foundation. In separate section there is considered the contribution to the library and information science of S.R. Ranganathan, the outstanding leader of Indian culture.
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Köpeczi-Bócz, Tamás, and Mónika Lőrincz. "The characteristics of the resource needs of innovative businesses." Acta Agraria Debreceniensis, no. 69 (March 23, 2016): 123–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.34101/actaagrar/69/1800.
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Every university was funded in different historical periods with particular feature, particular political system, particular proprietory structure and particular economic background, which characterised the particular era. The historical antecedents considerably influenced the situation and role of the institutions as well as the course of their development. Although they had common features but their spatial projections are very dissimilar. In the 19th and 20th century Hungarian history – in the periods of economic integration with the modification of political system and transformation of the social background – the economic and social functions of tertiary education underwent considerable changes, which started to accomplish by the second half of the 20th century and the early 21st century. To moderate regional disparities, European and Hungarian regional development policy considers particular importance to the economic structure of the regions and their potential to be reformed, which is one of the corner stones of compatibility. Considering the more and more diversifying functions of universities, the question is, which factor is more significant; tertiary education or the relation between the sectors of national economy. The possible correlations we presented through the economic structure and the transformation of tertiary education functions of the integration periods.
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Plieva, Zalina T. "Migration History of Iranians in the North Caucasus." Vestnik of North-Ossetian State University, no. 4 (December 25, 2021): 49–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.29025/1994-7720-2021-4-49-56.
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The article is devoted to the study of the phenomenon of mass migration of the Persian population to the Russian Empire in the 19th-early 20th centuries, its North Caucasian features. Iranians who migrated to Russia, at the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries. constituted an important part of the entire society in the North Caucasus. They participated in the development of industry and business life, in the revolutionary movement, preserving their own community, and interacted with Russian realities. The article analyzes the stages and characteristic features of the migration of the Persian population to the North Caucasus in the 19th century. after the conclusion of international treaties between Russia and Persia (Gulistan 1813, Turkmanchay 1828, Convention on the movement of subjects of both states in 1844). Taking into account the general determinants of migration, for the first time, the existing explanations for the emergence of migrant workers from Persia to the South of the Russian Empire in the English-language literature have been investigated. The origin of labor and social migration in Iran in the 19th century, its orientation towards the Caucasus and its broad consequences are considered in connection with social factors that arose under the influence of political events in Iran, which determined the historical conjuncture. In the study of the characteristics of the Persian resettlement and long-term residence in the settlements of the North Caucasus, the starting points, routes and accommodation of Iranian migrants in the Terek region are of great importance. The Terek region got into the migration history of Iranians as a result of the migration policy of Russia, its geographical location and the peculiarities of the developing economy, which provided more favorable and sparing working conditions. about a large number of Iranians who received passports at the consulates in Urmia and Tabriz. Unlike other movements of the Iranian population in the 19th century, the migration of Persians to Russia at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries had its own differences: it was characterized by regularity, the involvement of a significant number of people of different ages and genders, and was mainly caused by economic reasons. Developing trade relations, economic decline in Persia became the reasons for the ever-increasing migration of the Persians to the Russian borders.
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Lanszki, Anita. "On Body and Education." Tánc és Nevelés 2, no. 2 (October 13, 2021): 119–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.46819/tn.2.2.119-122.
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The history of the teaching of movements is a remarkable field in the history of education, the research paradigm of which also presupposes social and cultural-historical studies and accurate document analysis. The impressive volume published in 2021 and edited by Simonetta Polenghi, András Németh and Tomáš Kasper, provides a comprehensive overview of the educational trends from the turn of the century to the 1950s. The book’s authors present the trends in physical education and movement arts in the European countries of the era from exciting perspectives. The studies focus on how the public health, ideology, art, and pedagogical trends of the first half of the 20th century influenced educational policy aspirations for the physical and artistic development of the body.
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Hartmann, Betsy. "Population Control I: Birth of an Ideology." International Journal of Health Services 27, no. 3 (July 1997): 523–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/bl3n-xajx-0yqb-vqbx.
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Population control, as a major international development strategy, is a relatively recent phenomenon. However, its origins reach back to social currents in the 19th and early 20th centuries, culminating in an organized birth control movement in Europe and the United States. The conflicts and contradictions in that movement's history presage many of today's debates over population policy and women's rights. Eugenics had a deep influence on the U.S. birth control movement in the first half of the 20th century. After World War II private agencies and foundations played an important role in legitimizing population control as a way to secure Western control over Third World resources and stem political instability. In the late 1960s the U.S. government became a major funder of population control programs overseas and built multilateral support through establishment of the U.N. Fund for Population Activities. At the 1974 World Population Conference, Third World governments challenged the primacy of population control. While their critique led population agencies to change their strategies, population control remained a central component of international development and national security policies in the United States.
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SHAW, VICTOR N. "Productive Labor and Thought Reform in Chinese Corrections: A Historical and Comparative Analysis." Prison Journal 78, no. 2 (June 1998): 186–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0032885598078002007.
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The Chinese practice of productive labor and thought reform in correctional institutions is rooted in Chinese history and culture. It bears influence and reinforcement from the Western prison model of reform and rehabilitation introduced to China at the turn of the 20th century. However, it was not until the communist era that productive labor and thought reform were systematically instituted with a unified ideology and a military-style organization. This article examines productive labor and thought reform in terms of its history, rationale, process, and consequence. From a historical and comparative perspective, it shows what reference they may offer to Western corrections and how they may evolve with the open-up and reform policy in China.
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Hawk, Barry E. "Antitrust in History." Antitrust Bulletin 63, no. 3 (June 20, 2018): 275–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0003603x18783124.
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The antitrust world before 1890 looks barren when compared with today’s global antitrust industry. The most common antitrust laws in pre-modern societies condemned practices that had the perceived tendency to raise prices: forestalling, hoarding and price fixing. Enforcement was focused on retail markets and trade in essential foodstuffs, like grain. Laws intended to ensure fair prices are common throughout history. Rules prohibiting unfair or excessive prices raise the more general question of price controls in pre-industrial societies. The historical evidence is ambiguous. Laws prohibiting monopolistic or abusive conduct are less clearly evident than anti-cartel laws in pre-industrial societies, although a few references exist. Before the 20th century, courts and authorities lacked the tools of modern economic analysis, like mathematics-based theories of harm. This absence of modern economics meant that there was no clear distinction among “economic,” “social,” “moral” and “political” policy objectives. Laws concerning product quality, consumer fraud and misrepresentations are commonly found in pre-modern societies. Although consumer protection rules were based on notions of fair dealing and justice, the rules were consistent with modern economic notions of transaction cost efficiencies, asymmetric market information and imperfect market information.
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Raimkulova, A. "KAZAKH MUSIC CULTURE ON THE GLOBALIZATION CROSSROADS: ETHNIC TRADITIONS VERSUS COMPOSER SCHOOL IN INTERCULTURAL INTERACTION." BULLETIN 384, no. 2 (April 15, 2020): 185–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.32014/10.32014/2020.2518-1467.58.
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At the present stage, Kazakh musical culture is heterogeneous. It represents traditions coexisting at the same time and interacting with each other: Kazakh ethnic and newly established composer school (tradition). Examining changes in cultural landscapes of the 20th century I reveal the peculiarities of interaction and dialogue between two kinds of culture: ethnic and global (endogenous and exogenous). The procedures include the complex study of the history of Kazakh culture in the 20th century, stylistic analysis of traditional and composer’s music, semiotic approach to intercultural interaction, as far as a comparative analysis of oral and written music of 19th and 20th centuries. On one hand, dramatic changes in the structure of music culture were caused by external objective reasons: new industrial and postindustrial civilization phases (urbanization and information technologies); intensification of interaction with western (mainly Russian) cultures, etc. On the other hand, some changes were inspired by inner factors: diverse development of local song and kui (dombyra piece) traditions; Soviet cultural policy. As a result new type (or layer) of national culture – Kazakh composers’ music – appeared. It was connected with the formation of a national style based on transcriptions and borrowing. Traditional music was influenced by new social institutions (philharmonic halls, theatres, radio, conservatoire) that caused changes in the creative process (decrease of oral transmission, lack of traditional social context) as well as in the style (virtuoso performance, new genres of songs).
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Weller, Paul. "Religious Minorities and Freedom of Religion or Belief in the uk." Religion & Human Rights 13, no. 1 (March 27, 2018): 76–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18710328-13011160.
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Abstract By particular reference to the polity of the uk, this article discusses issues and options for groups identified as “religious minorities” in relation to issues of “religious freedom”. It does so by seeking to ensure that such contemporary socio-legal discussions are rooted empirically in the full diversity of the uk’s contemporary religious landscape, while taking account of (especially) 19th century (mainly Christian) historical antecedents. It argues that properly to understand the expansion in scope and substance of religious freedom achieved in the 19th century that account needs to be taken of the agency of the groups that benefited from this. Finally, it argues this history can be seen as a “preconfiguration” of the way in which religious minorities have themselves acted as key drivers for change in relevant 20th and 21st century uk law and social policy and could continue to do so in possible futures post-Brexit Referendum.
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Bremner, G. Alex, and David P. Y. Lung. "Spaces of Exclusion: The Significance of Cultural Identity in the Formation of European Residential Districts in British Hong Kong, 1877–1904." Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 21, no. 2 (April 2003): 223–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/d310.
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In this paper we discuss the role and significance of European cultural identity in the formation of the urban environment in 19th-century and early-20th-century British Hong Kong. Our purpose is to offer an alternative reading of the social history of Hong Kong-the orthodox accounts of which remain largely predominant in the general historical understanding of that society-by examining the machinations that surrounded attempts by the European colonial elite to control the production of urban form and space in the capital city of Hong Kong, Victoria. Here the European Residential District ordinance of 1888 (along with other related ordinances) is considered in detail. An examination of European cultural self-perception and the construction of colonial identity is made by considering not only the actual ways in which urban form and space were manipulated through these ordinances but also the visual representation of the city in art. Here the intersection between ideas and images concerning civil society, cultural identity, architecture, and the official practices of colonial urban planning is demonstrated. It is argued that this coalescing of ideas, images, and practices in the colonial environment of British Hong Kong not only led to the racialisation of urban form and space there but also contributed to the apparent anxiety exhibited by the European population over the preservation of their own identity through the immediacy of the built environment.
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Cassano, Graham, and Terressa A. Benz. "Introduction: Flint and the Racialized Geography of Indifference." Critical Sociology 45, no. 1 (March 12, 2018): 25–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0896920517753697.
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In this introduction to the Critical Sociology symposium, “The Flint Water Crisis and the Failure of Neoliberal Governance,” the authors outline the social and cultural conditions for the racialized underdevelopment of Flint and Detroit in the late 20th and early 21st centuries. We begin with an examination of the racially coded rhetoric of Oakland County manager, L. Brooks Patterson, and the manner in which those racial codes reveal the deep roots of white suburban anxiety and racism in the history of economic and spatial apartheid in Michigan. Turning to Flint itself, we draw upon Andrew Highsmith’s recent history of the city, Demolition Means Progress (2015), and examine 20th century red-lining, school segregation, and neoliberal policy decisions as they interacted, effectively rendering Flint’s African American population invisible and, finally, through emergency management, nearly powerless. We close with a survey of the articles within the symposium. Each contribution to the symposium finds that even within the structural and political limitations imposed by neoliberalism, residents and activists continue to find productive spaces for resistance.
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D'Amico, Daniel. "The counter-revolution of criminological science: a study on the abuse of reasoned punishment." Erasmus Journal for Philosophy and Economics 10, no. 1 (August 10, 2017): 1–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.23941/ejpe.v10i1.280.
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Trends in the history of social science dedicated to the study of crime and punishment are presented as a case study supporting F.A. Hayek's theory of social change. Designing effective social institutions and public policies first requires an accurate vision of how society operates. An accurate model of society further requires scientific methods uniquely suited for the study of human beings as purposeful agents and the study of human institutions as complex social phenomena. If guided by faulty methods, theories are inaccurate and policy outcomes veer from their intentions. Hayek termed such outcomes "abuses of reason". Aiming to replicate the objectivity of physical sciences via formal modeling and statistical measurement, economists throughout the 20th century imposed an excessively technical vision of human decision-making. Policy failures and social problems resulted. This paper argues that the historical trends of applied social science dedicated to crime and punishment can be understood similarly. Formal modeling and statistical measurement continuously displaced methods more attuned to human intentionality and social complexity. In result, amidst a long-run history of intellectual and political change, US law enforcement and criminal punishment policies became technocratic, and outcomes became disjointed from their stated intentions to promote social order and welfare.
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Zhirov, Nikolai. "Rural school in daily life peasants of the agrarian center of Russia in the second half of the 19th — beginning of the 20th century." OOO "Zhurnal "Voprosy Istorii" 2020, no. 11-2 (November 1, 2020): 99–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.31166/voprosyistorii202011statyi39.
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The article is devoted to the role of school education in the life of peasants of the Russian Empire in the second half of the XIX - early XX centuries. The main sources are published materials and documents stored in the state archive of the Orel region. The results of the study give an idea of the process of reforming the primary school system not only at the national level, but also at the regional level, allowing us to assess the level of implementation of state policy in the field. This makes it possible to draw a conclusion about the direct impact of school education on the social and economic transformations that took place in the Russian Empire.
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Hayashi, Tadayuki. "Morishita, Yoshiyuki, The Czech Housing Policy and Social History on the First Half of 20th Century: The Building of Czechoslovakia First Republic." Russian and East European Studies 2013, no. 42 (2013): 128–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5823/jarees.2013.128.
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Shikunova, Inna A., and Pavel P. Shcherbinin. "Nurseries as a special form of social care in the Tambov Governorate in the early 20th century." Tambov University Review. Series: Humanities, no. 184 (2020): 136–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.20310/1810-0201-2020-25-184-136-145.
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We consider the formation and development features of the nurseries as a special social institution in the Tambov Governorate in the early of 20th century. The governorate and county levels of declared scientific problem consideration allows to conduct the successful reconstruction of the formation and activities of infant nurseries for foundlings, orphans in both urban and rural areas, which reflected the practice of social care and charity of “trouble children”. We reveal the implementation features of county initiatives for the social protection of foundlings and orphans, as well as the levels and forms of such support for such categories of Russian society by local authorities. We clarify the possibilities of organizing nurseries for foundlings at the governorate and county hospitals and maternity wards. We note the role of particular medical workers in the development of civic initiatives and public service in the rescue of foundlings. We identify the historiographic traditions of both domestic and foreign historians in the study of the orphans charity in the context of the social work organization and the social institutions development, including nurseries. Based on the analysis of a wide range of historical sources, it was possible to identify the most successful and effective practices of organizing nurseries both in the peaceful years and in the periods of Russian-Japanese War of 1904–1905 and World War I 1914–1918, which allowed us to consider various little-studied aspects of the stated scientific problem. We reveal the regional features of the social protection system for orphans through the prism of nursery care. We clarify the position and role of the Orthodox Church on the organization of orphan charity in monasteries during the war years of 1914–1918. We reveal the main posing issues of the prospects for studying a wide range of problems in the history of orphanhood in the Tambov Governorate in the early 20th century. We pay attention to the importance of taking into account regional specifics and specific historical manifestations of social policy when conducting a study of charitable support and private public initiatives of the considered period.
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Skiba, Russell. "“As Nature Has Formed Them”: The History and Current Status of Racial Difference Research." Teachers College Record: The Voice of Scholarship in Education 114, no. 5 (May 2012): 1–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/016146811211400501.
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Background/Context Research in the latter half of the 20th century purporting to show significant racial differences in intelligence and social behavior appears to pit civil rights concerns against the freedom of scientific inquiry. The core hypotheses and presumptions of recent research on racial difference are not new, however, but spring from a two-century-old program of research that has sought to demonstrate racial differences in socially valued traits. Purpose/Objective/Research Question/Focus of Study The purpose of this review was to explore the history of racial difference research in order to (1) elucidate the central themes of that research and (2) explore the reasons for the persistence of those themes into modern racial difference research. Research Design The investigation is a historical analysis of research on racial differences from the late 18th century to the present. Conclusions/Recommendations Both the methodologies and the willingness to express the core hypotheses of a fixed differential between races on socially important characteristics have changed over time, yet adherence to a set of core research questions has remained relatively unchanged across generations of researchers. Although the consistent conflation of its political and scientific aims has, to some extent, compromised the scientific status of racial difference research, consistent links to social and economic policy have also ensured its intergenerational reproduction. Convergent shifts across a number of disciplines suggest that a Kuhnian-type paradigm shift may be under way that will redefine both the strategies and the types of questions that may characterize future research in the areas of race, ethnicity, and culture.
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Zhirov, Nikolai A. "‘A Russian revolt, senseless and merciless...’: The 100th anniversary of 1917 revolution in Russia." Herald of an archivist, no. 1 (2018): 169–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2073-0101-2018-1-169-180.
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On September, 21-23, the I.A. Bunin Yelets State University, supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (RFFI), held an All-Russian scientific conference ‘In the time of change: Revolt, insurrection, and revolution in the Russian periphery in the 17th – early 20th centuries’. Scientists from various Russian regions participated in its work. The conference organizers focused on social conflicts in the Russian periphery. The first series of reports addressed the Age of Rebellions in the Russian history. They considered the role and the place of the service class people in anti-government revolts. Some scientists stressed the effect of official state policy on the revolutionary mood of the people. Some reports paid attention to jurisdictions and activities of the general police in the 19th – early 20th century and those of the Provisional Government militia. Other reports analyzed the participation of persons of non-peasant origin in the revolutionary events. They studied the effect of the revolutionary events on the mood and behavior of local people and the ways of solving conflicts between the authorities and the society. Most numerous series of reports were devoted to social conflicts in the Russian village at the turn of the 20th century, studied forms and ways of peasants' struggle against the extortionate cost of the emancipation, and offered a periodization of peasants' uprisings. The researchers stressed that peasants remained politically unmotivated; analysis of their relations with authorities shows that they were predominantly conservative and not prone to incitement to against monarchy. Some questions of source studies and methodology of studying the revolution and the preceding period were raised. Most researches used interdisciplinary methods, popular in modern humanities and historical science.
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Shikunova, Inna. "Historiographical traditions in the study of “children of misfortune” in the context of orphanage in the Russian Empire and Soviet Russia in the first third of the 20th century." Tambov University Review. Series: Humanities, no. 182 (2019): 272–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.20310/1810-0201-2019-24-182-272-282.
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We consider the historiographical traditions of both domestic and foreign historiography on the study of the childhood history, children’s daily life, the history of motherhood and childhood, social welfare and charity of “children of misfortune” both in the capital and at the provincial level in the first third of the 20th century. Based on the analysis of methodological approaches and research practices, we identify the most successful, complex and effective, including consider-ation of various poorly studied aspects of the claimed scientific problem. We reveal the regional features of the social protection system study that are significantly different from the works of the capital’s historians. We refine the approaches and interpretation in the study of the role and place of the social state in the Russian Empire and the policy of Soviet authorities in relation to orphans. We reveal the main posed questions of the prospects of historiographical study of a wide range of childhood history problems. We draw conclusions about the results of the study of social protec-tion and charity of orphans system in both pre-revolutionary and Soviet Russia. We pay attention to the importance of taking into account the regional specifics and specific historical manifesta-tions of social policy in the study of charitable support and private public initiative of the period under review. We reveal the stereotypical approaches and assessments in relation to the system development of social charity and welfare for “children of misfortune” in imperial and Soviet Russia.
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Podkhomutnikova, Marina V. "Raskazachivanie: difficult issues of history." Historical and social-educational ideas 13, no. 2 (April 29, 2021): 151–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.17748/2075-9908-2021-13-2-151-160.
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104 years ago the Civil War began in Russia. Civil War 1917–1922 is one of the largest civil wars in human history. She had a great influence on the course of not only Russian, but also world history in the XX century. In the conditions of the socio-economic catastrophe experienced by the country at that time, all social and political contradictions in society exacerbated, which gave the Civil War mass character and duration. Today the topic of "decossackization" remains very relevant and in demand. The scientific relevance of the problem of decossackization is caused by the lack of generalizing studies. Currently, there is a significant amount of literature, which reflects the history of civil confrontation in Russia. Literature was created at different times and, as a result, differed in different methodological positions. The Civil War in Russia was studied, seen, reflected from two opposite sides – from the side of the victors and from the side of the vanquished. Difficult times do not have unambiguous assessments and interpretations. It is no coincidence that this period is included in the list of the so-called “difficult questions of history”. Soviet historians began to deal with the problem of decossackization in the 60s. 20th century. Within the framework of what was permitted, researchers could talk about the problems associated with the policy of decossackization in Russia. In the Soviet period, "decossackization" was understood as the elimination of the Cossacks as a socio-ethnographic community in general, characteristic features, characteristics, properties, signs of the Cossacks. In different historical periods, the term "decossackization" was understood as the abolition of class benefits and hardships. In the second half of the 19th – early 20th century. there was no oppression, persecution, destruction and violent influence on the Cossacks at that time. In the late 80s. – the beginning of the 90s. the problem of decossackization is closely associated with the repressive policy of the Bolsheviks in the Cossack regions of the country. From this we can conclude that two different meanings are put into the conventional term “decossackization”. One interpretation of this term speaks of the formal, administrative abolition of the estate rights and obligations of the Cossacks as a social-class category. Another interpretation is about purposeful and large-scale repressive actions against the Cossacks. Today, scientific discussions about the causes, nature and consequences of the anti-Bolshevik struggle during the Civil War continue. More and more researchers are being drawn into the polemical space. The author does not pretend to cover the entire array of publications, the total number of which is several hundred, we will focus on the most general trends in the analysis of the events of the Civil War and armed uprisings against the policies of the Bolsheviks in 1917–1922. The hypothesis of the study is that the overwhelming majority of armed uprisings against the Bolshevik policy in Soviet Russia in 1917–1922. were of a local nature, without going beyond a certain territory, and also were not coordinated in time. The defeat of the anti-Bolshevik uprisings was influenced by: the insurrectionary movement was not homogeneous in goals, slogans, composition; the spontaneous nature of performances at the initial stage; lack of an organizing center; focus on intra-regional problems; superiority in the strength of the Red Army; territorial fragmentation. The movement against the policy of the Bolsheviks, in spite of its scale, as a result remained local, tied to their native farms, villages, villages. According to the author of the article, the scientific novelty of the research lies in the identification and study of the features of the military-political confrontation in the context of the "small Civil War" in the south of Russia.
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Mа, Weiyun. "A Review of Chinese Eastern Railway Study in China." Problemy dalnego vostoka, no. 6 (2021): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s013128120017866-3.
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The article reviews research on Chinese Eastern Railway in China. The research on Chinese Eastern Railway in China began in the early 20th century, has a history of more than 100 years. The existing research results mainly focus on the construction of Chinese Eastern Railway and Tsarist Russia's expansion policy, negotiation between China and Russia (Soviet Union) on the railway issue, the contradictions and struggles of Japan and the United States around the railway problem and so on. These documents cover a wide range of issues which almost involve the political, diplomacy, economy and trade, culture and other fields of international relations in the Far East from the end of the 19th century to the beginning of 20th century, provide a broad vision for the study of Chinese Eastern Railway. But there are problems in the research. Although there are many works on Chinese Eastern Railway, but most discussions are limited to a certain stage, there are few works on the whole history of Chinese Eastern Railway. Not only should we pay attention to the study of the early 20th century in other words the period of the Qing Empire, moreover, we should strengthen the research in the period of the Republic of China and the new China period, this is of great significance to the study of the whole history of Sino — Soviet relations. In addition due to specific historical conditions, part of the Russian data of Chinese Eastern Railway in China was lost, in addition, there is no detailed and authoritative reference book for Russian archives of Chinese Eastern Railway, this situation makes the cited materials in Chinese works appear too old the materials cited in the book seem too old. The authors thank for proofreading and examining the translation A.I. Kobzev, Ph.D. (Philosophy), professor, director of China Department, Institute of Oriental Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences, director of TSC of Humanities and Social Sciences and director of Philosophy Department of MIPT (SRI), director of TSC «Oriental Philosophy» of RSUH, Chief researcher of Russian language, literature and culture research center of Heilongjiang University.
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Anisimova, Inna V. "Imperial Judicial Policy in the Central Asian Suburbs in the second half of the 19th – early 20th centuries: Main Forms, Directions, and Results." Journal of Frontier Studies 7, no. 1 (March 3, 2022): 207–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.46539/jfs.v7i1.376.
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One of the important directions of modernization of the Central Asian outskirts of the Russian Empire was the formation of the region’s judicial system. During the second half of the 19th century, a complex configuration of regional justice was created, which was supposed to act not only as a way of coordinating social interaction but also as a means to express the political interests of the state. The purpose of the work is to identify and analyze the main forms and directions of the judicial policy of the Russian Empire in the Central Asian outskirts in the second half of the 19th – early 20th century. The judicial reform carried out in the Russian Empire in 1864 led to the implementation in the Steppe Region and Turkestan of a set of measures aimed at the re-organization of the judicial and legal system. This process reflected the orientation of the social policy towards modernization. During the reforms of the 1868, 1886, 1898, imperial judicial institutions and legal norms were imported into the region. However, the traditional court also retained significant positions. The justice system of the Central Asian outskirts did not meet the needs of society. The preservation of the People’s Court did not allow the local population of the region to be fully incorporated into the all-Russian legal space. Those processes demonstrated the incompleteness of the judicial and legal system reforms and the need for systemic modernization.
The article is intended for specialists interested in the national policy of the Russian Empire, and the history of the Central Asian region.
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TROFIMOVA, NATALIA N., and ALEXEY S. TIMOSCHUK. "Chrono-discrete monogeographic comparative jurisprudence on the example of the penal system of the Russian Federation." Vedomosti (Knowledge) of the Penal System 229, no. 6 (2021): 16–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.51522/2307-0382-2021-229-6-16-31.
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The article analyzes the possibilities of the methodology of the school of chrono-discrete monogeographic comparative jurisprudence in relation to the penal policy, which is considered in the context of the Soviet period of modernization of Russia. The subject of the article is the arrays of social and legal information in the field of the criminal law, the history of the penitentiary system, the history of the establishment of public control institutions, the genesis of the Russian language in the political and legal sphere. The purpose of the study is to demonstrate that the penitentiary policy is of a chrono-discrete nature, which is due to the peculiarities of Russia's civilizational backwardness at the early 20th century and the requirements of catching-up modernization of its technological structure. The methodological basis of the study was a chrono-discrete monogeographic comparative legal approach, which, in addition to the wellknown comparative, historical, formal legal types of analysis, proceeded from the following research attitudes and assumptions: 1) the object is taken in the same topology, but in different periods; 2) the scholar believes that there is a chronological gap in socio-legal and political processes. As a result of the work carried out, national characteristics in the evolution of penitentiary policy from the end of the 19th to the end of the 20th centuries were studied. A retrospective analysis of the penal policy humanization is presented and the reasons for the Soviet chronopause in the observance of human rights are named, the historical heterodynamics of the penal system in the system of state and law is substantiated. Problems of interaction of the penitentiary system with civil society institutions are implicitly touched upon. It is concluded that the current humanistic trend in the development of the penal system is a natural continuation of the penitentiary reforms of the 19th century, continued after the necessary socio-technological modernization of Russia, carried out by the Bolshevik party. Key words: penal system, punishment, time gap, chronopause, chrono-discrete monogeographic comparative legal approach (HMSP), industrialization, modernization, nonlinear cliodynamics
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Malone, Edward A., and David Wright. "“To Promote That Demand”." Journal of Business and Technical Communication 32, no. 1 (October 5, 2017): 113–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1050651917729861.
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Although various types of documents are called white papers, in technical marketing communication the white paper is usually a document that describes a new or improved technology in order to generate interest in—and promote sales of—that technology. Most sources discussing the history of the white paper assume that marketing white papers evolved from government white papers. They conflate genre history with etymology. At some point in the mid-20th century, the term white paper—denoting a type of government policy document—began being applied to other types of documents, including eventually a particular form of technical marketing communication. This article proposes a revised history of the marketing white paper as a genre. By examining the formal features and characteristic substance of white papers through the lens of their pragmatic value as social action, we show that the marketing white paper of today has much in common with documents from the 16th, 17th, and 18th centuries.
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Honningdal Grytten, Ola. "Public finances, governance control and economic growth: a macroeconomic history approach." Investment Management and Financial Innovations 16, no. 1 (March 11, 2019): 189–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/imfi.16(1).2019.15.
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The size of the public sector is an important tool in public governance. Public sector size may fuel both economic growth and political influence over the economy. By compiling and processing data from different sources of public accounts the paper aims at mapping the development of key financial indicators for the Norwegian central government sector during the transition period from the mid 19th to the mid 20th century. The data enable us to give measures of the size of the public sector alone and compared to the overall economy. It is found that the sector started its continuous growth before politicians deliberately started to increase the sector’s size of the total economy. The paper also finds that an increase of the public sector often, but not always, reflects political economy regimes. Persistent growth in public finances as a tool for economic policy making did not take place before the introduction of the social-democratic regime in 1935. The paper also concludes that economic growth started before the growth in the public sector, suggesting that public sector growth might as well be a result of economic growth or vice versa.
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Singh, Dr Oinam Ranjit, and Umananda Basumatary. "The History Of Education And The Literary Development Of The Bodo In The Brahmaputra Valley." History Research Journal 5, no. 5 (September 27, 2019): 32–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.26643/hrj.v5i5.7916.
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The education is regarded as the invincible element for the development of a society. Without the progress of education the rate of development index of a particular society cannot be measured. The Bodos are the single largest aboriginal tribe living in the Brahmaputra valley of Assam from the time immemorial. They possessed rich socio-cultural tradition and solid language of their own. In the early 19th century on the eve of British intervention in Assam the condition of education among the Bodos was completely in a stake. It was after the adoption of the education policy in Assam by British Government the ray of educational hope reached to the Bodos. It was undeniable fact that the Christian Missionaries also played an important role in disseminating western education among the Bodos through their evangelical objectives in view. They established many schools in the remote places of the Bodo populated areas to spread the education. Besides that the Christian Missionaries left many literary activities among the Bodos as a credit in their account. These missionary activities awaken the educated elite sections of the Bodos to promulgate social reform movement by the means of literary activities. As a consequence in the early part of the 20th century under the banner of Boro Chatra Sanmilani some of the educated Bodo youths had started to publish series of magazines like Bibar, Jenthoka and Alongbar etc. and many others. This process of literary development among the Bodos stimulated the trend of social awakening and paved encouragement to the new generation towards the path of enlightenment.
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Simonenko, E. S. "MATERIAL PROVISION OF CANADIAN VOLUNTEERS’ FAMILIES DURING WORLD WAR I." Вестник Пермского университета. История, no. 1(52) (2021): 158–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.17072/2219-3111-2021-1-158-167.
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The article analyzes the Canadian government policy of social protection and support for soldiers’ dependents during World War I. The description of events begins when Canada entered the war (August 4, 1914) and ends when the North American Dominion switched to the system of compulsory military service (conscription) (August 29, 1917). The reconstruction of the details of the material support for soldiers’ dependents during the war helps reveal the details of the functioning of the Canadian government’s social policy in the early 20th century. The article is based on the legislative acts of the Dominion Government, official records of the debates in the Canadian parliament, and the Provincial press publications. It examines the institutional foundations of providing financial assistance to soldiers’ dependents using the example of the creation and activities of special state and non-state institutions (the Canadian Patriotic Fund, the Board of Pension Commissioners, and the Separation Allowance Board). It studies the process of forming the legislative base of social security for dependents of soldiers serving in the Canadian Expeditionary Forces and the Canadian Navy. The author traces the assignment and payment of social benefits to wives, children, parents and other dependents. The Canadian laws enacted during the war provided social assistance to military dependents in the form of state maintenance benefits and survivor’s pensions. The low rate of government benefits was offset by donations raised by charities. The process of creating special state bodies was very slow, and their activities were not always effective. Against this background, the work of the Canadian Patriotic Fund looked more fruitful.
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Kozhemyakov, A. S. "Special features of Russian political culture: history and the modernity." Journal of Law and Administration, no. 2 (October 26, 2018): 98–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2073-8420-2018-2-47-98-107.
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Introduction. The article is dedicated to the analysis of some basic characteristics of Russian political culture, in particular in the post October 1917 Revolution’ period. At the same time it was underlined that these characteristics were not a simple “print” of “October Revolution” but have their roots far in the past, including some ontological components. The basic elements of Russian political culture (far from being fully described in this article) are presented with reference to the practice of Russian government’s activities. The controversial nature of correlation between Russian political culture and radical changes in Russian politics in the 20th century was also put forward. Materials and methods. Methods of scientific cognition, abstraction, generalization, analysis, synthesis, and comparative methods were used in the course of research and presentation of the theoretical approaches of Russian and foreign researchers related to “political culture”. Russian political history of XX century, and beyond, provided large scope of necessary materials for this article. Results of the study. The analysis of Russian political culture has as its outcome the presentation of a hierarchy of “elements” including the basic ones and many additional which are also present and acting in social and political practices in modern Russia. Discussion and conclusions. The study shows that “political culture” is not only an abstract concept within a political science and theory, but also a very important “operational tool” for decision-making process and practice of government. The lack of an adequate perception of acting political culture by a political elite might create an important distortion especially during radical social changes. In conclusion the author announced the topic of his further research on the “culture of Russian foreign policy” based on the findings of this article.
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Raya, Moch Khafidz Fuad. "DAYAH AND MEUNASAH IN ACEH: REFORM IN LOCAL CONTEXT." Jurnal Tatsqif 19, no. 1 (August 3, 2021): 21–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.20414/jtq.v19i1.3504.
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The history of Islamic education in the early 20th century led to various changes, especially the emergence of madrasas as an Islamic schooling system. Traditional Islamic educational institutions inevitably have to harmonise and open themselves to transformation, even though they initially experienced opposition. Using a qualitative approach with a narrative documentation method based on historical texts and observations in several Islamic educational institutions in Aceh, this article focuses on revealing the history of the dayah and meunasah as a traditional Acehnese Islamic educational institution that underwent some fundamental changes. The results found: First, the existence of the dayah is more long-term than the meunasah even though both forms of this institution are rooted in the same ideological principles with different patterns, seen from the early 20th century until implementing sharia law in Aceh after the Helsinki peace agreement, the dayah was still existed by maintaining its institutional form. Second, the emergence of madrasas as a formation of the government’s political policy on the social conditions of the people that occurred has provided space for traditional Islamic educational institutions (such as the dayah) to open themselves to including general subjects, although this second result has led to struggles; Third, there is a contestation between dayah, Islamic schools, and madrasas, with public schools driven by traditionalist and modernist groups in maintaining their existence. The contest has opened the history of the dayah and meunasah into the form of public schools and madrasas in the future, both of which apply Islamic religious material, where public schools are superior to madrasas in terms of curriculum, educational programs, and human resources.
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Graban, Marcin. "The labor issue in the USA in the first half of the 20th century. The contribution of the Catholic Church to its solution." Annales. Etyka w Życiu Gospodarczym 20, no. 7 (February 25, 2017): 131–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/1899-2226.20.7.10.
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The stance of the Catholic Church in the United States of America on the problems related to workers’ wages is an interesting issue from the point of view of the ethics of economic life and the development of Catholic social thought. The interpretation of the main Catholic social ideas contained in Leo XIII’s encyclical letter Rerum novarum was made by Father John Augustine Ryan (1896–1945), who soon became a major proponent of the idea that a good economic policy can only result from good ethics. In the history of the United States of America, the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries was a time of the development of labor unions, associations and workers’ organizations as well as the consolidation of efforts to achieve equitable remuneration (a living wage) and regulate working conditions. It was also a time of struggling with the ideas of socialism and nationalism. The Catholic Church played a significant role in the discourse on these issues, including the influence of John A. Ryan. His efforts led to one of the most important interpretations of economic life: The Program of Social Reconstruction (1919), and some of its postulates can be found in the New Deal legislation.