Journal articles on the topic 'Victoria Population'
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1
Lee, Tristan, Kyall R. Zenger, Robert L. Close, and David N. Phalen. "Genetic analysis reveals a distinct and highly diverse koala (Phascolarctos cinereus) population in South Gippsland, Victoria, Australia." Australian Mammalogy 34, no. 1 (2012): 68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am10035.
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Population genetics can reveal otherwise hidden information involving a species’ history in a given region. Koalas were thought to have been virtually exterminated from the Australian state of Victoria during the koala fur trade of the late 1800s. Koalas in the South Gippsland region of Victoria were examined using microsatellite markers to infer population structure and gene flow and to locate a possible remnant gene pool. The results indicate that the South Gippsland koala population had higher genetic diversity (A = 5.97, HO = 0.564) than other published Victorian populations, and was genetically distinct from other koala populations examined. South Gippsland koalas, therefore, may have survived the population reductions of the koala fur trade and now represent a remnant Victorian gene pool that has been largely lost from the remainder of Victoria. This paper illustrates that historic anthropogenic impacts have had little effect on reducing the genetic diversity of a population in the South Gippsland region. However, the South Gippsland population is now subject to threats such as logging and loss of habitat from housing and agriculture expansion. Our results suggest that the South Gippsland koalas require an alternative conservation management program.
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STOTHARD, J. R., B. L. WEBSTER, T. WEBER, S. NYAKAANA, J. P. WEBSTER, F. KAZIBWE, N. B. KABATEREINE, and D. ROLLINSON. "Molecular epidemiology ofSchistosoma mansoniin Uganda: DNA barcoding reveals substantial genetic diversity within Lake Albert and Lake Victoria populations." Parasitology 136, no. 13 (July 23, 2009): 1813–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003118200999031x.
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SUMMARYRepresentative samples of UgandanSchistosoma mansonifrom Lake Albert and Lake Victoria were examined using DNA barcoding, sequence analysis of two partially overlapping regions – ASMIT (396 bp) & MORGAN (617 bp) – of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I (cox1). The Victorian sample exhibited greater nucleotide diversity, 1·4%vs. 1·0%, and a significant population partition appeared as barcodes did not cross-over between lakes. With one exception, Lake Albert populations were more mixed by sampled location, while those from Lake Victoria appeared more secluded. Using statistical parsimony, barcode ASMIT 1 was putatively ancestral to all others and analysis of MORGAN cox1 confirmed population diversity. All samples fell into two of five well-resolved lineages; sub-lineages therein broadly partitioning by lake. It seems that barcode ASMIT 1 (and close variants) was likely widely dispersed throughout the Nilotic environment but later diversifiedin situ, and in parallel, within Lake Albert and Lake Victoria. The genetic uniformity of UgandanS. mansonican no longer be assumed, which might better explain known epidemiological heterogeneities. While it appears plausible that locally evolved heritable traits could spread through most of the Lake Albert populations, it seems unlikely they could quickly homogenise into Lake Victoria or amongst populations therein.
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Riley, Merilyn. "Population Prevalence Rates of Birth Defects: A Data Management and Epidemiological Perspective." Health Information Management 34, no. 3 (September 2005): 94–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/183335830503400307.
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The Victorian Birth Defects Register (VBDR) is a population-based surveillance system with a primary function of monitoring trends in birth defects. This paper outlines the processes undertaken in Victoria, Australia, to obtain population prevalence rates of birth defects and investigates the effect on the prevalence rates of variations in collection and processing tasks. It includes all birth defects that were notified to the VBDR by 31 December 2004. The overall prevalence rate of birth defects in Victoria for 2003 was 4.0%, with an overall accuracy rate of 88%. However, this proportion varied according to what birth defects were included, the age by which birth defects were diagnosed, changes to sources of ascertainment, inclusion of terminations of pregnancy, or reporting by cases rate (infants affected) or birth defect rate (individual birth defects). Taking all of these factors into consideration, we are confident that 4.0% is an accurate population prevalence rate of birth defects in Victoria for 2003.
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Klanten, O. Selma, Michelle R. Gaither, Samuel Greaves, Kade Mills, Kristine O’Keeffe, John Turnbull, Rob McKinnon, and David J. Booth. "Genomic and morphological evidence of distinct populations in the endemic common (weedy) seadragon Phyllopteryx taeniolatus (Syngnathidae) along the east coast of Australia." PLOS ONE 15, no. 12 (December 23, 2020): e0243446. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0243446.
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The common or weedy seadragon, Phyllopteryx taeniolatus, is an iconic and endemic fish found across temperate reefs of southern Australia. Despite its charismatic nature, few studies have been published, and the extent of population sub-structuring remains poorly resolved. Here we used 7462 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) to identify the extent of population structure in the weedy seadragon along the temperate southeast coast of Australia. We identified four populations, with strong genetic structure (FST = 0.562) between them. Both Discriminant Analysis of Principle Components (DAPC) and Bayesian clustering analyses support four distinct genetic clusters (north to south: central New South Wales, southern NSW, Victoria and Tasmania). In addition to these genetic differences, geographical variation in external morphology was recorded, with individuals from New South Wales shaped differently for a few measurements to those from the Mornington Peninsula (Victoria). We posit that these genetic and morphological differences suggest that the Victorian population of P. taeniolatus was historically isolated by the Bassian Isthmus during the last glacial maximum and should now be considered at least a distinct population. We also recorded high levels of genetic structure among the other locations. Based on the genomic and to a degree morphological evidence presented in this study, we recommend that the Victorian population be managed separately from the eastern populations (New South Wales and Tasmania).
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Horyniak, Danielle, Mark Stoové, Keflemariam Yohannes, Alan Breschkin, Tom Carter, Beth Hatch, Jane Tomnay, Margaret Hellard, and Rebecca Guy. "The impact of immigration on the burden of HIV infection in Victoria, Australia." Sexual Health 6, no. 2 (2009): 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh08088.
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Background: Accurate estimates of the number of people diagnosed and living with HIV infection within a health jurisdiction provide the basis for planning of clinical service provision. Case reporting of new diagnoses does not account for inwards and outwards migration of people with HIV infection, thereby providing an inaccurate basis for planning. Methods: The Victorian passive surveillance system records all cases of HIV diagnosed in Victoria and distinguishes between new Victorian diagnoses (cases whose first ever HIV diagnosis was in Victoria) and cases previously diagnosed interstate and overseas. In order to gain an understanding of the impact of population movement on the burden of HIV infection in Victoria, we compared the characteristics of people first diagnosed in Victoria with those previously diagnosed elsewhere. Results: Between 1994 and 2007 there were 3111 HIV notifications in Victoria, including 212 (7%) ‘interstate diagnoses’ and 124 (4%) ‘overseas diagnoses’. The proportion of cases diagnosed outside Victoria increased from 6.4% between 1994 and 2000 to 13.8% between 2001 and 2007. Compared with ‘new diagnoses’, a larger proportion of ‘interstate diagnoses’ reported male-to-male sex as their HIV exposure, were Australian-born and diagnosed in Victoria at a general practice specialising in gay men’s health. Compared with ‘new diagnoses’, a larger proportion of ‘overseas diagnoses’ were female, reported heterosexual contact as their HIV exposure, and were diagnosed in Victoria at a sexual health clinic. Conclusions: Between 1994 and 2007 more than 10% of Victorian HIV diagnoses were among people previously diagnosed elsewhere. Characteristics of both interstate and overseas diagnoses differed from new diagnoses. Service planning needs to be responsive to the characteristics of people moving to Victoria with previously diagnosed HIV infection.
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Honan, JA, and BD Mitchell. "Reproduction of Euastacus bispinosus Clark (Decapoda:Parastacidae), and trends in the reproductive characteristics of freshwater crayfish." Marine and Freshwater Research 46, no. 2 (1995): 485. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf9950485.
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The reproductive biology of Euastacus bispinosus populations was studied in a river and a creek of the Glenelg River system in south-western Victoria, and a small coastal creek in south-eastern South Australia. Females produced eggs in the first breeding season after maturation of their gonopores. At the Victorian sites, E. bispinosus spawned in early May, carrying eggs for about seven months before hatching and juvenile release in October-December. At least 95% of mature females at each Victorian site carried eggs during the breeding season. Mature females had relatively broader abdomens than did males and carried between 63 and 812 eggs. The number of eggs carried was linearly related to both occipital carapace length and abdomen width. The South Australian population differed from the Victorian populations in having a smaller mean size at sexual maturity for females (occipital carapace length 58 mm compared with 85-86 mm in Victoria), a higher proportion (17%) of gonopore abnormalities (< 1% in Victoria), and relatively wider abdomens (which continued to broaden after maturity). Euastacus bispinosus is a winter brooder and has a long generation time and low potential reproductive rate, characteristics it shares with Astacopsis and Parastacoides species, and members of the Astacidae. Other crayfish species (e.g. Cherax species and members of the Cambaridae) are summer brooders and tend to have a high potential reproductive rate and short generation time.
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Martin-Kerry, Jacqueline M., Martin Whelan, John Rogers, Anil Raichur, Deborah Cole, and Andrea M. de Silva. "Addressing disparities in oral disease in Aboriginal people in Victoria: where to focus preventive programs." Australian Journal of Primary Health 25, no. 4 (2019): 317. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/py18100.
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The aim of this study is to determine where Aboriginal people living in Victoria attend public oral health services; whether they access Aboriginal-specific or mainstream services; and the gap between dental caries (tooth decay) experience in Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal people. Analysis was undertaken on routinely collected clinical data for Aboriginal patients attending Victorian public oral health services and the distribution of Aboriginal population across Victoria. Approximately 27% of Aboriginal people attended public oral health services in Victoria across a 2-year period, with approximately one in five of those accessing care at Aboriginal-specific clinics. In regional Victoria, 6-year-old Aboriginal children had significantly higher levels of dental caries than 6-year-old non-Aboriginal children. There was no significant difference in other age groups. This study is the first to report where Aboriginal people access public oral health care in Victoria and the disparity in disease between Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal users of the Victorian public oral healthcare system. Aboriginal people largely accessed mainstream public oral healthcare clinics highlighting the importance for culturally appropriate services and prevention programs to be provided across the entire public oral healthcare system. The findings will guide development of policy and models of care aimed at improving the oral health of Aboriginal people living in Victoria.
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Heilbrunn-Lang, Adina Y., Lauren M. Carpenter, Seona M. Powell, Susan L. Kearney, Deborah Cole, and Andrea M. de Silva. "Reviewing public policy for promoting population oral health in Victoria, Australia (2007–12)." Australian Health Review 40, no. 1 (2016): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah15013.
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Objective Government policy and planning set the direction for community decisions related to resource allocation, infrastructure, services, programs, workforce and social environments. The aim of the present study was to examine the policy and planning context for oral health promotion in Victoria, Australia, over the period 2007–12. Methods Key Victorian policies and plans related to oral health promotion in place during the 2007–12 planning cycle were identified through online searching, and content analysis was performed. Inclusion of oral health (and oral health-related) promotion initiatives was assessed within the goals, objectives and strategies sections of each plan. Results Six of the 223 public health plans analysed (3%) included oral health ‘goals’ (including one plan representing nine agencies). Oral health was an ‘objective’ in 10 documents. Fifty-six plan objectives, and 70 plan strategies related to oral health or healthy eating for young children. Oral health was included in municipal plans (44%) more frequently than the other plans examined. Conclusion There is a policy opportunity to address oral health at a community level, and to implement population approaches aligned with the Ottawa Charter that address the social determinants of health. What is known about the topic? Poor oral health is a significant global health concern and places a major burden on individuals and the healthcare system, affecting approximately 50% of all children and 75%–95% of adults in Australia. The Ottawa Charter acknowledges the key role of policy in improving the health of a population; however, little is known about the policy emphasis placed on oral health by local government, primary care partnerships and community health agencies in Victoria, Australia. What does this paper add? This is a review of oral health content within local government (municipal) and community health plans in Victoria, Australia. What are the implications for practitioners? The findings identify several opportunities for public health and community health practitioners and policy makers to place greater emphasis on prevention and improvement of the oral health of Victorians through policy development.
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Lee, CK, HA Eagles, NM McFarlane, and KB Kelly. "Genetic variation within white clover (Trifolium repens L.) populations from north-central Victoria." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 33, no. 3 (1993): 333. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9930333.
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A collection of regional white clover (Trifolium repens L.) populations in north-central Victoria was made from 42 farms sown to cv. Irrigation 20-55 years ago. The collection was evaluated for characters known to be associated with productivity and persistence, with the objectives of assessing the extent of genotypic variation within the collection and determining its suitability for a long-term population improvement program for Victoria. Some regional populations of cv. Irrigation have reduced leaf and stolon sizes compared with recently sown and commercial seed farm populations. In a broadbased population derived from this collection, genetic variances and broad sense heritability estimates were high for leaf length and width, and for stolon length, characters related to productivity and persistence. These populations of cv. Irrigation may form the basis of a population improvement program to develop more productive, persistent cultivars for Victoria.
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Murray, Margaret, Emily Bonnell, Sharon Thorpe, Jennifer Browne, Liza Barbour, Catherine MacDonald, and Claire Palermo. "Sharing the tracks to good tucker: identifying the benefits and challenges of implementing community food programs for Aboriginal communities in Victoria." Australian Journal of Primary Health 20, no. 4 (2014): 373. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/py14038.
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Food insecurity is a significant issue in the Victorian Aboriginal population, contributing to the health disparity and reduced life expectancy. Community food programs are a strategy used to minimise individual level food insecurity, with little evidence regarding their effectiveness for Aboriginal populations. The aim of this study was to explore the role of community food programs operating for Aboriginal people in Victoria and their perceived influence on food access and nutrition. Semistructured interviews were conducted with staff (n = 23) from a purposive sample of 18 community food programs across Victoria. Interviews explored the programs’ operation, key benefits to the community, challenges and recommendations for setting up a successful community food program. Results were analysed using a qualitative thematic approach and revealed three main themes regarding key factors for the success of community food programs: (1) community food programs for Aboriginal people should support access to safe, affordable, nutritious food in a socially and culturally acceptable environment; (2) a community development approach is essential for program sustainability; and (3) there is a need to build the capacity of community food programs as part of a strategy to ensure sustainability. Community food programs may be an effective initiative for reducing food insecurity in the Victorian Aboriginal population.
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Antioch, Kathryn M., Michael K. Walsh, David Anderson, and Richard Brice. "Forecasting hospital expenditure in Victoria: Lessons from Europe and Canada." Australian Health Review 22, no. 1 (1999): 133. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah990133.
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This paper specifies an econometric model to forecast State government expenditure on recognised public hospitals in Victoria. The OECD's recent cross-country econometric work exploring factors affecting health spending was instructive. The model found that Victorian Gross State Product, population aged under 4 years, the mix of public and private patients in public hospitals, introduction of case mix funding and funding cuts, the proportion of public beds to total beds in Victoria and technology significantly impacted on expenditure. The model may have application internationally for forecasting health costs, particularly in short and medium-term budgetary cycles.
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Rees, Michael, David J. Paull, and Susan M. Carthew. "Factors influencing the distribution of the yellow-bellied glider (Petaurus australis australis) in Victoria, Australia." Wildlife Research 34, no. 3 (2007): 228. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr06027.
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In this study we examine broad-scale factors affecting the distribution of the yellow-bellied glider (Petaurus australis australis) in the southern Australian state of Victoria. Using the bioclimatic analysis and prediction system, BIOCLIM, and vegetation-suitability mapping, we assessed the potential distribution of the species at the time of European settlement and compared it to the current distribution. BIOCLIM revealed that P. a. australis is most likely to occur in areas with mean annual rainfall >600 mm and mean annual temperature between 6°C and 14.5°C. Much of its current distribution is skewed to the eastern half of the State, and our results emphasise a disjunction between western and eastern Victorian populations that is attributed to unsuitable climate and vegetation for the species. This indicates that P. australis in the west was most likely separated from eastern Victorian P. australis long before European settlement. Our results also indicate that isolated P. australis populations in south-western Victoria represent fragments of what was probably a much more widely distributed population when European settlement took place. Owing to the highly restricted distribution of suitable remnant native vegetation, these westernmost P. australis populations should be a high priority for future research and conservation work.
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Wood, Debra A., Debra A. Wood, and Philip M. Burgess. "Epidemiological Analysis of Electroconvulsive Therapy in Victoria, Australia." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 37, no. 3 (June 2003): 307–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-1614.2003.01182.x.
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Objective: To determine the population-based utilization rate of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) in Victoria between 1998–1999, to examine the characteristics of the ECT treated group, and to identify patient factors independently associated with differential rates of ECT treatment. Method: Electroconvulsive therapy is reported under statute in Victoria, Australia. Crude, age-adjusted and age–sex specific utilization rates were calculated using this statutory data for the 1998–1999 financial year and estimated mid-year populations from the Australian Bureau of Statistics. Descriptive characteristics of those treated with ECT were derived from the statutory data. Patient factors associated with an increased likelihood of ECT in the public sector were explored with logistic regression analysis, using non-ECT treated mental health patients from the Victorian Psychiatric Case Register as the reference population. Results: The crude treated-person and age-adjusted rates for the State (both public and private sectors) were 39.9 and 44.0 persons per 100 000 resident population per annum, respectively. The crude and age-adjusted administration rates were 330.3 and 362.6 ECT administrations per 100 000 resident population per annum, respectively. Age–sex specific rates varied by age and sex, with rates generally increasing with age and female sex. Overall, 62.8% of the treated group were women, 32.9% aged over 64, and 75.2% had depression. Diagnosis, age and sex each independently predicted ECT in the public sector, with diagnosis the most important factor, followed by age then sex. Conclusions: Despite decades of use, the appropriate rate of ECT utilization is still unclear. Further research should be directed at exploring the factors, including provider variables, determining ECT treatment.
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Rezaei-Darzi, Ehsan, Janneke Berecki-Gisolf, and Dasamal Tharanga Fernando. "How representative is the Victorian Emergency Minimum Dataset (VEMD) for population-based injury surveillance in Victoria? A retrospective observational study of administrative healthcare data." BMJ Open 12, no. 12 (December 2022): e063115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2022-063115.
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ObjectiveThe Victorian Emergency Minimum Dataset (VEMD) is a key data resource for injury surveillance. The VEMD collects emergency department data from 39 public hospitals across Victoria; however, rural emergency care services are not well captured. The aim of this study is to determine the representativeness of the VEMD for injury surveillance.DesignA retrospective observational study of administrative healthcare data.Setting and participantsInjury admissions in 2014/2015–2018/2019 were extracted from the Victorian Admitted Episodes Dataset (VAED) which captures all Victorian hospital admissions; only cases that arrived through a hospital’s emergency department (ED) were included. Each admission was categorised as taking place in a VEMD-contributing versus a non-VEMD hospital.ResultsThere were 535 477 incident injury admissions in the study period, of which 517 207 (96.6%) were admitted to a VEMD contributing hospital. Male gender (OR 1.13 (95% CI 1.10 to 1.17)) and young age (age 0–14 vs 45–54 years, OR 4.68 (95% CI 3.52 to 6.21)) were associated with VEMD participating (vs non-VEMD-participating) hospitals. Residing in regional/rural areas was negatively associated with VEMD participating (vs non-VEMD participating) hospitals (OR=0.11 (95% CI 0.10 to 0.11)). Intentional injury (assault and self-harm) was also associated with VEMD participation.ConclusionsVEMD representativeness is largely consistent across the whole of Victoria, but varies vastly by region, with substantial under-representation of some areas of Victoria. By comparison, for injury surveillance, regional rates are more reliable when based on the VAED. For local ED-presentation rates, the bias analysis results can be used to create weights, as a temporary solution until rural emergency services injury data is systematically collected and included in state-wide injury surveillance databases.
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Tovar-Ávila, Javier, Terence I. Walker, and Robert W. Day. "Reproduction of Heterodontus portusjacksoni in Victoria, Australia: evidence of two populations and reproductive parameters for the eastern population." Marine and Freshwater Research 58, no. 10 (2007): 956. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf06230.
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Significant differences in the length–frequency composition of catch samples, mass–length relationships and length-at-maturity found between Heterodontus portusjacksoni from western and far-eastern Victoria, suggest the presence of at least two separate breeding populations off south-eastern Australia, with some mixing between these regions. In each region females attain a larger size than males, and collectively those sharks in western Victoria are smaller, present higher mass-at-length, and lower length-at-maturity than those in far-eastern Victoria. These regional differences might be a result of sampling bias, length-selective fishing mortality, environmental conditions, or genetic differences. However, tagging evidence from previous studies and the presence of two bio-geographic provinces in the region support the hypothesis of two separate breeding populations. The essential reproductive parameters for H. portusjacksoni population analysis in far-eastern Victoria were determined, using a novel method to estimate fecundity and the ovarian cycle of an egg-laying species. In this region, females have between 6 and 20 pre-ovulatory oocytes (average = 14, n = 29, standard deviation = 3.71) before the reproductive season. The species has an annual reproductive cycle correlated with water temperature, with ovulation starting during late winter to early spring and a ~6 month egg-laying period. The period from the onset of vitellogenesis to ovulation of oocytes is ~18 months.
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Prestage, Garrett, Jason Ferris, Jeffrey Grierson, Rachel Thorpe, Iryna Zablotska, John Imrie, Anthony Smith, and Andrew E. Grulich. "Homosexual men in Australia: population, distributionand HIV prevalence." Sexual Health 5, no. 2 (2008): 97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh07080.
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Objectives: To assess the size, distribution and changes in the population of homosexual and bisexual men in Australia, and the capacity of available measures to make this estimation. Methods: We used data from five sources: the Australian Study of Health and Relationships, the Gay Community Periodic Surveys, HIV Futures, the Health in Men cohort study, the Australian National HIV and AIDS Registries and the Australian Household Census. Results: We estimated that in 2001 there were ~74 000 homosexual and bisexual men in New South Wales (NSW), ~42 000 in Victoria and ~37 000 in Queensland. There was, however, some discrepancy between datasets in the estimates of the overall proportions and distribution of homosexual and bisexual men across states. We also estimated HIV prevalence rates among homosexual and bisexual men in 2001 at ~8% in NSW, 5% in Victoria and 4% in Queensland. There were insufficient data to estimate whether the state-specific populations of homosexual men were changing with time. Conclusion: There are ~75% more homosexual and bisexual men in NSW than in Victoria and about twice as many as in Queensland. There are about two-thirds as many HIV-positive men in NSW as in Victoria and Queensland combined. Improved collection of population-based data on homosexuality are required.
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White, Lauren C., and Jeremy J. Austin. "Relict or reintroduction? Genetic population assignment of three Tasmanian devils ( Sarcophilus harrisii ) recovered on mainland Australia." Royal Society Open Science 4, no. 4 (April 2017): 170053. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.170053.
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Today, the Tasmanian devil ( Sarcophilus harrisii ) is found only on the island of Tasmania, despite once being widespread across mainland Australia. While the devil is thought to have become extinct on the mainland approximately 3000 years ago, three specimens were collected in Victoria (south-eastern Australia) between 1912 and 1991, raising the possibility that a relict mainland population survived in the area. Alternatively, these devils may have escaped captivity or were deliberately released after being transported from Tasmania, a practice that has been strictly controlled since the onset of devil facial tumour disease in the early 1990s. Such quarantine regimes are important to protect disease-free, ‘insurance populations’ in zoos on the mainland. To test whether the three Victorian devils were members of a relict mainland population or had been recently transported from Tasmania we identified seven single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the mitochondrial genome that can distinguish between Tasmanian and ancient mainland populations. The three Victorian devil specimens have the same seven SNPs diagnostic of modern Tasmanian devils, confirming that they were most likely transported from Tasmania and do not represent a remnant population of mainland devils.
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Martin, R. W. "Overbrowsing, and decline of a population of the koala, Phascolarctos cinereus, in Victoria. II. Population condition." Wildlife Research 12, no. 3 (1985): 367. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9850367.
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Juvenile and sub-adult koalas from a population at Walkerville, Victoria, which was severely defoliating its preferred food trees, had significantly lower growth rates than animals from a population on French Island, Victoria. Mature males from Walkerville were significantly smaller than French Island males in most age classes. There was no significant difference between the body weights of mature females of the 2 populations. Haematological tests on the females showed that nutritionally induced anaemia was significant in the Walkerville animals by Jan. 1981. Heavy tick loads probably exacerbated the effects of the food shortage on the animals' condition, but were not the cause of the anaemia. The low fertility rate of the Walkerville females appeared to be due to their poor nutritional state and to reproductive tract disease.
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Brotherton, Julia M. L., Leonard S. Piers, and Loretta Vaughan. "Estimating human papillomavirus vaccination coverage among young women in Victoria and reasons for non-vaccination." Sexual Health 13, no. 2 (2016): 190. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh15131.
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Background Adult Australian women aged 18 to 26 years were offered human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine in a mass catch up campaign between 2007 and 2009. Not all doses administered were notified to Australia’s HPV vaccine register and not all young women commenced or completed the vaccine course. Methods: We surveyed vaccine age-eligible women as part of the Victorian Population Health Survey 2011–2012, a population based telephone survey, to ascertain self-reported vaccine uptake and reasons for non-vaccination or non-completion of vaccination among young women resident in the state of Victoria, Australia. Results: Among 956 women surveyed, 62.3 per cent (57.8–66.6%) had been vaccinated against HPV and coverage with three doses was estimated at 53.7 per cent (49.1–58.2%). These estimates are higher than register-based estimates for the same cohort, which were 57.8 per cent and 37.2 per cent respectively. A lack of awareness about needing three doses and simply forgetting, rather than fear or experience of side effects, were the most common reasons for failure to complete all three doses. Among women who were not vaccinated, the most frequent reasons were not knowing the vaccine was available, perceiving they were too old to benefit, or not being resident in Australia at the time. Conclusions: It is likely that at least half of Victoria’s young women were vaccinated during the catch-up program. This high level of coverage is likely to explain the marked reductions in HPV infection, genital warts and cervical disease already observed in young women in Victoria.
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Ansari, Z., MJ Ackland, NJ Carson, and BCK Choi. "Small Area Analysis of Diabetes Complications: Opportunities for Targeting Public Health and Health Services Interventions." Australian Journal of Primary Health 11, no. 3 (2005): 72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/py05045.
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The objective of this paper is to present small area analyses of diabetes complications in Victoria, Australia, and to illustrate their importance for targeting public health and health services interventions. Local government areas in Victoria were aggregated into 32 Primary Care Partnerships (PCP), which are voluntary alliances of primary care providers. The 32 PCP areas were used as the basic geographic units for small area analyses. Admission rates for diabetes complications were age and sex standardised using the direct method and the 1996 Victorian population as the reference. Admission rate ratios were calculated using the Victorian admission rates as the reference. The 95 per cent confidence intervals for the standardised admission rate ratios were based on the Poisson distribution. There was a wide variation (almost fivefold) in admission rates for diabetes complications across the PCP catchments, with the lowest standardised rate ratio of 0.37 and the highest of 1.75. There were 11 PCPs (seven metropolitan, four rural) with admission rate ratios significantly higher than the Victorian average. The seven metropolitan PCPs contributed more than 43% of all admissions and bed days for diabetes complications in Victoria. Small area analyses of diabetes complications are an exciting new development aimed at stimulating an evidence-based dialogue between local area health service providers, planners and policy-makers. The purpose is to provide opportunities to target public health and health services interventions at the local level to improve the management of diabetes complications in the community.
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Rees, Michael, and David Paull. "Distribution of the southern brown bandicoot (Isoodon obesulus) in the Portland region of south-western Victoria." Wildlife Research 27, no. 5 (2000): 539. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr99045.
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The southern brown bandicoot (Isoodon obesulus) occurs across the periphery of southern and eastern Australia as a series of isolated regional populations. Historical records and recent surveys conducted for I. obesulus indicate that it has disappeared or decreased significantly from many parts of its former range. Vegetation clearance, habitat fragmentation, feral predators and fire have all been implicated in the decline of the species. This paper examines the distribution of I. obesulus in the Portland region of south-western Victoria. Historical records of I. obesulus were compiled from the specimen collection of Museum Victoria, the Atlas of Victorian Wildlife, Portland Field Naturalists’ Club records and anecdotal sources. Field surveys were conducted to determine the current distribution of I. obesulus in the study area based on evidence of its foraging activity. The historical records reveal limited information: most are clustered around centres of human activity, indicating observational bias. The field surveys demonstrate that I. obesulus occurs in the Portland region as a series of local populations. Each local population is associated with a patch of remnant native vegetation separated from neighbouring patches by dispersal barriers. Within these habitat remnants the occurrence of the species is sporadic. Approximately 69% of the potential habitat is managed by the Forests Service, 31% is managed by Parks Victoria, and less than 0.5% is held under other tenures. Spatial isolation of habitat remnants, fires and feral predators are the main threats to I. obesulus in the Portland region.
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Dufty, AC. "Some Population characteristics of Perameles gunnii in Victoria." Wildlife Research 18, no. 3 (1991): 355. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9910355.
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On the Australian mainland, the eastern barred bandicoot is now restricted to the city of Hamilton in western Victoria. Mark-recapture data from four main population areas, used in a Petersen index, gave a population estimate of about 134 individuals in 1988. When areas not sampled for population abundance were included, the total estimate of abundance for Hamilton was 246 individuals. Sex ratio was significantly male-biased for adults (68%), whereas the sex ratio for pouch young was about equal (45% male). The subadult age class constituted 8.2% of the captures, and accounted for only 10% of the total number of pouch young produced. Mean litter size was 2.11. The number of lactating females and the litter size were greatest during early spring. Eighty per cent of the offspring were produced in litters of 2 or 3. Nests were observed in various substrates, including man-made structures. Selected foraging areas had few native grasses, high ground cover, tall plant height and acid soils of low to medium compaction. Bandicoots were observed feeding on invertebrates, with some orchard fruits also being eaten. Foraging patches were actively defended. Adult home ranges of males (mean 12.94 ha) were larger than those of females (mean 2.38 ha). No female moved more than 150 m whereas males moved up to 2.3 km from their initial point of capture. The major cause of adult mortality observed was road kills. Life-expectancy is probably less than 2 years. Juvenile mortality was high.
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Robinson, NA, WB Sherwin, and PR Brown. "A note on the Status of the Eastern barred bandicoot, Perameles gunni, in Tasmania." Wildlife Research 18, no. 4 (1991): 451. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9910451.
Full textAbstract:
The eastern barred bandicoot, Perameles gunnii, formerly occurred widely in Victoria and Tasmania. Because it is endangered in Victoria, clarification of its conservation and taxonomic status in Tasmania is important. We observed the distribution and relative abundance of Perameles gunnii in nine localities in Tasmania. Comparisons of trappability in three localities sampled in March 1985 and October- November 1989 showed no decline in relative abundance. P. gunnii were more abundant in November 1989 than on two previous occasions at one location. However, six other localities where P. gunnii were abundant in 1985 showed little evidence of P. gunnii activity in 1989. Spotlighting and trapping efforts, together with anecdotal information, suggest a decline in the status of P. gunnii in the Tasmanian Midland region. The reduction of these populations could be a feature of normal demographic fluctuation or could be indicative of a real decline in the status of P. gunnii. Long-term studies to monitor seasonal and annual abundance changes in Tasmania would be useful for the management of the dwindling Victorian population, and are needed to fully determine the status of Tasmanian populations for conservation and management purposes.
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Moyo, Nompilo, Ee Tay, and Justin Denholm. "‘Know Your Epidemic’: Are Prisons a Potential Barrier to TB Elimination in an Australian Context?" Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease 3, no. 3 (August 31, 2018): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed3030093.
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Globally, rates of tuberculosis (TB) cases in prisons are substantially higher than in the general population. The goal of this study was to review TB notifications in Victorian correctional facilities, and consider whether additional interventions towards TB elimination may be useful in this setting. All patients who were notified with or treated for TB in the Australian state of Victoria from 1 January 2003 to 1 December 2017 were included in this study. Descriptive analysis was performed. Demographic and treatment outcome data for individuals with and without a history of incarceration were reviewed and compared. Of the 5645 TB cases notified during the study period, 26 (0.5%) had a history of being incarcerated in correctional facilities while receiving treatment for TB. There were 73,238 inmates in Victorian correctional facilities over the same study period, meaning that approximately 0.04% of inmates were diagnosed or treated with TB disease in correctional facilities. Incarcerated individuals were more likely to have positive sputum smears and cavitation compared with nonincarcerated people with TB. There was no significant difference in treatment outcomes between the general TB population and those who had a history of incarceration during their treatment. There is a low apparent rate of TB in Victorian prisoners, and prisons do not contribute significantly to TB incidence in Victoria. Overall, TB outcomes do not differ between prisoners and nonprisoners. Ongoing efforts to sustain these lower rates and comparable outcomes in this vulnerable cohort are important for continued progress towards TB elimination.
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Scicluna, Emily L., Brittney P. Gill, and Kylie A. Robert. "Fat-tailed dunnarts (." Australian Journal of Zoology 69, no. 2 (December 20, 2021): 27–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo21014.
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Grasslands are among the most endangered ecosystems, with <1% of Victorian grasslands remaining. Extinctions of many grassland fauna species have occurred since European settlement due to loss of suitable habitat, and dramatic range reductions continue for those that still exist. Fat-tailed dunnarts (Sminthopsis crassicaudata) are the only small ground-dwelling marsupial known to persist in Victorian grassland habitats. The last long-term targeted surveys for this species were conducted in Victoria in the 1970s. Incidental findings from more recent short-term targeted and non-targeted surveys in the same area suggest a decline. We performed direct targeted surveys for fat-tailed dunnarts at the 1970s survey site over a 12-month period in 2019 and found no evidence of fat-tailed dunnart presence. The species is classified as Near Threatened in the state and Least Concern internationally. Our work highlights the importance of targeted surveys to assess the stability of this species across Victoria, and the need for collection of long-term data to better identify population declines.
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Ferguson, Michael A. D. "Status and trends of Rangifer tarandus and Ovibos moschatus populations in Canada." Rangifer 12, no. 3 (October 1, 1992): 127. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/2.12.3.1017.
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We identified 97 Rangifer tarandus and 17 Ovibos moschatus populations in Canada. In July 1991, the Canadian populations totalled 1.9 to 2.6 million caribou, 13 600 reindeer and 108 600 muskoxen. Seven barren-ground caribou populations contributed about 75% to Canada's total number of caribou. Most population trends of these barren-ground caribou had shiftet from increasing in the early 1980s to stable or decreasing in the late 1980s. The George River herd of Quebec and Labrador has been decreasing since 1987, but remains the largest Canadian caribou population. The ecological factors driving barren-ground caribou population dynamics are not well understood. Arctic islands caribou are about 17% of all Canadian caribou. Over 60% of Arctic islands caribou occurred on Baffin Island. Most Arctic islands populations were decreasing with the exceptions of Southampton, Bathurst, Victoria and Baffin islands. Movements within and between islands are not well understood, and probably limit the usefulness of small surveys for indicating long-term trends of Arctic islands caribou populations. Woodland caribou form about 7% of all Canadian caribou, with about 40% of these occurring on the island of Newfoundland. Most Canadian woodland caribou have not been well studied or censused. In many areas, they were faced with an increasing rate of habitat loss. Exceptions included: some eastern Yukon populations and most Newfoundland populations which were increasing. Over 70% of the Canadian muskox population occurred on Banks and Victoria islands. Almost all muskox populations were increasing, especially those on Banks, Victoria, Melville and Bathurst islands. Muskoxen on the mainland Northwest Territories are re-colonizing southern portions of their historical distribution.
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Clay, Fiona J., and Joan Ozanne-Smith. "Private hospital insurance status among a state-wide injured population." Australian Health Review 30, no. 2 (2006): 252. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah060252.
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Injury is a leading cause of inpatient hospital episodes. Over a 4-year period (1997?2000) the Australian Government introduced measures to support the private health insurance industry by providing incentives for people to take up private health insurance (PHI) in order to take the pressure off public hospitals. This study examined the levels of PHI for moderately and severely injured people in Victoria as a way of determining the effectiveness of government incentives. The method involved an analysis of all Victorian public and private hospital injury admissions between July 2000 and June 2003. We found that people with injuries, either unintentional or intentional, had lower levels of PHI than state norms. While numbers of injured patients occupying private hospital beds initially increased, levels then dropped below the levels before the introduction of the incentives. The burden of injury is substantial and suggests that incentives need to be targeted towards at-risk groups.
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Brown, Geoff W., Peter Robertson, and Ben G. Fanson. "Digging in: a review of the ecology and management of a threatened reptile with a small disjunct distribution – the heath skink, Liopholis multiscutata, in Victoria, south-eastern Australia." Pacific Conservation Biology 25, no. 3 (2019): 222. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc17057.
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The central issue for species that are highly localised habitat specialists and occur in relatively small numbers is vulnerability to extinction processes. The heath skink, Liopholis multiscutata, is considered Critically Endangered in Victoria, in part because it is restricted to essentially four small and highly disjunct populations in semiarid mallee dunefields. It provides an example of a rare and cryptic species that is especially vulnerable to decline and consequently provides management challenges. Here, we crystallise available information on the ecology and life history of this threatened lizard, and review monitoring data to evaluate population status, primary threats and management imperatives. There has been a substantial decrease across the known range of the lizard in Victoria, most likely due to predation and fire. Recent monitoring of the four potentially viable populations revealed a general trend of decline. Recommendations for research and management priorities for the lizard in Victoria are provided; generally, these include further exploration of the lizard’s phylogeny and ecology, and ongoing monitoring of the trajectory of the lizard’s population status, threats to the lizard’s persistence and the effectiveness of management actions employed to ameliorate extinction threats.
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Mitchell, R. J., C. B. Hale, and M. Kahwagi. "Genetic polymorphisms in the white population of Victoria, Australia." Annals of Human Biology 20, no. 5 (January 1, 1993): 411–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03014469300002822.
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Keiluhu, Henderina J., Margaretha Z. Pangau-Adam, Hendra K. Maury, and Matthias Waltert. "Effects of anthropogenic disturbance on a Victoria crowned pigeon Goura victoria population in northern Papua, Indonesia." Journal of Asia-Pacific Biodiversity 12, no. 4 (December 2019): 493–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.japb.2019.07.007.
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Ore, Timothy. "Musculoskeletal malignant neoplasms hospitalisation in Victoria." Journal of Epidemiological Research 1, no. 1 (July 27, 2015): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/jer.v1n1p33.
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The paper describes factors associated with 2,605 hospital admissions for musculoskeletal malignant neoplasms (MMN) over oneyear. The rates per 10,000 population increased significantly (t=5.3, p<.01) with age, with men (4.5 per 10,000 population, 95% CI 4.1-5.0) at greater risk than women (3.3 per 10,000 population, 95% CI 2.8-3.7). The 30-day readmission rate was 19%, thethird highest of all admission categories. The average length of stay was significantly (t=4.5, p<.01) shorter in the metropolitanarea (8.2 days) than in rural communities (10.8 days). The age-standardised rates varied inversely (r=-0.28) with socioeconomicstatus. Communities with high MMN admission rates had high rates of heart failure admissions (r=0.35), alcohol consumption(r=0.34) and receiving Disability Support Pension (r=0.32). There was a significant (t=13.8, p<.001) monthly variability inMMN hospitalisation rates. As a leading cause of hospital readmission and disability, the condition requires closer analysis.
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Vodstrcil, Lenka A., Jane Hocking, Tim R. H. Read, Andrew E. Grulich, and Christopher K. Fairley. "Anal cancers attributed to human papillomavirus are more common in areas in Victoria, Australia, with higher HIV notifications." Sexual Health 10, no. 3 (2013): 220. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh12184.
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Background Anal cancer is more common in men who have sex with men with HIV. We aimed to determine if there was an association between anal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and HIV notifications in men in Victoria, Australia, at a population level. Methods: We calculated the male age-standardised incidence rates for anal SCC, brain cancer and colon cancer for each local government area (LGA) in Victoria from 1982 to 31 December 2010 using the Victorian Cancer Registry. Male HIV rates in each LGA were calculated using the Victorian HIV Registry. Results: There were 288 men diagnosed with anal SCC, 8793 with brain cancer and 23 938 with colon cancer in 57 LGAs. There were 3163 men notified with HIV during the same period in the same LGAs (range: 4–435 per LGA). There was a significant positive correlation (r = 0.45, P < 0.001, r2 = 0.20) between the age-standardised rate of anal SCC and the rate of HIV notifications in men in each LGA but no correlation between the male age-standardised rate of colon (Pearson’s r = –0.11, P = 0.40) or brain (r = –0.05, P = 0.71) cancers, and the rate of HIV. The rate of anal cancer was ~50% higher in LGAs with the highest HIV notification rate (incidence rate ratio = 1.47; 95% confidence interval: 1.10–1.97). Conclusions: At a population level, about one in five cases (r2 = 0.20) of anal SCCs in men are explained by the rate of HIV notifications in that LGA.
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Dinelka Thilakarathne and Gayan Hirimuthugoda. "Can the Sri Lankan endemic-endangered fish Labeo fisheri (Teleostei: Cyprinidae) adapt to a new habitat?" Journal of Threatened Taxa 14, no. 8 (August 26, 2022): 21579–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.7621.14.8.21579-21587.
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Labeo fisheri is an endemic and endangered freshwater fish of Sri Lanka. Mainly restricted to the upper reaches of the Mahaweli River basin, it has been previously reported living in deep rapids and among large rocks and boulders. An accidental record of a Labeo fisheri specimen from Victoria Reservoir led us to further study this habitat during the period from January to August 2017. This study was carried out to confirm the presence of a population of Labeo fisheri within the Victoria Reservoir and report its new habitat type in deep stagnant waters. We further investigated the food habits by analyzing the gut contents of L. fisheri in the Victoria Reservoir. Seven individuals were recorded from fishermen’s gill net catch in three fish landing sites along Victoria Reservoir, with an average total length of 24.80 ± 4.30 cm, average standard length of 19.70 ± 3.86 cm and average body weight of 197.69 ± 107.12 g. Based on gut content analysis, only phytoplankton, especially diatoms and cyanobacteria, were found in the gut of L. fisheri. This new population is facing the direct threat of fishing. Effective conservation measures are doubtful, since a fishery is well established in the Victoria Reservoir and the fishing gear used is not species-specific. More research is necessary to understand the population dynamics of L. fisheri in the Victoria Reservoir. In order to conserve it at this locality, community-based conservation measures are recommended.
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Ore, Timothy. "Variations in heart failure hospitalisation rates by socioeconomic status, Victoria, Australia." Journal of Epidemiological Research 2, no. 1 (October 15, 2015): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/jer.v2n1p47.
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This paper analyses variations in heart failure (HF) hospitalisation rates by community socioeconomic status (SES) in Victoria,from 1 July 2011 to 30 June 2014. The data was taken from the Victorian Admitted Episodes Dataset, the Australian Bureauof Statistics’ Estimated Resident Population and Index of Relative Socioeconomic Disadvantage and the Victorian PopulationHealth Survey. There were over 38,000 HF hospitalisations over the period. The age-standardised HF rates per 10,000 populationvaried inversely (r = -0.362, p<.01) with SES across 79 Local Government Areas (LGA). The coefficient of variation for HFhospitalisation rates was 0.35 and 0.14 for all admissions, indicating that HF hospitalisations have a greater variation by LGA.Communities with high HF rates also had high rates of current smokers (r = 0.24), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (r= 0.57), renal failure (r = 0.54), diabetes (r = 0.24), musculoskeletal malignant neoplasms (r = 0.35) and Disability SupportPension recipients (r = 0.38). The average 30-day HF readmission rate was 25.5%, the second highest of all admission categories.The HF readmission rates also varied inversely (r = -0.38, p<.01) with SES. Investigating variations in HF by SES may uncovermodifiable pathways. Given the high readmission rates, comorbidities and population ageing, there is a case for improving healthoutcomes for HF patients.
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Brunetti, Claudia, Henk Siepel, Peter Convey, Pietro Paolo Fanciulli, Francesco Nardi, and Antonio Carapelli. "Overlooked Species Diversity and Distribution in the Antarctic Mite Genus Stereotydeus." Diversity 13, no. 10 (October 19, 2021): 506. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d13100506.
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In the harsh Antarctic terrestrial ecosystems, invertebrates are currently confined to sparse and restricted ice free areas, where they have survived on multi-million-year timescales in refugia. The limited dispersal abilities of these invertebrate species, their specific habitat requirements, and the presence of geographical barriers can drastically reduce gene flow between populations, resulting in high genetic differentiation. On continental Antarctica, mites are one of the most diverse invertebrate groups. Recently, two new species of the free living prostigmatid mite genus Stereotydeus Berlese, 1901 were discovered, bringing the number of Antarctic and sub-Antarctic species of this genus up to 15, of which 7 occur along the coast of Victoria Land and in the Transantarctic Mountains. To examine the biodiversity of Stereotydeus spp., the present study combines phylogenetic, morphological and population genetic data of specimens collected from nine localities in Victoria Land. Genetically distinct intraspecific groups are spatially isolated in northern Victoria Land, while, for other species, the genetic haplogroups more often occur sympatrically in southern Victoria Land. We provide a new distribution map for the Stereotydeus species of Victoria Land, which will assist future decisions in matters of the protection and conservation of the unique Antarctic terrestrial fauna.
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Cook, Ian O., and Pauline Y. Ladiges. "Isozyme Variation in Eucalyptus nitens and E. denticulata." Australian Journal of Botany 46, no. 1 (1998): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt96072.
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Seed samples from 22 populations across the geographic range ofE. nitens (Deane & Maiden) Maiden s. str. andE. denticulata I.O. Cook & P.Y. Ladiges wereanalysed for isozyme variation and estimation of the genetic distance betweenthe two taxa. Analysis of 12 enzyme systems in 3 buffer systems revealed 12polymorphic and 5 monomorphic loci. The results confirm the distinctiveness ofE. nitens and E. denticulatapreviously reported for morphological characteristics. A single population ofthe related species E. quadrangulata Deane & Maidenwas distinct from, and more heterogeneous than, populations of the other two taxa. The results also show regional genetic variation withinE. nitens that correlates with observed differences inmorphology. Three races were identified: northern and central NSW; southern NSW and Mt Kay in eastern Victoria; Baw Baw Ranges and Central Highlands inVictoria. Geographically isolated populations, particularly from central andnorthern NSW, showed the least genetic variation. Variation was highest in anequivocal population from Mt Gregory, central Victoria, where the distributionof E. nitens overlaps with that ofE. denticulata.
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Weiss, John, Kathryn Sheffield, Anna Weeks, and David Smith. "Modelling the Incursion and Spread of a Forestry Pest: Case Study of Monochamus alternatus Hope (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) in Victoria." Forests 10, no. 2 (February 22, 2019): 198. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f10020198.
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Effective and efficient systems for surveillance, eradication, containment and management of biosecurity threats require methods to predict the establishment, population growth and spread of organisms that pose a potential biosecurity risk. To support Victorian forest biosecurity operations, Agriculture Victoria has developed a landscape-scale, spatially explicit, spatio-temporal population growth and dispersal model of a generic pest pine beetle. The model can be used to simulate the incursion of a forestry pest from a nominated location(s), such as an importation business site (approved arrangement, AA), into the surrounding environment. The model provides both illustrative and quantitative data on population dynamics and spread of a forestry pest species. Flexibility built into the model design enables a range of spatial extents to be modelled, from user-defined study areas to the Victoria-wide area. The spatial resolution of the model (size of grid cells) can be altered from 100 m to greater than 1 km. The model allows core parameters to be altered by the user, enabling the spread of a variety of windborne insect species and pathogens to be investigated. We verified the model and its parameters by simulating and comparing the outputs with the 1999/2000 Melbourne incursion, but no establishment of a forestry pest beetle was believed to be Monochamus alternatus Hope (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae). The model accurately predicts the distance and direction of the historic incursion, and the subsequent failure to establish is due to low overall population density of the pest species.
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Lavery, Tyrone H., Rachael Collett, Diana O. Fisher, Conrad J. Hoskin, and Jesse Rowland. "<i>Corrigendum to</i>: White-footed dunnarts (<i>Sminthopsis leucopus</i>) in Queensland’s Wet Tropics, with the description of a new subspecies." Australian Mammalogy 45, no. 1 (January 5, 2023): 125. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am22002_co.
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A population of white-footed dunnarts (<i>Sminthopsis leucopus</i>) occurs in the Wet Tropics bioregion of tropical north Queensland, Australia separated by about 1800 km from conspecifics in temperate New South Wales, Victoria and Tasmania. We conducted targeted surveys for <i>S. leucopus</i> in north-east Queensland and obtained new records, including the first reported capture of the species in Queensland in 18 years. We assessed the genetic and morphological divergence of the north Queensland population against New South Wales, Victorian and Tasmanian <i>S. leucopus</i>, in conjunction with distribution and habitat differences, to assess whether this isolate should be described as a distinct taxon. Sequencing of the mitochondrial Cytochrome <i>b</i> gene revealed genetic divergence estimates of 2.3–2.8% and 4.3–4.8% between the north Queensland population and <i>S. l. ferruginifrons</i> (Victoria) and <i>S. l. leucopus</i> (Tasmania) respectively. Based on genetic divergence, cranial morphology, differences in habitat, and geographical isolation, we describe the north Queensland population as a new subspecies of <i>Sminthopsis leucopus</i>. We suggest a conservation classification of Endangered given its small distribution, apparent low density, tropical upland location and potential threats, especially related to climate change.
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STANDLEY, C. J., N. B. KABATEREINE, C. N. LANGE, N. J. S. LWAMBO, and J. R. STOTHARD. "Molecular epidemiology and phylogeography of Schistosoma mansoni around Lake Victoria." Parasitology 137, no. 13 (June 21, 2010): 1937–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182010000788.
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SUMMARYIntestinal schistosomiasis continues to be a major public health problem in sub-Saharan Africa, and is endemic in communities around Lake Victoria. Interest is growing in the molecular evolution and population genetic structure of Schistosoma mansoni and we describe a detailed analysis of the molecular epidemiology and phylogeography of S. mansoni from Lake Victoria. In total, 388 cytochrome oxidase 1 (COI) sequences were obtained from 25 sites along the Ugandan, Tanzanian and Kenyan shorelines of Lake Victoria, and 122 unique barcodes were identified; 9 corresponded to previously discovered barcodes from Lakes Victoria and Albert. A subset of the data, composed of COI sequences from miracidia from 10 individual children, was used for population genetics analyses; these results were corroborated by microsatellite analysis of 4 isolates of lab-passaged adult worms. Overall, 12 barcodes were found to be shared across all 3 countries, whereas the majority occurred singly and were locally restricted. The population genetics analyses were in agreement in revealing high diversity at the level of the human host and negligible population structuring by location. The lack of correlation between genetic distance and geographical distance in these data may be attributed to the confounding influence of high intra-individual diversity as well as human migration between communities.
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Torricelli, Giulia, Francesco Frati, Peter Convey, Marco Telford, and Antonio Carapelli. "Population structure of Friesea grisea (Collembola, Neanuridae) in the Antarctic Peninsula and Victoria Land: evidence for local genetic differentiation of pre-Pleistocene origin." Antarctic Science 22, no. 6 (December 2010): 757–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954102010000775.
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AbstractFriesea grisea is the only springtail species currently described from both East (Victoria Land) and West Antarctica (Antarctic Peninsula), although levels of genetic divergence between the two regions suggest the possibility of cryptic species. Determining the genetic structure of populations in the two regions is necessary in order to compare the effects of the different environmental conditions in the two regions, the different evolutionary histories of their inhabitants, and for assessing any influence of latitude in each region on genetic diversity. We analysed sequences of the mitochondrial COX1 and ATP6 genes from a total of 111 individuals for 17 sites (nine on the Antarctic Peninsula and eight in Victoria Land), to assess levels of genetic diversity. Both regions have their own unique sets of haplotypes, differing by about 20% of their nucleotide sequences. A similar number of haplotypes was found in the two regions, and within each we found two groups of populations sharing no haplotypes. In the Antarctic Peninsula, two, presumably ancestral, haplotypes are dominant in frequency. In Victoria Land, the Cape Hallett population showed a distinct set of haplotypes, genetically different from the southernmost populations, suggesting differentiation on pre-Pleistocene timescales.
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Vacher, Catherine, Nicholas Ho, Adam Skinner, Jo Robinson, Louise Freebairn, Grace Yeeun Lee, Frank Iorfino, et al. "Optimizing Strategies for Improving Mental Health in Victoria, Australia during the COVID-19 Era: A System Dynamics Modelling Study." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 11 (May 26, 2022): 6470. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19116470.
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The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has impacted the mental health of populations and highlighted the limitations of mental health care systems. As the trajectory of the pandemic and the economic recovery are still uncertain, decision tools are needed to help evaluate the best interventions to improve mental health outcomes. We developed a system dynamics model that captures causal relationships among population, demographics, post-secondary education, health services, COVID-19 impact, and mental health outcomes. The study was conducted in the Australian state of Victoria. The model was calibrated using historical data and was stratified by age group and by geographic remoteness. Findings demonstrate that the most effective intervention combination includes economic, social, and health sector initiatives. Assertive post-suicide attempt care is the most impactful health sector intervention, but delaying implementation reduces the potency of its impact. Some evidence-based interventions, such as population-wide community awareness campaigns, are projected to worsen mental health outcomes when implemented on their own. Systems modelling offers a powerful decision-support tool to test alternative strategies for improving mental health outcomes in the Victorian context.
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McLean, Natasha, and Kathrine A. Handasyde. "Sexual maturity, factors affecting the breeding season and breeding in consecutive seasons in populations of overabundant Victorian koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus)." Australian Journal of Zoology 54, no. 6 (2006): 385. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo06015.
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It is important to have knowledge of basic population parameters to understand how these vary geographically and temporally and how they contribute to population dynamics. This paper investigates three of these parameters in Victorian koala populations: sexual maturity, aspects of the breeding season, and the continuity of individuals’ breeding. The investigation was carried out in koalas of known-age in two free-living (Redbill Creek on French Island and Brisbane Ranges) and one semi-captive (the Koala Conservation Centre on Phillip Island) population as well as koalas of unknown age in four Victorian populations of overabundant koalas: Mt Eccles and Framlingham in south-west Victoria, French Island in Western Port and Snake Island in south Gippsland. At sexual maturity, female koalas had a mean age (±95% confidence interval) of 24.4 months (23.5–25.3 months), a mean head length of 125 mm (124–127 mm) and a mean body mass of 6.6 kg (6.3–6.8 kg). Only 7.4% of independent females (of unknown age) were carrying young when they weighed less than 6 kg. The breeding season was more restricted in the south-west populations. At Framlingham and Mt Eccles 85% and 91% of births, respectively, occurred between December and March. At Snake and French Islands only 46% and 53% of births, respectively, were recorded in the same period. In the Chlamydia-free population (Red Bill Creek) none of the koalas that were monitored stopped breeding and then resumed breeding in a subsequent season whereas many females from Chlamydia-infected populations (Brisbane Ranges and the Koala Conservation Centre) did so. This variation in reproductive patterns is likely to make an important contribution to the variation in the demography observed in different koala populations.
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Fehlberg, Trafford, John Rose, Glenn Douglas Guest, and David Watters. "The surgical burden of disease and perioperative mortality in patients admitted to hospitals in Victoria, Australia: a population-level observational study." BMJ Open 9, no. 5 (May 17, 2019): e028671. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-028671.
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ObjectivesComprehensive reporting of surgical disease burden and outcomes are vital components of resilient health systems but remain under-reported. The primary objective was to identify the Victorian surgical burden of disease necessitating treatment in a hospital or day centre, including a thorough epidemiology of surgical procedures and their respective perioperative mortality rates (POMR).DesignRetrospective population-level observational study.SettingThe study was conducted in Victoria, Australia. Access to data from the Victorian Admitted Episodes Dataset was obtained using the Dr Foster Quality Investigator tool. The study included public and private facilities, including day-case facilities.ParticipantsFrom January 2014 to December 2016, all admissions with an International Statistical Classification of Diseases-10 code matched to the Global Health Estimates (GHE) disease categories were included.Primary and secondary outcome measuresAdmissions were assigned a primary disease category according to the 23 GHE disease categories. Surgical procedures during hospitalisations were identified using the Australian Refined Diagnosis Related Groups (AR-DRG). POMR were calculated for GHE disease categories and AR-DRG procedures.ResultsA total of 4 865 226 admitted episodes were identified over the 3-year period. 1 715 862 (35.3%) of these required a surgical procedure. The mortality rate for those undergoing a procedure was 0.42%, and 1.47% for those without. The top five procedures performed per GHE category were lens procedures (162 835 cases, POMR 0.001%), caesarean delivery (76 032 cases, POMR 0.01%), abortion with operating room procedure (65 451 cases, POMR 0%), hernia procedures (52 499 cases, POMR 0.05%) and other knee procedures (47 181 cases, POMR 0.004%).ConclusionsConditions requiring surgery were responsible for 35.3% of the hospital admitted disease burden in Victoria, a rate higher than previously published from Sweden, New Zealand and the USA. POMR is comparable to other studies reporting individual procedures and conditions, but has been reported comprehensively across all GHE disease categories for the first time.
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Wade, Catherine, Jan Matthews, Catherine A. Bent, Erica Neill, Zvezdana Petrovic, Jane Fisher, Annette Michaux, and Warren Cann. "Parenting Today: A State-Wide Representative Survey of Contemporary Parenting Experiences." Children Australia 43, no. 1 (February 23, 2018): 77–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cha.2018.7.
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This article describes the study design of Parenting Today in Victoria: a representative survey of contemporary parenting experiences, behaviours, concerns and needs of parents. The aims of the study, sample design, survey content development processes, including pilot survey administration, data collection procedures and demographic characteristics of the sample are described. The survey was administered via computer assisted telephone interviewing using random dialling of landline and mobile phone numbers in 2016 to parents of children aged 0–18 years who were living in Victoria, Australia. The response rate was 57% with 2600 parents surveyed (40% fathers). The sample was broadly representative of the Victorian population on major demographic characteristics when compared to data from the Australian Census of Population and Housing (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2011). However, adjustments were made for over representation of younger parents (16–34 years), more highly educated parents and for those living outside major cities. This survey provides rigorously collected, accurate and up-to-date information about the experiences, preferences and concerns of a large and representative sample of parents. Findings will provide vital new insights to inform policy decision making, service planning and future research aimed at understanding parents’ attitudes and behaviours, and the psychology behind their help-seeking.
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Meadows, Graham. "Geographical Resource Allocation for Public Mental Health Services in Victoria." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 31, no. 1 (February 1997): 95–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00048679709073805.
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Objective:To provide background information on the approach of area based funding models for mental health services, to describe the considerations which have come to bear in the development process of the Victorian model, to explore the impacts of different models, and to suggest courses for further development. Method:The history of this approach to funding in the UK and the USA is summarised, then an account is given of the development of the Victorian model. The position is put that the validation of such models is hampered by having only sparse relevant data. Suggestions are made for improving this situation. Results:The Victorian model has come to include adjustments for socioeconomic disadvantage, the age, sex and marital status structure of the population, and a variable discounting for estimated substitutive activity of the private sector. Different methods of combining these adjustments into a working formula can be seen to have very different impacts. Conclusions:The approach taken in development of this model can be expected to have major influence on funding within Victoria, but also more widely in Australia. The impacts of differing assumptions within these models are significant. Specifically targeted epidemiological research, and activity analysis of the private sector will be necessary to enhance the validity of models of this type.
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Ore, Timothy. "Trends and disparities in sepsis hospitalisations in Victoria, Australia." Australian Health Review 40, no. 5 (2016): 511. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah15106.
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Objective The aim of the present study was to determine the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of patients with sepsis admitted to hospitals in Victoria, Australia, during the period 2004–14. The data include incidence, severity and mortality. Methods In all, 44 222 sepsis hospitalisations were identified between 2004–05 and 2013–14 from the Victorian Admitted Episodes Dataset. The dataset contains clinical and demographic information on all admissions to acute public and private hospitals. Using the International Classification of Diseases (10th Revision) Australian Modification codes, incidence rates, severity of disease and mortality were calculated. Results Sepsis hospitalisation rates per 10 000 population increased significantly (P < 0.01) over the period, from 6.9 (95% confidence interval (CI) 5.6–7.8) to 10.0 (95% CI 9.1–11.1), an annual growth rate of 3.8%. The age-standardised in-hospital death rates per 100 000 population grew significantly (P < 0.01) from 9.2 (95% CI 7.8–10.4) in 2004–05 to 13.0 (95% CI 11.7–14.6) in 2013–14, an annual growth rate of 3.1%. Among people under 45 years of age, the 0–4 years age group had the highest hospitalisation rate (3.0 per 10 000 population; 95% CI 2.7–3.4). Nearly half (46.2%) of all sepsis hospitalisations were among patients born overseas, with a rate of 14.5 per 10 000 population (95% CI 12.4–16.2) in that group compared with a rate of 5.9 per 10 000 population (95% CI 5.3–6.7) for patients born in Australia. The age-standardised sepsis hospitalisation rate was 2.6-fold greater in the lowest compared with highest socioeconomic areas (12.7 per 10 000 population (95% CI 11.2–13.8) vs 4.8 per 10 000 population (95% CI 4.1–5.7), respectively). Conclusion This paper shows a significant upward trend in both sepsis separation rates and in-hospital death rates over the period; unlike sepsis, in-hospital death rates from all diagnoses fell over the same period. The results can be used to stimulate review of clinical practice. Greater understanding of the epidemiology of sepsis could improve care quality and outcomes. What is known about the topic? Sepsis is associated with high mortality rates and severe sepsis is the most common cause of death in intensive care units (ICU). The last published study of sepsis in Victoria (in 2005) showed a gradual rise in rates; since then, there is little information as to whether there has been any significant improvement in treatment outcomes. What does this paper add? This paper provides new information by analysing trends and variations in sepsis hospitalisations in Victoria by several demographic groups from 2004–05 to 2013–14. What are the implications for practitioners? Patients with severe sepsis consume approximately half the ICU resources. Reliable and recent data on the growth of this disease are important for prevention, allocation of resources and to track the effectiveness of care. A key area for intervention is promoting greater adherence to clinical guidelines.
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Barbee, Nicole C., Robin Hale, John Morrongiello, Andy Hicks, David Semmens, Barbara J. Downes, and Stephen E. Swearer. "Large-scale variation in life history traits of the widespread diadromous fish, Galaxias maculatus, reflects geographic differences in local environmental conditions." Marine and Freshwater Research 62, no. 7 (2011): 790. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf10284.
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Applying uniform population models and management strategies to widespread species can be ineffective if populations exhibit variable life histories in response to local conditions. Galaxias maculatus, one of the world’s most widely distributed fish species, occurs in a broad range of habitats and is highly adaptable, making it an ideal species for examining variation in life history traits across large geographic scales. Here, we examine the spawning biology and early life history of diadromous G. maculatus in coastal rivers in Victoria, Australia, and compare them to other populations throughout its range. We predicted that traits associated with these critical life stages, especially those that respond to environmental conditions that vary geographically, such as seasonal cues and temperature, are likely to vary across large spatial scales. We found that spawning occurs later in Victoria than in New Zealand (NZ) and South America, but migration back to rivers occurs at the same time in Victoria and NZ, but not South America. G. maculatus returning to rivers are also smaller and younger in Victoria than those in NZ. Other traits, like some attributes of spawning schools and spawning habitats, did not vary across large scales. Researchers and managers should be cautious when making broad assumptions about the biology of widely distributed species.
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Archibald, Alison D., John Massie, Melanie J. Smith, Deborah G. Dalton, Desirée Du Sart, and David J. Amor. "Population‐based genetic carrier screening for cystic fibrosis in Victoria." Medical Journal of Australia 200, no. 4 (March 2014): 205–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/mja13.10864.
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Falk, Stuart P., and Doug G. Parbery. "Armillaria luteobubalina population structure in horticultural plantings in Victoria, Australia." Mycological Research 99, no. 2 (February 1995): 216–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0953-7562(09)80888-5.
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Bonney, Tamara, Bridget Southwell, Susan Donnath, Donald Newgreen, and John Hutson. "Orchidopexy trends in the paediatric population of Victoria, 1999-2006." Journal of Pediatric Surgery 44, no. 2 (February 2009): 427–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2008.10.099.
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