Journal articles on the topic 'Victims' relative'
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1
Dawtry, Rael J., Mitchell J. Callan, Annelie J. Harvey, and James M. Olson. "Derogating Innocent Victims: The Effects of Relative Versus Absolute Character Judgments." Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 44, no. 2 (October 3, 2017): 186–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146167217733078.
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Drawing on just-world theory and research into the suppression and justification of prejudice, we propose that the use of relative compared with absolute measures of an innocent victim’s character enables observers to derogate the victim without transparently violating social norms or values proscribing derogation. In Study 1, we found that positive feelings expressed toward victims mirrored social norms proscribing negative reactions toward them. In Studies 2a, 2b, and 3, innocent victims were evaluated more negatively when ratings were made using relative (i.e., compared with evaluations of the average student or the self) versus absolute scales. In Study 4, this effect of scale type on derogation was stronger for people higher in the motivation to avoid prejudiced reactions to victims. Relative judgments seem to allow individuals to enact their counternormative motivation to derogate the victim under the cover of ambiguity and ostensibly rationally motivated social comparison processes.
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Cho, Sujung, and Jin Ree Lee. "Joint Growth Trajectories of Bullying Perpetration and Victimization Among Korean Adolescents: Estimating a Second-Order Growth Mixture Model–Factor-of-Curves With Low Self-Control and Opportunity Correlates." Crime & Delinquency 66, no. 9 (December 14, 2019): 1296–337. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011128719890271.
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Joint growth trajectories of bullying perpetration and victimization were examined using 5-year panel data (2004–2008) from a sample of 2,844 South Korean adolescents between the ages of 11 and 15 (fourth to eighth grade). The second-order growth mixture model revealed three distinct subgroups: bully-victims to low bully-victims transition (9.9%); moderate bully-victims to victim transition (6.8%); and a limited involvement/stable group (83.3%). Respondents with less self-control who associated with delinquent peers were more likely to be members of both the bully-victims to low bully-victims transition and the moderate bully-victims to victim transition groups, compared with the limited involvement/stable group. Relative to the limited involvement/stable group, adolescents with less self-control were more likely to be members of both transition groups even after controlling for opportunity measures. Delinquent peer associations partially mediated these associations.
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Tontodonato, Pamela, and Edna Erez. "Crime, Punishment, and Victim Distress." International Review of Victimology 3, no. 1-2 (January 1994): 33–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026975809400300203.
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The costs of crime to victims are well-known and research has described the physical, emotional, and financial injuries sustained by crime victims. To date, however, there has been little empirical work which investigates the correlates of victim distress vis-à-vis victim involvement in the criminal justice process. The present study explores the role played by the criminal justice experience in victim distress level and the relative importance of victim, offense, and system participation variables. Multivariate analysis revealed that the level of distress following the victimization is largely a function of offense type, victim perception of sentence severity, and victim demographic characteristics of sex and age. Investigation of the factors predictive of current victim distress level indicated that receiving restitution and the level of distress following the victimization are most important, in addition to the personal characteristics of race and marital status. The implications of these findings for research on victim participation and for policy concerning crime victims are discussed.
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Glasser, M., I. Kolvin, D. Campbell, A. Glasser, I. Leitch, and S. Farrelly. "Cycle of child sexual abuse: Links between being a victim and becoming a perpetrator." British Journal of Psychiatry 179, no. 6 (December 2001): 482–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.179.6.482.
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BackgroundThere is widespread belief in a ‘cycle’ of child sexual abuse, but little empirical evidence for this belief.AimsTo identify perpetrators of such abuse who had been victims of paedophilia and/or incest, in order to: ascertain whether subjects who had been victims become perpetrators of such abuse; compare characteristics of those who had and had not been victims; and review psychodynamic ideas thought to underlie the behaviour of perpetrators.MethodRetrospective clinical case note review of 843 subjects attending a specialist forensic psychotherapy centre.ResultsAmong 747 males the risk of being a perpetrator was positively correlated with reported sexual abuse victim experiences. The overall rate of having been a victim was 35% for perpetrators and 11 % for non-perpetrators. Of the 96 females, 43% had been victims but only one was a perpetrator. A high percentage of male subjects abused in childhood by a female relative became perpetrators. Having been a victim was a strong predictor of becoming a perpetrator, as was an index of parental loss in childhood.ConclusionsThe data support the notion of a victim-to-victimiser cycle in a minority of male perpetrators but not among the female victims studied. Sexual abuse by a female in childhood may be a risk factor for a cycle of abuse in males.
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Gibson, Rhonda, and Dolf Zillmann. "Reading between the Photographs: The Influence of Incidental Pictorial Information on Issue Perception." Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 77, no. 2 (June 2000): 355–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/107769900007700209.
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A news report on an Appalachian tick disease was differently illustrated. It either contained no images, an image of ticks, or this tick image plus three child victims. The victims were ethnically balanced (two White, one Black) or not (either all White or all Black). The text did not make any reference to the victims' ethnicity. Respondents assessed the risk of contracting the disease for children of different ethnicity. Partiality in pictorially representing a particular ethnic group fostered the relative overestimation of risk for that group. Inclusion of the image of ticks, especially when combined with victim images, prompted higher risk assessment overall.
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Kalaitzaki, Argyroula E., John Birtchnell, and Evangelos I. Kritsotakis. "The Associations Between Negative Relating and Aggression in the Dating Relationships of Students From Greece." Partner Abuse 1, no. 4 (October 2010): 420–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/1946-6560.1.4.420.
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The study examined the prevalence rates and severity of four aspects of dating aggression (physical assault, injury, sexual coercion, and psychological aggression) and their associations with negative relating tendencies in a convenience sample of 247 university students from Greece. A high proportion of the students were both aggressors and victims of aggression by their partners. Prevalence and chronicity of the majority of the types of aggression were higher for male than for female students. There were few gender differences in the prevalence of being a victim of aggression. Although, as predicted, both aggressors and victims had higher negative relating scores than those who were neither aggressors nor victims, few of the differences were statistically signifi cant. However, injury, sexual coercion, and severe assault were signifi cantly correlated with relating from a position of relative strength (upperness). Being injured was signifi cantly correlated with relating from a position of relative weakness (lowerness).
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Budd, Kristen M., Michael Rocque, and David M. Bierie. "Deconstructing Incidents of Campus Sexual Assault: Comparing Male and Female Victimizations." Sexual Abuse 31, no. 3 (May 4, 2017): 296–317. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1079063217706708.
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Research on campus sexual assault (CSA) has almost exclusively drawn on self-report data, examined undergraduates (i.e., students aged 18-24), and focused on female victimization. The few studies which included male CSA victims generally had fewer than 100 male subjects, which makes important statistical analyses difficult. To build upon prior literature and expand knowledge on male CSA victimization, we analyzed more than 5,000 incidents of CSA that were reported to police from across the United States using National Incident-Based Reporting System data (NIBRS; 1993-2014). We expanded victim age ranges to include those 17 to 32 years old and investigated more male CSA victimizations than prior work to date, approximately 350 incidents. Comparisons of male victim versus female victim CSA incidents, estimated via multivariate logistic regression, revealed several important patterns. Although both male and female victims were approximately 19 years old on average, perpetrators who assaulted females tended to be 23 years old while those assaulting males were on average 29. While 1% of CSA perpetrators offending against female victims were themselves female, 17% of perpetrators offending against male victims were female. Finally, CSA incidents with male victims were more likely to include multiple offenders, but less likely to involve stranger or Black perpetrators and also less likely to result in injuries relative to CSA incidents with female victims. Implications are discussed in terms of policing practices, and we pose new questions to the field regarding the study and prevention of CSA.
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Martin, Patricia Yancey, and R. Marlene Powell. "Accounting for the “Second Assault”: Legal Organizations’ Framing of Rape Victims." Law & Social Inquiry 19, no. 04 (1994): 853–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-4469.1994.tb00942.x.
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What organizational and community conditions influence legal officials to treat rape victims “unresponsively”? Our analysis is guided by Goffman's theory of organizational frameworks and frames of activity and March and Olsen's institutional theory of organizations. Using data from 130 organizations in Florida that process rape cases, we compare six types of organizations (including hospital emergency rooms and rape crisis centers) on eight criteria and review their frameworks and frames of activity relative to unresponsiveness. We use the issue of victim legitimacy to illustrate the utility of our model. Our results show that well-meaning staff in legal organizations are oriented to routinely treat victims unresponsively. Their organizations routinely orient them to be concerned with, for example, public approval, the avoidance of losing, and expediency more than with victims' needs. In our conclusion, we identify ways legal officials and rape crisis centers can promote responsive treatment of victims. We also call for research on legal organizations that are responsive to victims and for a nationwide discourse on the “politics of rape victims' needs” as a means of addressing the gender inequality issues that underlie rape crimes and laws and orient legal officials to treat victims unresponsively.
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Shemanova, N. A. "The Experience of Overcoming of Trauma Caused by Getting Acquainted with Archival Investigative Case of Repressed Relative." Консультативная психология и психотерапия 24, no. 1 (2016): 169–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.17759/cpp.2016240111.
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The article describes a case when exploring archival investigation file of the repressed and executed relative is accompanied by the emergence of delayed posttraumatic stress disorder. Feelings that emerged during contact with the investigation file: fear, resentment and confusion, shame, the desire to keep a secret are disscussed. The difference between experiences of relatives of the Gulag victims and relatives of victims of other historical events or disasters is examined. The article considers protective and adaptive mechanisms that help to overcome psychological trauma.
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Chasteen, Alison L., and Scott F. Madey. "Belief in a Just World and the Perceived Injustice of Dying Young or Old." OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying 47, no. 4 (December 2003): 313–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/w7h7-te9e-1fwn-b8xd.
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We investigated how belief in a just world (i.e., that people get what they deserve) affects the perceived injustice of dying young versus dying old. Younger and older adult participants completed a measure of their just world beliefs and then were randomly assigned to read one of four newspaper articles purportedly about a person who died in an automobile accident. In the articles, both the victim's age (19 or 79) and the victim's outlook on life (concerned about the future or living for today) were varied. Results indicated that participants viewed the death of a younger victim as more unjust than the death of an older victim. Older adults, however, experienced less negative affect than did younger adults when reading the article. Older adults also expressed a higher belief in a just world (BJW) than did younger adults. In addition, BJW was related to perceived justice. Participants with a higher BJW perceived the deaths of both victims as more tragic and unjust than did those with a low BJW. The victim's outlook on life did not affect perceived justice. Implications for medical decision-making, the use of aggressive treatment, and the relative value of youth versus age are discussed.
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Tana, André Mavinga, Marcel Otita Likongo, An Verelst, Edouard Konan, and Chantal Nandindo. "Traumatisme psychique par types des violences sexuelles chez les adultes et les enfants mineurs dans un contexte post-conflit dans la Province de la Tshopo en République Démocratique du Congo." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 18, no. 9 (March 31, 2022): 161. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2022.v18n9p160.
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Cet article vise à identifier les symptômes de la détresse psychologique suivant la typologie des violences sexuelles dégagée à partir des entretiens individuels avec des victimes et leurs proches ainsi que des données de la prise en charge médico-psychologique du centre de santé Alwaleed. L’étude inscrite dans le cadre de théorisation ancrée a utilisé comme sources les dossiers et les récits des victimes de violences sexuelles au centre Alwaleed ainsi que l’entretien individuel réalisé à domicile auprès des victimes et de leurs proches. Il a été observé que quelle que soit la situation-type dans laquelle se situe la victime, celle-ci exprime le traumatisme subi sur le plan aussi bien physique, psychologique que comportemental. Le traumatisme subi par les sujets des situations-types II et III provient des réactions de la famille et de la communauté. Le traumatisme dont souffre une victime affecte de la même manière les membres proches de cette victime.
This article aims to identify the symptoms of psychological distress according to the typology of sexual violence identified from individual interviews with victims and their relatives as well as data from the medicalpsychological care of the Alwaleed health center. The study was based on a grounded theory framework and used as sources the files and accounts of the victims of sexual violence at the Alwaleed center as well as individual interviews conducted at home with the victims and their relatives. Therefore, it was observed that whatever the typical situation in which the victim finds herself, she expresses the trauma she has suffered on a physical, psychological and behavioral level. The trauma suffered by the subjects of type II and III situations comes from the reactions of the family and the community. The trauma suffered by a victim affects the members close to the victim in the same way.
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Titochka, T. I. "Peculiarities of behavior of juvenile victims of violent incest." Analytical and Comparative Jurisprudence, no. 4 (April 28, 2022): 281–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2788-6018.2021.04.48.
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The article considers the peculiarities of the behavior of juvenile victims of violent incest. It is indicated that the following features should be taken into account when studying the typology of victims of violent incest: 1) biological and psychological features and types of victims; 2) circumstances that preceded / contributed to the commission of the violent act; 3) the behavior of the victim at the time of the act of violence and after it. Establishing these features will provide an opportunity to more fully and correctly classify juvenile victims of violent incest. The author points out that in the general sense, the types of juvenile victims of sexual crimes do not differ sharply from the general public. At the same time, the typology of such persons is somewhat narrowed due to the frequent dominance of certain features that provoke the criminal offender to commit an illegal act. For example, if a person seeks to commit theft or robbery / robbery, the victim often plays a secondary role, as circumstances that contribute to the offense come to the fore (dark time of day, absence of outsiders, etc.). In the case of violent incest or any other socially dangerous act of a sexual nature, the language focuses on the victim as the "object of desire." That is why the criminal offender usually pays attention to two aspects: the biological characteristics of the victim and the psychological characteristics (behavioral reactions). A study of statistics and jurisprudence concluded that in most cases this type of criminal offense is committed against juveniles who have an attractive appearance and passive behavior (do not make excessive efforts to protect and prevent incest). Attention is drawn to the fact that the provocation of violent incest is inherent in older minors and is due to the desire to prove to their loved ones their adulthood, sexuality and readiness for sexual intercourse. Often such victims seek to feel wanted, but do not understand the real threat of experiencing illegal sexual influence, especially from a close relative.
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Bailey, Laura, Vincent Harinam, and Barak Ariel. "Victims, offenders and victim-offender overlaps of knife crime: A social network analysis approach using police records." PLOS ONE 15, no. 12 (December 11, 2020): e0242621. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0242621.
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Knife crime is a source of concern for the police in England and Wales, however little published research exists on this crime type. Who are the offenders who use knives to commit crime, when and why? Who are their victims, and is there a victim-offender overlap? What is the social network formation for people who are exposed to knife crime? Using a multidimensional approach, our aim is to answer these questions about one of England and Wales’ largest jurisdictions: Thames Valley. We first provide a state-of-the-art narrative review of the knife crime literature, followed by an analysis of population-level data on central tendency and dispersion of knife crimes reported to the police (2015–2019), on offences, offenders, victims, victim-offender overlaps and gang-related assaults. Social network analysis was used to explore the formations of offender-victim networks. Our findings show that knife crime represents a small proportion of crime (1.86%) and is associated largely with violence offenses. 16–34 year-old white males are at greatest risk of being the victims, offenders or victim-offenders of knife crime, with similar relative risks between these three categories. Both knife offenders and victims are likely to have a criminal record. Knife crimes are usually not gang-related (less than 20%), and experienced mostly between strangers, with the altercation often a non-retaliatory ‘one-off event’. Even gang-related knife crimes do not follow ‘tit-for-tat’ relationships—except when the individuals involved have extensive offending histories and then are likely to retaliate instantaneously. We conclude that while rare, an incident of knife crime remains predicable, as a substantial ratio of offenders and victims of future knife crime can be found in police records. Prevention strategies should not be focused on gang-related criminals, but on either prolific violent offenders or repeat victims who are known to the police—and therefore more susceptible to knife crime exposure.
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Brandau, Melvina, and Tracy A. Evanson. "Adolescent Victims Emerging From Cyberbullying." Qualitative Health Research 28, no. 10 (May 16, 2018): 1584–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1049732318773325.
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Cyberbullying is a pervasive public health issue, affecting 10% to 50% of adolescents and resulting in significant negative health outcomes. Due to the relative newness of cyberbullying, there are many elements of the phenomenon that are not understood. Fifteen adolescents and young adults who had experienced cyberbullying as adolescents, participated in one-on-one, semi-structured interviews. A grounded theory and model, Emerging From Cyberbullying, was constructed to describe the process of being a victim of cyberbullying. The process began by Being Targeted and a cycle of Being Cyberbullied, Losing Oneself, and Attempting to Cope followed. Once out of the cycle, victims could begin the process of Resolving and Finding Oneself. This theory can be used to inform cyberbullying prevention efforts and adolescent providers can utilize this theory to understand the process of being a victim of cyberbullying, promote open discussions with adolescents about cyberbullying, and offer suggestions for effective methods to cope.
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Bridges, F. Stephen, and William B. Tankersley. "Mean Ages of Homicide Victims and Victims of Homicide–Suicide." Psychological Reports 106, no. 1 (February 2010): 163–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.106.1.163-169.
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Using Riedel and Zahn's 1994 reformatted version of an FBI database, the mean age of homicide victims in 2,175 homicide–suicides (4,350 deaths) was compared with that of all other victims of homicides reported for the USA from 1968 to 1975. The overall mean age of homicide victims in homicide–suicides was 1 yr. greater than for victims of homicides not followed by suicides, whereas the mean age for both male and female homicide–suicide victims was, respectively, 3 yr. less and greater than the other homicide victims. The mean age of Black homicide victims of homicide–suicides was 2.4 yr. less than that for Black victims of other homicides, whereas the means for Black and White male homicide victims in homicide–suicides were, respectively, about 4 and 5 yr. less than for victims of other homicides. Also, the mean age of White female homicide victims in homicide–suicides was more than two years greater than for female victims of homicides not followed by suicides. When both sex and race were considered, the mean age for those killed in homicide–suicides relative to those killed in homicides not followed by suicides may represent subpopulations with different mean ages of victims.
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Santarem, Michelle Dornelles, Mariane Marmontel, Nathália Lima Pereira, Letícia Becker Vieira, and Ricardo Francalacci Savaris. "Epidemiological Profile of the Victims of Sexual Violence Treated at a Referral Center in Southern Brazil." Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia / RBGO Gynecology and Obstetrics 42, no. 09 (September 2020): 547–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1715577.
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Abstract Objective To characterize the sociodemographic profile of women victims of sexual violence treated at a university hospital in southern Brazil. Method The present cross-sectional study included all female victims of sexual violence who attended the sexual violence unit at the Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA, in the Portuguese acronym) from April 18, 2000 to December 31, 2017. Data were extracted from the electronic record of the patients and stored in a standardized questionnaire database with epidemiological aspects of the victim, the perpetrators and the type of aggression. Statistical analysis was performed using the chi-squared test for trend and descriptive statistics with 95% confidence interval (CI). Results During the length of the study, 711 women victims of sexual violence were treated. The mean age of the patients was 24.4 (±10) years old (range from 11 to 69 years old) and most of the victims were white (77.4%), single (75.9%) and sought care at the unit within 72 hours after the occurrence (80.7%). In most cases, violence was exerted by a single perpetrator (87.1%), who was unknown in 67.2% of cases. Victims < 19 years old showed a higher risk of not using contraception (relative risk [RR] = 2.7; 95% CI = 1.9–3.6). Conclusion Most victims of sexual violence were treated within 72 hours of the occurrence. The majority of these victims were white and young, and those < 19 years old had a higher risk of not using contraception and to know the sexual perpetrator.
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Johnson, Nicole L., Samantha C. Holmes, Dawn M. Johnson, and Caron Zlotnick. "Comparing Prevalence and Correlates of Intimate Partner Sexual Victimization Relative to Other Victim–Offender Relationships in College Students." Violence and Victims 35, no. 1 (February 1, 2020): 39–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.vv-d-18-00205.
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Research on sexual victimization (SV) in college women often focuses on perpetration by nonpartners thus, little is known about SV by intimate partners on college campuses. To address this gap in the literature, the current study compared prevalence and revictimization rates and negative correlates of SV based on victim–offender relationship. Findings suggest higher prevalence rates of SV perpetrated by a nonpartner compared to an intimate partner although similar and alarming rates of revictimization. Regarding negative correlates of SV, no differences were identified based on victim–offender relationship; however, victims of SV by both an intimate partner and a nonpartner demonstrated the highest negative correlates. These findings demonstrate the importance of addressing SV by nonpartners and intimate partners and the necessity for tertiary prevention efforts to decrease revictimization.
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Rice, Jenna, and Raymond A. Knight. "Differentiating Adults With Mixed Age Victims From Those Who Exclusively Sexually Assault Children or Adults." Sexual Abuse 31, no. 4 (March 5, 2018): 410–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1079063218759324.
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Although adults who have sexually offended against both child and adult victims (i.e., adults with mixed aged sexual offense victims [MASOVs]) have been found at increased risk to reoffend, they have been a neglected and rarely studied group of individuals who have sexually offended. The present study explored their differentiating characteristics by comparing them with adults who had sexually offended exclusively against children (child sex offense victims [CSOVs]) or adults (adult sex offense victims [ASOVs]). Using an extensive database gathered on offenders examined for civil commitment, we found that although MASOVs were not distinguished from the other types of offenders by any specific developmental trauma, they cumulatively tended to be higher across traumas. They evidenced lower self-esteem relative to both other offender types. In addition, MASOVs, like ASOVs, exhibited higher levels of psychopathy relative to CSOVs. The implications of these findings for etiology and treatment are discussed.
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Erdmann, Anke, and Jost Reinecke. "Youth Violence in Germany." Criminal Justice Review 43, no. 3 (March 25, 2018): 325–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734016818761529.
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The victim–offender overlap is currently under discussion in criminology. However, the connection between victimization and offending over the life course still requires further investigation. The present study examines whether the victim–offender overlap is invariant during the transition from adolescence to early adulthood using seven consecutive waves of the German Research Foundation–funded self-report study “Crime in the Modern City,” which contain information about German students from the age of 14 to 20 years. The results indicate that the nature as well as the strength of the overlap changes over the period from adolescence to early adulthood. The introduced measurement of the relative victim–offender overlap indicates that with growing up, fewer victims are also offenders whereas the amount of offenders that are also victims remains stable. Longitudinal analyses based on latent growth and cross-lagged panel models further point out that the developments of victimization and offending are highly parallel processes that evince similar stability and mutual influence over the phase of youth and adolescence. However, the association between both weakens over age. In conclusion, our results suggest variance in the victim–offender overlap over the life course. This justifies the demand for further research and theory development on this criminological phenomenon.
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DiBennardo, Rebecca A. "Ideal Victims and Monstrous Offenders: How the News Media Represent Sexual Predators." Socius: Sociological Research for a Dynamic World 4 (January 2018): 237802311880251. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2378023118802512.
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Drawing on content analysis of 323 Los Angeles Times articles published between 1990 and 2015, this article examines how news reports represent sexual predator victims and offenders in order to examine how such narratives construct images of the sexual predatory. Results demonstrate that representations of the sexually predatory are aged and gendered: stories about child victims encompass more sexual violence, graphic descriptions of that violence, more male victims, and older offenders. Articles use child victims as a rhetorical tool to emphasize the “predatory” nature of offenders and justify retributory violence or harsh legal punishment against sexual predators. Narratives about adult victims focus mainly on women, framing them as responsible for their victimization and minimizing their importance relative to child victims. The cumulative effect of this coverage narrows representations of victims and violence, contributing key dynamics to both the social and legal predator template.
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Mozin, Nopiana, and Maisara Sunge. "EKSPLOITASI PEKERJA ANAK DI MASA PANDEMI COVID-19." ETNOREFLIKA: Jurnal Sosial dan Budaya 11, no. 1 (April 14, 2022): 62–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.33772/etnoreflika.v11i1.1177.
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Exploitation is very vulnerable to children's lives. Child labor is a form of exploitation that we often encounter in many areas in Indonesia, one of which is in Gorontalo. The exploitation of child labor is carried out not only by the environment and the surrounding community but also often by the parents or close relative of the victim. In addition, wanting to make the family's economic life easy during the Covid-19 pandemic is also one of the factors driving children to become victims of exploitation. State, government and society should pay attention to and protect child labor becoming the victim of exploitation. Likewise, parents must also be responsible for maintaining and maintaining children's human rights. Therefore, intervention by social workers from community and government is needed regarding how to make those categorized as children not vulnerably and easily becoming the victims of exploitation later. The purpose of study is to find out the factors influencing the child workers to become victims of exploitation during the Covid-19 pandemic and how social workers intervene the handling of child labor. The research method used was an empirical normative approach, through studying literature study and facts in the field and then analyzing the data qualitatively and descriptively. The results of study show economic and environmental factors causing child exploitation during the Covid-19 pandemic. In addition, this study also discusses the role of social workers’ intervention in this case related to child labors who are victims of exploitation in Gorontalo, through several approaches: religious, legal, journalistic approaches and so on in order to realize the fulfillment of children's rights to be protected from any exploitation.
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Littleton, Heather, Amie Grills, Marlee Layh, and Kelly Rudolph. "Unacknowledged Rape and Re-Victimization Risk." Psychology of Women Quarterly 41, no. 4 (July 27, 2017): 437–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361684317720187.
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The majority of college women who experience rape do not conceptualize their experience as a victimization, that is, they are unacknowledged victims. There is some initial evidence that unacknowledged victims are at elevated re-victimization risk relative to acknowledged victims. In the current study, we sought to identify mediators of the association between acknowledgment of rape and re-victimization in a sample of 319 college rape victims; 187 (58.6%) participants completed a 2-month follow-up study. We examined regular drinking, number of sexual partners, and continuing a relationship with the assailant as potential mediators of the relation between acknowledgment and re-victimization. At follow-up, unacknowledged victims reported higher rates of new attempted (16.2%) and completed rape (11.9%), relative to acknowledged victims (attempted: 7.9%; completed: 3.0%). Number of sexual partners mediated the relation between acknowledgment and attempted rape. Both number of partners and regular drinking mediated the relation between acknowledgment and completed rape. Thus, not acknowledging rape may be associated with re-victimization in part because unacknowledged victims may be more likely to engage in behaviors that increase vulnerability. We believe there is a need for longitudinal, theoretically grounded research examining risky behaviors, victimization, and acknowledgment status over time to delineate the relations among these variables. Online slides for instructors who want to use this article for teaching are available on PWQ' s website at http://journals.sagepub.com/page/pwq/suppl/index
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Rich, Robert F., and Robert J. Sampson. "Public Perceptions of Criminal Justice Policy: Does Victimization Make a Difference?" Violence and Victims 5, no. 2 (January 1990): 109–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.5.2.109.
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In this paper we examine public perceptions of criminal justice policy and public attitudes toward victims. We are particularly interested in exploring the relationship between the use of social science data and the adoption of public policy affecting victims of crime. To do this we analyze a representative sample of over 450 residents of the Chicago metropolitan area in 1983. The specific issues examined include attitudes toward rape (e.g., whether caused by victim’s behavior), prosecution of marital rape, plea bargaining, sentencing of predatory offenders, and the relative importance and efficacy of rehabilitation, incapacitation, and retribution as goals of punishment. Overall, the results suggest that age and education have the most important influence on public attitudes regarding these criminal justice policies. Surprisingly, victimization status does not emerge as a salient predictor of criminal justice perceptions. We conclude with a call for greater use of social science surveys as information input into local and federal decision making on criminal justice policy.
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Nair, Vipin Vijay, Sanjeev P. Sahni, and Dick D. T. Andzenge. "An Explorative Study of Coping Mechanisms Towards Vulnerability and Victimization Within Commercial Sexual Exploitation in India." International Journal of Public Sociology and Sociotherapy 1, no. 2 (July 2021): 51–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijpss.2021070104.
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Trafficking for commercial sexual exploitation constitutes more than 59% of the entire trafficking industry. An efficient rehabilitation model reflects the utilization of the victim's coping mechanism to overcome the stress and trauma of past victimization. The main aim of the study is to explore various coping mechanisms utilized by both victims of commercial sexual exploitation and individuals vulnerable to commercial sexual exploitation at rehabilitation and protective homes in India. The research utilized the participatory action research with stress coping behavior scale to understand the various employed coping mechanism by the beneficiaries of rehabilitation and protective (R&P) homes. In total, 30 victims of commercial sexual exploitation and 30 individuals vulnerable to commercial sexual exploitation, aged 18-50 years, participated in the study. The statistical analysis identified pursual of specific coping by participants and measured risk ratio reflected the relative risk of alcohol and drug use over prior exposure to commercial sexual exploitation.
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Schwab, Charles V., Lauren E. Schwab, and Pamela J. Schwab. "Estimates of Victim Surface Area and Associated Extraction Force for Partial Entrapment in Grain." Journal of Agricultural Safety and Health 27, no. 1 (2021): 53–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/jash.14230.
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HighlightsEight selected anthropometric landmarks were useful for estimating victim surface area and entrapment depth.Surface area estimates for a partially entrapped male victim ranged from 0.0716 to 2.7296 m2.Partial extraction force estimates for a male victim ranged from 0.29 to 3,693 N.Partial extraction force estimates were 18% greater on average when including the arm surface area than when not including the arms.Abstract. A prediction model for estimating extraction forces on entrapped victims was enhanced and modernized in 2018 from the original 1985 model. The prediction model was divided into two conditions based on the victim’s relative position to the grain surface. The first condition was when the victim is completely below the grain surface. The second condition was when the victim’s shoulders are above the grain surface; this condition is the focus of this research. A variable in the prediction model that changes with the depth of entrapment is the surface area of the victim. A sample of 60 male models was used to approximate the human surface area at optimal discrete positions selected based on visually identifiable anthropometric landmarks. The surface area estimates for those 60 partially entrapped male models ranged from 0.0716 to 2.7296 m2. Extraction forces for twelve partially entrapped male body types with various combinations of stature and body mass index were calculated. The extraction forces were calculated for conditions when the victim’s arms were raised (above the grain) and lowered (in the grain). Results from the prediction model showed that surface area contributed less to the partial extraction force for short underweight bodies than for tall extremely obese bodies. At the lower landmarks, i.e., medial malleolus (MM) and knee crease (KN), surface area did not contribute noticeably to the partial extraction force. The contribution of surface area was not noticeable until the victim was buried up to the crotch (landmark CR). Keywords: Farm safety, Grain entrapment, Prediction model, Rescue, Safety.
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Kury, Helmut, Michael Kaiser, and Raymond Teske. "The Position of the Victim in Criminal Procedure — Results of a German Study." International Review of Victimology 3, no. 1-2 (January 1994): 69–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026975809400300205.
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In the last few years, the crime victim has moved into the forefront of criminological research and criminal justice policy. This is a worldwide development. In many countries, including the Federal Republic of Germany, victim protection and victim compensation laws have been enacted. The extent to which such legal steps effect an actual improvement of the victims' situation remains largely unexamined. This paper presents the results of a German research project which examined the influence of the recently revised German victim protection law upon criminal law practice. Judges, prosecutors and lawyers were surveyed. A clear resistance by judges and prosecutors was discerned relative to implementing the victim protection rights. For them, the victim is still an outsider and a ‘trouble maker’ within the criminal proceedings. They see increased victim attention as involving additional trouble, effort, time, and possibly creating longer delays in proceedings. In contrast, the attitudes of the attorneys were more favorable toward including the victim in the criminal justice process.
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Simeunovic-Patic, Biljana. "Recognizing the trafficking in human beings victimization." Temida 11, no. 4 (2008): 69–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tem0804069s.
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In spite of relative prevalence of trafficking in human beings issues in the expert and general public discourse in recent years, recognition of victimization by various specialists that may come across with victims still is being estimated as unsatisfactory. Stereotypes about victims of trafficking in human beings are just one factor that imperils correct and prompt recognition of victims, i.e. victims' identification, as principal prerequisite of their protection and support. Today, there are various efforts to overcome that problem - primarily through the training of professionals and creating the identification guidelines, i.e. lists of indicators of trafficking in human beings victimization; however, these resolves only one part of the problem and reveal some new challenges at the same time.
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Clay-Warner, Jody, Karen A. Hegtvedt, and Paul Roman. "Procedural Justice, Distributive Justice: How Experiences With Downsizing Condition Their Impact On Organizational Commitment." Social Psychology Quarterly 68, no. 1 (March 2005): 89–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019027250506800107.
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Previous research demonstrates that both procedural justice and distributive justice are important predictors of work attitudes. This research, however, fails to examine conditions that affect the relative importance of each type of justice. Here we argue that prior experiences with regard to downsizing shape individuals' workplace schemas, which in turn affect the relative salience of each type of justice for organizational commitment. We test hypotheses using data from a nationally representative sample of workers. Only distributive justice predicts organizational commitment among victims of downsizing, while procedural justice is the stronger predictor among survivors of downsizing and unaffected workers. Comparisons across models indicate that procedural justice is a more important predictor of organizational commitment for survivors and unaffected workers than for victims, while distributive justice is more important for victims than for either survivors or unaffected workers. We conclude by discussing the theoretical implications of our findings.
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Blommaert, Jan, Mary Bock, and Kay McCormick. "Narrative inequality in the TRC hearings." Journal of Language and Politics 5, no. 1 (April 14, 2006): 37–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jlp.5.1.04blo.
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South Africa’s Truth and Reconciliation Commission victim hearings were a highly unusual discourse event in which previously silenced and powerless people were offered a prestigious public forum and speech format to tell about their experiences of human rights violations. However, despite the equal access offered to victims for the telling of their stories, pre-existing inequalities persisted and were reflected in the relative ‘hearability’ of these stories. We use the concept of ‘pretextuality’ to account for the relative hearability. The concept refers to the varying degrees of competence in language varieties, literacy and narrative skills that people bring with them to a communicative interaction, and which influence the impact of their narratives. Through detailed analysis of selected testimonies, we demonstrate ways in which the inequalities suggested above emerged in the hearings.
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Liang, Wei, Yanyan Huang, and Jianyu Wang. "Study on the Emergency Management System considering Victims’ Self-Rescue Abilities." Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society 2022 (May 30, 2022): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/8494324.
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The research on emergency response systems usually only considers the role of professional rescuers in emergency rescue or the activities taken by the victims in the process of self-rescue, and the joint research of the victims and rescuers in the same environment is relatively few. Multiagent modeling technology is a promising tool for simulating natural disaster emergency response systems. Based on the background of the earthquake rescue operation, this paper studies the related contents of the cooperative emergency response system of disaster victims and rescuers by using the modeling and simulation method of the multiagent. On the premise of making full use of the victims’ ability to obtain information and move, it is proposed that the rescuers and the victims move together to the cluster point to complete the treatment to reduce the time wasted by the rescuers moving among the victims. This paper simulates different degrees of disaster through many experiments and simulates the influence of the relative speed of victims and rescuers by changing the moving speed of victims. It can be found that when there are many disaster victims, the collective rescue operation can reduce the overall emergency response time; when the movement speed of the victims is lower than that of the rescuers, the effect of the clustered rescue is similar to that of the victims waiting for rescue. When the movement speed of the victims is similar to that of the rescuers, the clustered emergency response is better than that of the victims waiting.
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Pettis, Katherine W., and R. Dave Hughes. "Sexual Victimization of Children: A Current Perspective." Behavioral Disorders 10, no. 2 (February 1985): 136–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019874298501000205.
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The following literature review broaches the subject of the sexual abuse of children by categorizing sexual victimization into the general areas of intrafamilial and extrafamilial sexual abuse. Generalizations are drawn from existing data regarding both victims and perpetrators. Sex and age related findings are discussed relative to victims while the analysis of incidence data paints a picture of the perpetrators of sexual abuse of children.
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Iverson, Katherine M., Sherlyn Jimenez, Kelly M. Harrington, and Patricia A. Resick. "The Contribution of Childhood Family Violence on Later Intimate Partner Violence Among Robbery Victims." Violence and Victims 26, no. 1 (2011): 73–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.26.1.73.
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This study examined the relative contributions of the three forms of childhood family violence exposure on physical intimate partner violence (IPV) victimization among recent robbery victims and tested a gender-matching modeling prediction for IPV risk. Data from a sample of 103 male and 93 female victims of a robbery were analyzed to investigate the effects of exposure to childhood physical abuse (CPA), childhood sexual abuse (CSA), and witnessing parental violence on the likelihood of IPV in adulthood. As expected, witnessing parental violence was associated with a 2.4-fold increase in IPV for both men and women. Neither CPA nor CSA was significantly associated with IPV after accounting for the effect of witnessing parental violence. There was support for the gender-matching hypothesis with men more likely to report IPV if they had witnessed mother-to-father violence and women more likely to report IPV if they had witnessed father-to-mother violence. Witnessing parental violence is strongly associated with risk for IPV victimization, particularly when the victim is the same-gender parent. Future directions and clinical implications are discussed.
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Ševčovičová, Andrea. "Úroveň vedomostí zdravotníkov o možnostiach poskytovania pomoci obetiam domáceho násilia." Zdravotnícke štúdie 14, no. 2 (2022): 8–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.54937/zs.2022.14.2.8-12.
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Aim: The aim of the study was to find out the awareness of healthcare workers about domestic violence and possibilities of help for domestic violence victims. Material and Methods: The method of data collection was anonymous non-standardized questionnaire of own construction. Its distribution was carried out electronically using snowball method and through the social network, in cooperation with administrators of the groups connecting professional healthcare workers, with emphasis on nurses’ community. The data collection took place in August 2022. The data analysis was carried out through the domain for electronic questionnaires construction survio.com. The study results are presented in contingency charts displaying values of absolute frequency (n) and relative frequency (%). The study involved 83 respondents, with most representation of nurses (86,7 %). Results: The results showed relatively good awareness of available possibilities of assistance to domestic violence victims. The existence of free-of-charge Infoline was known to 73,5 % of the questioned, and 72,3 % of the respondents were aware of the mail and mobile application for assistance to children. About the possibility to address non-governmental organizations were informed 92,8 % of the questioned. They were the least informed about the fact that the obligation to announce the domestic violence is implied by the law. This unawareness was presented by 28,9 % of the respondents. Summary: The contact with healthcare workers when providing nursing care to domestic violence victims is an essential part of solving the problem of a violated victim. Only erudite personnel are able to both inform a victim about the current options of help and provide the particular solutions for handling the difficult situation, with emphasis on the security of all the involved.
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Johnson, James D., Len Lecci, and John Dovidio. "Black Intragroup Empathic Responding to Police Interracial Violence: Effects of Victim Stereotypicality and Blacks’ Racial Identification." Social Psychological and Personality Science 11, no. 5 (July 11, 2019): 579–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1948550619859316.
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Despite the public outrage in response to police violence against unarmed Black men, work on the psychological dynamics of reactions to these incidents is relatively rare. The present research examined whether empathy for a Black male victim of White police interracial violence would vary as a function of victim stereotypicality (stereotypic/counterstereotypic) and Black participant racial identity. In Study 1, 140 Black participants were recruited from Amazon Mechanical Turk (MTurk). As hypothesized, Black participants low in racial identification reported less empathy for the stereotypical relative to the counterstereotypical victim. Those high in racial identification showed relatively high levels of empathy regardless of the characteristics of the Black victim. Study 2 replicated these effects with 263 Black MTurk participants. This research highlights the value of considering individual differences in the Black observers (racial identification) and the characteristics of Black victims to better understand the psychological processes involved in intragroup responses to police violence.
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Paradis-Gagné, Etienne, Dave Holmes, and Jean Daniel Jacob. "Caring for a violent relative with severe mental illness: a qualitative study." Journal of Research in Nursing 25, no. 8 (September 7, 2020): 664–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1744987120937409.
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Background: According to the literature reviewed, although families living with a mentally ill relative often face violence, this issue has been little studied in nursing. Methods: We conducted a qualitative research study to explore the experience of families dealing with this complex reality. We adopted Jacques Donzelot’s theory of the government of family as our theoretical framework and used grounded theory as our research methodology. In total, 14 participants who had been victims of violence perpetrated by relatives with severe mental illness were interviewed. Findings: Qualitative analysis led to the identification of five themes: (a) medico-legal apparatus; (b) experience of violence; (c) the family’s responsibility toward the violent relative; (d) exclusion and stigmatisation; and (e) suffering and resilience. The present paper focuses on the study’s central theme: the family’s responsibility toward the violent relative.
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Campbell, Rebecca, Courtney E. Ahrens, Tracy Sefl, Sharon M. Wasco, and Holly E. Barnes. "Social Reactions to Rape Victims: Healing and Hurtful Effects on Psychological and Physical Health Outcomes." Violence and Victims 16, no. 3 (January 2001): 287–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.16.3.287.
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In this study, 102 rape survivors were interviewed about the social reactions they received from family and friends post-rape. Results supported Ullman’s (1996b) conclusion that the overall contribution of positive social reaction (e.g., providing support, listening, believing) on victims’ recovery is negligible, but that negative social reactions (e.g., blaming) hinder recovery. In contrast to Ullman’s (1996b) work, this research also examined whether rape victims have similar perceptions as to what constitutes a “positive” and “negative” social reaction. Results indicated that victims often agree as to what reactions are healing (positive), but that they do not agree as to what is hurtful (negative). By taking victims’ perceptions into account, this study was able to compare the relative contributions of social reactions that were considered healing, social reactions that were considered hurtful, and the absence of social reactions. Results indicated that survivors who had someone believe their account of what happened or were allowed to talk about the assault—and considered these reactions to be healing—had fewer emotional and physical health problems than victims who considered these reactions hurtful, or victims who did not experience these reactions at all. Implications for future research on social reactions are discussed.
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Moreira, Denise Lima, and Liana Fortunato Costa. "PSYCHOSOCIAL INTERVENTION IN SEXUAL VIOLENCE AGAINST CHILDREN: REFLEXIVITY AND PSYCHODRAMATIC RESOURCE." Revista Brasileira de Psicodrama 29, no. 1 (February 8, 2021): 16–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.15329/2318-0498.21449.
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This study aims to discuss the reflexivity of female children victims of sexual violence during a psychosocial intervention with a psychodramatic orientation, seeking out to understand the meanings present in the dialogues and plays. The research participants were 13 girls victims of sexual violence perpetrated by an adolescent close relative. Two group sessions records were used to focus on the interpretation of reflexivity on the theme of protection. The results describe the sessions in the organization: warm-up, dramatization and sharing. The discussion focuses on the earnings that play and dramatic plays bring to reflexivity about a topic such as arduous as sexual violence. The creation of a playful environment favors a dialogue between victims and adolescent offenders.
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Gini, Gianluca, Tiziana Pozzoli, and Marc Hauser. "Bullies have enhanced moral competence to judge relative to victims, but lack moral compassion." Personality and Individual Differences 50, no. 5 (April 2011): 603–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2010.12.002.
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Haamit, Abba-Kabir, Nseme Etouckey Eric, Claude-Audrey Meguieze, Voundi Esther Voundi, and Paul Koki-Ndombo. "Epidemiological Profile of Child Victims of Abuse: Case of the City of Yaoundé, Cameroon." European Journal of Health Sciences 7, no. 3 (July 30, 2022): 42–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.47672/ejhs.1137.
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Purpose: Better prevention of child abuse requires knowledge of risk factors and situations. The general objective of this study was to determine the relative frequency of child abuse in Yaoundé and to draw its epidemiological profile.
Methodology: the researchers conducted a retrospective cross-sectional study from January 1, 2015 to December 31, 2019, i.e., 5 years, in 4 referral hospitals in Yaoundé. All records of victims of abuse under the age of 18 years were included. The data collected were analyzed using Epi-info TM version 7.2 software. Ethical clearance was obtained to conduct our study.
Findings: Of the 19,187 usable records, child abuse victims represented 0.68% (132). Most of the victims were female (121; 91.7%), under 11 years of age (106; 80.3%), middle siblings (46; 35.0%) and HIV infection was the most common medical history at 17.4% (23). The accompanying person for the first consultation was their mother (72/132; 54.5%). Four (3.0%) children had lost both parents. The main antecedent related to the legal guardian was HIV seropositivity, 70.2% (66/94).
Conclusion: Child abuse, far from being negligible, concerned primarily girls under 11 years of age. HIV infection was a factor found in both the child victim and the legal guardian in our context.
Recommendations: Pay particular attention to children outside marriage or living in a blended family. Encourage societal debates around the abuse suffered by children.
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Reid, Joan A. "Sex Trafficking of Girls With Intellectual Disabilities: An Exploratory Mixed Methods Study." Sexual Abuse 30, no. 2 (February 17, 2016): 107–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1079063216630981.
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Few researchers have examined sex trafficking of girls with intellectual disabilities (IDs). Drawing from 54 juvenile sex trafficking (JST) cases, this exploratory, mixed methods study compared 15 JST cases involving girls with ID with 39 JST cases involving girls without ID. Findings revealed a disproportionate risk for exploitation in JST for girls with ID, endangering circumstances creating vulnerability among this population, as well as the perpetrator–victim dynamics that complicate prevention and intervention. Complicating dynamics included victim lack of awareness of exploitation and its endangerments, inability of victims to self-identify, and the relative ease with which traffickers manipulated these girls. The disproportionate risk faced by girls with ID substantiates the need for enhanced safeguards to prevent sexual exploitation of girls with ID including stiffer penalties for those who exploit and buy sex with youth with disabilities.
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Fajrin, Yaris Adhial, and Ach Faisol Triwijaya. "Perempuan dalam Prostitusi: Konstruksi Pelindungan Hukum Terhadap Perempuan Indonesia dari Perspektif Yuridis dan Viktimologi (Women in prostitution: Construction of Legal Protection Towards Indonesian Women from a Juridical and Victimitarian Perspective)." Negara Hukum: Membangun Hukum untuk Keadilan dan Kesejahteraan 10, no. 1 (September 2, 2019): 67–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.22212/jnh.v10i1.1203.
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The practice of prostitution involving women as the main perpetrator creates a negative stigma that sees women as guilty persons. Even though there are also women who are involved in the practice of prostitution due tocoercion. This condition creates a bias towards the position of the victim in the practice of prostitution. This paper is to examine the involvement of women in the practice of prostitution while also recognizing the position of women that are involved in the practice of prostitution. This research uses the normative juridical research method. Women in the prostitution network can be identified as victims due to both internal and external pressure.Women are perpetrators if involved without any pressure from other parties. Women are victims if they act as service providers, suffered, because of force by power from others, besides the relative requirements of women as victims of prostitution when involved in the practice of prostitution because they have been victims of sexual violence and make prostitution as livelihoods. Thus, it is hoped that legislators will soon be able to formulate limits on victims in the context of legal reform and just law enforcement. AbstrakPraktik prostitusi yang melibatkan perempuan sebagai aktor utama menimbulkan stigma negatif yang memandang perempuan sebagai insan yang bersalah. Padahal adapula perempuan yang terlibat dalam praktik prostitusi diakibatkan keterpaksaaan. Kondisi ini menimbulkan bias terhadap kedudukan korban dalam praktik prostitusi. Tulisan ini untuk mengkaji keterlibatan perempuan dalam praktik prostitusi sekaligus mengetahui kedudukan perempuan yang terlibat dalam praktik prostitusi. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian yuridis normatif. Perempuan dalam jaringan prostitusi dapat teridentifikasi sebagai korban akibat tekanan internal maupun eksternalnya. Perempuan sebagai pelaku apabila terlibat tanpa tekanan dari pihak di luar dirinya. Perempuan sebagai korban apabila bertindak sebagai pemberi jasa, menderita, karena dan daya paksa dari orang lain, selain itu syarat relatif perempuan sebagai korban dalam prostitusi manakala terlibat dalam praktik prostitusi karena pernah menjadi korban kekerasan seksual dan prostitusi sebagai mata pencaharian. Diharapkan pembentuk undang-undang segera mungkin untuk merumuskan mengenai batasan korban dalam rangka pembaharuan hukum dan penegakan hukum yang berkeadilan.
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Kim, A. Yeon, and Jae Eun Lee. "Disaster Relief Support for Disaster Victims and Reinforcement of Disaster Resilience: Measuring the Relative Importance Using AHP Analysis." Crisis and Emergency Management: Theory and Praxis 17, no. 11 (November 30, 2021): 63–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.14251/crisisonomy.2021.17.11.63.
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The purpose of this study is to suggest improvements in disaster relief and welfare support activities by measuring the relative importance of disaster relief factors to strengthen the resilience of COVID-19 disaster victims. The main results are as follows. First, it is recognized that the support principle is more important than the support subject in disaster relief and welfare support activities. Among the elements of the support principle, the principle of timeliness was found to be the most important. Second, it was found that the local government recognized as the first priority rather than the central government in the relative priority of each measurement element for the support subject. Third, it is necessary for local governments to expand their participation in order to increase the active participation of residents. Fourth, it is necessary to build a system that can check network capabilities. As a result, increasing the capacity between local governments and local residents can help to strengthen the resilience of disaster victims.
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Papalia, Nina L., Stefan Luebbers, James RP Ogloff, Margaret Cutajar, and Paul E. Mullen. "The long-term co-occurrence of psychiatric illness and behavioral problems following child sexual abuse." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 51, no. 6 (September 14, 2016): 604–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0004867416667232.
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Objectives: There is a growing body of research investigating the relationship between child sexual abuse and a range of adverse outcomes. However, very little is known about the long-term co-occurrence of psychiatric disorders and behavioral problems among this vulnerable population, or the interaction between characteristics of the abuse, such as the nature and timing of the child sexual abuse, and the extent of subsequent adversities. This study aimed to determine the rate and co-occurrence of mental health morbidity, criminal justice system contact, and fatal self-harm among medically confirmed victims of child sexual abuse, and to identify abuse variables associated with a greater likelihood of cumulative adverse experiences. Methods: The forensic medical records of 2759 cases of child sexual abuse assessed between 1964 and 1995 were linked with public psychiatric, criminal justice and coronial administrative databases between 13 and 44 years following abuse. Cases were compared to 2677 matched comparisons from the general population. Results: Abuse victims were more likely (odds ratio = 7.2, 95% confidence interval = [4.9, 10.4], p < 0.001) to experience cumulative adverse psychiatric and behavioral problems relative to comparisons. Almost half (47.6%) of victims who died of suicide or drug overdose had a history of offending, further victimization and mental illness. Relative to comparisons, female victims demonstrated the largest increase in odds for cumulative outcomes (odds ratio = 9.8, 95% confidence interval = [5.8, 16.8], p < 0.001), whereas in absolute terms, male victims were at an elevated risk for all types and combinations of adverse outcomes, except fatal self-harm. Boys who were older at abuse, had multiple abuse episodes or who were abused by an extra-familial perpetrator were most likely to experience poorer clinical trajectories. Only being older at abuse was associated with cumulative adverse experiences for females. Conclusions: Sexual abuse, particularly during adolescence (ages 12–16 years), appears to be a risk factor for co-occurring adverse experiences. This study identifies particular groups of child sexual abuse victims as at-risk and requiring targeted intervention.
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Kilaberia, Tina, and Marlene Stum. "Successful Informal Help-Seeking and Resolution of Elder Family Financial Exploitation: A Case Study." Innovation in Aging 4, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2020): 869–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igaa057.3217.
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Abstract Effective interventions are needed to address elder family financial exploitation (EFFE), one of the most prevalent types of elder abuse globally. This poster examines the unique and critical help-seeking role informal family support can play when faced with EFFE. We present a holistic case study that offers an understanding of one family’s successful help-seeking and resolution of the EFFE situation. The family drew on internal family and community supports and did not seek formal elder abuse services. The case stood out as unique relative to 23 family’s help-seeking attempts in a larger study of the meaning and experience of EFFE from the perspective of concerned family members (non-abusing/non-victims). The case summary and analysis are based on an in-depth interview narrative reflecting the subjective experience of a concerned family member who was directly involved in the EFFE situation (in-law relative to both the older victim and the perpetrator). Study findings reveal 5 interwoven themes related to help-seeking processes and outcomes: 1) honoring the victim’s wishes, 2) providing support and accountability for perpetrator, 3) restoring family relationships and functioning, 4) maintaining internal (family-based) control, and 5) engaging in family problem solving processes. The family’s help-seeking demonstrated three distinctive features: a) embracing their informal social support role, b) the interdependence of family members, and c) restorative justice principles. The findings raise questions about broadening the scope and continuum of EFFE intervention research and practices to recognize and support informal social intervention.
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Ogle, Christin M., Stephanie D. Block, Latonya S. Harris, Gail S. Goodman, Annarheen Pineda, Susan Timmer, Anthony Urquiza, and Karen J. Saywitz. "Autobiographical memory specificity in child sexual abuse victims." Development and Psychopathology 25, no. 2 (April 30, 2013): 321–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954579412001083.
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AbstractThe present study examined the specificity of autobiographical memory in adolescents and adults with versus without child sexual abuse (CSA) histories. Eighty-five participants, approximately half of whom per age group had experienced CSA, were tested on the Autobiographical Memory Interview. Individual difference measures, including those for trauma-related psychopathology, were also administered. Findings revealed developmental differences in the relation between autobiographical memory specificity and CSA. Even with depression statistically controlled, reduced memory specificity in CSA victims relative to controls was observed among adolescents but not among adults. A higher number of posttraumatic stress disorder criteria met predicted more specific childhood memories in participants who reported CSA as their most traumatic life event. These findings contribute to the scientific understanding of childhood trauma and autobiographical memory functioning and underscore the importance of considering the role of age and degree of traumatization within the study of autobiographical memory.
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Kiefer, Rebecca P., Everett L. Worthington, Michael Wenzel, Lydia Woodyatt, and Jack W. Berry. "Apology and Restitution in a Role-play Restorative Justice Experiment: Multiple Perspectives, Multiple Measures." Journal of Psychology and Theology 48, no. 2 (March 23, 2020): 105–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0091647120911114.
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Restorative justice provides an alternative to retributive justice by seeking to restore criminal offenders to be responsible members of the community. Often offenders will apologize (A) and offer to make restitution (R) for the damage done. Such offers might affect all parties present by promoting forgiveness (though that is not a stated goal of restorative justice), resolution of damages, and positive attitudes toward justice. We investigated Family Group Conferencing (FGC), which involves offender, victim, and supporters of each, in a mediated 30-minute dialogue. Namely, we organized role-play simulation meetings between “victims,” “offenders,” and the “mother” of each. There were 64 participants (16 groups of 4 participants). Each group role-played a mediated FGC that was video recorded. The offender had either to apologize and offer restitution (AR) or avoid both (No AR). Questionnaires assessed forgiveness (and other outcomes) from each of the four participants’ perspectives. Coders coded behavior during the role-play. AR promoted forgiveness by all parties, but to different degrees. Coded “softness” of offender’s behavior (i.e., nonverbal signs of remorse, contrition, and regret) affected victim’s behaviors and ratings by women role-playing both mothers. The role-play simulation allowed some understanding of the inner working of FGCs relative to retrospective questionnaires.
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Karnaji, Karnaji. "Perkosaan anak perempuan: Pelaku dan pola kejadian." Masyarakat, Kebudayaan dan Politik 30, no. 1 (March 31, 2017): 76. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/mkp.v30i12017.76-83.
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Rape to girls is categorized as violence that continuously happened. This research looks at the sexual harrasement phenomena from the perpetrator’s point of view. Many cases indicate that the subject often has close connection with the victims such as neighbour, relative, teacher, grandfather, father, or even young underage male surrounding the victims. It means that both victims and the subjects are psychologically immature but for several reasons they have to involve in a situation which destruct their future. Therefore, there is a need to frame various factors that drive the subject for doing sexual harrasement. By using materials on the newspaper, this research employs qualitative-descriptive method that purposively uses Jawa Pos news as single resource of the data. The result shows that particular places affect the subject in conducting their action. There are four places that are usually used as a site of sexual harrasement. First is in the area that is hidden and safe from observations of the surrounding environment, especially in the victim's home. Second, other areas prone to the occurrence of acts of rape are zones completely open and away from the reach of community control, such as on the streets, in public places, in a quiet courtyard, at the cemetery, and so on. Third, the place is usually chosen to rape, one of them is in school. Fourth, in the region in the eyes of the public is viewed as an area of "gray" and was common permissive life, such as in a hotel or inn.
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Elvik, Rune. "Speed and Road Safety." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1908, no. 1 (January 2005): 59–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198105190800108.
Full textAbstract:
This paper presents a study evaluating the power model of the relationship between speed and road safety. The power model states that a given relative change in the mean speed of traffic is associated with a relative change in the number of accidents or accident victims by means of a power function. An extensive review of relevant literature has been made, and evidence from 98 studies containing 460 estimates of the relationship between changes in speed and changes in the number of accidents or accident victims has been synthesized by means of meta-analysis. The results are broadly supportive of the power model. It is concluded that speed has a major impact on the number of accidents and the severity of injuries and that the relationship between speed and road safety is causal, not just statistical.
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Thompson, Kevin, and Sarah Joyce. "Do Victim Impact Panels Have Sustained Effects on DUI Recidivism?" Laws 11, no. 2 (March 25, 2022): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/laws11020028.
Full textAbstract:
This study examines whether Victim Impact Panels reduce DUI recidivism 5 to 8 years postsentence. Original 2-year data on 410 DUI offenders who attended a Victim Impact Panel and 373 DUI offenders from the same court system who did not attend a Victim Impact Panel indicated slight recidivism reduction effects. Logistic regression results at the 5-year period reveal that not attending a Victim Impact panel increases the odds of another DUI by a factor of 1.5 with an upper 95% confidence odds level of 2.2. At the 8-year mark, non-VIP participants were 1.8 times more likely to record another DUI with an upper 95% confidence odds level of 2.6. Offenders with a prior DUI who attended a Victim Impact Panel had significantly lower recidivism rates after 8 years relative to non-attendees. Prior research suggested that males in the 26–35-year age group benefitted more from Victim Impact Panel participation. These data indicate that the effects of age are relatively uniform across male age groups. Overall, these recidivism results indicate that the emotional messages communicated by victims to DUI offenders might carry sustained effects.
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Breslau, N., J. P. Troost, K. Bohnert, and Z. Luo. "Influence of predispositions on post-traumatic stress disorder: does it vary by trauma severity?" Psychological Medicine 43, no. 2 (June 18, 2012): 381–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291712001195.
Full textAbstract:
BackgroundOnly a minority of trauma victims (<10%) develops post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), suggesting that victims vary in predispositions to the PTSD response to traumas. It is assumed that the influence of predispositions is inversely related to trauma severity: when trauma is extreme predispositions are assumed to play a secondary role. This assumption has not been tested. We estimate the influence of key predispositions on PTSD induced by an extreme trauma – associated with a high percentage of PTSD – (sexual assault), relative to events of lower magnitude (accidents, disaster, and unexpected death of someone close).MethodThe National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC) is representative of the adult population of the USA. A total of 34 653 respondents completed the second wave in which lifetime PTSD was assessed. We conducted three series of multinomial logistic regressions, comparing the influence of six predispositions on the PTSD effect of sexual assault with each comparison event. Three pre-existing disorders and three parental history variables were examined.ResultsPredispositions predicted elevated PTSD risk among victims of sexual assault as they did among victims of comparison events. We detected no evidence that the influence of predispositions on PTSD risk was significantly lower when the event was sexual assault, relative to accidents, disasters and unexpected death of someone close.ConclusionsImportant predispositions increase the risk of PTSD following sexual assault as much as they do following accidents, disaster, and unexpected death of someone close. Research on other predispositions and alternative classifications of event severity would be illuminating.