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Malyutina, L. F., and N. R. Novoseltsev. "SOLUTIONS TO THE PERSONNEL PROBLEM DURING THE PERIOD OF RE-EVACUATION OF THE POPULATION FROM THE KRASNOYARSK TERRITORY IN THE WAR AND POST-WAR PERIOD (1944–1948)." Northern Archives and Expeditions 5, no. 4 (December 30, 2021): 108–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.31806/2542-1158-2021-5-4-108-120.
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The Great Patriotic War of the Soviet Union against Germany caused the movement of many enterprises and people from the western regions of the country to the eastern ones. Among them is the Krasnoyarsk Territory. About 200 enterprises and institutions from 25 western cities of the country were located here. More than 80 thousand people arrived with enterprises and independently. This is how the machine-building giant Sibtyazhmash, KrasTETs, the Yenisei chemical plant, Krasmash, the Norilsk plant and many other enterprises appeared. They turned Krasnoyarsk into an industrial region of the country. With the victories of the Red Army, the problem arose of restoring the economy of the liberated territories, which suffered significant losses in the material and human spheres. And here the eastern regions again came to the rescue — the process of re-evacuation of equipment and people to their former place of residence begins. This aggravated the problem of workers, especially skilled workers, in Siberia, including the Krasnoyarsk Territory. The enterprises of the region needed qualified personnel, since here, in contrast to the western regions of the USSR, the restructuring of the economy began on a peaceful track, and not its restoration. In this article, the authors analyze the means and methods for solving the problem of retaining personnel in the process of re-evacuation of the civilian population and equipment by the party-Soviet and economic bodies of the Krasnoyarsk Territory. The experience of this period, with certain adjustments, can be used today in order to solve the personnel problem, but now for the settlement of the eastern regions of the country in difficult economic and demographic conditions.
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CHUMIŃSKI, Jędrzej. "Socio-economic conditions of strikes in Poland in 1945-1948." Central European Papers 6, no. 1 (August 30, 2019): 13–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.25142/cep.2018.001.
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Carmichael, Calum M. "Economic Conditions and the Popularity of the Incumbent Party in Canada." Canadian Journal of Political Science 23, no. 4 (December 1990): 713–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008423900020813.
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AbstractThis study measures the effects of macroeconomic conditions upon the popularity of the incumbent party in Canadian federal general elections from 1945 to 1988. In so doing it uses a model similar to the retrospective voting models used in electoral studies in the United States. The results suggest that for the elections from 1945 to 1972, bad economic conditions preceding the election benefited the incumbent party. For the elections from 1974 to 1988, these effects were diminished or reversed. Such results have precedents in separate studies that use Canadian poll data. However, they contradict the general conclusion of American studies that bad conditions hurt the incumbent. This contradiction suggests that the model's assumptions about voting behaviour, which appear to be verified by the American studies, do not apply universally.
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Carter, Erin Baggott. "Diversionary cheap talk: economic conditions and US foreign policy rhetoric, 1945-2010." International Interactions 46, no. 2 (December 3, 2019): 163–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03050629.2020.1688319.
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Winter, I., and T. Brooke. "Urban Planning and the Entrepreneurial State: The View from Victoria, Australia." Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy 11, no. 3 (September 1993): 263–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/c110263.
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It is argued that the state in Victoria, Australia, has pursued five key trends in urban planning throughout the 1980s: Privatisation, liberalisation, subsidisation, commercialisation, and elitism. These trends are a response to conditions wrought by global economic restructuring, the dominance of economic fundamentalism as a political discourse in Australia, the institutional structure of federal–State government financial relations, and a resultant perception of fiscal crisis. These developments in urban planning have resulted in financial costs and a loss of democratic accountability to the Victorian community.
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Mason, Robb, and Shirley Randell. "Education and change in rural areas in the 1990s: Chicken Little was not wrong." Australian and International Journal of Rural Education 2, no. 1 (January 7, 2020): 7–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.47381/aijre.v2i1.266.
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The economic and social conditions of rural Victoria are changing. The concepts and practices that have supported the work of the Country Education Project (CEP) in rural Victoria have to change accordingly. The paper looks at the changes impacting upon rural Australia and examines in particular the subject of disadvantage. Disadvantage is a concept that in practice is drawn from a period of stability and relative affluence. Present circumstances may well require a different interpretation, one more in accord with lifelong educational principles. The policy development of the CEP is then analysed and challenges and issues for that organisation outlined.
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Matray, James I. "Development Delayed: U.S. Economic Policy in Occupied Korea, 1945–1948." Journal of American-East Asian Relations 10, no. 1-2 (2001): 29–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187656101793645579.
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AbstractOn 9 September 1945, U.S. military forces landed at Inchon to begin American occupation of southern Korea. For almost three years thereafter, a U.S. military government under the command of Lieutenant General John R. Hodge was responsible for civil affairs south of the 38th parallel. Its policies resulted in delaying Korea's economic development. Early in World War II, the U.S. government had begun preparations for the postwar administration of military government and civil affairs. At first, the focus was on Germany and its occupied territories, but during 1944, training began for 1,500 army and navy officers to serve in occupied Japan. The program ignored Korea, with the exception of a one-hour lecture in some classes near the end of the war. Plans to prepare civil affairs handbooks summarizing conditions in target areas for over thirty nations did not include Korea. Not surprisingly, many civil affairs officers who served in postwar Korea had trained for duty in Japan. They knew nothing about the country they were to govern and of course did not speak the language. Historians have argued that this lack of preparation was largely responsible for the failures of the American occupation. But other factors were more important in explaining the lack,
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TOYE, RICHARD. "THE LABOUR PARTY'S EXTERNAL ECONOMIC POLICY IN THE 1940s." Historical Journal 43, no. 1 (March 2000): 189–215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x9900881x.
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This article challenges the view that, in accepting the 1945 American loan and its attendant commitments to international economic liberalization, the Labour party easily fell in behind the Atlanticist approach to post-war trade and payments. It is suggested instead that Labour's sometimes seemingly paradoxical behaviour in office was driven, not only by the very tough economic conditions it faced, but also by a fundamental contradiction inherent in its desire to ‘plan’ at both domestic and international levels. This contradiction – the ‘planning paradox’ – is explored with reference to pre-war and war-time developments, including Labour's reactions to the Keynes and White plans of 1943, and to the Bretton Woods conference of 1944. The decision to accept the US loan, and with it the Bretton Woods agreements, is then examined within this context. Finally, an assessment is made of whether, in this key area of policy, Labour's pre-1945 deliberations were effective in preparing the party for the challenges it would face in government.
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Arundhati, Gautama Budi, Samuel Saut Martua Samosir, and Ratih Listyana Chandra. "Urgensi Legislasi Pelaksanaan mandat UUD 1945 Mengantisipasi ASEAN Economic Community 2015." Jurnal Konstitusi 11, no. 2 (May 20, 2016): 333. http://dx.doi.org/10.31078/jk1127.
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Societal welfare is the achievement that should be supported by Government which essentialy has the obligation for the societal welfare through the arrangements within the scope of authority under the mandate of the preamble and articles of the Indonesian Constitution of 1945 and relevant laws. The mandate of ASEAN Charter, which was ratified by House of Representative by Law Number 38 of 2008 concerning Ratification of the Charter of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations, is not an opponent of the Constitution of 1945 in terms of societal welfare, as long as the legislation is implemented on the right way, which can protect Indonesian. The legislative action must reflect the needs and the factual conditions of Indonesian. Regulation relating to the implementation of the ASEAN Charter should always be accompanied by exemption or exception to the path of liberation from the regional competition law which is a logical consequence of the free market of ASEAN in some fields.
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Пасс, Андрей Аркадьевич. "Litigation Related to Economic Offences During Great Patriotic War." ЖУРНАЛ ПРАВОВЫХ И ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКИХ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЙ, no. 4 (December 15, 2020): 129–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.26163/gief.2020.38.60.019.
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В статье с позиции неоинституционального подхода затрагивается актуальная проблема организации судебных слушаний по уголовным делам, относящимся к категории «хозяйственных». Впервые в научной литературе описаны условия, в которых приходилось проводить заседания в период 1941 - 1945 гг. Приведены сведения об образовании и стаже работы судей, их материально-бытовом обустройстве. Воспроизведена процессуальная сторона принятия решений в отношении расхитителей государственной собственности. Уделено внимание исполнению вынесенных приговоров. Автором сделан вывод о том, что реализация действовавших законов и принятых правовых новелл целиком зависела от директив вышестоящих инстанций, которые зачастую не соответствовали возможностям и компетенциям местных судебных органов. On the basis of neo-institutional approach the article addresses the relevant problematic issue related to the organization of court hearings in the field of criminal proceedings in respect to economic offences. For the first time in the academic literature one can find description of conditions the proceedings were to be hold during the war period between 1941 and 1945. The article provides details about judges educational background and their work experience along with their material standards and living conditions. In addition it covers procedure with regard to decision-making against public property robbers with an enforcement of sentences being paid attention to. The author concludes that implementation of laws along with the legal novels then being in force depended entirely on higher authorities directives which were often not in line with potential and competencies of local judicial authorities.
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Kozyakova, Nataliya S. "NATIONALIZATION OF BANKS AND INDUSTRY IN AUSTRIA IN 1945–1946." Vestnik Chuvashskogo universiteta, no. 4 (December 25, 2020): 64–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.47026/1810-1909-2020-4-64-76.
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The article gives the analysis of post-war nationalization in Austria. Nationalization was carried out in the interests of the big capital. This was applied both to the methods and forms of economic management in the nationalized sector, and to the methods and forms of management that were directly carried out by large monopolists and their protégés. Austria’s monopolies exercised full power in the country and used the public sector to the maximum extent possible to strengthen their financial, political and economic dominance, to increase their own profits by redistributing the national income and violating the labor legislation. The experience of the nationalization in Austria, although it is a small country, has made it possible to draw some conclusions about the significance and the role of nationalization in the workers’ struggle to build a socially just state. In Austria, nationalization was caused by the special historical conditions that developed in the country after the defeat of the fascist Germany. The Austrian oligarchy, which was a Germany’s ally, had no direct way to get the industry located in Austria, which belonged to German monopolies. In this period Austrian financial experts considered nationalization as a lesser evil. It was advantageous for the Austrian oligarchy to shuffle off the burden of the entire financial and economic burden on to the state, i.e., ultimately, to the taxpayers. With the help of nationalization, it hoped to prevent the transfer of enterprises located in Eastern Austria and owned by Germany, as reparations, under the ownership of the USSR. The author comes to the conclusion that the economic basis of Austrian neutrality was nationalization, which was also a powerful weapon of the workers in the conditions of a radical change in the balance of power in the country.
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Rakonjac, Aleksandar. "Implementacija sovjetskih ekonomskih metoda u jugoslovensku privredu: industrija i rudarstvo (1945−1947)." Tokovi istorije 29, no. 2 (August 30, 2021): 65–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.31212/tokovi.2021.2.rak.65-86.
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The end of the Second World War in Yugoslavia opened a number of issues related to the organization of the economy. Regarding the concept of building the economy and society, the Yugoslav communists had a clear vision of the future structure even before the end of the war. Strong political reliance on the Soviet Union, determined by the war alliance and ideological closeness, decisively influenced the choice of the economic model that was to be implemented in Yugoslavia. The transition to the Soviet-type command economy, with the aim of mastering and applying Soviet experiences in Yugoslav conditions, took place with the wholehearted help of the USSR. This paper will analyze how the methods from the Soviet economic practice were implemented in industry and mining during the two-year period of economic restoration.
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Vopilovskiy, S. S. "GREAT VICTORY ECONOMY: ARCTIC INDUSTRY DURING THE 1941–1945 WAR." Scientific Review: Theory and Practice 10, no. 6 (June 30, 2020): 1115–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.35679/2226-0226-2020-10-6-1115-1128.
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The study presents the activities of the leading industrial enterprises of the Russian Federation Arctic zone during the Great Patriotic War. The mechanism of restructuring civilian industrial enterprises of Murmansk on a war footing in difficult climatic, economic and psychological conditions of war is analyzed. The official documents that marked the beginning of the anti-Hitler coalition were examined. The social composition of the population of the Kola Peninsula has been determined. The heroic work of Murmansk residents at the main industrial enterprises of the city is presented. The role of executives is highlighted. The huge contribution of the key enterprises to achieving the Victory is estimated. The key economic indicators of the industrial enterprises’ activities showing the real picture of the economic situation at the industries in the difficult conditions of the Arctic hostilities are outlined. The labor activity of workers of the most important enterprises of the People’s Commissariat for Fishery of the USSR in the city of Murmansk in terms of their industrial importance: seaport, fishing port, shipyard, Kirov railway, Kola regional energy system is presented. It has been determined that these enterprises are still the main economy base of the Arctic region nowadays. The purpose of the study is to assess the Soviet control system in wartime period 1941-1945 for the defeat of Nazi Germany. The preservation and further development of the leading industrial enterprises of the city of Murmansk and the Murmansk region is substantiated. It is determined that the heroic labor of the northerners made a significant contribution to the approach of the Victory. Celebrating the 75th anniversary of the Great Victory of the Soviet people over the enemy, today’s Murmansk residents preserve the bright memory of all residents of the military Murmansk. Today Murmansk is the largest industrial center at the North-West of Russia.
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Shih, S., R. Carter, S. Heward, and C. Sinclair. "Costs Related to Skin Cancer Prevention in Victoria and Australia." Journal of Global Oncology 4, Supplement 2 (October 1, 2018): 9s. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jgo.18.10800.
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Background: The aim of this presentation is to provide an update on the economic evaluation of the Australian SunSmart program as well as outline the cost of skin cancer treatment to the Victorian public hospital system. This follows the publication of two recently released published economic evaluations that discusses the potential effects of skin cancer prevention inventions. Aim: 1. To highlight the cost effectiveness of skin cancer prevention in Australia 2. To highlight the costs of skin cancer treatment in the Victorian public hospital system 3. To provide strong evidence to inform governments of the value of skin cancer prevention to reduce the costs of treatment in future years. Methods: Program cost was compared with cost savings to determine the investment return of the program. In a separate study, a prevalence-based cost approach was undertaken in public hospitals in Victoria. Costs were estimated for inpatient admissions, using state service statistics, and outpatient services based on attendance at three hospitals in 2012-13. Cost-effectiveness for prevention was estimated from 'observed vs expected' analysis, together with program expenditure data. Results: With additional $AUD 0.16 ($USD 0.12) per capita investment into skin cancer prevention across Australia from 2011 to 2030, an upgraded SunSmart Program would prevent 45,000 melanoma and 95,000 NMSC cases. Potential savings in future healthcare costs were estimated at $200 million, while productivity gains were significant. A future upgraded SunSmart Program was predicted to be cost-saving from the funder perspective, with an investment return of $3.20 for every additional dollar the Australian governments/funding bodies invested into the program. In relation to the costs to the Victorian public hospital system, total annual costs were $48 million to $56 million. Skin cancer treatment in public hospitals ($9.20∼$10.39 per head/year) was 30-times current public funding in skin cancer prevention ($0.37 per head/year). Conclusion: The study demonstrates the strong economic credentials of the SunSmart Program, with a strong economic rationale for increased investment. Increased funding for skin cancer prevention must be kept high on the public health agenda. This would also have the dual benefit of enabling hospitals to redirect resources to nonpreventable conditions.
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Mpomwenda, Veronica, Tumi Tómasson, Jón Geir Pétursson, Anthony Taabu-Munyaho, Herbert Nakiyende, and Daði Mar Kristófersson. "Adaptation Strategies to a Changing Resource Base: Case of the Gillnet Nile Perch Fishery on Lake Victoria in Uganda." Sustainability 14, no. 4 (February 18, 2022): 2376. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14042376.
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Sustainable management of fisheries has proven to be a daunting exercise for Lake Victoria. Exploitation patterns in the fishery are driven by fishers who adopt different strategies as a response to changing economic, management, socio-economic, and resource conditions. Fisheries managers, however, seldom consider these changes in management policies. The aim of the study, therefore, was to evaluate the adaptation strategies of the Nile perch gillnet fishers on Lake Victoria in Uganda using 8-year catch and effort data collected in the period from 2005 to 2015. Trends of the selected effort and catch variables in the study period identified two adaptive fishing strategies by gillnet fishers on the lake. The first group, the paddled fishermen whose gillnet use varied in the first half of the study, diverted to harvesting juvenile Nile perch by using smaller, mesh sizes, monofilament nets and gillnets of less depth in the second half of the study. Motorized fishers, on the other hand, maintained their mesh size, using multifilament gillnets, however, they increased the depth of their nets in the second half of the study period to maintain their targeted fish size. Fishers on Lake Victoria adapted strategies to cope with their constraints and opportunities based on the Nile perch population structure and their economic needs. It is important for fishery managers to consider that the fishers are an integral part of the fisheries ecosystems, and considering their behavior in management decisions will aid in devising adaptive policies for sustainable resource use and sustainable livelihood development of the fishers’ communities.
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Otieno, EO, and TK Olielo. "Effects of socio-economic conditions of small-scale traders on quality of post harvest tilapia in Kisumu." African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development 14, no. 61 (March 12, 2014): 8545–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.18697/ajfand.61.12805.
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The small - scale fisheries and fish trade sector is important in global and national economies by providing millions with income and consumers with food. Nile perch (Lates niloticus ), Nile tilapia ( Oreochromis niloticus ), and small cyprinid ( Rastrineobola argentea ) form the basis of commercial fishery in Lake Victoria. From 1997 to 2000, East Africa suffered a series of fish export bans due to contamination by Salmonella, cholera epidemics and use of chemicals in Lake Victoria. Kenya thereafter adopted hygiene requirements in European directive 91/493/EEC for fish and fish products. Kenya’s fish production from the lake declined from 180,000 metric tons in 2003 , down to 133,000 metric tons in 2010. Globally, 30% of total fish catch is lost through poor post harvest handling. The objectives of this study were to determine the socio - economic conditions of small - scale fish traders, to investigate hygienic practices in handling, storage and processing of fish, and to isolate and identify human pathogens in both fresh and processed fish sold in Kisumu markets. A structured questionnaire was used to get demographic, socio - economic, safety and quality practices information. Samples of fresh and processed fish were tested for Aerobic Plate Count, Coliform, Escherichia coli and Vibrio cholerae counts. Results revealed that women traders were 81% in number while men were 19% and most of the traders (40%) were aged between 26 and 35 years. The highest level of education attained by majority (51%) of the traders was primary level. The traders’ most frequent income was KES 200 - 399 (USD 3 to 5) a day which cannot sustain a family. Most traders (57%) had additional sources of income to subsidise their needs. Many traders lacked good transport, refrigeration facilities, water, toilet, waste disposal and rubbish disposal. Total plate count was above 10 6 per g which is the maximum allowed. Th e association between Total Plate Count and hygiene quality status of the samples was significant negatively at p value ≤ 0.001. Traders should be trained on hygiene requirements and economic skills for better practices to improve business performance.
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Martin, Lisa L. "Credibility, Costs, and Institutions: Cooperation on Economic Sanctions." World Politics 45, no. 3 (April 1993): 406–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2950724.
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The conditions under which states will cooperate to impose economic sanctions are of both theoretical and practical interest. Generally, when sanctions are used, one state takes the lead in organizing and imposing them. Other states have incentives to free ride on the “leading sender's” efforts. To gain cooperation, the leading sender uses tactical issue-linkage in the form of either threats or side payments. The success of cooperation depends on the credibility of these issue-linkages. The use of high-cost sanctions and international institutions raises the potential for high audience costs if the leading sender reneges. These policies thus indicate credible commitments. Data on ninety-nine cases of post-1945 economic sanctions show that costly measures coincide with high levels of international cooperation.
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Dwi Istinah, Siti Rodhiyah, Sri Kusriyah, and Rakhmat Bowo Suharto. "THE HUMAN RIGHTS PROTECTION IN THE ECONOMIC AFFAIRS OF INDONESIA." Jurnal Pembaharuan Hukum 8, no. 2 (August 4, 2021): 273. http://dx.doi.org/10.26532/jph.v8i2.12824.
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The purpose of this study is to analyze and explain the protection of human rights in the economic sector for citizens to be able to enjoy a socially just economic development as well as to analyze and explain the challenges and obstacles in protecting human rights in the economic sector in an effort to realize social justice in the Constitution 1945. important in the constitution which gave birth to the concept of protecting human rights in the economic sector, which was initiated by the founding fathers, regarding Indonesian socialism. Hatta's idea was in line with Soekarno's thinking as "Indonesian-style socialism" which was adapted to Indonesian conditions. Qualitative research with normative juridical research type with secondary data by means of literature study. The conclusions of this study are 1) so far regulations have not provided much protection for human rights in the economic field, because they are against the principles of economic democracy in Article 33 of the Constitution 1945, so that the interests of citizens are marginalized. 2) regulations so far have more accommodated the principles adhered to by developed countries, the emergence of the era of liberalization, world trade without protection and without obstacles, will increase the level of trade competition among economic actors in Indonesia.
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Andrews, Marcellus. "Book Review: Economic and Social Security and Substandard Working Conditions: Persistent Disparity: Race and Economic Inequality in the United States since 1945." ILR Review 53, no. 2 (January 2000): 333–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001979390005300214.
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Lazareva, Lyubov, Valery Zhuravlev, Dmitry Maslov, Natalya Sukhanova, and Oleg Naumov. "USSR in the post-war years: the struggle for economic independence (1945 - 1953)." E3S Web of Conferences 210 (2020): 16015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202021016015.
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Being the basis of the "Stalinist" economic policy, both due to the peculiarities of ideology and in the perspective of solving geopolitical problems, the struggle for the country's economic independence formed the post-war trajectory of the USSR. The purpose of the paper was to identify the influence of this factor on decisions taken by the Soviet leadership, both in domestic and in foreign policy. Archival materials that have become available to researchers make it possible to clarify the "Stalinist" strategy for solving the task of restoring the national economy and keeping countries of "people's democracy" in the zone of influence in the conditions of the formation of a bipolar world with an acute shortage of resources. The authors of the paper rely on a source database stored in the Russian State Archive of Socio-Political History (RGASPI), in the funds of the Central Committee of the CPSU, in the funds of V.M. Molotov and of A.I. Mikoyan. Continued work with documents in this area promises to open the curtain on the “white spots” of late Stalinism, which remain the subject of heated discussions in historiography. Moreover, it is the post-war period that allows analyzing the "Stalinist" managerial model in its most complete form. Thus, it is also important to investigate its mechanisms from the point of view of solving the problem of the effectiveness / non-effectiveness of the Soviet system.
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Paprot-Wielopolska, Aleksandra. "Post-war Agriculture in Żuławy versus Changes in the Region’s Cultural and Social Landscape in Source Materials, Diaries and Farmers’ Narratives." Wieś i Rolnictwo, no. 1 (190) (July 19, 2021): 13–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.53098/wir012021/01.
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On the example of Żuławy, the paper discusses questions connected with postwar migrations to the Polish Western and Northern Territories, and their consequences for agriculture. It focuses on issues related to the development of the region by new settlers and the changes taking place in the cultural and social landscape. The text highlights the region’s character and its economic conditions before 1945, and considers agricultural settlement and the agrarian and social structure after 1945. Post-war agriculture in the region is presented in the light of the cultural heritage described in scientific literature, the first settlers’ recollections written in the form of diaries in the early 1970s, and biographical accounts that the author recorded in Żuławy in 2018.
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Winslow, Donna. "Anthropology and Development in New Caledonia." Practicing Anthropology 12, no. 1 (January 1, 1990): 14–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.17730/praa.12.1.2u82g716824k6114.
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In 1945 Bronislaw Malinowski stated that "The anthropologist should have as one of his duties…to study the growing forces of (native) nationalism; to insist as all those with knowledge and foresight do, that an improvement in social and, above all, economic conditions, constitutes the only way out of the difficulty, and that no price is too high to pay to prevent inevitable disaster."
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Singleton, John. "Jim McAloon, Judgements of All Kinds: Economic Policy-making in New Zealand 1945-1984. Wellington: Victoria University Press, 2013. 281 pp. ISBN: 9780864738974. Paperback NZ$50." Australian Economic History Review 54, no. 1 (March 2014): 84–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/aehr.12036.
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Suprun, Natalia. "Resources and mechanisms of the post-war reconstruction of West Germany (1945–1962)." Ìstorìâ narodnogo gospodarstva ta ekonomìčnoï dumki Ukraïni 2022, no. 55 (December 10, 2022): 39–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/ingedu2022.55.039.
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The article is devoted to the definition of the most effective resources and mechanisms of the post-war reconstruction of Germany (1945–1962). The study was carried out on the basis of a comparison of the effectiveness and role of the management measures of the occupation authorities, the mechanisms of the Marshall Plan and the economic reforms of the German government in the restoration and further economic rise of Germany. This question is considered in the context of the study of the mutual influence of antagonistic economic doctrines (planning-directive and neoliberal) and a comparative analysis of the doctrinal approaches of the occupation authorities and the national government, which determined the configuration of their interaction and the leading mechanisms of post-war reconstruction in Germany. The article shows that despite large-scale American financial and organizational assistance within the Marshall Plan, the framework conditions for successful transformations were laid by the effective policy of the German government, which was directed at ensuring national interests and realizing the competitive advantages of national production. It was determined that the institutional basis of the economic reforms of the German government of K. Adenauer was the liberalization of the economy and the development of the model of the social market economy, the initiator of the implementation of which was the Minister of National Economy, and later the Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany L. Erhard. One of the basic components of economic liberalization reforms was the large-scale deregulation of business, which provided for the removal of most blocking regulations and the creation of stimulating norms for the development of private entrepreneurship, in particular, the liberalization of tax and credit instruments. The strategic direction of the government's reform policy was determined to be the modernization of the national economy, which included support for the development of strategically important industries and renewal of industrial production. The effectiveness of economic reforms was ensured by a clearly defined vision of building a national model of the social market economy, doctrinal stability and political consistency of the government's course.
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Svydenko, L., L. Hlushchenko, O. Vergun, N. Gudz, and O. Markovska. "Assessment of the weather conditions influence on the economic and value characteristics of Lavandula аngustifolia L. in the conditions of Kherson region." Agroecological journal, no. 3 (September 6, 2022): 84–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.33730/2077-4893.3.2022.266413.
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Assessment of the prospects of introduced and created varieties of Lavandula angustifolia L. in the conditions of the Southern Steppe in terms of yield and essential oil content in raw materials, as well as the influence of the weather conditions of the year on these economically valuable traits is given. The study included 11 samples of Lavandula angustifolia L. Ecological and phenological observations were carried out for the studied plants. During the period of mass flowering of plants, the crop was recorded. The mass fraction of the essential oil was determined by the Ginsberg method on the Clevenger apparatus. The main results of the multi-year research work on the assessment of collection samples for economic and valuable characteristics of Lavandula angustifolia depending on weather conditions are highlighted. On the basis of the State Enterprise «Experimental Farming “Novokakhov”» of the Institute of ClimateOriented Agriculture of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, collection plots of narrow-leaved lavender samples were established for introductory study and testing in the conditions of the Southern Steppe. For 20 years in this region, Lavandula angustifolia underwent multi-vector study as an ornamental and essential oil crop.During this period, new variety samples and varieties adapted to local conditions were created, which have increased decorative indicators, as well as high yield and mass share of essential oil in raw materials. In particular, Lydia, Victoria and Sinieva Nadiyi varieties, with the following characteristics: plant height, cm — 65, 60.0 and 60.0, respectively; inflorescence length, cm — 8.0, 5.0 and 13.0; number of inflorescences on a plant, pcs. — 95, 230 and 200; number of flowers in an inflorescence, pcs. — 80, 49 and 90; essential oil content, % — 3.0, 3.8 and 3.25; collection of essential oil, kg/ha — 64.0, 83.0 and 71.0; content of linalyl acetate in essential oil, % — 48.0, 34.2 and 20.1; duration of the flowering period, days — 30; inflorescence yield, t/ha — 0.53, 0.55 and 0.55; frost resistance, score (1–9) — 9; resistance against pests, score (1–9): ant (Lasiusnsger) — 9; causative agents of diseases, score (1–9) — 9 — not detected (village Lidia), sora rot — 9 (village Victoria) and not detected (village Sinieva Nadiyi); zoning area — steppe. The period 2016–2021 is of particular interest, considering the study of the adaptability of culture. The weather conditions in the mentioned years differed among themselves in terms of temperature, amount of precipitation and their distribution, etc. Such conditions made it possible to assess comprehensively the influence of the weather conditions on the manifestation of economic and valuable characteristics of collections of lavender samples in this region, including newly created varieties of this valuable culture. Observations revealed deviations in the passage of phenological phases and the accumulation of essential oil. The minimum yields and essential oil content of all samples occurred in 2016, which is associated with a sharp drop in temperature and freezing of plant shoots. The maximum yield of raw materials was recorded in 2020, which is associated with the optimal amount of precipitation in the phase of growth and budding. The maximum indicators of the mass fraction of essential oil in raw materials were recorded in 2018, which is associated with high average daily temperatures and the absence of precipitation and dry weather during flowering. The results of the long-term evaluation of the samples of narrow-leaved lavender L. angustifolia based on the main economic and valuable characteristics indicate the prospects of industrial cultivation of the crop in the conditions of the Southern Steppe, and also convincingly prove the presence of genetic material of domestic origin adapted to the conditions of the region.
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Mirzabeckov, M. Ya. "DAGESTAN DURING THE GREAT PATRIOTIC WAR (1941 – 1945)." Bulletin of Kemerovo State University, no. 4 (November 26, 2016): 74–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.21603/2078-8975-2016-4-74-87.
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A comprehensive objective scientific understanding of political processes and changes in the multinational Russian state at the present stage is impossible without reference to the historical experience and the analysis of its national and regional components. In this context, the economic, social, cultural and political development of Dagestan in the years of the Great Patriotic War (1941 – 1945) deserves special attention of social scientists. The article traced the adjustments to the design and organization of the work of public authorities and management in Dagestan that started at the beginning of the Great Patriotic War. The article features Dagestani mobilization of military age people, the main directions of the political work among the population of the republic in the new extreme conditions aimed at the mobilization of material resources, spiritual and moral potential of the peoples of the region in order to achieve a speedy defeat of the enemy. The author comes to the reasonable conclusion that the efforts of the authorities, the selfless labor of workers in towns and villages, purposeful political work in a multinational region in time of war, as well as all over the country, helped repel the aggression and achieve victory over Nazi Germany.
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Oliinyk, O. "JAPANESE "ECONOMIC MIRACLE": HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE COUNTRY IN THE PERIOD OF 1945–1991." Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. History, no. 148 (2021): 46–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/1728-2640.2021.148.8.
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The article presents the experience of Japan in the post-war reconstruction of the country in the period 1945–1991. The socio-economic situation of the country after the Second World War was considered. The historical stages of the country's development in the period under study are determined. The historical conditions in which the country found itself in the postwar period are analyzed. Key historical figures who influenced the development of the country were identified. The directions and measures of reforming and development of the country are revealed and presented. The importance of external factors and foreign policy for the country's assertion on the world stage has been proved. The factors of creating an effective political system, effective public administration, sustainable social and human development are formulated. It was proved that the United States has played an important role in forcing both Japan's political and economic systems. The United States provided Japan with significant financial, economic, and food aid to Japan. During the war between the United States and Korea and Vietnam, the United States placed military orders in Japan, which contributed to the development of the country's industrial base. It was found that the quality of the labor force, its general education and professional level played an extremely important role in the reconstruction of the economy. The effective state regulation of economic development in Japan, which on the one hand was aimed at developing the civil sector of the economy, and on the other at concentrating efforts on cooperation between government and private business at the stage of developing solutions to economic development, played a critical role in "Japanese miracle".
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Zharkynbayeva, R. S., and K. Ye Abdrassilova. "Some aspects of economic crime during the war (1941-1945) (on the example of the Kazakh SSR)." BULLETIN of the L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University. Historical sciences. Philosophy. Religion Series 137, no. 4 (2021): 26–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.32523/2616-7255-2021-137-4-26-45.
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At present, scientists focus on the problems of social history, and psychology of the population as they create a holistic view of the social life of society, the system of labor organization, labor relations of workers as well as material and domestic conditions during the Great Patriotic War. At the same time, such aspects of social life as economic crime during the war received little or no attention in the sphere of special scientific research for a long time. The aim of this article is a comprehensive analysis of economic crime in the USSR by the example of Kazakhstan during the Great Patriotic War. Authors attempted to study economic crime during the war, features of labor motivation, collective psychology, and the inner world of ordinary Soviet citizens through the analysis of historical sources, which allows considering complex social roots of economic crime. The article identifies factors that influenced the growth of crime during the war years, such as the forced evacuation of the population; mobilization in the army; shortage of industrial and food essentials; introduction of card system; difficult working and living conditions of workers, improper work of internal bodies of the Soviet state. The most widespread types of law violations and the ways of their perpetration are revealed in the example of specific enterprises of the Kazakh SSR. The article presents the role of Soviet legislation and state bodies in solving this problem. This article is based on a new set of historical sources extracted from archives («Special Folders» of the Central Committee of the Communist Party, documents of the Party Control Commission, letters and complaints to the authorities, business correspondence, etc.).
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Day, Moira. "'The Country Mouse at Play': Theatre in the Peace River District 1914-1945." Theatre Research in Canada 12, no. 2 (September 1991): 115–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/tric.12.2.115.
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Most theatre history studies concentrate on theatre as it was experienced in the larger urban centres of eastern and western Canada assuming that theatre in the rural districts either followed a similar pattern or simply did not exist. By exploring the dynamics of entertainment in the prosperous but unusually isolated Peace River country in northwestern Alberta between 1914 and 1945, this paper hopes to suggest that rural theatre, particularly in the more isolated districts, often had a distinct character of its own arising from the particular geography,social needs, economic conditions and human resources of the area.
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Trapnell, L. N., A. M. Ridley, B. P. Christy, and R. E. White. "Sustainable grazing systems: economic and financial implications of adopting different grazing systems in north-eastern Victoria." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 46, no. 8 (2006): 981. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea03022.
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Data from experimental sites at Maindample and Ruffy, on which different grazing systems were implemented, was extrapolated to a 100-ha paddock on a commercial property to determine their economic and financial implications. Included into the analyses were risk assessments to allow for sowing failures due to adverse seasonal conditions and price variability of meat and wool during the life of the pasture. Where graziers carried out pasture improvement, the results indicated that changing from control (low-input pasture stocked at a low intensity) to high-input (high stocking rates and fertiliser addition) rather than medium-input pasture was the more profitable option. In changing to high-input pasture at Maindample, a cattle activity using nominal discount rates of 10%/year required success rates in pasture establishment of ≥80% for profitability. For cattle at Ruffy, using the same discount rate, the change was profitable for success rates in pasture establishment of ≥70%, but lamb and wool activities were only profitable for success rates in pasture establishment of ≥90%. Over both sites, cattle at Ruffy was the only activity in which the change was profitable for nominal discount rates of 15%/year, but success rates for pasture establishment also had to be ≥90%. Financial analyses performed on these increases in profitability confirmed that they were feasible because the payback periods for deficits incurred during the development and management of the improved pasture were less than the 13-year life of the investments. However, using a contractor to improve the pastures was not feasible because the deficits could not be repaid within the period of the investment. These results support the current low adoption of perennial pastures and have significant implications for catchment management bodies in Victoria and New South Wales where heavy reliance is placed on perennial pastures to improve catchment outcomes.
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Ho, C. K. M., B. Malcolm, and P. T. Doyle. "Supplementary feeding options to alleviate the impacts of decreased water availability on dairy-farm economic performance in northern Victoria." Animal Production Science 55, no. 2 (2015): 194. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an14287.
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The anticipated effects of climate change, competing demands from the environment, industry and urban users, and changes in water policy are likely to reduce the amount and increase the variability of water allocations to dairy farmers in northern Victoria. The way two irrigated dairy farms that differed in feedbase characteristics, herd size and farm area, would operate and perform with reduced and more variable water allocations was examined over 10 years. Strategies to manage the impact of changed water availability were tested; namely, increasing milk production by feeding more supplementary feed, changing the feed system to present supplements in a partial mixed ration (PMR), and increasing milk production by using a PMR. Neither farm was profitable under medium climate change, or if the conditions that generated the low inflows of water into irrigation supply dams between 1996–97 and 2006–07 prevailed, unless changes were made to the farm system. Feeding supplements in a well formulated mixed ration have the potential to increase the efficiency of metabolisable energy use and offers the opportunity to increase feed intake and milk production. A PMR system enabled one of the farms to maintain and increase profit under medium climate change conditions; however, risk, measured as variability in profit, also increased. Under more severe reductions in water availability, neither of the farms examined was profitable over the run of years. Changes to the farm system other than feeding additional supplementary feed to increase milk production and/or using a PMR system, would be needed to counteract the effects of reduced and more variable water availability and maintain profit.
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Yungblyud, Valery. "Daily Life of the American Embassy in Czechoslovakia in 1945—1948." ISTORIYA 12, no. 6 (104) (2021): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840016048-1.
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The article is devoted to the study of various aspects of daily life of the US Embassy in Czechoslovakia in 1945—1948. The author considers the main areas of its work, major problems and difficulties that American diplomats had to overcome being in difficult conditions of the post-war economic recovery and international tension growth. Special attention is paid to the role of Ambassador L. A. Steinhardt, his methods of leadership, interactions with subordinates, with the Czechoslovak authorities and the State Department. This allows to reveal some new aspects of American diplomacy functioning, as well as to identify poorly explored factors that influenced American politics in Central Europe during the years when the Cold War was brewing and tensions between Moscow and Washington were rising. The article is based on unpublished primary sources from the American archives.
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Swacha, Piotr. "Cenzura względem „Polski Ludowej” – wielkopolskiego pisma Polskiego Stronnictwa Ludowego (1945–1947)." Przegląd Politologiczny, no. 4 (November 2, 2018): 229–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/pp.2012.17.4.16.
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Polska Ludowa, published since April 1, 1945 in Poznañ, was among the most important periodicals of the Polish People’s Party (PSL), presided over by Stanis³aw Miko³ajczyk. The periodical consistently tried to present an image of reality that diverged from the model followed by the press coverage of other political parties, therefore it suffered from large scale censorship. The Regional Authority for the Control of Press, Publications and Performances did not permit the publication of news that could disturb the image of political life created by government propaganda. Therefore, articles prepared in the periodical from Wielkopolska were systematically purged of any references to the high social support enjoyed by the PSL or the party being discriminated against by state institutions. All releases describing cases of political terrorism were also blocked. All mentions of the Polish Workers’ Party (PPR) and its representatives in state authorities were particularly investigated. Censors would delete expressions that evidenced the privileged status of this party or its methods of political competition that defied the principles of democracy. This is indicated by the numerous steps censors took in the periods running up to parliamentary elections. Censors made frequent interventions in articles on social and economic topics as well. Significant restrictions also concerned articles discussing living conditions, security and economic crimes and abuses. The issues of international relations were touched on by Polska Ludowa to a smaller extent, which made censors pay particular attention to articles concerning the Soviet Union.
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Mujiburohman, Dian. "The Practice of Presidential Succession in Indonesia." PADJADJARAN Jurnal Ilmu Hukum (Journal of Law) 07, no. 02 (2020): 250–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.22304/pjih.v7n2.a6.
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This study analyzed Article 8 of the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia on the presidential succession in Indonesia. The 1945 Constitution clearly regulates presidential and vice-presidential election period for once in five years. However, the practice of presidential succession can be unpredictable. This article aims to elaborate the management of presidential succession in Indonesia. The study in this article employed normative research method by applying a statute approach. The finding of the study proves that based on Article 8 of the 1945 Constitution; there are four circumstances of presidential substitutions. They are decease, resignation, dismissal, and inability to carry out duties. However, in the actual practices that have been happened several times, the presidential successions in Indonesia were not always caused by the four conditions. The examples are the successions of Soekarno, Soeharto, and Abdurrahman Wahid. The three Presidents were dismissed without transparent legal reasons. Their dismissals were based merely on political decisions, not legal reasons. In addition, political transitions, internal conflicts, and economic crises contributed to the presidential successions in Indonesia.
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Mujiburohman, Dian. "The Practice of Presidential Succession in Indonesia." PADJADJARAN Jurnal Ilmu Hukum (Journal of Law) 07, no. 02 (2020): 250–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.22304/pjih.v7n2.a6.
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This study analyzed Article 8 of the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia on the presidential succession in Indonesia. The 1945 Constitution clearly regulates presidential and vice-presidential election period for once in five years. However, the practice of presidential succession can be unpredictable. This article aims to elaborate the management of presidential succession in Indonesia. The study in this article employed normative research method by applying a statute approach. The finding of the study proves that based on Article 8 of the 1945 Constitution; there are four circumstances of presidential substitutions. They are decease, resignation, dismissal, and inability to carry out duties. However, in the actual practices that have been happened several times, the presidential successions in Indonesia were not always caused by the four conditions. The examples are the successions of Soekarno, Soeharto, and Abdurrahman Wahid. The three Presidents were dismissed without transparent legal reasons. Their dismissals were based merely on political decisions, not legal reasons. In addition, political transitions, internal conflicts, and economic crises contributed to the presidential successions in Indonesia.
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Woźniak, Marta. "Konstrukcja prawna planowania przestrzennego w Polsce w latach 1945–1989." Studia nad Autorytaryzmem i Totalitaryzmem 43, no. 3 (December 19, 2021): 141–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/2300-7249.43.3.11.
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The main objective of this paper is to present the legal construction of the spatial planning in Poland between 1945 and 1989, as well as its evaluation from the perspective of the development of spatial planning and management legislation. The thesis put forward in the paper is that between 1945 and 1989, i.e. in the years when the principle of self-governance was not supported by state institutions, spatial planning was detached from the needs of local communities. Analyzing the legal construction of the spatial planning in Poland between 1945 and 1989 showed a certain regularity, namely that the spatial order construction was difficult at that time due to the then socio-economic conditions resulting in the centrally controlled spatial development and a hierarchy of spatial planning acts. The paper indicates that in those years, there was a connection between spatial planning and building law, but it was not as strong as in the interwar period. The connotations with the environmental law in turn manifested themselves in the downplaying of environmental issues in spatial planning. The article shows that in the years 1945–1989, there was little interest from the legislator in the category of public interest, which at the time became known as “social interest”.
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Zhadan, A. V. "Organization and Activity of NKVD Labor Educational Colonies for Minors in Khabarovsk Region in 1943–1945." Modern History of Russia 11, no. 2 (2021): 408–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/11701/spbu24.2021.207.
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The article, based on documentary sources, the main part of which is introduced into scientific circulation for the first time, aims to analyze and summarize the historical experience of labor educational colonies for minors of the NKVD on the territory of the Khabarovsk territory in wartime (taking into account the events of the Soviet-Japanese war) and in the first post-war months of 1945. Within the framework of this goal, the author sets the following tasks: to specify the social significance of these institutions in relation to wartime conditions; describe the main directions of their activities (educational process and industrial training); establish the causes and nature of the problems that accompanied the activities of educational colonies at the time under review. The publication concludes that being essentially correctional and educational institutions, labor educational colonies for minors performed humanitarian, criminological, preventive, and socio-economic functions during the study period. The main problems in the activity of the colonies, which affected the material and everyday aspects of the life of pupils, the quality of educational work and the educational process, were the lack of material resources and experienced, qualified personnel. It is noted that the functioning of these institutions in the Khabarovsk territory was fully affected by the socio-economic specifics of the far Eastern region with a characteristic shortage of human resources, a relatively weak economic base, an undeveloped infrastructure and a saturation of penitentiary institutions. The author gives a positive assessment of the role of the leadership of the NKVD administration in the Khabarovsk territory in strengthening the discipline of the colony staff, suppressing illegal actions against pupils, creating favorable material and living conditions, and improving the educational and upbringing process.
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Syafril, Syafwendi. "REFLECTION, IMPLEMENTATION, AND CONSEQUENCES OF ARTICLE 33 OF THE 1945 CONSTITUTION (AFTER AMENDMENT) TOWARDS THE ECONOMY OF INDONESIA AND ISLAMIC ECONOMIC CONNECTION." Airlangga International Journal of Islamic Economics and Finance 3, no. 2 (December 14, 2020): 68. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/aijief.v3i2.23878.
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Indonesia is one of the world's largest country is strategically located betweentwo continents and two oceans. Strategic location endows Indonesia withabundant natural resources from the sea, air, and land area. Besides havingabundant natural resources, Indonesia has rich in culture, language, andcustoms, as well as demographic conditions. With the potential and assetsowned by Indonesia, this country has the opportunity to be a progressive andgrowing rapidly country.The committee was formed by the unification ofperception through legislation by the central government to support economicprosperity for the sake of welfare for all Indonesian people. So with thiscommitment is raised regulation of 33 UUD 1945, as one form betweengovernment and society to advance Indonesia's economy, so that will beexpected to improve the sustainable development, utilization of naturalresources to support the benefit of many people's lives, and that isn’t equallyimportant is the creation of social welfare for Indonesian society. But these loftyambitionsaren’t going according to what was expected earlier, the attitude ofindividualism that is more about profitability than the social welfare is moreprominent in the implementation of Article 33 UUD 1945, especially after thepoint of the article was amended.
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Gennetian, Lisa A. "Book Review: Economic and Social Security and Substandard Working Conditions: Child Poverty and Deprivation in the Industrialized Countries, 1945–1995." ILR Review 52, no. 3 (April 1999): 484–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001979399905200310.
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Hussien, Assis PhD Saad Mohammed Ali. "The position of the public opposition parties press toward the economical situation in Iraq (1946-1954 A.C)." ALUSTATH JOURNAL FOR HUMAN AND SOCIAL SCIENCES 221, no. 2 (September 1, 2017): 85–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.36473/ujhss.v221i2.453.
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The Iraq remained until the end of the second War World 1945 suffered from the bad political economy of British , and its impact on Iraqi economy, this reflects on the public status for Iraqi categories, furthermore on economic activities didn’t achieve any progress and remained Iraqi in cycle of undeveloped , and as try to absorb this curse , the Iraq government with guide of British permitted and allowed the Iraqi’s parties to exist, this matter make them tried to be against these phenomena through using press and consider it as political demands of Iraqi’s people and construct their economy.
The research divided into two sections , the first section deals with economic conditions in Iraq since the British invasion until the end of Second War World. The second section involves the attitude of public press of opposition political parties toward these conditions for period 1946-1954.
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Hunter, Walt. "Contemporary Poetry and Capitalism." American Literary History 31, no. 4 (2019): 860–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/alh/ajz039.
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Abstract The field of poetry and poetics has been revitalized by a decade and a half of close attention to many of its enduring premises and assumptions. Three new books by Jasper Bernes, Margaret Ronda, and Heather Milne show how US poetry from 1945 to the present responds to the changing conditions of historical capitalism. Departing from older periodizing narratives anchored in the shift from modernism to postmodernism, these books uncover the poetic histories that emerge in tandem with changes in economic structures and political regimes.
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Keese, Alexander. "Forced Labour in the “Gorgulho Years”: Understanding Reform and Repression in Rural São Tomé e Príncipe, 1945–1953." Itinerario 38, no. 1 (April 2014): 103–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0165115314000072.
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The crossroads of nationalist historiographies in sub-Saharan Africa and of the history of developmentalist attempts that characterise the European late colonial states, have left us with very incomplete images of important trajectories. In the seemingly more “liberal” large colonial empires—notably the French and British—sails were set by 1945 towards a policy of investment and economic change. Some of the scholarly debates question whether this investment was genuine or just a last resort to avoid (rapid) decolonisation; others put the emphasis on inadequate routines of development implemented in these territories, many of which have apparently been continued since decolonisation.In this context, we encounter a clear lack of understanding about how decisions made by individual actors on the administrative level interacted with the larger panorama of social conditions in colonial territories, and of the consequences that these interactions had for the paths towards decolonisation. For a smaller empire such as the Belgian colony of Congo-Léopoldville, these processes are still more obscure; and for the colonies ruled by authoritarian metropoles, as in the cases of territories under Spanish and Portuguese rule, stagnation and absence of change are often taken for granted. In other words, these territories, which were under the rule of metropoles regarded as rather weak in economic terms, are treated as unrepresentative of the broader, European movement towards change in colonial policies. However, the conditions of change towards economic and social modernisation in this latter group of empires, even when inhibited by lack of funding and weak professionalisation of the administration, are frequently very telling for the broader range of challenges that the late colonial states faced.
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Young, J. M., G. Saul, R. Behrendt, F. Byrne, M. McCaskill, G. A. Kearney, and A. N. Thompson. "The economic benefits of providing shelter to reduce the mortality of twin lambs in south-western Victoria." Animal Production Science 54, no. 6 (2014): 773. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an13256.
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Achieving higher lamb weaning percentages by reducing lamb mortality can improve the profitability of sheep enterprises. In this paper we estimated the financial benefits from providing shelter to reduce the mortality of twin lambs in self-replacing Merino or dual-purpose Merino flock enterprises in south-west Victoria. A whole-farm bio-economic model (MIDAS) was initially used to estimate the increase in profit from reducing mortality of twin lambs and a second analysis included the costs of using perennial grass hedges to provide the shelter during lambing. The economic value of providing shelter was tested at three rates of twinning (10, 30 and 50%), three rates of mortality without shelter (70, 50 and 30%) and two levels of reduction in lamb mortality by providing shelter (25 and 50% reduction). A sensitivity analysis to wool and lamb prices, costs of establishing the grass hedges and stocking rates in the shelter area were also tested. Overall, more than 2500 scenarios were tested. Across the range of twinning rates and levels of twin mortality tested, at standard wool and meat prices, providing shelter to the dual-purpose Merino ewe flock was always profitable ($0.05 to 11.35/ewe) and the profits from providing shelter to the self-replacing Merino ewe flock were generally lower ($0.15 to $6.35/ewe). The impacts of changing wool and lamb prices depended on enterprise type, whereas the costs of establishment of the hedges or stocking rate of ewes in the hedge area during lambing had little impact on profitability. The main factor that determined the economic return from shelter was the reduction in mortality provided by the shelter but the proportion of twin-bearing ewes in the flock and the base rate of lamb mortality without shelter was also important. Overall, based on the assumptions used, we conclude that the profitability of many sheep enterprises lambing during frequent high chill weather conditions in temperate areas of south-eastern Australia could be improved by providing low cost shelter for twin-bearing Merino ewes lambing from July to September.
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GRIFFITHS, RYAN. "Secession and the invisible hand of the international system." Review of International Studies 40, no. 3 (March 20, 2014): 559–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0260210513000351.
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AbstractThis article argues that 1945 constitutes an historical inflection point from a period of state expansion to state contraction and that this transformation is primarily the result of changes at the international level. Just as security and economic pressures drove lead states to expand in earlier times, changing conditions in the post-1945 period led to a contraction in state size. The change from multipolarity, the development of the territorial integrity norm, the shift to nuclear deterrence, and the burgeoning global economy contributed to the milieu in which states evaluate the costs and benefits of holding territory, and this has enabled states to permit secession more frequently. The result has been an increase in the rate of peaceful secession and a corresponding proliferation in the number of sovereign states. I test this argument both qualitatively and quantitatively using original data on secessionist movements and internal administrative regions between 1816 and 2005.
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Haines, Steven. "War at sea: Nineteenth-century laws for twenty-first century wars?" International Review of the Red Cross 98, no. 902 (August 2016): 419–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1816383117000418.
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AbstractWhile most law on the conduct of hostilities has been heavily scrutinized in recent years, the law dealing with armed conflict at sea has been largely ignored. This is not surprising. There have been few naval conflicts since 1945, and those that have occurred have been limited in scale; none has involved combat between major maritime powers. Nevertheless, navies have tripled in number since then, and today there are growing tensions between significant naval powers. There is a risk of conflict at sea. Conditions have changed since 1945, but the law has not developed in that time. Elements of it, especially that regulating economic warfare at sea, seem outdated and it is not clear that the law is well placed to regulate so-called “hybrid” warfare at sea. It seems timely to review the law, to confirm that which is appropriate and to develop that which is not. Perhaps a new edition of theSan Remo Manualwould be timely.
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Koshina, Olga V., and Larisa G. Skvorcova. "Industry of Mordovia during the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945: conditions of formation and ways of development." Economic History 16, no. 1 (April 3, 2020): 64–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.15507/2409-630x.048.016.202001.064-076.
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Introduction. The problem of the development of industry in Mordovia during the war remains relevant in modern conditions. In the year of the celebration of the 75th anniversary of Victory in the Great Patriotic War, researchers again turn their attention to various aspects of the industrial development of the republic during the war years. Materials and Methods. The theoretical and methodological paradigm of the study was the theory of modernization. The socio-economic processes in the MASSR are analyzed, which testify to the formation of the foundations of an industrial society in the agrarian republic. The narrative method is actively combined with the sociological and historical-comparative. The multifactorial approach allowed the authors to identify the conditions for the formation of the industrial base of the republic in wartime. Results. The main problems in the development of the industrial base of Mordovia during the war were: shortage and low qualification of personnel, imbalance between the engineering and working staff of enterprises, interruptions in the supply of raw materials and electricity, the absence of heavy industry in pre-war Mordovia, lack of production space for evacuated enterprises, and difficult social living conditions for evacuated specialists. Discussion and Conclusions. The ways to increase industrial production during the war were: socialist competition, various methods of advanced training, overtime in wartime, an innovative movement, the mobilization of different sectors of the population at industrial facilities. Evacuated enterprises formed the basis of the industrial base of post-war Mordovia.
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Priemel, Kim Christian. "Occupying Ukraine: Great Expectations, Failed Opportunities, and the Spoils of War, 1941–1943." Central European History 48, no. 1 (March 2015): 31–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008938915000059.
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AbstractThe attack against the Soviet Union was ideologically motivated, but the timing owed a great deal to military and economic considerations. German hopes largely focused on Ukraine, which was expected to be both a giant breadbasket and a reservoir of essential minerals. But plans for the economic exploitation of Ukraine were flawed from the beginning and remained inconsistent throughout the war. Substantial reconstruction efforts only began belatedly and were accompanied by brute force that combined economic logic with ideological zeal. The Nazi policies of racist repression and mass murder were, then, both a means of and an obstacle to exploitation of the East. Yet, they were also successful: without the raw materials obtained from Ukraine, the Nazi war machine would have likely ground to a halt well before 1945. The cost of sustaining the German war effort was consequently borne, to a large extent, by the local population, which labored under appalling conditions both in the Reich and in Ukraine itself.
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Andreev, Anton. "Uruguay and the USSR in 1945–1991: bilateral relations in the context of the left movement." Latinskaia Amerika, no. 9 (2022): 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0044748x0021677-3.
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In modern international conditions Russia is forced to change the vectors of its foreign policy. Moscow paying attention to the countries of Latin America, seeing them as its political and economic partner. However, Russian-Latin American relations have historical traditions formed during the Cold War. The purpose of this article is to show the development of bilateral relations between the USSR and Uruguay in the second half of the 20th century in the context of the development of the Latin American left movement. Based on archival materials, press, memoirs, the article shows how contacts between the left parties of Uruguay and the CPSU influenced to the formation of relations between the two states. Using diplomatic documents, the author reveals the main stages and events of bilateral relations.
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Rachwał, Tomasz. "Research Issues of Structural Changes in Polish Industry in Geography of Industry." Studies of the Industrial Geography Commission of the Polish Geographical Society 32, no. 4 (November 27, 2018): 86–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.24917/20801653.324.5.
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The research themes of geography of industry are continually evolving. The dynamic development of this sector of the economy after 1945 in the conditions of the socialist economy, in which the processes of industrialisation of the country were treated as priorities, as well as the processes of economic transformation in Poland after 1989, influencing the changes in the previously developed socio-economic structures, including industry structures, influenced the shaping of the research problem of this sub-discipline of geography in Poland. These changes, leading to the adaptation of these structures to the changing management principles, take place under the influence of impulses from the international environment associated with building a knowledge-based economy and moving from the industrial and post-industrial phase to the informational phase of civilisation development. These essential issues of transformation of industrial structures in the period of economic transformation and the development of a knowledge-based economy have become the subject of interest of many researchers, including economic geographers. The article presents the evolution of the themes and the main directions of research on structural changes in Polish industry in the conditions of transition from the centrally planned economy to market economy. In conclusion, it is shown that Polish geography of industry has undertaken significant scientific and economic problems of structural changes in industry during the period of economic transformation, continually updating its research priorities. Researchers quickly reacted to changes in the legal and political conditions of the functioning of the national economy, despite numerous barriers, related to, among other things, limited access to data on industrial activities, resulting in the lower interest of geographers in industrial research. The paper ends with recommendations regarding future possible research directions and a comprehensive bibliography of the studies.
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Yury, Belonogov. "Evolution of State Policy Towards Labour Desertion in 1944-1945." TECHNOLOGOS, no. 2 (2021): 44–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.15593/perm.kipf/2021.2.04.
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The object of scientific research was the evolution of legislation and its law enforcement practice with respect to the deserters from military industrial enterprises at the final stage of World War II. This evolution formally suggested an obvious change of emphasis in the penal policy of labour mobility control: from toughening law enforcement practices to realization of large-scale amnesties of workers who arbitrarily left their places of work.On the basis of the local archival materials the author analyzes practical implementation of innovations reflected in the Decree of the Government of the USSR of June 29, 1944 (change in the procedure for searching and punishing deserters; bringing economic leaders to criminal and party responsibility for non-compliance with the norms of the Decree of December 26, 1941; preventive measures aimed at improvement of working and living conditions). However, attempts of systemic improvement of existing legislation and its enforcement practices faced with certain institutional constraints existed due to the nomenclature organization of power and the supply and demand correlation in the labour market. The author sees the reasons for the amnesties in 1944‒1945 in the low efficiency of toughening punitive measures, excessively high administrative expenses in the process of the Decree of December 26, 1941 realization. It is mentioned that holding the amnesty did not change the substance of the legislation on criminal prosecution for unauthorized abandonment of the workplace of workbut was only the reaction of the state which defended the departmentinterests of the military industry people's commissariats concerning the provision of enterprises with labor force, the reaction to the poorly effective search for labor deserters.