Journal articles on the topic 'Victoria Manufactures'
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1
Willis, J. B. "Three Little Companies — the Birth of a Major Australian Scientific Instrument Industry." Historical Records of Australian Science 14, no. 4 (2002): 403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/hr03007.
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The atomic absorption spectrometer revolutionized chemical analysis in the 1960s. Invented by Alan Walsh of the CSIRO Division of Chemical Physics, its manufacture in Australia began with three small Melbourne companies making the necessary optical, mechanical and electronic components. Subsequently, one of these companies, Techtron Pty Ltd, made a complete instrument and became a major supplier to the international market. Techtron expanded rapidly and in 1967 was sold to a large US company, Varian Associates Inc., which still operates as Varian Australia Pty Ltd and manufactures atomic absorption spectrometers and other scientific instruments at Mulgrave, Victoria.
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Compton, Ann. "Revisiting the relationship between art and industry in nineteenth-century Britain from the manufacturer’s perspective." Sculpture Journal 30, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 31–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/sj.2021.30.1.3.
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The mid-nineteenth century critical discourse compartmentalized art and industry by crediting each with specific powers. Manufacturing was identified with the development of technologically advanced processes, materials and products, while fine artists were given authority over the aesthetic aspects of industrial design. The idea that the two sectors had separate areas of responsibility has proved extremely enduring, and continues to influence our perceptions of Victorian manufacturing. This article contributes to the wider task of re-evaluating the relationship between art and industry in nineteenth-century Britain by examining the role of design in potteries and art metalworking firms from the manufacturer’s perspective. It shows that contrary to the picture painted by Victorian critics, design was central to the ambitions and commercial operations of manufacturing businesses. Crucially, decisions about the recruitment of design staff were shaped by the close connection between the creation of new products at the drawing board, and their fabrication in the workshop. Since each branch of manufacturing had its distinctive characteristics, there were significant practical, aesthetic and commercial advantages for manufacturers in employing experienced designers who knew the trade, and were fully conversant with production practices. Unless a professional sculptor joined a firm, they were unlikely to have this inside knowledge, which made commissioning one-off designs from artists a riskier proposition. Manufacturers found that one of the best ways to get around this was to make reductions of sculptures, and initial demand for statuettes in Parian suggested they would be profitable for all concerned. In the end, the market did not live up to its early promise, but the publicity given to Parian statuettes compensated manufacturers and sculptors. Overall, it was this increased public exposure for art manufactures that was the prime benefit of the mid-nineteenth century critical discourse for the industrial sector.
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Brennan, Chris, Virginia Routley, and Joan Ozanne-Smith. "Motor Vehicle Exhaust Gas Suicide in Victoria, Australia 1998-2002." Crisis 27, no. 3 (May 2006): 119–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/0227-5910.27.3.119.
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Motor vehicle exhaust gas suicide (MVEGS) is the second most frequent method of suicide in Victoria, Australia. It is a highly lethal method of suicide with 1.5 deaths for every hospital admission. Australian regulations require all vehicles manufactured since 1998 to have a maximum carbon monoxide exhaust emission level of 2.1 g/km, reduced from the previous level of 9.6 g/km. Information surrounding all Victorian MVEGS between 1998-2002 was analyzed to determine whether suicides occurred in vehicles with the lower emission levels. Between 1998-2002, 607 suicides by this means were recorded while just 393 hospital admissions were recorded for the same period. Mean carboxyhaemoglobin levels were significantly lower in fatalities using vehicles manufactured from 1998, however suicide still occurred in these vehicles (n = 25). The extent to which the new regulations contributed to the relatively low rate of suicide in vehicles less than 5 years old compared to their frequency in the fleet remains unknown. Based on international experience and the age of the Victorian vehicle fleet, it may take well over a decade until substantial decreases in MVEGS are observed in the absence of active preventive measures.
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Marriott, Andrew. "Manufactured tradition? – the Victoria Cross." Post-Medieval Archaeology 54, no. 1 (January 2, 2020): 78–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00794236.2020.1750150.
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Almond, Gemma. "Normalizing Vision: The Representation and Use of Spectacles and Eyeglasses in Victorian Britain." Journal of Victorian Culture 26, no. 2 (April 1, 2021): 267–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jvcult/vcab007.
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Abstract This study explores the representation and use of Victorian visual aids, specifically focusing on how the design of spectacle and eyeglass frames shaped ideas of the ‘normal’ and ‘abnormal’ body. It contributes to our understanding of assistive technologies in the Victorian period by showcasing the usefulness of material evidence for exploring how an object was produced and perceived. By placing visual aids in their medical and cultural context for the first time, it will show how the study of spectacle and eyeglass frames develops our understanding of Victorian society more broadly. Contemporaries drew upon industrialization, increasing education, and the proliferation of print to explain a rise in refractive vision ‘errors’. Through exploring the design of three spectacle frames from the London Science Museum’s collections, this study will show how the representations and manufacture of visual aids transformed in response to these wider changes. The material evidence, as well as contemporary newspapers, periodicals, and medical texts, reveal that visual aids evolved from an unusual to a more mainstream device. It argues that visual aids are a unique assistive technology, one that is able to inform our understanding of how Victorians measured the body and constructed ideas of ‘normalcy’ and ‘abnormalcy’.
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Martin, Elizabeth. "The Great Sphinx and Other “Thinged” Statues in Colonial Portrayals of Africa." Victorian Literature and Culture 50, no. 1 (2022): 27–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1060150320000133.
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This article uses thing theory to interrogate literary portrayals of ancient statues in Africa. It argues that Victorian colonists adopted a “rhetoric of thinghood” to portray these statues’ history and purpose as forever lost to time. By treating them as “things”—singular, incomprehensible, sublime—the statues could be decoupled from the indigenous cultures that made them. Victorians could thus avoid acknowledging the evidence that the objects’ appearance and manufacture provided of the existence of Black civilization, which Victorian race theory denied to Black Africans. Starting with an overview of the nineteenth-century European concept of fetishism, this article traces the development of that rhetorical sleight-of-hand through the real-world integration of the bust of Younger Memnon (now Ramses II) and other Egyptian antiquities into Eurocentric notions of world history: an integration that spurred a variety of interpretive methods intended to negate their racialized appearance. Nonetheless, many African artifacts, particularly those with human likenesses, remained sites of hegemonic destabilization, which authors like Haggard and Wells interrogated in their imperial romances. Under the assumed scrutiny of ancient statues—portrayed as pseudo-animate sentinels bearing silent witness to the unfolding of history—the justifications for colonial expansion corrode, triggering a more hostile and xenophobic mind-set in the Victorian protagonist.
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Stanley, Brian. "‘The Miser of Headingley’: Robert Arthington and the Baptist Missionary Society, 1877–1900." Studies in Church History 24 (1987): 371–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424208400008457.
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A gravestone in a Teignmouth cemetery displays the following inscription: Robert ArthingtonBorn at Leeds May 20th, 1823Died at Teignmouth Oct. 9th, 1900His life and his wealth were devoted to the spread of the Gospel among the Heathen.That unassuming epitaph bears testimony to one of the most remarkable figures in the story of Victorian missionary expansion. The missionary movement from both Britain and North America depended for its regular income on the enthusiasm of the small-scale contributor, but the munificence of the wealthy was essential to the financing of special projects or the opening up of new fields. The role of, for example, the jam manufacturer William Hartley as treasurer of the Primitive Methodist Missionary Society, or of the chemical manufacturers James and John Campbell White in providing much of the finance for the Free Church of Scotland’s Livingstonia Mission, is relatively well known.
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Desrochers, Pierre. "Victorian Pioneers of Corporate Sustainability." Business History Review 83, no. 4 (2009): 703–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s000768050000088x.
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Historical scholarship on business—environment interactions has largely sidestepped the study of corporate innovations that had both economic and environmental benefits. This issue is examined through late-nineteenth-century initiatives sponsored by the British Society for the Encouragement of Arts, Manufactures and Commerce, whose aim was to document and promote the creation of profitable by-products out of polluting industrial waste and emissions. A case is made that the individuals involved in this effort not only anticipated concepts and debates now at the heart of the modern sustainable development literature, but also that their work questions some fundamental premises of this discourse.
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Bon, R. A., and D. K. Castles. "WATER MIST AS AN ALTERNATIVE TO HALON." APPEA Journal 37, no. 1 (1997): 698. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj96052.
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Halon is being removed from all Esso facilities in accordance with Victorian Environment Protection Legislation for the control of ozone depleting substances. The phasing out of halon as a fire protection system required critical evaluation of available alternatives for protection of turbine machinery and switchgear rooms.Esso Australia Ltd., having evaluated and tested a range of available halon replacement systems, has selected a European manufactured water mist as the preferred alternative for fire protection of turbine machinery enclosures. The system selected required significant modifications from the vendor's standard configuration in order for it to be applied to the offshore environment, be accepted by turbine Original Equipment Manufacturers and achieve independent third party certification. Water mist cannot be applied in all situations to replace halon, with an inert gaseous agent required for the protection of switchgear rooms and for flare snuffing.This paper discusses the issues associated with the selection and installation of this new technology and the lessons learnt. It also discusses issues associated with the evaluation, testing, design and installation of over 80 systems on 14 offshore platforms and two onshore plants.
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Robbins, Bruce. "VICTORIAN COSMOPOLITANISM, INTERRUPTED." Victorian Literature and Culture 38, no. 2 (May 6, 2010): 421–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1060150310000094.
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Readers of Middlemarch (1871–1872) will remember the moment when Brooke's bid to win a seat in Parliament abruptly ends, in the middle of the Reform Bill campaign and in the middle of a speech. He tells the crowd how happy he is to be there. He tells the crowd he is a “close neighbor” of theirs. Then he says the following: “I've always gone a good deal into public questions – machinery, now, and machine-breaking – you're many of you concerned with machinery, and I've been going into that lately. It won't do, you know, breaking machines: everything must go on – trade, manufactures, commerce, interchange of staples – that kind of thing – since Adam Smith that must go on. We must look all over the globe: – ‘Observation with extensive view,’ must look everywhere, ‘from China to Peru,’ as somebody says – Johnson, I think, ‘The Rambler,’ you know. That's what I have done up to a certain point – not as far as Peru; but I've not always stayed at home – I saw it wouldn't do. I've been in the Levant, where some of your Middlemarch goods go – and then, again, in the Baltic. The Baltic, now.” (Eliot, Middlemarch 349; Book 5, ch. 51) It's when he passes from the Levant to the Baltic that Brooke is interrupted by a laugh-creating echo from the crowd, an echo which, “by the time it said, ‘The Baltic, now'” (350; Book 5, ch. 51), has become fatal.
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Hendtlass, Jane. "Outcome of a Police Media Campaign to Elicit Information from the Public about Trafficking in Victoria." Journal of Drug Issues 16, no. 2 (April 1986): 313–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002204268601600217.
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Operation Noah was a co-operative police-media effort to encourage the public to give the police anonymous information about drug traffickers, manufacturers and growers in Victoria. Although there were over 400 phone calls made to police only 22 individuals were charged with drug offences as a result. None of these were drug traffickers or manufacturers. There was a big discrepancy between the types of people alleged to be involved in drug distribution by respondents to the call for information and those reported by police during normal operational duties. Since the individuals nominated by the public conformed to the stereotype of a drug trafficker generally carried by the media in news and drama programmes and during Operation Noah, it is suggested that this contributed to the large amount of misinformation reported to police and the consequent failure of the Operation to achieve its nominated goal.
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ATTFIELD, J. "Victorian Furniture: Technology and Design * Twentieth-Century Furniture: Materials, Manufacture and Markets." Journal of Design History 8, no. 3 (January 1, 1995): 231–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jdh/8.3.231.
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Wales, W. J., J. W. Heard, C. K. M. Ho, C. M. Leddin, C. R. Stockdale, G. P. Walker, and P. T. Doyle. "Profitable feeding of dairy cows on irrigated dairy farms in northern Victoria." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 46, no. 7 (2006): 743. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea05357.
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Milk production per cow and per farm in the irrigated region in northern Victoria have increased dramatically over the past 2 decades. However, these increases have involved large increases in inputs, and average productivity gains on farms have been modest. Before the early 1980s, cows were fed predominantly pasture and conserved fodder. There is now large diversity in feeding systems and feed costs comprise 40–65% of total costs on irrigated dairy farms. This diversity in feeding systems has increased the need to understand the nutrient requirements of dairy cows and the unique aspects of nutrient intake and digestion in cows at grazing. Principles of nutrient intake and supply to the grazing dairy cow from the past 15 years’ research in northern Victoria are summarised and gaps in knowledge for making future productivity gains are identified. Moreover, since the majority of the milk produced in south-eastern Australia is used in the manufacture of products for export, dairy companies have increased their interest in value-added dairy products that better meet nutritional requirements or provide health benefits for humans. Finally, some examples of the impacts of farm system changes on operating profit for some case study farms in northern Victoria are presented to illustrate the need for thorough analysis of such management decisions.
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Kildea, Jeff. "Review of Keith Pescod’s the Emerald Strand: The Irish-Born Manufacturers of Nineteenth-Century Victoria." History Australia 5, no. 1 (January 2008): 23.1–23.2. http://dx.doi.org/10.2104/ha080023.
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Saengchoowong, Khongnomnan, Poomipak, Praianantathavorn, Poovorawan, Zhang, and Payungporn. "High-Throughput MicroRNA Profiles of Permissive Madin-Darby Canine Kidney Cell Line Infected with Influenza B Viruses." Viruses 11, no. 11 (October 25, 2019): 986. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v11110986.
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Victoria and Yamagata lineages of influenza B viruses are globally circulating in seasonal epidemics. Madin–Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells are permissive for viral isolation and vaccine manufacture. Nevertheless, the interplay between influenza B viruses and host microRNAs has not been investigated in this cell line. Therefore, the present study aims at high-throughput analysis of canine microRNA profile upon infection of influenza B viruses. Briefly, MDCK cells were infected with Victoria or Yamagata lineage at MOI of 0.01. After being harvested at 6, 12 and 24 h post infection, microRNAs were subjected to high-throughput sequencing based on MiSeq platform (Illumina). The results demonstrated that five microRNAs including cfa-miR-197, cfa-miR-215, cfa-miR361, cfa-miR-1841, and cfa-miR-1842 were overexpressed in both Victoria and Yamagata lineage infections. Interestingly, computational prediction showed that karyopherin alpha 6 (KPNA6) was targeted by cfa-miR-197 and cfa-miR-215. Moreover, the binding sites of both microRNAs were assessed by 3′-UTR reporter assay. The results showed that only cfa-miR-197 could bind to the target sites of KPNA6, leading to suppressing luciferase activity. Additionally, silencing of KPNA6 was confirmed by overexpression of cfa-miR-197. This study provides canine microRNA responses to seasonal influenza B viruses, suggesting that virus-mediated microRNAs might play crucial roles in host gene regulation.
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Abood, Richard R. "Differential Pricing of Pharmaceuticals and Retail Competition Under the Robinson-Patman Act." American Journal of Law & Medicine 11, no. 3 (1985): 293–317. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0098858800008868.
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AbstractEmphasis on cost containment by third-party payors has intensified economic competition within the health care system, creating powerful market forces which retail pharmacists had not envisioned a few years ago. Hospitals and alternative delivery systems now sell prescription drugs in direct competition with retail pharmacists. These entities are able to purchase their pharmaceuticals from manufacturers at prices far below those of the retailers. Retail pharmacist plaintiffs allege that such activities violate the Robinson-Patman Act which prohibits price discrimination. Retail pharmacists have achieved landmark victories in decisions establishing that nonprofit, state and local governmental hospitals reselling pharmaceuticals in competition with retail pharmacies are not exempt from the Act. This Article demonstrates that despite these victories, plaintiffs will have difficulty proving an actual violation of the Act by manufacturers and hospitals. Plaintiffs must establish competitive injury as well as refute the meeting competition defense. Retail pharmacists might discover that the Robinson-Patman Act is not the ally they had hoped for; instead, they should concentrate on innovative alternatives which will allow them to compete in an evolving health care system.
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Korda, Andrea. "Object Lessons in Victorian Education: Text, Object, Image." Journal of Victorian Culture 25, no. 2 (January 8, 2020): 200–222. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jvcult/vcz064.
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Abstract Lessons on common objects, known as ‘object lessons’, were a customary occurrence in Victorian schoolrooms. This article looks at Victorian object lessons around mid-century as a means of examining the variety of meanings that common objects, and particularly manufactured objects, might have held both inside and outside Victorian schoolrooms. While model scripts for object lessons circulated widely and clarified the meaning of common objects in print, the objects themselves had the potential to complicate and challenge these meanings. Drawing primarily on publications by Elizabeth Mayo and the Home and Colonial School Society (established in 1836), this article outlines the theological, industrial and imperialist ways of looking that informed the model object lesson. Yet close study of the objects employed in object lessons – feathers, an object lesson specimen box, and a series of illustrations of animals – demonstrates how full sensory engagement with material objects can disrupt these disciplined ways of looking and learning. The final section of the article describes the decline of object lesson pedagogies once they were established within the official curriculum for England and Wales over the course of the 1880s and 1890s. Increasingly, pictures and nature study came to replace common objects in Victorian schoolrooms, and had their own implications for the ways that schoolchildren were taught to look at and learn from the world around them.
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Edwards, John Richard. "Accounting for Fair Competition between Private and Public Sector Armaments Manufacturers in Victorian Britain." Abacus 51, no. 3 (August 14, 2015): 412–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/abac.12055.
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PARSONS, T. G. "Government Contracts and Colonial Manufacture: The Example of the Victorian Railways in the 1870s." Australian Journal of Politics & History 26, no. 2 (April 7, 2008): 242–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8497.1980.tb00532.x.
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Barons, Katerina Penelope, Davina Mann, Liliana Orellana, Mia Miller, Simone Pettigrew, and Gary Sacks. "Nutrition-Related Information on Alcoholic Beverages in Victoria, Australia, 2021." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 8 (April 11, 2022): 4609. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19084609.
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Alcoholic beverages sold in Australia are largely exempt from requirements to display nutrition information on packages, unlike other food and beverages. However, alcoholic beverage manufacturers can provide nutrition-related information voluntarily. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of nutrition-related information on packaged alcoholic beverages in Australia. An in-store audit of the largest alcohol retailer in Melbourne, Australia was conducted in July 2021. A systematic sampling method was used to assess the presence and format of nutrition information on 850 alcoholic beverages across 5 alcohol categories (wine (n = 200), beer (n = 200), spirits (n = 200), ready-to-drink beverages (n = 140) and ciders (n = 110)). Most products (n = 682, 80.2%) did not present nutrition-related information. Where information was presented (n = 168), it was most frequently on ready-to-drink beverages (n = 81, 57.9%) and least frequently on spirits (n = 9, 4.5%) and wines (n = 9, 4.5%). Nutrition information was most frequently in the format of a nutrition information panel (n = 150, 89.3%) and approximately half of labelled beverages (n = 86, 51.2%) included a nutrition content claim (e.g., ‘low in carbs’). Given limited voluntary implementation of nutrition labelling on alcoholic beverages in Australia and the substantial contribution of alcoholic beverages to energy intake, consideration of mandatory nutrition labelling, in a standardised format designed to maximise public health benefit, on alcoholic beverages is warranted.
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Gray, Robert, and Donna Loftus. "Industrial regulation, urban space and the boundaries of the workplace: mid-Victorian Nottingham." Urban History 26, no. 2 (August 1999): 211–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963926899000231.
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This article takes up recent concerns with languages of mid-Victorian reform and relates urban space to the workplace, with reference to Nottingham hosiery and lace. The article considers, first, official enquiries into lace manufacture, and second, the hosiery conciliation system. Attempts to map and to fix the boundaries of employment are characteristic of both these developments. Gender dimensions are emphasized, as is the contribution of these debates to liberal narratives of industrial progress. This is related to the formation of a wider culture of liberal reform.
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Duff, E. J. "Marketing academic technology." Industry and Higher Education 2, no. 2 (June 1988): 101–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/095042228800200208.
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Universities are increasingly feeling the need to commercialize the results of their research. This article describes the experiences of one of the major UK institutions established for this purpose, Vuman Ltd. The company was established in 1981 by the Victoria University of Manchester for the purpose of exploiting technology arising from research from within the university. Vuman Ltd is a multi-activity company, with interests ranging from contract research, the implementation of expert systems, and the manufacture of scientific and medical equipment. It offers a software systems house and provides a patenting and licensing service to the university. The origins of Vuman are described, together with its modus operandi, and the consequences of success and failure are discussed.
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Beech, Dave. "Book review: Utilitarianism and the Art School in Nineteenth-Century Britain, written by Malcolm Quinn." Historical Materialism 22, no. 2 (September 25, 2014): 237–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1569206x-12341358.
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Malcolm Quinn’s book,Utilitarianism and the Art School in Nineteenth-Century Britain, is an historical study of the birth pangs of the state-funded art school that interrogates the politics of art’s reproduction within the context of Victorian reformism in which the art school was proposed as a mechanism to improve the standards of taste of manufacturers and factory workers, as well as of artists, designers, art teachers and others. The review locates the political and cultural transition from the academy to the art school as the construction of a specifically bourgeois institution of art.
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Assael, Brenda. "BEYOND EMPIRE: GLOBALIZING THE VICTORIANS." Victorian Literature and Culture 43, no. 3 (May 29, 2015): 643–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1060150315000133.
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In her influential work, Civilising Subjects: Metropole and Colony in the English Imagination 1830-1867 (2002), Catherine Hall argued that “a focus on national histories as constructed, rather than given, on the imagined community of the nation as created, rather than simply there, on national identities as brought into being through particular discursive work, requires transnational thinking” (9). Similarly, Antoinette Burton made a provocative case for de-centering Britain even in the narratives of its own history, arguing in her edited collection, After the Imperial Turn: Thinking with and through the Nation (2003), that “we need to pay more attention to the question of who needs [the nation], who manufactures the ‘need’ for it, and whose interests it serves” (6). In the last two decades, those who have sought to reposition a study of nineteenth-century Britain in such a transnational framework have focused their attention on Britain's relationship to its imperial possessions. While some historians remain skeptical about the significance of empire in British culture, there is now a rich and authoritative historical literature that reveals the myriad ways in which metropole and empire were not only entangled, but also mutually constitutive. Literary scholars of the nineteenth-century have also been alert to the often covert traces of empire in the works of nineteenth-century writers, extending from pioneering discussions of the shadowy presence of slavery in the novels of Jane Austen to Jane Bownas's attempts to reclaim an imperial motif in the works of Thomas Hardy.
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Tebuka, Erius, Ruharara D. Fulgence, Bertrand Msemwa, Vitus Silago, Stephen E. Mshana, and Mariam M. Mirambo. "Acute human cytomegalovirus infection among voluntary blood donors in the Lake Victoria zone blood transfusion centre: should it be considered in screening?" African Health Sciences 19, no. 3 (November 4, 2019): 2351–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ahs.v19i3.7.
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Background: Despite blood transfusion being a lifesaving option, it may be associated with blood borne infections including human cytomegalovirus(HCMV). The World Health Organization recommends screening of blood products for HCMV before transfusion to pregnant women, neonates and immunocompromised patients. However, this is not routinely practised in many resource limited countries.Objective: This study aimed at determining seroprevalence of specific HCMV IgM antibodies among volunteered blood donors at the Lake Victoria zone blood transfusion centreMethods: A total of 228 sera from volunteered blood donors were analyzed using HCMV IgM µ capture enzyme linked immunosorbent assay as per manufacturer’s instructions. Data were analyzed by STATA version 13Results: The median age of the study participants was 19 interquartile range (IQR): 18-23 years. The seroprevalence of specific HCMV IgM antibodies was found to be 23/228 (10.1%, 95% confidence interval (CI): 6-14. None of the factors was found to be associated with HCMV IgM seropositivity among blood donors.Conclusion: One out 10 blood donors in the Lake Victoria zone blood transfusion centre is acutely infected with HCMV. There is a need to consider screening of HCMV before blood transfusion particularly in resource limited countries where HCMV is endemic.Keywords: Human cytomegalovirus, Tanzania, blood transfusion.
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Kurzer, F. "The life and work of Charles Tomlinson FRS: a career in Victorian science and technology." Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London 58, no. 2 (May 22, 2004): 203–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsnr.2004.0056.
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Charles Tomlinson (1808–97) was an exceptionally versatile scientist of the Victorian era, who, in a long career as an educator, encyclopaedist and researcher contributed significantly to the advancement of science and technology. By his prolific authorship of some 50 books and 100 published papers and notes, he promoted the dissemination of scientific information, both to professionals and to a wider public that was beginning to appreciate the powerful influence of technology on the wealth and well-being of society. In his magnificent Cyclopaedia of the useful arts , he set a monument to the contemporary state of science, technology and the manufactures. His researches in the field of chemical physics, especially concerned with the phenomena of surface tension, supersaturation and meteorology, were recognized by his election as a Fellow of The Royal Society.
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Allen, J. R. L. "The Whetstones from Roman Silchester at Reading Museum: The Victorian-Edwardian Excavations." Hampshire Studies 73, no. 1 (November 1, 2018): 156–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.24202/hs2018007.
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A hitherto undescribed assemblage of 51 whetstones recovered by Victorian-Edwardian excavators is reported below and assigned to geological sources. Unused/discarded roof tiles of Brownstones (Devonian, Lower Old Red Sandstone) and Pennant sandstone (high Upper Carboniferous) from the West Country were exploited for the majority of the whetstones. Some use was also made of roof tiles of Stonesfield Slate (Jurassic) from southern Oxfordshire. The only deliberately manufactured whetstones came from the Weald Clay Formation (Lower Cretaceous) of the northwest Weald, and from another Jurassic source in the west/south Midlands. A few whetstones, of sarsen and Bunter Pebble Beds quartzite, appear to have been 'found' objects. The Museum group is similar to the multi-period assemblage from Insula IX at Silchester, but is likely to emphasize circumstances in the town (especially the forum-basilica) during the later Roman period. A Catalogue of the whetstones is presented.
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Hutchinson, Braden P. L. "Making (Anti)Modern Childhood: Producing and Consuming Toys in Late Victorian Canada." Scientia Canadensis 36, no. 1 (June 26, 2014): 79–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1025790ar.
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Prior to the First World War much of Canada’s toy supply came from Germany. When the guns of August sounded in 1914, Canadian consumers found themselves in the midst of a shortage of mass produced toys, dubbed the ‘toy famine’ in the popular press. Two incompatible solutions ultimately arose to deal with this problem of consumer demand and industrial supply. Middle class women, drawing on their work over the preceding decades distributing and producing toys for philanthropic means and the discourse of the conditioned child, turned to craft production using the labour of returned soldiers to refurbish second hand playthings and produce new ones as artisans. Canadian manufacturers, with the support of the state, pursued a policy designed to industrialize toy production in Canada for competition at home and abroad. In some cases, one group openly resisted the efforts of the other. Ultimately, these two visions made possible a debate about modernity and the role of industrial technology in Canadian family life and consumer culture.
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von der Goltz, Anna, and Robert Gildea. "Flawed Saviours: the Myths of Hindenburg and Pétain." European History Quarterly 39, no. 3 (June 15, 2009): 439–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0265691409105061.
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Although Hindenburg and Pétain emerged from very different historical traditions, one monarchical and authoritarian, the other democratic and republican, their trajectories and cults in the twentieth century in fact had much in common. Both emerged as military heroes, saving the fatherland in 1914 in iconic victories, and both were subsequently called back as political saviours as the Weimar and Third Republics ran into difficulties and collapsed. The status and reputation of each was enhanced by a cult that was both manufactured and spontaneous, ranging widely across the political spectrum and reaching deep into the body politic. The cults drew on powerful images of solidity and ancient heroes. Both leaders were, however, flawed, compromising with Nazi power, and they were buried far from the sites of their victories. In spite of these flaws, however, the cults of Hindenburg and Pétain have been remarkably adaptable and enduring.
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Phillips, D. I. "A new litter trap for urban drainage systems." Water Science and Technology 39, no. 2 (January 1, 1999): 85–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1999.0091.
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Litter is generated in shopping areas and is washed or blown into stormwater drainage systems. These convey the litter to open water bodies leading to the accumulation of non-biodegradable litter on the banks and beaches of urban waterways and bay foreshores. The increasing public awareness of the problem prompted the State Government of Victoria to provide funding to develop an innovative patented litter trap known as the In-line Litter Separator (ILLS). The ILLS is retrofitted to the drainage system downstream of shopping areas and removes litter and other pollutants from the passing stormwater. In a two-year development program, ten prototypes were installed and tested in the Melbourne and metropolitan area. The results were so successful that the ILLS is now manufactured in Australia and overseas under license from Swinburne University. This paper presents the performance criteria, the design concepts, the outcomes of laboratory and hydrologic modelling and the analyses of prototype test results that led to the commercial production of the ILLS.
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Xin, Yuecheng, Halenur Kurmus, Abbas Mohajerani, Yasmin Dallol, Yunsha Lao, Dilan Robert, Biplob Pramanik, and Phuong Tran. "Recycling Crushed Waste Beer Bottle Glass in Fired Clay Bricks." Buildings 11, no. 10 (October 17, 2021): 483. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings11100483.
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Waste glass is a readily available domestic material. Each year, around 257,000 tonnes of glass waste are produced in Victoria, and the majority is glass packings. Typically, mixed waste glass cullet is deposited in landfills due to the limited recycling techniques. As a result, landfills are facing a growing issue. Therefore, this study investigates the addition of waste beer bottle glass (BG) in fired clay bricks and examines the effects of varying firing temperatures on the physical and mechanical properties of the manufactured samples. Clay bricks containing 10% BG at a firing temperature of 950 °C depicted similar compressive strength results (41 MPa) to the control samples (42 MPa). The results of all tested bricks were found to be below the water absorption limit of 17%. The thermal conductivity of the bricks incorporating BG was investigated, and it was found that the thermal performance improved with the decreasing firing temperature. Moreover, an initial rate of absorption (IRA), XRD, and XRF analysis was conducted. The experimental results have been discussed and compared with the recommended acceptable properties for standard bricks.
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Nelmida, Nelmida. "Potensi Financial Distress Bank Umum Syariah di Indonesia." Jurnal Ekonomi, Manajemen dan Perbankan (Journal of Economics, Management and Banking) 5, no. 3 (January 28, 2020): 156. http://dx.doi.org/10.35384/jemp.v5i3.157.
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Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasikan potensi financial distress Bank Umum Syariah di Indonesia. Populasi penelitian ini adalah seluruh Bank Umum Syariah yang terdaftar pada Otoritas Jasa Keuangan (OJK) kecuali Bank Pembangunan Daerah Syariah. Teknik sampling yang digunakan adalah dengan teknik purposive sampling dengan jumlah sampel 11 Bank mum Syariah dengan periode penelitian dari tahun 2015 sampai 2018. Model analisis yang digunakan untuk menditeksi potensi financial distress adalah model Z Score Altman yang dimodeifikasi untuk perusahaan non manufacture yang tidak terdaftar pada pasar modal. Berdasarkan hasil analisis data diperoleh 10 (sepuluh) Bank Umum Syariah yaitu PT. Bank BNI Syariah, PT. Bank Syariah Mandiri, PT. Bank Mega Syariah, PT. Bank Maybank Syariah Indonesia, PT. Bank Victoria Syariah, PT. Bank BRI Syariah, TBK, PT. Bank Panin Dubai Syariah, TBK, PT. Bank Syariah Bukopin, PT. Bank BCA Syariah, dan PT. Bank Tabungan Pensiunan Nasional Syariah dengan kondisi sehat atau berada pada area Safe Zone, sedangkan 1(satu) Bank Umum Syariah PT. Bank Muamalat Indonesia Tbk dengan kondisi kurang sehat atau berada pada area Grey Zone
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Munday, Roderick. "FISHER v BELL REVISITED: MISJUDGING THE LEGISLATIVE CRAFT." Cambridge Law Journal 72, no. 1 (March 2013): 50–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s000819731300007x.
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As students of the Law of Contract learn to their bemusement, in Fisher v Bell,1 although caught by a member of the constabulary in the most compromising circumstances, the owner of Bell's Music Shop, situate in the handsome Victorian shopping Arcade in the bustling Broadmead area of Bristol, was unsuccessfully prosecuted for offering for sale a flick knife contrary to s.1(1) of the Restriction of Offensive Weapons Act 1959. The statute penalised “any person who manufactures, sells or hires or offers for sale or hire, or lends or gives to any other person” a flick knife. Mr Bell had done all in his power to make a sale. The switchblade had been displayed in his shop window with a label that read, “Ejector knife—4s”. The police officer, who spotted the display and then took the knife away to show to his superintendent, was told by the shopkeeper that he had had other policemen in the shop inquiring about the knives. When the officer returned to tell Mr Bell that he would be prosecuted, the latter simply retorted “Fair enough.”
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Casey, Terrence. "Rational Choice and British Politics: An Analysis of Rhetoric and Manipulation from Peel to Blair. By Iain McLean. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001. 256p. $65.00 cloth, $29.95 paper." American Political Science Review 96, no. 4 (December 2002): 858–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003055402810462.
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In Rational Choice and British Politics, Iain McLean applies William Riker's concept of “heresthetics” to British political history. In contrast to rhetoric (the art of persuasion), heresthetics is “the art and science of political manipulation” (p. 10). Rather than trying to convince others of one's position, heresthetics is about transforming the question and altering political dimensions so as to change the rational calculus of key actors and manufacture a supportive coalition. McLean employs the device of “analytical narratives” (historical analysis informed by rational choice methodology) to explore critical junctures in British political development, including the repeal of the Corn Laws, the Second Reform Act, the signing of the Anglo-Irish Treaty in 1922, and the political and economic revolution of Margaret Thatcher. He also explores broader political movements, including the realignment of Victorian political parties and the attempts by Joseph Chamberlain and Enoch Powell to connect race and empire into winning coalitions.
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Risdonne, Valentina, Adriana Francescutto Miró, Sayuri Morio, and Charis Theodorakopoulos. "The Victoria and Albert Museum Plaster Casts by the Nineteenth-Century Workshops of the Notre-Dame Cathedral: Scientific Analysis and Conservation." Heritage 5, no. 4 (November 12, 2022): 3427–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/heritage5040176.
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Four nineteenth-century casts of the decoration on the north side of the exterior of the apse of the Notre-Dame Cathedral in Paris are held in the plaster casts collection at the Victoria and Albert Museum in London. The casts were manufactured by two different nineteenth-century workshops, one run by Jean Pouzadoux and the other by Auguste Malzieux. After an assessment of the condition of the casts, a scientific analysis allowed the characterization of the manufacturing materials and subsequent conservation treatments aimed at ensuring the stability of the casts and removing dirt and grime from the casts’ surfaces. Optical microscopy of the samples taken from the casts allowed the stratigraphy to be studied, which largely consisted of gypsum plaster and a coating layer (oxidized diterpenic resin or shellac) containing silicon and aluminium partially diffused in the porous substrate. These materials were identified by a range of techniques, including X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope–energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. The conservation works returned stability to the panels for redisplay in the galleries and achieved a closer comparative study between the two workshops. The two sets of panels showed numerous differences in manufacturing processes that corresponded to their observed deterioration.
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Barton, NJ, and IP McCausland. "Production and economic returns from Merino weaner sheep subjected to four frequencies of anthelmintic administration in East Gippsland, Victoria." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 27, no. 6 (1987): 759. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9870759.
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In East Gippsland. Victoria. 4 treatment groups, designated 'weekly' (W), 'high' (H), 'low' (L). and 'salvage' (S), each consisting of 3 subgroups of 10 Merino weaner sheep, were given different numbers of anthelmintic doses during 1978, 1979 and 1980. The doses were respectively 5 1, 5 1, 50 (W); 9,9, 12 (H); 3,4. 6 (L); and 1, 3, 2 (S). Both anthelmintics were administered according to the manufacturers' recommendations. Subgroups were grazed on separate 1 ha plots and rotated between plots within treatments at 2-week intervals in an attempt to eliminate between paddock differences. Sheep were replaced annually. These programs resulted in major differences in wool production and final liveweight between groups. Over the 3 years of the experiment, sheep dosed frequently grew heavier (P< 0.05) and produced more wool than - did sheep in the Land S groups. Mean final liveweights for the W, H, L, and S groups respectively were 53.6, 51.4.47.0, and 46.4 kg (l.s.d. [P= 0.051 = 3.5 kg). Corresponding figures for wool growth were 5.96, 5.62. 5.07, and 5.17 kg (l.s.d. [P = 0.051 = 0.60). Mortality in the W (5.6%) and H (22%) groups was also lower than in the L (18.9%) and S (27.8%) groups. The H group gave the highest economic return of $21.81 per sheep compared with $17.61 (W group), $16.3 1 (L) and $15.06 (S group). This advantage was maintained throughout a wide cost-price range. However. as both the W and H programs selected strongly for strains of nematodes resistant to anthelmintics. anthelmintic therapy alone cannot be relied upon for long-term parasite control.
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Sethuraman, Kannan, and Devanath Tirupati. "Melbourne Pathology." Asian Case Research Journal 11, no. 01 (June 2007): 141–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218927507000850.
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Melbourne Pathology, a subsidiary of Sonic Health Care, provided a comprehensive range of pathology services as an aid in the diagnosis and treatment of patients in Melbourne and Central Victoria. In a capped funding and highly regulated market such as the pathology service market in Australia, the only way in which the sales of a provider could grow was usually at the expense of another provider. To combat this situation, Melbourne Pathology opted to compete by providing higher quality service and faster turnaround time. The recent results of Melbourne Pathology, however, indicated that although the average turnaround time was within the promised targets, significant percentage of jobs in routine category and over 10% of jobs in the urgent category failed to meet the established targets. The case is primarily intended to illustrate the impact of demand distortions in a service setting that arise due to lack of coordination among various entities in the service value chain and a failure to have an integrated perspective that aligns all departments towards a common goal. This phenomenon is similar to the bullwhip effect in supply chains of manufactured products which has received considerable attention during the past decade. The case provides opportunities for students to develop corrective actions to mitigate this problem.
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COURTNEY, STEPHEN. "‘A very diadem of light’: exhibitions in Victorian London, the Parliamentary light and the shaping of the Trinity House lighthouses." British Journal for the History of Science 50, no. 2 (April 24, 2017): 249–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007087417000292.
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AbstractIn the midsummer of 1872 a lighthouse apparatus was installed in the Clock Tower of the House of Commons. The installation served the practical function of communicating at a distance when the House was sitting, but also provided a highly visible symbolic indication of the importance of lighthouse technology to national concerns. Further, the installation served as an experimental space in which rival technological designs, with corresponding visions for the lighthouse system, could compete in public. This article considers nineteenth-century lighthouse technology as a case study in the power and political significance of display. Manufacturers of lighthouse lenses, such as the firm of Chance Brothers, sought to manage interpretations of the lights through the framing of exhibitions and demonstrations; so too did scientific authorities, including Michael Faraday and John Tyndall, both of whom served in the role of scientific adviser to Trinity House, the body responsible for lighthouse management. Particularly notable in this process was the significance of urban, metropolitan display environments in shaping the development of the marine lighthouse system around the nation's periphery.
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Ghosh, Bishnupriya. "THE COLONIAL POSTCARD: THE SPECTRAL/TELEPATHIC MODE IN CONAN DOYLE AND KIPLING." Victorian Literature and Culture 37, no. 2 (September 2009): 335–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1060150309090226.
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Such Enlightenment, the narrator tellsus facetiously, is effected by an elastic religion known as the Simla Creed, alive at the edges of the British Empire where he, an unnamed Englishman, is stationed. An amalgam of occult practices, the creed stretched itself and embraced pieces of everything that the medicine-men of all ages have manufactured (63). So Rudyard Kipling mockingly observes in this satire of British Victorian forays into the marginal sciences of occultism, Spiritualism, and Mesmerism. An early Kipling tale, “The Sending of Dana Da” (1888) is one of Kiplings first engagements with the religions and philosophies of the East; it was published in theCivil and Military Gazette, a provincial newspaper for which Kipling regularly wrote. The infamous Dana Da – whose name, we are told, escapes every ethnological inscription, and who came from nowhere, with nothing in his hands (62) – dispatches a sending on the behalf of (and through) the Englishman. The recipient of this letter, (again) a Lone Sahib, is characteristically armed with scientific naturalism and Christian faith, and therefore refutes the possibilities of ectoplasmic infestation, unseen currents, and the fecund times of reincarnation. Kiplings eloquent exposition on a sending, despite his final rational explanation of this unseemly act, betrays his fascination with such forbidden epistemologies multiplying at the edges of Empire:
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Imberger, Kelly, Christopher Poulter, Michael Regan, Mitchell Cunningham, and Michael Paine. "Considerations for the development of a driver distraction safety rating system for new vehicles." Journal of Road Safety 31, no. 2 (May 1, 2020): 23–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.33492/jrs-d-19-00243.
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Drivers engage in a wide range of non-driving related tasks while driving that have potential to distract to them and compromise their safety. These include interactions with infotainment systems built into the vehicle by vehicle manufacturers. These systems enable the performance of communication, entertainment, navigation and internet browsing tasks. Performing these tasks can degrade driving performance and increase crash risk. Not all infotainment technologies in new vehicles are equal in terms of their potential to distract. This paper documents the findings of a study commissioned by the Victorian Department of Transport to determine the feasibility of developing a test protocol for rating the distraction potential of new vehicles entering the Australian market. A literature review, consultation with expert international researchers and industry representatives, and workshops, were conducted in order to determine those elements of the HMI design of infotainment systems that should be assessed, identify suitable candidate test methods for assessing the visual and cognitive load imposed on drivers when performing infotainment tasks, and derive options for a distraction rating system. In addition, safety/rating assessment program reviews and a cost-benefit analysis of introducing a distraction rating system were undertaken. Eight potential distraction test methods were discerned from the literature and consultation. It was concluded that the most suitable test protocol for a distraction rating system involves the use of an HMI design checklist in combination with measurement of the visual and cognitive load imposed on drivers when performing specific infotainment tasks, using the VOT and DRT, respectively. Eight options for introducing a distraction safety rating as a consumer or NCAP distraction rating are presented. Each option builds upon the previous, with the first option being the development of voluntary guidelines (where vehicle manufacturers work to these guidelines on a voluntary basis) to option eight, where NCAPs incorporate a distraction rating in the overall vehicle safety rating. The benefits of introducing a highly effective (best case) distraction rating system are estimated to result in a road crash saving of approximately AU$28 per ‘improved/low distraction’ vehicle per year.
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Baskaran, K., L. M. Palmowski, and B. M. Watson. "Wastewater reuse and treatment options for the dairy industry." Water Supply 3, no. 3 (June 1, 2003): 85–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2003.0012.
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Milk-processing plants generate significant quantities of wastewater with relatively high organic matter concentrations on a daily basis. In addition to environmental damage that can result from the discharge of these wastewaters into the natural waterways, the presence of products such as milk solids into wastewater streams represents a loss of valuable product for the plants. This paper presents a review of wastewater management practices employed by six milk-processing plants in Victoria, Australia. In all six plants investigated, milk powder represents a major product. During the milk powder production, water is evaporated, condensed and can be reused for various purposes with a significant impact on water usage. Other major products are anhydrous milk fat, cheese, butter, and UHT milk. The effectiveness of the practices was assessed through two main criteria: first through the water to milk intake ratio, and the waste volume coefficient. Both parameters characterise the plant efficiency in regard of water consumption and water reuse. Information on cleaning chemical usage and recovery was also assessed as part of the review. Significant discrepancies emerge between the plants first due to the products manufactured and water reuse possibilities available in each plant. Second the type of treatment technologies used for condensate and cleaning solution influences the figures. One of the investigated plants is almost self-sufficient for water, emphasising the benefits gained from the use of technologies like membrane separations for condensate and cleaning solution treatment. In some cases, less cost-intensive technologies such as a clarifier are successful to improve cleaning agent recovery.
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Kweka, Ansila, Anna Clements, Megan Bomba, Nora Schürhoff, Joseph Bundala, Erick Mgonda, Mattias Nilsson, Elliot Avila, and Nigel Scott. "Tracking the Adoption of Electric Pressure Cookers among Mini-Grid Customers in Tanzania." Energies 14, no. 15 (July 28, 2021): 4574. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14154574.
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“Are electric cooking appliances viable clean cooking solutions for mini-grids?” To help answer this question, the Access to Energy Institute (A2EI) set up a pilot project in six different mini-grid locations around Lake Victoria in Tanzania and gave 100 households an electric pressure cooker (EPC) to use in their homes. Each EPC was connected to a smart meter to collect data on how the EPCs were used. The paper presents findings from a study designed around the A2EI pilot project that aims to provide an understanding of cooking practices, the adoption of electric cooking over time, and to assess the potential for electric cooking to substitute traditional cooking fuels. Through collaboration with the Modern Energy Cooking Services (MECS) program, Nexleaf Analytics, and PowerGen, the pilot has generated data on electrical energy consumption from 92 households in six remote areas as well as a comprehensive range of other datasets gathered from 28 households in two of the locations. This paper presents a preliminary analysis of this data. It starts with an analysis of cooking practices in these communities—dishes cooked, utensils used for cooking, and choice of fuels. It goes on to examine fuel stacking behavior, and finally, it examines how people have integrated EPCs into their cooking practices before the highlighting key impacts associated with using EPCs. The answer to the original research question will be useful for different stakeholders such as utility companies, mini-grid operators, electric cooking appliance manufacturers, the clean cooking sector, and international organizations.
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Berg, D. K., S. E. Beaumont, and P. L. Pfeffer. "168 miRNA LEVELS DURING BOVINE PREIMPLANTATION EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 20, no. 1 (2008): 164. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv20n1ab168.
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MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of naturally occurring non-coding RNAs that play a role in gene regulation. They are highly conserved, single-stranded RNAs, 22 nucleotides in length, that are cleaved from larger inactive hairpin precursor transcripts, and use the RNA interference-related pathways to repress their mRNA targets. They play diverse regulatory roles in cellular proliferation, morphogenesis, apoptosis, and differentiation. Maternal miRNAs are crucial for early mammalian development (Murchison et al. 2007 Genes Dev. 21, 682–693; Tang et al. 2007 Genes Dev. 21, 655–648), while sperm-borne miRNAs do not contribute significantly to miRNAs in the zygote (Amanai et al. 2006 Biol. Reprod. 75, 877–884). Our objective was to identify miRNAs that are expressed during bovine in vitro oocyte maturation (MII) and blastocyst stages as well as during parthenogenic development. MII oocytes (n = 1680) were generated from abattoir-derived oocytes and matured in vitro for 24 h. Cumulus cells were removed and the first polar body was visually assessed before the oocytes were frozen in liquid N2. Parthenogenic blastocysts (n = 575) were produced using ionomycin/6DMAP activation, and IVF blastocysts (n = 1150) were produced using standard in vitro fertilization followed by in vitro culture in synthetic oviduct fluid (Thompson et al. 2000 J. Reprod. Fertil. 118, 47–55). Blastocysts (grades 1 and 2) were selected on Day 7 post-activation/insemination and frozen in liquid N2. RNA was isolated using the mirVana miRNA isolation kit (Ambion, Scoresby, Victoria, Australia). miRNAs were quantified using the TaqMan� MicroRNA Human Panel-Early Access Kit (Applied Biosystems, Scoresby, Victoria, Australia) following the manufacturer's protocol. Absolute copy numbers per embryo were estimated. Of the 157 miRNAs in the panel, 102, 136, and 118 were detected above background in oocytes, IVF, and parthenogenic blastocysts, respectively. Only 28 miRNAs were present at over 100 copies in MII oocytes, with maximum levels reaching 1300 copies. Levels were generally much higher at blastocyst stages, with 21 miRNAs present at more than 10 000 copies. miR-16 was one of the most abundant miRNAs in all samples tested. Copy numbers per blastomere cell were 5-fold higher in IVF blastocysts compared to parthegenotic blastocysts for miR-19a, 21, and 30b. The low copy numbers of mature miRNAs before embryonic genome activation may have implications for somatic cell nuclear transfer experiments in that exogenously added miRNAs from the donor cell could impact on the embryonic gene expression profiles.
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Huseby, Jennifer. "Who Gets to Operate on Herbie? Right to Repair Legislation in the Context of Automated Vehicles." Journal of Law and Mobility, no. 2020 (2020): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.36635/jlm.2020.who.
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You bought it, you own it, but do you have the right to repair it? As right-to-repair remains a hot topic in the context of consumer electronics such as smartphones, one must consider the ramifications it may have for the automated vehicle (“AV”) industry. As the backdrop for one of the first legislative victories for right-to-repair, the automobile industry has continued to push for the expansion of right-to-repair to cover increased access to telematics and exceptions to proprietary software controls. However, as we revisit the issue for more highly connected and automated vehicles, it is important to assess the unique considerations of the AV sector before we can transpose previously learned lessons into a new, nearly unpredictable context. As such, this article examines a possible framework that addresses the technical and privacy concerns that uniquely arise when applying right-to-repair legislation to AVs. By attempting to predict on how previously learned lessons may influence action going forward, this article hopes to influence the right-to-repair discourse that will arise between manufacturers, consumers, and independent repair technicians for AVs.
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Finn, Margot. "Debt and credit in Bath's court of requests, 1829–39." Urban History 21, no. 2 (October 1994): 211–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963926800011032.
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Historians have long recognized the central role of debt and credit for producers, retailers and consumers in the later eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. Against a background characterized by persistent shortages of specie, limited banking facilities and erratic transport mechanisms, the speculative impulse that fed the expanding economy drew sustenance from a proliferation of instruments of private credit — notably bills of exchange, promissory notes, and accommodation bills — which, together with an increase of trade credit to retailers and their customers, served to promote and intertwine the industrial, commercial and consumer revolutions. ‘At any one time any business owed and was owed many goods caught up in the process of exchange’, Julian Hoppit observes of the later decades of the eighteenth century. ‘All businessmen were creditors and all businessmen were debtors.’ As trade and manufacture increased in English towns and cities, extended chains of indebtedness multiplied the economic links both between individual producers, retailers or consumers and among these sectors of the economy. Thus in Lancashire innkeepers were the debtors of maltsters, brewers and wine merchants, but were the creditors of shopkeepers, who in turn extended webs of consumer credit to sawyers and carpenters, artisans typically indebted (in their capacity as producers) to the master builders for whom they laboured in Liverpool's shipyards. Based on personal faith rather than tangible securities, these varied forms of private credit were notoriously unstable. Broad-based financial crises fuelled by the failure of private credit became commonplace in the last three decades of the century, and persistently disrupted economic life into the Victorian period.
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groft, tammis kane. "Cast with Style: Nineteenth-Century Cast-Iron Stoves." Gastronomica 5, no. 1 (2005): 19–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/gfc.2005.5.1.19.
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Cast With Style: Nineteenth-Century Cast-Iron Stoves During the nineteenth century Albany and Troy, New York manufacturers were considered to be among the largest producers of cast-iron stoves in the world. Stoves made in these two upstate New York cities were renowned for their fine-quality castings and innovations in technology and design. The strategic location of Albany and Troy, located nine miles apart on opposite banks of the Hudson River, afforded easy and inexpensive transportation of raw materials to the foundries, and finished stoves to worldwide markets. Cast-iron stove making reached its highest artistic achievement and technological advancements between 1840 and 1870. Flask casting and the advent of the cupola furnace permitted more elaborate designs and finer-quality castings. Stove designers borrowed freely from architectural and cabinet-makers design books, a process that resulted in the use of Greek, Roman, Egyptian and Rococo revival motifs; patriotic symbols, and lavish floral designs, all reflecting current taste and sentiment Stove types produced included Franklin, box, dumb, base-burner, parlor, cook stoves and ranges and parlor cook stoves. However, the stoves that attracted the most attention and helped to secure the reputation of Albany and Troy, as innovators in technological and decorative designs were the column parlor stoves produced during the 1830s and 1840s. These stoves were a focal point for a Victorian parlor because the overall designs incorporated current tastes in architecture, furniture and other decorative arts. The decline of the stove industry in Albany and Troy began slowly after the Civil War, when companies went back into full production and glutted the market. Also, new deposits of iron ore were discovered in the Great Lakes region, and entrepreneurs were quick to see the potential of large western markets and began building foundries in Chicago and Detroit. As the century closed, the demands for iron were shifting toward steel.
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Taylor, Lisa. "Landscapes of Loss: Responses to Altered Landscape in an Ex-Industrial Textile Community." Sociological Research Online 25, no. 1 (May 9, 2019): 46–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1360780419846508.
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Geographically located at the heart of Carpetvillage in West Yorkshire, Carpetmakers had once been a thriving manufacturer of fine woven carpets since the late 1880s. From my own experience of growing up there in the 1970s, its inhabitants had held a sense of ‘communal being-ness’ through the shared experience of living there and of making carpets. After the factory was closed, Carpet Mill was demolished in 2002, leaving a void where there had once been a handsome Victorian building. Interested in responses to architectural, spatial, and sensuous change in an ex-industrial landscape, this article asks: what were the subjective consequences for the affective ties that hold together an ex-industrial community? Using sensuous ethnographic mobile methods, the study draws on ex-Carpetmakers employees and local residents. The research found nostalgic memories of Carpetmakers as a paternalistic employer operating in a thriving and largely self-sufficient community. Photographs were collected from respondents, which chart a vast number of social clubs and events that offered an important dimension to the ‘way of life’ offered to workers in this ‘company village’. It found that while the importance of works buildings is acknowledged by writers on de-industrialization, missing from their accounts is an embodied analysis of how people interact in situ with landscapes of demolition. Respondents told of the emotional trauma of the demolition process, the effects of spatial change through the erasure of the village’s architectural past and the almost total decline of a community which, for them, no longer holds a sense of place. The decline in the social structures of an industrial community meant that ageing ex-workers and residents found it difficult to generate communal ties with newcomers to the village.
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Rudakova, A. V., D. M. Danilenko, D. A. Lioznov, L. S. Karpova, S. M. Kharit, E. V. Mikitenko, A. N. Uskov, A. S. Kolbin, L. N. Konovalova, and Yu V. Lobzin. "INFLUENZA VACCINATION OF CHILDREN OF PRESCHOOL AGE IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION: COST-EFFECTIVENESS OF QUADRIVALENT VACCINE." Journal Infectology 11, no. 1 (March 30, 2019): 92–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.22625/2072-6732-2019-11-1-92-97.
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According to requirements of WHO, the trivalent influenza vaccines (TIV) have to contain antigens of two influenza A strains (A/H1N1, A/H3N2) and one influenza B strain which can be presented by antigens of a virus of lineages Yamagata or Victoria. In a season of 2017/2018 the discrepancy of the vaccinal and circulating influenza B strains was noted that caused decrease in effectiveness of vaccination, especially at children’s age when the frequency of detection of influenza B is higher, than in other age groups. Now in the Russian Federation it is registered, in addition to TIV, quadrivalent vaccine (QIV) manufactured in the Russian Federation and including antigens of influenza B viruses of the two lineages.The purpose of work was assessment of the cost-effectiveness of QIV in comparison with TIV at children of preschool age on the basis of epidemiological data on the Russian Federation for a season of 2017/2018.Material and methods. The analysis was carried out by a modeling method from a health care system and societal perspective taking into account epidemiological data on the Russian Federation and the European data on effectiveness of TIV at citizens of various age. Indirect effect of vaccination was not considered. The cost of the TIV and QIV (Grippol plus and Grippol quadrivalent, respectively) corresponded to the registered price including VAT.Results. The analysis showed that use QIV instead of TIV for children of preschool age in an epidemiological season of 2017/2018 would allow to increase quantity of the prevented influenza cases by 17.1%. The prevented indirect costs exceed the prevented direct medical costs. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) is 1042.65-1093.7 thousand rubles/QALY in the analysis from the health care system perspective and 124.50-267.91 thousand rubles/QALY in the analysis from the societal perspective.Conclusions. Vaccination against influenza of children of preschool age in the Russian Federation in a season of 2017/2018 with quadrivalent vaccine would allow to increase significantly the number of the prevented cases of disease and could be considered as economically highly effective intervention. Reduction of vaccine price less, than for 5% in comparison with the registered price would allow to avoid completely additional budget burden.
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Hébert, Gérard. "La législation sur les relations du travail au Canada et le C.P. 1003." Articles 50, no. 1 (April 12, 2005): 85–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/050993ar.
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Au cours du vingtième siècle, les syndicats ont joué un rôle majeur dans le système australien des relations industrielles. Ce rôle a été confié au mouvement syndical par la Commonwealth Conciliation and Arbitration Act de 1904. Cette loi, la base du système d'arbitrage australien, encourageait fortement l'adhésion syndicale et consacrait effectivement les syndicats comme unique voix des travailleurs. Les immigrants en Australie y trouvent alors un mouvement syndical fort et bien organisé pouvant les accueillir. Plusieurs immigrants n'ont eu d'autre choix que de devenir syndiqués. Un bon nombre d'ateliers fermés de facto existaient, plus particulièrement pour les travailleurs manuels dans les secteurs manufacturiers, du transport et de la construction, tous employeurs importants de main-d'œuvre immigrante en provenance de milieux non anglophones (IMNA). En conséquence, les taux de densité syndicale pour les IMNA ont toujours été plus élevés que ceux des australiens d'origine et des immigrants anglophones. Cet article s'intéresse à la façon dont les syndicats ont relevé les défis posés par un groupe d'immigrants membres, les femmes IMNA. Nous examinons le niveau de service offerts à celles-ci par les syndicats, l'étendue de la participation de ces syndicalistes dans leurs syndicats et les priorités qu'elles représentent pour ceux-ci. La documentation existante sur ce sujet souligne le manque de services spéciaux pour satisfaire aux besoins des IMNA syndiqués féminins. On y indique également que ces membres ont un bas niveau de participation dans les activités syndicales telles les votes et la présence aux assemblées, qu'elles sont grandement sous-représentées dans les postes d'officiers et que les syndicats ne s'attardent pas aux préoccupations importantes pour les immigrantes. On conclut en outre que ces facteurs amènent les IMNA femmes syndiquées à être aliénées envers les syndicats et à percevoir ceux-ci de façon négative. Ces prétentions sont cependant sujettes à débat sur au moins deux volets. D'abord, ces études ont été menées durant les années 1970 ou au début des années 1980 et leurs conclusions peuvent ne pas tenir pour les années 1990. Ensuite, ces prétentions pourraient aussi bien s'appliquer aux membres féminins de langue anglaise. Notre recherche vise alors à vérifier si les conclusions tirées dans le passé valent encore et à déterminer s'il y a des différences entre les membres féminins anglophones et les IMNA vis-à-vis leurs syndicats. Cette étude s'appuie sur des données provenant de trois sources : une enquête par questionnaire auprès de tous les syndicats de l'État de Victoria avec un taux de réponse de 55% (N=128), des études de cas de six syndicats en procédant à des entrevues et à des analyses des dossiers, ainsi qu'une enquête par questionnaire auprès d'un échantillon des membres de ces syndicats. Ce dernier questionnaire a été traduit dans dix langues et a connu un taux de réponse de 56% (N=1730). Notre étude démontre que même si une variété de services aux IMNA ont connu une expansion dans les années 1980 et au début des années 1990, un seul service, un cours de formation, visait spécifiquement les IMNA féminins syndiqués et tel service n'était offert que par cinq syndicats. Nous expliquons ce manque de service par trois facteurs interreliés : les ressources syndicales limitées, le statut minoritaire des IMNA féminins dans la plupart des syndicats et les attitudes des dirigeants syndicaux à plein temps. Comparé à leur proportion du nombre total de membres, les IMNA féminins, en dépit d'améliorations durant les années 1980, demeurent sous-représentées de façon significative parmi les dirigeants syndicaux à plein temps, plus particulièrement au niveau supérieur. Cependant, nous avons observé des taux de participation similaires des IMNA et des membres féminins anglophones dans la plupart des activités syndicales visant les membres. Finalement, les priorités industrielles majeures de ces deux groupes de membres sont similaires. Les deux groupes veulent voir leurs syndicats se concentrer sur les préoccupations traditionnelles, telles la sécurité d'emploi et les conditions de travail. Cependant, les IMNA syndiqués féminins accordent beaucoup plus d'importance aux sujets reliés aux immigrants que leurs collègues anglophones.
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Winship, Amy L., Meaghan Griffiths, Carolina Lliberos Requesens, Urooza Sarma, Kelly-Anne Phillips, and Karla J. Hutt. "The PARP inhibitor, olaparib, depletes the ovarian reserve in mice: implications for fertility preservation." Human Reproduction 35, no. 8 (June 30, 2020): 1864–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/humrep/deaa128.
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Abstract STUDY QUESTION What is the impact of the poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitor, olaparib, alone or in combination with chemotherapy on the ovary in mice? SUMMARY ANSWER Olaparib treatment, when administered alone, depletes primordial follicle oocytes, but olaparib does not exacerbate chemotherapy-mediated ovarian follicle loss in mice. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY The ovary contains a finite number of oocytes stored within primordial follicles, which give rise to all mature ovulatory oocytes. Unfortunately, they are highly sensitive to exogenous DNA damaging insults, such as cytotoxic cancer treatments. Members of the PARP family of enzymes are central to the repair of single-strand DNA breaks. PARP inhibitors have shown promising clinical efficacy in reducing tumour burden, by blocking DNA repair capacity. Olaparib is a PARP1/2 inhibitor recently FDA-approved for treatment of BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers with metastatic breast cancer. It is currently being investigated as an adjunct to standard treatment at an earlier stage, potentially curable, BRCA1- and BRCA2-associated breast cancer which affects reproductive age women. Despite this, there is no preclinical or clinical information regarding the potential impacts of olaparib on the ovary or on female fertility. Unfortunately, it may be many years before clinical data on fertility outcomes for women treated with PARP inhibitors becomes available, highlighting the importance of rigorous preclinical research using animal models to establish the potential for new cancer therapies to affect the ovary in humans. We aimed to comprehensively determine the impact of olaparib alone, or following chemotherapy, on the ovary in mice. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION On Day 0, mice (n = 5/treatment group) were administered a single intraperitoneal dose of cyclophosphamide (75 mg/kg/body weight), doxorubicin (10 mg/kg), carboplatin (80 mg/kg), paclitaxel (7.5 mg/kg) or vehicle control. From Days 1 to 28, mice were administered subcutaneous olaparib (50 mg/kg) or vehicle control. This regimen is proven to reduce tumour burden in preclinical mouse studies and is also physiologically relevant for women. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS Adult female wild-type C57BL6/J mice at peak fertility (8 weeks) were administered a single intraperitoneal dose of chemotherapy, or vehicle, then either subcutaneous olaparib or vehicle for 28 days. Vaginal smears were performed on each animal for 14 consecutive days from Days 15 to 28 to monitor oestrous cycling. At 24 h after final treatment, ovaries were harvested for follicle enumeration and immunohistochemical analysis of primordial follicle remnants (FOXL2 expressing granulosa cells), DNA damage (γH2AX) and analysis of apoptosis by TUNEL assay. Serum was collected to measure circulating anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) concentrations by ELISA. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE Olaparib significantly depleted primordial follicles by 36% compared to the control (P < 0.05) but had no impact on other follicle classes, serum AMH, corpora lutea number (indicative of ovulation) or oestrous cycling. Primordial follicle remnants were rarely detected in control ovaries but were significantly elevated in ovaries from mice treated with olaparib alone (P < 0.05). Similarly, DNA damage denoted by γH2AX foci was completely undetectable in primordial follicles of control animals but was observed in ∼10% of surviving primordial follicle oocytes in mice treated with olaparib alone. These observations suggest that functional PARPs are essential for primordial follicle oocyte maintenance and survival. Olaparib did not exacerbate chemotherapy-mediated follicle depletion in the wild-type mouse ovary. LARGE SCALE DATA N/A. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION This study was performed in mice, so the findings may not translate to women and further studies utilizing human ovarian tissue and sera samples should be performed in the future. Only one long-term time point was analysed, therefore olaparib-mediated follicle damage should be assessed at more immediate time points in the future to support our mechanistic findings. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS Olaparib dramatically depleted primordial follicles and this could be attributed to loss of intrinsic PARP-mediated DNA repair mechanisms. Importantly, diminished ovarian reserve can result in premature ovarian insufficiency and infertility. Notably, the extent of follicle depletion might be enhanced in BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers, and this is the subject of current investigations. Together, our data suggest that fertility preservation options should be considered for young women prior to olaparib treatment, and that human studies of this issue should be prioritized. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S) This work was made possible through Victorian State Government Operational Infrastructure Support and Australian Government NHMRC IRIISS. This work was supported by funding from the National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC); (K.J.H. #1050130) (A.L.W. #1120300). K.A.P. is a National Breast Cancer Foundation Fellow (Australia—PRAC-17-004). K.A.P. is the Breast Cancer Trials (Australia) Study Chair for the OlympiA clinical trial sponsored by AstraZeneca, the manufacturer of olaparib. All other authors declare no competing financial or other interests.