Journal articles: 'Victims of crimes'

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SEONG, HYUN JEONG. "Role and Task of Public Defender of Crime Victim: Focused on sex crimes and child abuse crimes." Korean Association Of Victimology 31, no. 2 (August 31, 2023): 265–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.36220/kjv.2023.31.2.265.

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Article 12 Clause 4 of the Constitution of the Republic of Korea provides for the assistance of lawyers. “Anyone who is arrested shall have the right to be assisted immediately by a lawyer.” When a criminal defendant is unable to seek an attorney for himself/herself, the State shall assign a lawyer as prescribed by law.｣ Criminals may, of course, be protected by the appointment of a lawyer when they are investigated by an investigative agency on the basis of the Constitution. Article 33 Clause 1 of the Criminal Procedure Act also specifies the assistance of counsel. The spirit of the constitution was reflected. ｢If it falls under certain conditions and is necessary to protect the rights of criminal offenders, a lawyer shall be selected as necessary. If the economically poor or the physically and mentally handicapped cannot appoint a lawyer, the state protects the defendant's rights in selecting a public defender.｣ But what laws are the victims of crime protected by? Article 10 of the Constitution of the Republic of Korea stipulates the “right to pursue happiness of all citizens.” Article 11 of the Constitution stipulates equal rights for all citizens. Clause 2 of Article 294-2 of the Criminal Procedure Act guarantees the right of victims to state. However, other than that, there are no other regulations protecting victims' rights. Thus, it received a lot of criticism. ｢① After a crime incident, secondary damage is inflicted. ② Victims of a crime shall not be directly involved in an investigation or trial. ③ All citizens are equal.｣ Due to these criticisms, the victim's lawyer system was introduced in 2012. The system of public defenders for victims has been in effect since March 6, 2012. Nevertheless, the system has not been properly established in criminal practice yet. Therefore, confusion has continued. This is because the scope and rights of lawyers for victims of crime and their status in litigation are unclear. Germany settled the issue of protecting victims of crime in 1998 by enacting new legislature. “Act on the Protection of Witnesses and the Improvement of Victims’ Protection when interrogating witnesses in criminal cases: The Witness Protection Act.” Germany clearly defined the rights of crime victims to counsel by the law. Since then, the law has been constantly revised. The rights of crime victims to counsel became victims' rights. Article 395 of the German Criminal Procedure Act stipulated the private prosecution system and the participation system in a public prosecution. Crime victims are equal litigants. It is a legal position recognized by the Criminal Procedure Act. According to the German Criminal Procedure Act, the protection of witnesses has been strengthened. You can exclude the accused and interrogate the witness. Also, it is possible to read a report and record a witness on a tape recorder. Japan has also introduced victim’s participation system. Victims and victims’ lawyers may appear at the trial date and ask the defendant for a witness. Opinions on the confirmation of facts or the application of laws may be stated in the trial. The protection of crime victims has been strengthened. This is the crime victim’s protection system in Germany and Japan. The spirit of the Constitution is urging more rights for crime victims. The Criminal Procedure Act should establish a stipulation for the protection of victims. The legal rights of the victim’s lawyer should also be clearly defined. Only then, can victim lawyers be more active for victims in the investigation and trial stages with legal grounds. The assistance of the investigative agency alone is not enough. You can refer to the German Criminal Procedure Act and the Japanese Criminal Procedure Act.

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Oh, Jung Yong, and Hye Hyeon Park. "Problems of supporting victims of digital sex crimes and ways to improve them." Wonkwang University Legal Research Institute 38, no. 2 (June 30, 2022): 31–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.22397/wlri.2022.38.2.31.

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With the development of science and technology, the penetration rate of smartphones has increased, and cyberspace has become more familiar with real life and information accessibility has increased. However, as cyberspace becomes more common, new forms of crime are emerging, and the seriousness of the crime is emerging. Among them, digital sex crimes are the most serious. Amid growing anxiety over the crime, the government announced a comprehensive plan to prevent damage to digital sex crimes and actively discussed enacting and revising related bills, but there is still a gap in support for victims. There is a perception that digital sex crimes are not physically damaged like ordinary sex crimes, and that this crime is lighter than other crimes. However, unlike this perception, digital sex crimes are crimes that are almost impossible to recover from once they are damaged. Once the victim's videos are released into cyberspace, they cannot be permanently deleted, causing pain to victims and social activities cannot be carried out. In other words, the act can be seen as a personality murder of the victim. Despite these criminal characteristics, the system for supporting victims is still inadequate. The lack of understanding of digital sex crimes by investigators and the Ministry of Justice, lack of budget to support digital sex crimes victims' support centers, and difficulties in international cooperation in arresting overseas Internet operators. To solve these problems, education programs should be carried out at the level necessary for each organization to improve the understanding of investigative agencies and the judiciary, and a system should be established to make education compulsory. In addition, it is necessary to expand the budget to support the victims of digital sex crimes, and to join the Cybercrime Prevention Agreement and cooperate with member countries to investigate sites with overseas servers.

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KIM, Hyekyung. "The distinction between ‘A victim of a Crime’ and ‘Crime Victim’: Centering on Constitutional Court decisions." Korean Association Of Victimology 31, no. 1 (April 30, 2023): 85–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.36220/kjv.2023.31.1.85.

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The legal terms used by the Constitution and laws should have legal effect that distinguishes them from other concepts. However, various terms are used in various systems for the protection of crime victims and the laws on which they are based. Examples include crime victims, criminal victims, a victims of a crime, non-victims, and victim . Here is tried to examine how these concepts are used in cases decided by the Constitutional Court in relation to crime victims so far, and whether legal concepts can be distinguished based on this. First of all, it was premised that the characteristics of the Crime Victim Protection Act and the Criminal Procedure Act were different to guarantee the basic rights of crime victims. In other words, the Criminal Victim Protection Act believes that even if various systems are reorganized for crime victims to be involved in criminal procedures, it cannot be a direct criminal victim's right to participate in criminal procedures. Therefore, the Crime Victim Protection Act is a protection-oriented law in which the state intervenes in the entire process of recovering damage from the occurrence of criminal damage, including criminal procedures, and the Criminal Procedure Act is the basis for the rights of criminal victims. Next, the summary of the terms is as follows. First of all, criminal victims, defined by the Constitution as the subject of the right to state trial procedures, are limited to the subject of rights and obligations in criminal procedures and direct victims of crimes. As a result, the term victim under the Criminal Procedure Act was deleted and a plan was proposed to unify it by replacing it with a victim of a crime. In addition, crime victims were considered to include not only direct victims of crime (criminal victims) and spouses, immediate relatives and siblings, but also those affected by crime damage prevention and crime victim rescue activities according to the definition of the Crime Victim Protection Act. In addition, I would like to propose that all victims, including those other than the term non-victim as a complainant under the Criminal Procedure Act and those other than criminal victims (defined as victims of crimes under the current law), be unified as non-victims. As a result, in the Criminal Procedure Act, victims, etc. will be able to organize legal statements by simply listing them as “criminal victims and not-victims” without any additional regulations or explanations.

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Dzhambulatov, Gamzat K. "Victimological Characteristics of the Personality of a Victim of Crime — Participant of Public Mass Events: Concept and Typology of Victims." Victimology 11, no. 1 (May 15, 2024): 132–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.47475/2411-0590-2024-11-1-132-142.

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The article considers certain aspects of the victimological characteristics of the personality of the victim of a crime — participant in public mass events (including protest actions). Based on the conducted research, the author proposed the concept of the personality of a crime victim — participant in public mass events (including protest actions). The identity of the victim of a crime — participant in public mass events (including protest actions) has significant features that are due to a number of factors. The author’s approach to the typology of crime victims — participants of public mass events is given. Among the victims of crime — participants in public mass events (including protest actions), as by analogy, the typology of victims of crime can be distinguished: accidental victims, situational victims and professional victims. The study of the identity of the victim of a crime — participant in public mass events allows us to form an idea of the mechanism of committing a crime during and at the venue of public mass events (including protest actions) and to compile a victimological characteristic of the analyzed crimes. The active application by law enforcement agencies in practice of the achievements of victimology in relation to the crimes under consideration makes it possible to predict the future behavior of the victim of a crime — a participant in public mass events (including protest actions), ultimately — will lead to minimizing the victims of the analyzed crimes.

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., Supriyanto. "National Survey of Victimization: Another Trend-Crime Mapping Tools." International Journal of Research and Review 10, no. 10 (October 24, 2023): 405–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.52403/ijrr.20231050.

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The concept of the "dark figure" refers to the discrepancy between the actual occurrence of criminal activities and the quantity of reported incidents received by the criminal justice system, particularly law enforcement agencies. The term "dark figure of crime" pertains to unreported criminal incidents that are not captured inside the criminal justice system. Inclusion of these unreported crimes in official crime statistics would result in a significant amplification of the overall crime figures. To address the disparity between police records, namely police crime statistics, and the actual occurrence of crimes, many regions have initiated efforts to incorporate victims as the focal point of their investigations. In Indonesia, surveys of victims are generally carried out by private groups, and relate to certain types of crimes. The hesitancy exhibited by victims in reporting their experiences might provide challenges for law enforcement officials in their efforts to uphold societal stability. Victim surveys can extend beyond individuals who have directly experienced crime, encompassing tertiary victims (i.e., indirect victims) who harbour concerns about potential victimisation. Victim surveys can also be utilised to examine victims' perspectives within the complex framework of the criminal justice system, particularly in cases involving many victimisation incidents. Keywords: crime, survey, victims

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Dunbar, Edward. "Race, Gender, and Sexual Orientation in Hate Crime Victimization: Identity Politics or Identity Risk?" Violence and Victims 21, no. 3 (June 2006): 323–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/vivi.21.3.323.

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This study examined the impact of hate crimes upon gay and lesbian victims, reviewing 1,538 hate crimes committed in Los Angeles County. Differences between sexual orientation and other hate crime categories were considered for offense severity, reportage to law enforcement, and victim impact. The type of offense varied between crimes classified for sexual orientation (n = 551) and other bias-motivated crimes (n = 987). Assault, sexual assault, sexual harassment, and stalking were predictive of sexual orientation hate crimes. Sexual orientation bias crimes evidenced greater severity of violence to the person and impact upon victim level of functioning. More violent forms of aggression were predictive of gay and lesbian victim’s underreportage to law enforcement. For sexual orientation offenses, victim gender and race/ethnicity differences were predictive of the base rates of crime reportage as well. These findings are considered in terms of a group-risk hypothesis, encountered by multiple outgroup persons, that influences help-seeking behavior and ingroup identity.

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Setiyawan, Deni, Muhammad Ramli, and Noor Rahmad. "Kedudukan Rasio Decidendi Hakim Dalam Pemenuhan Hak Restitusi Kepada Korban kejahatan Seksual pada Anak." JATIJAJAR LAW REVIEW 1, no. 1 (March 19, 2022): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.26753/jlr.v1i1.729.

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Children grow and develop in their lives cannot be separated from social and environmental influences in which they live and grow. We often see children who are victims of sexual crimes, especially crimes of rape. Even though protection for children has been regulated in Law Number 35 of 2014 concerning Child Protection (Child Protection Law) and Government Regulation Number 43 of 2017 concerning the Implementation of Restitution for Children Who Become Victims of Crime. However, crimes against children continue to occur and pay more attention to that the law does not explain the amount of compensation for victims of sexual crimes, in this case a child. Seeing this problem, the judge must prioritize the fulfillment of the rights of the child as a victim in his decision. Because judges have an important role in determining the rights of victims through legal analysis, (ratio decidendi). This study aims to describe the position of the Judge's Decidendi Ratio in Fulfilling the Right of Restitution to Victims of Sexual Crimes in Children. The concentration of this research discusses the position of Government Regulation Number 43 of 2017 concerning the Implementation of Restitution for Children Who Become Victims of Crime in determining the amount of restitution, then the role of the position of judges who have the right of the ratio decidendi in determining the amount of compensation for victims by prioritizing justice to victims. . This study uses a normative method with a normative juridical approach. The results obtained: first, the position of Government Regulation Number 43 of 2017 concerning the Implementation of Restitution for Children Who Become Victims of Crime in determining the amount of restitution. Second, the role of the judge who has the right of the ratio decidendi in determining the amount of compensation for the victim by prioritizing justice to the victim.

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Shablystyi, Volodymyr, Andriy Kovalenko, Anastasiia Hetman, and Roman Kvasha. "Victimological measures to prevent violent offences for gain committed by children." Cuestiones Políticas 38, Especial II (December 8, 2020): 459–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.46398/cuestpol.382e.35.

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The aim of the article is to be a victimological description of violent crimes for profit by children in Ukraine. The research methodology was based on the equal combination of the legal method, logical and semantic method, comparative method, documentary, test method, classification method, method, and method of system analysis. Among the most notable results of the study were victims who contribute to the commission of crimes for profit and. Everything allows that, the theory of victimological modeling is a logical result of victim thought in criminology, which aims to be the models of the concluding victim of victims of crime crimes, etc.) in order to develop measures that are advised of the victim. The objectives of preventing lost crimes through the development and implementation of long-term state programmed for prevention. The implementation of these laundry programs a mechanism for the effective prevention of victims, the effectiveness of the fight against crime and will ensure safety.

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Komariah, Mamay. "IMPLEMENTASI PASAL 59 AYAT (2) HURUF J UNDANG -UNDANG NOMOR 35 TAHUN 2014 PERUBAHAN ATAS UNDANG-UNDANG NOMOR 23 TAHUN 2002 TENTANG PERLINDUNGAN ANAK DI KOTA BANJAR." SUPREMASI HUKUM 17, no. 1 (March 26, 2021): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.33592/jsh.v17i1.1167.

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Child victims of sexual abuse who have traumatic impacts who serve child victims of violence that are so profound and difficult to cure. Psychological trauma to children who are victims of sexual crimes is difficult to remove from the child's memory, especially if the perpetrator is still and lives not far from the environment of the child, the victim who commits a crime in a crime. The importance of the victim's main concern in discussing crimes caused by the victim often has a very important role in the occurrence of a crime. The method used by compilers in this research is descriptive analysis, namely how to solve problems or answer problems that are tracing the road, classification, analysis, the data displayed with the aim of making a picture of an objective situation. Compilers also use a normative juridical approach, namely legal research that prioritizes researching library materials or what is called secondary data material. Implementation of Article 59 Paragraph (2) Letter J Law Number 35 Year 2014 Amendments to Law Number 23 Year 2002 Regarding Protection in the City of Banjar Has not been implemented optimally because it is still the infrastructure, budget and human resources who are experts in children specifically, therefore The government should add psychologists and psychiatrists to rehabilitate child victims of sexual abuse committed by the presence of the social service and the P2TP2A (Integrated Service Center for Women and Children) to carry out rehabilitation only to provide motivation and visits to families but still not maximally because one is functionally responsible for protection against child victims of sexual crimes crimes. It is hoped that the government can provide maximum rehabilitation for children who are victims of criminal acts because it is an obligation of the government. protection of the community and increasing human resources such as psychology and psychiatrists to provide rehabilitation services for child victims of abuse.

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Kumar, TK Vinod. "Mediating influence of crime type on victim satisfaction with police services." International Review of Victimology 24, no. 1 (September 5, 2017): 99–121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0269758017727344.

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Different crimes have their own unique characteristics. Victim needs and experiences vary across crime types. However, there has been a tendency for the criminal justice system to treat victims as a homogeneous entity and respond to victims of different types of crimes in a routine manner. This is especially true in a developing country like India. This study, using victim survey data from India, examines whether the crime type (property crime or violent crime) has a mediating influence on the relation between the quality of procedure and outcome of police response on the one hand, and victim satisfaction on the other. The study concludes that the type of crime has a mediating effect on the relation between interpersonal justice, information justice and outcome, and the satisfaction of victims with services provided by the police.

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Briones-Robinson, Rhissa, Ràchael A. Powers, and Kelly M. Socia. "Sexual Orientation Bias Crimes." Criminal Justice and Behavior 43, no. 12 (July 28, 2016): 1688–709. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0093854816660583.

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LGBT hate crimes are typically more violent and involve greater victim injury as compared to other victimizations, but they are substantially underreported. Victim reluctance to contact law enforcement may arise from perceptions of police bias. This study explores victim–police interactions, specifically reporting to the police, perceived police bias among victims who did not report, and differential police behavior among victims who reported. Using multiple years of National Crime Victimization Survey data, sexual orientation bias victimizations are compared with other forms of victimization. Logit regression models are examined before and after the Matthew Shepard Act. The pattern of results indicate that in the years following progressive policy reforms, LGBT bias victims continue to perceive the police as biased. Results do not significantly differ between sexual orientation bias victims and victims of other types of crime regarding police reporting and differential police response. Implications for policing efforts with the LGBT community are discussed.

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Mwangi, Erick M., Eric K. Bor, Panuel Mwaeke, and Samwel Auya. "Influence of Victim-Offender Relationship on Reporting of Property Crime to the Police by Victims in Gilgil Ward, Nakuru County, Kenya." European Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 2, no. 6 (November 14, 2022): 17–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejsocial.2022.2.6.339.

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The security and economic expansion of countries are seriously threatened by property crime. It is occasionally linked to victims' hesitation to file a police report. In Gilgil Ward, property offenses are the most common kind of crime. Property crimes, however, make up a relatively tiny portion of reported offenses. Why victims don't report property crimes is a mystery. As a result, the study established the impact of the victim-offender relationship on property crime reporting to the police in Gilgil Ward. The research study's methodology was mixed-methods. The study's research instruments included questionnaires and interview schedules. The intended audience consisted of victims of property crimes who had reported their crimes to the police. For the research investigation, 96 people were the sample size. Respondents were chosen using stratified random selection, purposive sampling, and snowballing sampling. For quantitative data, descriptive analysis was used; for qualitative data, theme analysis was used. The study found that the type of property crime investigated was affected by the victim-offender relationship differently in terms of reporting property crimes. The majority of respondents reported being "to a small extent" impacted by the victim-offender relationship in robbery and theft offenses. Besides, the majority of the respondents claimed that the victim-offender relationship had no bearing on whether they reported a house-breaking or burglary. This study recommends educating Gilgil Ward inhabitants on the need of reporting property crimes to the police to foster successful policing.

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Malikov, D. B., Sh B. Malikova, and A. B. Izbassova. "Some questions of the victimological concept of the victim." Bulletin of the Karaganda University “Law Series” 101, no. 1 (March 30, 2021): 64–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.31489/2021l1/64-69.

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The purpose of this article is to investigate the concept of «victim» of crimes. The article deals with issues related to the definition of victim of crime, the relationship between the terms «victim» of crime and «victim». The different views of scientists on the concepts of «victim», «victim» and «subject of crime» are analyzed. The methodological basis of the study is the scientific provisions of criminal law, criminology and victimology. In the course of studying modern theories of definition of «victim» concept, conclusions were obtained through qualitative and quantitative analysis of socio-legal, criminal-legal phenomena and processes. Current realities show that victimization is closely linked to criminalization. In the context of globalization, during the declaration of a global pandemic with a wide spread of crime, the number of victims increased, and a large number of people joined the criminal community. Isolating a person from society, living locked up in quarantine conditions has influencedthe increase in the number of victims of domestic violent crimes, high-tech crimes. Accordingly, during the formation of a theoretical view of the concept of the victim of crimes, the need to define their rights, as well as their legislative approval, is justified. That is, the need to create a system of subjective rights considering the right to restore the legal status of victims of crimes whose rights were violated by unlawful actions was revealed. The results obtained in this article can be used in the educational process, to write textbooks or workbooks, and to publish articles on the given subject.

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Verkeev, Arseny, and Dmitriy Serebrennikov. "Victims of Their Own Fear: the Perceived Safety and Crime Victim Experience in Russia." Sotsiologicheskoe Obozrenie / Russian Sociological Review 22, no. 2 (2023): 179–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.17323/1728-192x-2023-2-179-206.

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In recent decades, criminologists around the world have observed a decrease in the level of crime, especially violent crime, that is, the so-called “great crime drop”. However, the actual safety may not correspond to subjective safety, i.e., how people perceive their safety against various threats. In this article, we use the Russian Crime Victimization Survey(2021) conducted by the Institute for the Rule of Law at the European University at St. Petersburg to study the relationships between fear of crime, and the sociodemographic and the criminological characteristics of the respondents. These data make it possible to assess how the experience of victims of various crimes and their fear of different types of crimes are related. We find that the relationships between socio-demographic characteristics and fear of crime in Russia are broadly similar to those observed in other countries. At the same time, we identify a number of noteworthy features regarding crime victims. First, the victim experience increases the level of fear of crime on average. Second, the more serious the crime incidents people have experienced in the past, the higher their level of fear of crime. Third, victims of classic in-person crimes (such as theft or assault) often fear future crime. Moreover, in case of property crime, they tend to fear future property crime but not violence. At the same time, victims of violence can fear future property crime along with violence. The fact that the incident was remote (committed via the Internet or telephone) is not related to the fear of crime. Thus, the fear of “classic” crimes is experienced differently by the victims as compared to remote crimes which poses broader questions about the dynamics of perceived safety and the demand for the law enforcement involvement in the future.

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Braun, Kerstin. "Giving Victims a Voice: On the Problems of Introducing Victim Impact Statements in German Criminal Procedure." German Law Journal 14, no. 9 (September 1, 2013): 1889–908. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2071832200002546.

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Historically, victims of crimes were key participants in the prosecution of crimes around the globe. Over the centuries, however, as public police and prosecution service took over the prosecution of criminal acts, the importance of victims in criminal justice systems decreased in common law and civil law countries alike. The victim was sidelined and the victim's role was reduced to that of a witness for the prosecution. As one of the first scholars to comment on the absence of victims from the criminal justice system, William Frank McDonald referred to the victim as “the forgotten man” in criminal procedure.

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Hodgkinsoi, Sarah, and Nick Tilley. "Travel-to-Crime: Homing in on the Victim." International Review of Victimology 14, no. 3 (September 2007): 281–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026975800701400301.

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Environmental criminology focuses on the intersection in time and place of the offender and victim. Patterns of crime are generally explained in terms of the routine activities of the offender. His or her travel to crime distances are short and crimes are committed within the offender's ‘awareness space’. It has generally been theorised that victims also have short journeys to crime, associated with their routine behaviour. This review, however, suggests that occupancy of ‘unawareness space’, where people are away from familiar surroundings, may confer heightened risk. This is supported in research in the special case of crime and tourism, though other travelling victim patterns have been largely ignored. This paper postulates that crime risk increases at the intersection of offender awareness and victim unawareness spaces. The 2002–3 British Crime Survey provides some suggestive evidence on this. Its analysis reveals that 26.9% of self-reported victimisation occurs more than 15 minutes away from the victim's home. For personal theft crimes over 70% of the victims were outside their immediate locality, suggesting a stronger link between victim mobility and certain types of offence. This finding is discussed in light of the literature reviewed and some implications for crime prevention are considered.

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Soepadmo, Nurianto Rachmad. "Dimension of Justice in Restorative Justice Paradigm in the Criminal System for Sexual Violence in Indonesia." EU agrarian Law 9, no. 2 (December 1, 2020): 14–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/eual-2020-0008.

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Abstract The act of sexual violence is a crime that is classified as a violation of human rights (HAM). The increase number of sexual violence cases in the world, including Indonesia, shows that the current justice system is unable to guarantee justice for victims, and most importantly recovery for victims. For this reason, a justice restoration approach is needed as an alternative in law enforcement against sexual crimes. Practically, marriage used as a way to approach justice restoration. This article used normative and juridical approach to discuss law enforcement on sexual crimes through restorative justice approach. It can be concluded that law enforcement on sexual crimes should observe based on criminology, victimology and ontology aspects, in order to be able to place the problem objectively. As a complaint offense, sexual crimes may not be passed on to criminal process, if there is peace between the victim and the perpetrator, provided that there is an agreement among the victim, perpetrator, family and society without coercion from various parties. The main focus in restorative justice of sexual crimes is to provide protection and assistance to victims from various parties, thus, the victims can be released from trauma or psychological impact that caused by sexual violence experienced by the victim or the impact received after the occurrence of sexual crime.

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Luo, Xinke. "Obstacles to Inclusive Disability Hate Crime Policy Process: Targeting the Cognitively Impaired Elderly Victim Group." Journal of Research in Social Science and Humanities 3, no. 1 (January 2024): 89–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.56397/jrssh.2024.01.09.

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In England and Wales, Section 146 of the Criminal Justice Act 2003 made disability hate crimes legal. This advocated for increased sentencing for perpetrators whose crimes were motivated by or demonstrated hate against a person with a handicap or a perceived disability. Currently, this additional sentencing provision is the only legal option for prosecuting disability hate crime perpetrators. This thesis explores the experience and aftermath of hate crimes committed against England’s cognitively challenged senior victim group. The cognitively challenged elderly victim group is far more likely to face bias and violence; they have a greater likelihood of re-victimisation and suffer significant suffering as a result of hate crimes. To date, the voices of cognitively deficient elderly victims and survivors have been mostly absent from scholarly research and hate crime policies. As a result, the purpose of this article is to look into present policy barriers and how the cognitively challenged senior victim group might best receive support, justice, and interventions following discriminatory hate crimes. There has been little examination and discussion of intersectionality in disability studies and hate crime research. Common ideas fail to adequately reflect the multifaceted, overlapping, and complex experiences of danger and victimisation. This paper builds on studies on hate crimes against the cognitively deficient elderly victim group. It noted the challenge of categorising individual encounters as one type of hate crime. Victims and their relatives recognised that they were targeted for a variety of reasons, including their inability to care for themselves and their age. The study contends that the present strand-based approach to hate crime conceals a multitude of cross-identity characteristics that, when combined, might raise the danger of victimisation while decreasing a victim’s chance of reporting their experiences. To address vulnerability, safety, and hate crime against disabled people in England and Wales’ criminal justice, health, social care, and refuge systems, barriers to including the cognitively impaired senior victim group in the policy process are presented, allowing for targeted suggestions and changes on relevant issues.

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Wahanani, Sri Tatmala, Ira Alia Maerani, and Siti Ummu Adillah. "The Legal Analysis of Age Limitations of Child Victims on Criminal Actions in Justice Perspective." Law Development Journal 4, no. 3 (August 17, 2022): 416. http://dx.doi.org/10.30659/ldj.4.3.416-422.

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The purpose of this study was to determine and analyze the impact of changes in the age limit of child victims, provisions for the age limit of child victims in Islamic law and age limits for victims of crimes of decency with justice. The approach method in this study uses a doctrinal research method (juridical normative) and a legal psychological approach method, with a descriptive analytical research specification. In collecting data used literature study method with qualitative data analysis. From the results of the study, it was concluded that the change in the age limit of child victims in positive law in Indonesia in 2002 from 15 (fifteen) to 18 (eighteen) years had an impact on increasing the number of cases of decency crimes. Even criminal acts of decency are dominated on the basis of reports from the parents of the victim's child who do not approve of the courtship (consensual) relationship between the victim's child and the perpetrator of the crime of decency. This has implications for the conscience of justice for law enforcement officers to demand or make decisions against the perpetrators, there is a sense of injustice, there is a sense of inadequacy when they have to demand or impose punishment, because actually the crime was also desired by the victim. So for the sake of realizing justice, the age of the child victim of 18 (eighteen) years needs to be reconsidered for revision or change.

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Cho, Je Seong, and Seong Cho Hong. "A Study of the Issues Surrounding the Passage of the Government(Ministry of Justice) Amendments to the Act on the Punishment of Stalking Crimes and Police Support for Victims." Korean Association of Public Safety and Criminal Justice 32, no. 3 (September 30, 2023): 461–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.21181/kjpc.2023.32.3.461.

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This study addresses issues regarding Act on the Punishment of Stalking Crimes(hereinafter referred to as the Stalking Punishment Act) that need to be considered once again even though the it has been passed as a government(Ministry of Justice) amendment. Although the Ministry of Justice’s amendment to the Stalking Punishment Act reflected the practical problems very well, the Delphi survey of the field and experts show that there are areas still need to be considered. As a result of the Delphi survey, it was found that there was no consensus on the abolition of Crime not Punishable against Victim's Will and the implementation of the Electronic Monitoring System, so even after the amendment, complementary institutional changes are required. Moreover, it is necessary for additional supplementation in order for handling stalking crimes and support and safety measures for victims to be carried out well. Therefore, through the results of the analysis, this study aims to identify the factors required for better handling stalking crimes and support and safety measures for victims, and to provide relevant recommendations so that each factor can be reflected in real world. To achieve the research objectives, this study conducted a regression analysis to examine the reasons for the lack of consensus on the two key words(Crime not Punishable against Victim's Will and Electronic Monitoring System) that were not agreed upon in the Delphi survey, and to identify factors that may affect the handling of stalking crimes and victim support with safety measures, limited to improving the work of stalling police officers. The regression analysis showed that the variables that had a negative impact on recommending punishment to unpunished victims were police experience (the longer the police career), heavy workload, and difficulty in dealing with passive victims. This result, with a model explanatory power of 43.6%, suggests that the police should consider reassigning personnel, work improvement, and an alternative to the avoidance of reporting of passive stalking victims due to the abolition of the Crime not Punishable against Victim's Will. Implications and specific policy recommendations will be discussed based on the analysis results.

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Nikolić-Ristanović, Vesna. "Victims and Police in Belgrade." International Review of Victimology 6, no. 1 (September 1998): 49–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026975809800600104.

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In this paper the author presents findings of the first (pilot) victimization survey carried out during 1996 in Belgrade (Serbia) as the part of International Crime (Victim) Survey. For the purposes of this survey standard ICS questionnaires and methodology, with some necessary corrections, were used. The random sample consisted of 1094 respondents living in central Belgrade's communes. The author focuses on data measuring respondents' willingness to report crimes, their reasons for not reporting crimes to the police and their attitudes toward the police, i.e. their level of confidence in and their reasons for dissatisfaction with the police. Survey findings are analyzed in connection with different crimes, bearing in mind macro factors, such as war and economic crises, which have contributed to the decrease in both the crime reporting rate and the level of confidence in the police. The author concludes that the survey draws attention to the sensitive relationship between citizens and police in the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (FRY), suggesting an urgent need for radical reforms in the organization, control, training and education of the police concerning human rights in general and victims' rights in particular.

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Adiningsih, Aprilia Putri, and Ridwan Arifin. "Victims of Rape and The Legal Protection: Problems and Challenges in The Victimological Studies." Semarang State University Undergraduate Law and Society Review 3, no. 1 (January 17, 2023): 47–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/lsr.v3i1.56688.

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Victims of the crime of rape have not received optimal legal protection, even though they have been legally protected through the Law on the Protection of Witnesses and Victims, the Law on Child Protection, or the Law on the Elimination of Domestic Violence. However, the concept of Indonesian criminal law, which focuses more on punishing and deterring criminals, has not been able to accommodate the rights of victims, especially in cases of certain crimes such as rape. In the case of rape, the victim receives an immaterial loss (loss of honor) which is legally difficult to materialize, so that the punishment is limited to imprisonment and a fine which is not sufficient to restore the victim's loss and restore the victim's trauma. This study aims to analyze the protection of victims of rape crime in the perspective of victimology and law. This study uses a normative legal approach, literature review and legal analysis. This study found that the juridical sera, the protection of victims of crime, including victims of rape, has been regulated by the state through several laws. The rights of victims have also been mentioned, ranging from restitution, to recovery of victims' losses and trauma. However, in cases of rape, victims are often dissatisfied with the punishment given to the perpetrators of this crime.

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Bailey, Laura, Vincent Harinam, and Barak Ariel. "Victims, offenders and victim-offender overlaps of knife crime: A social network analysis approach using police records." PLOS ONE 15, no. 12 (December 11, 2020): e0242621. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0242621.

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Knife crime is a source of concern for the police in England and Wales, however little published research exists on this crime type. Who are the offenders who use knives to commit crime, when and why? Who are their victims, and is there a victim-offender overlap? What is the social network formation for people who are exposed to knife crime? Using a multidimensional approach, our aim is to answer these questions about one of England and Wales’ largest jurisdictions: Thames Valley. We first provide a state-of-the-art narrative review of the knife crime literature, followed by an analysis of population-level data on central tendency and dispersion of knife crimes reported to the police (2015–2019), on offences, offenders, victims, victim-offender overlaps and gang-related assaults. Social network analysis was used to explore the formations of offender-victim networks. Our findings show that knife crime represents a small proportion of crime (1.86%) and is associated largely with violence offenses. 16–34 year-old white males are at greatest risk of being the victims, offenders or victim-offenders of knife crime, with similar relative risks between these three categories. Both knife offenders and victims are likely to have a criminal record. Knife crimes are usually not gang-related (less than 20%), and experienced mostly between strangers, with the altercation often a non-retaliatory ‘one-off event’. Even gang-related knife crimes do not follow ‘tit-for-tat’ relationships—except when the individuals involved have extensive offending histories and then are likely to retaliate instantaneously. We conclude that while rare, an incident of knife crime remains predicable, as a substantial ratio of offenders and victims of future knife crime can be found in police records. Prevention strategies should not be focused on gang-related criminals, but on either prolific violent offenders or repeat victims who are known to the police—and therefore more susceptible to knife crime exposure.

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Miftahul Jannah, Siti Hudzaifah, Syamsuddin Muchtar, and Hijrah Adhyanti Mirzana. "Restitution rights for children of victims of sexual crimes: between protection and reresting." Jurnal Cakrawala Hukum 12, no. 2 (September 5, 2021): 223–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.26905/idjch.v12i2.4705.

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One of the crimes that are prone to happen to children is sexual crime. Sexual crimes committed against children will have a psychological impact on the child, in the form of mental and emotional state disorders, so that the child who is the victim should be given great attention to the suffering or loss experienced in the form of restitution from the perpetrator. The purpose of this research is to study and analyze how the fulfillment of restitution for child victims of sexual crimes and the extent to which law enforcers and victims influence the fulfillment of these restitution rights, so that empirical research methods are used to answer these problems. The results of this study indicate that the fulfillment of restitution rights for child victims of sexual crimes in the city of Makassar is not fulfilled. This is evidenced by only one case where the victim submitted a request for restitution and the victim did not get restitution from the perpetrator. Law enforcers and victims each have influence in fulfilling restitution rights. Even so, the role of the victim has a bigger influence, this is because even though the law enforcer should inform the victim about the right of restitution, it is the victim who decides whether to apply for restitution or not because restitution can only be obtained if the victim submits a request. not automatically accepted by the victim.How to cite item: Miftahul Jannah, S., Muchtar, S., Mirzana, H. (2021). Restitution rights for children of victims of sexual crimes: between protection and reresting. Jurnal Cakrawala Hukum, 12(2), 223-232. doi:https://doi.org/10.26905/idjch.v12i2.4705

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Galdamez, Gerson, and Zach Gassoumis. "CRIME-RELATED PHYSICAL INJURIES AMONG OLDER ADULTS IN THE UNITED STATES: FINDINGS FROM 2015 NIBRS DATA." Innovation in Aging 3, Supplement_1 (November 2019): S449—S450. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igz038.1686.

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Abstract Approaches to addressing crimes within the justice system typically do not differentiate between younger and older adults. However, approaches to addressing elder abuse cases—which involve older adult victims exclusively—often rely on the preconception that abuse can only occur if a visible physical injury exists. This preconception is driven in part by perceptions of frailty and ease-of-injury in older, vulnerable victims. We aimed to quantify the prevalence of physical injuries among older victims of violent crimes. We used data reported by the U.S. National Incidence-Based Reporting System (NIBRS) in 2015 to quantify the frequency of reported crimes which resulted in visible, physical injuries to victims aged 60+. Logistic regression was used to determine effects of age, race/ethnicity, type of crime, relationship to offender, and victim locality on physical injury from crime. Among 1,373,417 crime victims, 80.63% of older adults (60+) sustained an injury, as opposed to 65.17% of younger adults (<60). The proportion of individuals who showed physical injuries consistently increased with age until age 90. Knowing the offender was associated with higher odds of sustaining a visible injury (OR 1.47, 95% CI 1.38-1.58). Although older adults show higher risk of visible physical injuries from violent crimes than younger adults, it is possible for a crime against an older adult to have occurred without a visible injury. Medical and criminal justice practitioners should utilize this evidence on elder crime victimization to aid in expert witness testimony and other activities related to justice in crimes against older adults.

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Yulianti, Evi, and Achmad Sulchan. "Legal Protection Of Victims In The Crime Of Rapes." Law Development Journal 3, no. 2 (August 7, 2021): 353. http://dx.doi.org/10.30659/ldj.3.2.353-361.

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The purpose of this study is to identify and analyze the legal protection of victims in the crime of rape, and to identify and analyze the obstacles and solutions to the legal protection of victims in the crime of rape. This study uses a normative juridical approach, which in this case relates to the legal protection of victims in the crime of rape with descriptive analytical research specifications. The data used are primary and secondary data which will be analyzed qualitatively. The research problems were analyzed using law enforcement theory, legal certainty and Islamic justice theory. The results of the study concluded that the protection of victims of the crime of rape in addition to experiencing physical suffering also experienced psychological suffering which took a long time to recover. Considering that the suffering experienced by the victims of the crime of rape is not light and it takes a long time to recover, the law enforcement officers are obliged to provide protection for the victims of the crime of rape. The obstacles that arise in the legal protection of the rights of victims in the process of resolving criminal cases: a) The criminals themselves, where the perpetrators of the crime are very good at committing crimes so that they are not caught or not caught; b) The attitude of the community, where the attitude of the community is indifferent in dealing with crimes that occur in their environment, so that people are less sensitive in dealing with crimes that occur; c) The compensation given by the perpetrator to the victim is not in accordance with what the victim expects because of the economic limitations of the perpetrator of the crime; d) For immaterial losses in criminal cases it cannot be done. The solution to the legal protection of victims in the crime of rape is the rehabilitation of victims of the crime of rape.

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Fortuna, Isabella Dewi. "Protection of Victims of Fraud Crime in Victimological Studies." Jurnal Scientia Indonesia 4, no. 2 (October 30, 2018): 199–222. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/jsi.v4i2.36049.

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Criminal acts will certainly cause the party to feel the suffering and the party is the victim. It should be remembered that victims themselves have rights that must be protected and fulfilled, the presence of the law as a legal umbrella which certainly helps in protecting and fulfilling the victim's property rights, Indonesia's own positive law has regulated the protection of victims and a discipline that also plays a role in protecting the victims. Victimology's rights are Victimology, where victimology will understand more about the victim as a result of a crime to ensure that the victim can get their rights and recompense commensurate with what the victim suffered. Crimes that occur in Indonesia are of various kinds, from murder, theft, to fraud with various modus operandi which will greatly arouse the desire of the victim to follow what the victim asks so that he is aware that he has been deceived.

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Morgan, Jane, and Lucia Zedner. "Researching Child Victims — Some Methodological Difficulties." International Review of Victimology 2, no. 4 (September 1993): 295–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026975809300200402.

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Research into child victims has been overshadowed by concern about the physical and sexual abuse of children. Children who are victims of other crimes have difficulty in attaining ‘victim status’ and have been overlooked by academics and policy makers. ‘Indirect child victims’, affected by witnessing or living with the impact of crimes against others, are more hidden still even though their experience may be no less serious. This article addresses conceptual, ethical, and methodological difficulties encountered in identifying child victims for the purposes of research in carrying out interviews with children and their families and, finally, in assessing the impact of crime upon them.

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Toku, Lomatey, and Martin Otu Offei. "Service, game and livelihood, the new dimensions of neutralization techniques in Internet Romance Fraud: Extending the Neutralization Theory in Modern Internet crimes." International Journal of Technology and Management Research 8, no. 1 (September 4, 2023): 14–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.47127/ijtmr.v8i1.182.

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Internet romance fraud is a serious international crime made possible by the use of the internet and social media dating sites. It is a relationship fraud based on mutual love shared between the victims and their offender partners, without the victim knowing that the offenders have criminal intent to defraud the victim. This crime affect victims in developed countries who are referred to as ‘clients’ by their offenders’ partners. Offenders use neutralization techniques to rationalize and justify their deviant behavior by deflecting the quilt associated with this crime. This study surveyed 320 respondents in validated internet romance fraud (IRF) hotspots. Variance-based partial least square (SmartPLS) with structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to investigate casual relationships among the various. The findings indicate internet romance fraudsters” (IRF) use neutralization methods (“condemn of the condemners”, “denial of injury”, “denial of victim,” “denial of responsibility”, game, service and livelihood) to justify their crimes. The offenders do not use defense of necessity and metaphor of the ledger to rationalize their crimes against their victims. The evidence from this study suggests new dimensions of neutralization techniques (game, service and livelihood) have been introduced by criminals to justify their crimes. The empirical evidence from this study suggests that crime intention in the context of IRF is carried on to the actualization of the crime, a novelty in IS research. The implication of this suggests that criminals are using new techniques in emerging crimes (IRF). Law enforcement and prosecution should arm themselves to deal with the new way of crime justification and rationalization.

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van de Weijer, Steve G. A., Rutger Leukfeldt, and Wim Bernasco. "Determinants of reporting cybercrime: A comparison between identity theft, consumer fraud, and hacking." European Journal of Criminology 16, no. 4 (May 19, 2018): 486–508. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1477370818773610.

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Although the prevalence of cybercrime has increased rapidly, most victims do not report these offenses to the police. This is the first study that compares associations between victim characteristics and crime reporting behavior for traditional crimes versus cybercrimes. Data from four waves of a Dutch cross-sectional population survey are used ( N = 97,186 victims). Results show that cybercrimes are among the least reported types of crime. Moreover, the determinants of crime reporting differ between traditional crimes and cybercrimes, between different types of cybercrime (that is, identity theft, consumer fraud, hacking), and between reporting cybercrimes to the police and to other organizations. Implications for future research and practice are discussed.

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Yan, Jiayi. "Study of Sentencing Factors in Intentional Crimes from the Perspective of Victimology." Journal of Education, Humanities and Social Sciences 14 (May 30, 2023): 668–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/ehss.v14i.8957.

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In traditional criminal justice system, the victim was often viewed as insignificant and marginal. However, victimology has emerged as a field of study that aims to examine the impact of victims on criminal behavior, reposition the victim's role in penal theory, and consider the victim's “Schutzwürdigkeit” and “Schutzbedürftigkeit”, which means the worthiness and need for protection, as important factors in determining the culpability of the accused. While victimology has gained more recognition in the field of negligence in penal theory, it may not be suitable as a universal principle for legislation, interpretation, and incrimination in intentional crimes. Moreover, the role of victimology in the field of sentencing remains to be explored. This study proposes to use the victim criterion as the theoretical basis, and use the time of victim involvement as the criterion to differentiate the victim’s action into the victim's fault, as well as victim self-involvement in risk. Further abstract the behavior patterns of the victim’s fault and the boundaries between self-perilous participation and consensual other-peril. These factors could be integrated into the current sentencing system to develop a theory model with the function of guiding practice and explore the richer possibilities of penal victimology in China.

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Hasibuan, Lidya Rahmadani, and Syaravina Lubis. "Rights of Restitution to Child Victims Under Law No. 35 of 2014 Concerning Child Protection." Mahadi: Indonesia Journal of Law 3, no. 01 (February 28, 2024): 31–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.32734/mah.v3i01.15455.

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Restitution is the compensation paid by a perpetrator, as determined by a court with a final legal decision, to cover the material and/or immaterial losses suffered by the victim or their heirs. In cases involving child victims, restitution becomes obligatory for the perpetrator to compensate the victim for their losses. This demonstrates the perpetrator's responsibility for actions that have harmed the victim, their family, or heirs, in accordance with Article 71 D Paragraph (2) of Law Number 35 of 2014, which amends Law number 23 of 2002 concerning Child Protection. Restitution, as a form of compensation for victims of crimes, aligns with the Principle of Restoration to its Original Condition (restitutio in integrum), aiming to restore victims to their state before the crime, although complete restoration may not be possible. It emphasizes a holistic recovery approach, addressing various aspects resulting from the crime's consequences. Through restitution, victims can recover their freedom, legal rights, social status, family life, citizenship, residence, employment, and assets. The research will be conducted at the Belawan Police, Medan LPSK, and Bagan Deli Belawan Village.

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Subangun, Mahari Is, and Sudarsono Harjosoekarto. "Isomorfisme Institusional LPSK dalam Penegakan Hak Rehabilitasi Psikososial Korban Tindak Pidana di Indonesia." Jurnal HAM 14, no. 1 (April 30, 2023): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.30641/ham.2023.14.39-54.

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This study explains how isomorphism develops in the Indonesian Witness and Victim Protection Agency (Lembaga Perlindungan Saksi dan Korban-LPSK) and contributes to stronger coordination among institutions in administering psychological services for crime victims in Indonesia. This study employs an organizational sociology approach with an isomorphism perspective to determine the robustness of institutions' roles and relationships in providing psychosocial care to crime victims. Using the Soft Systems Methodology (SSM) in conjunction with Textual Network Analysis (TNA), this study discovered that coercive isomorphism in government organizations is the primary driving factor behind mimetic and normative isomorphism, whereas stereotyped isomorphism drives the private sector. Isomorphism emerges to give psychosocial services to victims of criminal crimes, namely as a result of reinforcement from Law Number 31 of 2014 on the Protection of Witnesses and Victims. This reinforcement prompted mimetic isomorphism in many forms of cooperation, and as a result, normatively, it is feasible to claim that LPSK has evolved into a professional institution in delivering psychological rights services to victims of criminal crimes. Furthermore, this study makes recommendations on the role of state institutions and cooperative institutions in satisfying the rights of crime victims in Indonesia, particularly psychosocial assistance.

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Wrede, Olof, and Karl Ask. "More Than a Feeling: Public Expectations About Emotional Responses to Criminal Victimization." Violence and Victims 30, no. 5 (2015): 902–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.vv-d-14-00002.

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Crime victims’ emotional display in legal settings has been found to influence credibility judgments. The specific nature of public expectations about crime victims’ emotional responses have, however, not been adequately investigated. In an experimental vignette study, respondents in a community sample (N = 404) estimated the likelihood that female and male victims would experience 7 distinct emotions in response to 5 types of crimes. Across all crime types, female victims were expected to experience significantly more situation-focused (anxiety, fear) and inward-focused (guilt, shame, sadness) emotions, and significantly less other-focused emotions (hatred, anger) than male victims. This calls for an increased focus on distinct emotions in future research on victim’s emotions. Implications for victims in legal and social settings are discussed.

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Scheuerman, Heather, and Shelley Keith. "Importance of victims: How does offense type affect restoration and reparation in restorative justice conferencing?" Temida 26, no. 3 (2023): 325–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tem2303325s.

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Research indicates that, in comparison to traditional court processing, restorative justice enhances victim satisfaction. This is in part due to the opportunities for dialogue within the restorative approach that enables offender accountability and victim reparation. Yet, some crimes that occur may not involve a direct victim, which would have implications for whether victims are present and levels of restoration and reparation within restorative justice. Using data from the Australian Reintegrative Shaming Experiments (RISE), we examine how crime type affects restorative justice outcomes. We find that conferences involving victimless crimes enhance offender accountability and community reparation in comparison to other crimes.

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Hryniewicz-Lach, Elżbieta. "Society seen as a victim — how it may affect criminal law." Nowa Kodyfikacja Prawa Karnego 52 (December 13, 2019): 83–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/2084-5065.52.6.

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Crimes committed against individual victims quite often affect the whole of society or a certain community as well. Therefore society should be seen as a relevant subject on the victim’s side, and not only as a potential offender or a neutral third party providing certain services for individual victims. Regarding society as a kind of a victim enables us to see crime and criminal reaction in a broader context going beyond the interests of individuals and creating a counterweight to them. For this reason it is important to see in which way society can be victimised, what are its preventive and compensatory interests and how they can be satisfied with the instruments of criminal law.

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Repetskaya, Anna, and Tatyana Kononykhina. "Victimological Characteristics and Prevention of Crimes Committed by Women (Regional Aspect)." Russian Journal of Criminology 15, no. 6 (December 28, 2021): 702–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.17150/2500-4255.2021.15(6).702-713.

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The authors discuss the victimization characteristics of crimes committed by women in Irkutsk and Transbaikal Regions, the characteristics of the personality of the victim of these infringements, the behavioral patterns of the criminal and the victim in the process of victimization, their relationships and social connections. The research, based on the statistical analysis and study of 250 criminal cases, allowed the authors to come to a number of conclusions, including the following ones. Victimization trends in the regions under consideration are unfavorable, the victimization level is growing, and the growth rate is higher in Irkutsk Region than in Transbaikal Region. The structure of regional victimization is dominated by crimes against property, while other types in this structure are crimes against life and health, family and minors, as well as against health of the population and public morals. Characteristic features of victims of regional female crimes are age victimity, as every second victim in Transbaikal Region and every third in Irkutsk Region has it, and a considerable victimogenic personality deformation of most middle-aged victims. Such victims show guilty (unlawful, amoral or light-minded) behavior, which is the manifestation of their personal victimity. Using the obtained results, the authors worked out a system of victimological prevention measures aimed at stopping and neutralizing the identified victimogenic factors. They suggest legal, organizational, information, educational measures, as well as measures of rehabilitation and procedural nature. Taking into account the regional specifics of victimization, the personality of crime victims, their victim-like behavior can make the practice of victimological prevention more effective.

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Alomosh, Ahmad Falah. "Victims of Crime in the United Arab Emirates." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 37, no. 7 (August 1, 2009): 971–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2009.37.7.971.

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In this study crime victimization in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) was examined through the dimensions of the experience of victims and perceived potential for being a victim of crimes in the UAE. A questionnaire was designed and data were collected from a sample of 1,520 respondents. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the data. It was found that the main crimes suffered by victims in the UAE are: disturbance and harassment by beggars, simple assaults, property damage, susceptibility to deception and fraud, stealing from trade centers, theft of car contents, stealing on public roads and transport services, and pickpocketing.

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Al Faraby, Muhammad Faisal. "Creativity of Protection of Rape Victims in Victimological Perspective." Journal of Creativity Student 4, no. 2 (July 30, 2019): 143–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/jcs.v4i2.36046.

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Society tends to think that it is women who have a weak figure. So there is a patriarchal culture that makes women often become victims of rape crimes committed by irresponsible men. The many types related to sexual violence given to female victims are realized in the form of rape that occurs. There are many bad effects caused by explaining the crime of non-urban crimes committed by the perpetrator against the victim, giving a real impact on the mental and giving suffering to the victim, it is also part of the violation of human rights against women. Research conducted by researchers with the aim of knowing the reasons for the importance of getting protection and security for rape victims. So that in the process of carrying out the research, normative legal research is used, and assisted by the use of secondary data which is considered and used as the most important data in research, and primary data which is only as a support. The result of this research is that the crime of rape committed by the perpetrator will have a multiplier impact on the victim so that protection and security for the victim is needed for the crime.

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Sarkar, Sukanta. "AN EXPLORATORY STUDY ON CRIME AGAINST WOMEN IN STATES OF WESTERN AND NORTHERN REGIONS OF INDIA." International Journal of Management, Economics and Commerce 1, no. 2 (July 1, 2024): 18–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.62737/h94m1q50.

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The paper discussed the crimes against women in states of western and northern regions of India. It has found that Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan and Maharashtra has higher incidences of crimes against women then other states in the regions. Goa, Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand has comparatively lower incidences of crimes against women. Uttar Pradesh has the highest incidences and victims of SLL crimes against women, followed by Maharashtra and Rajasthan On the other hand, least incidences and victims of such crimes is reported in Goa preceded by Himachal Pradesh and Punjab. Uttar Pradesh also has the highest incidences and victims of total crime against women (IPC+SLL) followed by Maharashtra and Rajasthan. On the other hand, least incidences and victims of total crime against women (IPC+SLL) reported in Goa preceded by Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand. Therefore, Governments of the concern states should implement proper policies and regulations for minimizing the incidences of crime against women.

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Retnaningrum, Dwi Hapsari, Setya Wahyudi, Budiyono Budiyono, and Norcha Satria Adi Nugroho. "Application of Restorative Justice in Health Crime." Jurnal Dinamika Hukum 23, no. 1 (April 29, 2023): 131. http://dx.doi.org/10.20884/1.jdh.2023.23.1.3207.

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Health sectors covers wide range of criminal acts, including medical malpractice, circulation of illegal drug, pharmacy and prescription drug fraud, and hospital unprofessionalism. The Number of victims due to crimes in health sector is far more than what it appears to be. An example of crimes within the health sectors is medical malpractice. Malpractice is a bad practice. Restorative justice as new approach offers a solution to criminal cases that focus more on the recovery rather than vengeance. Therefore, the issue that need to be discuss is whether health crimes equate to medical malpractice and how should the application of restorative justice be applied to criminal acts in health sectors. One of the main reasons to implement restorative justice is because the victim as the party who is most harmed and suffers, is in fact generally being abandoned in criminal justice system. The care and protection given to the victim felt not yet adequate especially if the aim is to restore the victim’s suffering. This study shows that health crimes does not equate to medical malpractice because as the name suggested medical malpractice entail a profession. However, criminal acts can be committed by anyone. The application of restorative justice should be applied to cases in health sectors that involve negligence and not cases based on intent. The application of restorative justice can be beneficial to perpetrators, victims, and society. Keywords: restorative justice, malpractice, health crime

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Arwana, Yudha Chandra. "Victims of Cyber Crimes in Indonesia: A Criminology and Victimology Perspective." Semarang State University Undergraduate Law and Society Review 2, no. 2 (July 30, 2022): 181–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/lsr.v2i2.53754.

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Crimes that occur in cyberspace are born as a result of the negative impact of technological developments, crimes that occur in various forms and types have consequences for the legal protection of users, this is important considering that every human being must be protected in accordance with his dignity as a human being. One form of state responsibility for the protection of its citizens is to provide legal guarantees and concrete actions that protect the community from all forms of crime or other deviant acts that may be experienced by the community, both in the real world and in cyberspace. Crimes that occur in cyberspace or commonly referred to as cybercrime. This study is aims to analyze and examine the victims of cyber crime in the perspective of criminology and victimology. Criminology approach used to answer the motive, factors, and response of the crime, and victimology approach to understand more comprehensively concerning to the victim’s protection and the role of the victims in the cybercrime.

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Foroughi, Fazlollah, and Zahra Dastan. "Victim’s Right of Access to International Criminal Courts." Journal of Politics and Law 10, no. 1 (December 29, 2016): 279. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jpl.v10n1p279.

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Due to quantitative expansion and evolution in committing the crime at the international level, the scope of criminal proceedings has been widened significantly. Tolerance and forgiveness towards crimes that happen at international level not only is a double oppression on the victims, but also provide a fertile context for others to commit crimes more daringly. Thus, it is essential that international criminals are held accountable to the law and competent institution, and the realization of this issue leads to the victim satisfaction in international law. Not only in international law, but also in domestic law, show respect and protection of human rights is effective only when there is an effective justice system to guarantee the rights. Although some international crimes practically occur by the government or at least high-ranking government officials, the Statute of the International Criminal Court has reiterated this point that they only have jurisdiction over the crimes committed by natural persons rather than legal entities, which one good example is governments, and although the real victims of these crimes have been human beings, in the case of action and referring the case to the competent international courts, these are the states (rather than the victims) that actually have the right of access to the authorities and not beneficiaries .Thus, at the first step, we should see whether the Court has jurisdiction over the crime committed by the government and whether people can file an action independently in the International Criminal Court or not? When people, rather than governments, are beneficiaries in some international crimes, why only the government and not the people is the plaintiff? And what is the right of the victim in such category of crimes? Accordingly, the current research seeks to examine these rights and restrictions, and relevant limitations.

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Nasir, Muhammad, Johari Johari, T. Halimah, Phoenna Ath Thariq, and Ummi Kalsum. "Perlindungan Hukum bagi Korban Kejahatan Penipuan." Ius Civile: Refleksi Penegakan Hukum dan Keadilan 6, no. 1 (April 27, 2022): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.35308/jic.v6i1.5194.

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The arrangement on victims in the Kuhap is only stipulated in Article 98 to Article 101, the articles relate to the right of victims in demanding compensation. The mechanism taken is the merger of lawsuit cases in exchange for criminal cases. The purpose of this study is to explain the underlying importance of legal protection against victims of fraud crimes and forms of legal protection for victims of fraud crimes in the provisions of the Kuhap and RKUHAP. The research methods used in this study are: Normative type of juridical research. With a legal approach, and a conceptual approach. The victim is a party who is harmed in the occurrence of a crime so that it must get attention and service in providing protection against it. The importance of protection to create a just and peaceful society without any crime or violence. Article 133 RKUHAP is regulated on compensation for victims who state if the defendant is criminally convicted and there are victims who suffer material losses. For law enforcement officials to pay attention and prioritize justice in providing protection to victims because victims have suffered losses and mental disorders and the rule of law that has been made must be carried out and given in accordance with what has been determined.

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Sulistyani, Wanodyo. "Environmental Crime Victims under Criminal Justice System: A Study on the Development of Environmental Victimology." PADJADJARAN Jurnal Ilmu Hukum (Journal of Law) 06, no. 01 (April 2019): 50–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.22304/pjih.v6n1.a3.

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Lack of attention to environmental crime victims under criminal justice system has led to the development of the study of environmental victimology. This study focuses to acknowledge victims’ losses as an impact of environmental crime and victimizationprocess. In the study of criminology, environmental crime is generated by environmental damaging activities, such as pollution, illegal hazardous substances dumping, land burning, illegal logging, etc. The damaging activities inflict harms not merely to the sustainability of the environment, but also to human and other creatures. Environment degradation has caused issues on health, economic, social, and cultural, as well as inequality. However, in some incidents, environmental crime is endorsed by state; the fact has created complexity in dealing with the crime. Furthermore, environmental crime is also related to other forms of crime, such as corruption and money laundering. Therefore, a multi-doors approach is established by involving several institutions to investigate the crimes. However, the approach does not sufficiently restore victims’ losses. The environmental victimology study is expected to enable criminal justice system to accommodate environmental crime victim’s interests for restitution or compensation. Therefore, this article overviews the widespread environmental crimes and the rise of attention to this issue. Consequently, it also describes the issue on criminal law enforcement to environmental crimes. Furthermore, it reviews environmental victimology study and the process of environmental victimization. Lastly, it analyzes the importance of environmental victimology study in arranging a policy on restoring the victims’ losses. The study employed normative legal research by applying statutory, comparative, and case study approaches.

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46

Sulistyani, Wanodyo. "Environmental Crime Victims under Criminal Justice System: A Study on the Development of Environmental Victimology." PADJADJARAN Jurnal Ilmu Hukum (Journal of Law) 06, no. 01 (April 2019): 50–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.22304/pjih.v6n1.a3.

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Lack of attention to environmental crime victims under criminal justice system has led to the development of the study of environmental victimology. This study focuses to acknowledge victims’ losses as an impact of environmental crime and victimizationprocess. In the study of criminology, environmental crime is generated by environmental damaging activities, such as pollution, illegal hazardous substances dumping, land burning, illegal logging, etc. The damaging activities inflict harms not merely to the sustainability of the environment, but also to human and other creatures. Environment degradation has caused issues on health, economic, social, and cultural, as well as inequality. However, in some incidents, environmental crime is endorsed by state; the fact has created complexity in dealing with the crime. Furthermore, environmental crime is also related to other forms of crime, such as corruption and money laundering. Therefore, a multi-doors approach is established by involving several institutions to investigate the crimes. However, the approach does not sufficiently restore victims’ losses. The environmental victimology study is expected to enable criminal justice system to accommodate environmental crime victim’s interests for restitution or compensation. Therefore, this article overviews the widespread environmental crimes and the rise of attention to this issue. Consequently, it also describes the issue on criminal law enforcement to environmental crimes. Furthermore, it reviews environmental victimology study and the process of environmental victimization. Lastly, it analyzes the importance of environmental victimology study in arranging a policy on restoring the victims’ losses. The study employed normative legal research by applying statutory, comparative, and case study approaches.

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Hipple, Natalie Kroovand, Kristina J. Thompson, Beth M. Huebner, and Lauren A. Magee. "Understanding Victim Cooperation in Cases of Nonfatal Gun Assaults." Criminal Justice and Behavior 46, no. 12 (May 16, 2019): 1793–811. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0093854819848806.

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Victims play a central role in criminal case processing, but research suggests many victims do not report crimes to police or cooperate in a police investigation. This study extends the literature on victim cooperation by examining the effect of incident-level variables and neighborhood characteristics on victim cooperation in nonfatal shooting incidents. The sample includes 1,054 nonfatal shooting victims from two Midwestern cities. Results using binary logistic regression suggest that incident and victim characteristics are significantly associated with cooperation, but race conditions the effect of injury severity and motive on cooperation. The willingness to cooperate among Whites is contingent on injury severity while non-White victims do not become markedly more cooperative when confronted with serious injury. Race also moderates the relationship between crime motive and cooperation. This work demonstrates the need to incorporate nonfatal firearm violence into studies of victim cooperation and gun crime more broadly.

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Chakiev, Murat Akhmedovich. "The personality of the offender who commits crimes against people with disabilities and the victimological characteristics of the disabled victim." Юридические исследования, no. 3 (March 2024): 80–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-7136.2024.3.69803.

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One of the vulnerable and unprotected groups of the population are persons with health problems with persistent disorders of body functions, leading to limitations in life activity and necessitating their social and legal protection. Often such persons are chosen by criminals as victims due to their defenseless or helpless state, which does not allow them to resist or makes their property accessible to third parties. The analysis of criminal cases revealed some personality traits of the criminal who chooses disabled people as victims, and also identified three groups of crimes, the commission of which has the specificity of choosing a victim with physical or mental disabilities. These are crimes of violence, crimes against property and corruption. The personality characteristics of the criminal have common characteristics in the case of crimes committed against such a category of victims in everyday life, or who chose the victim immediately before committing the crime, realizing the impossibility of proper resistance or protection of their property. A thorough analysis of each category will allow us to develop appropriate individual preventive measures. Considering the importance of protecting people with disabilities, the peculiarities of their legal status and health status, we consider it important to develop a separate interdisciplinary area of criminology - victimology of the disabled.

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Denkers, Adriaan J. M., and Frans Willem Winkel. "Crime Victims' Well-Being and Fear in a Prospective and Longitudinal Study." International Review of Victimology 5, no. 2 (January 1998): 141–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026975809800500202.

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A study is presented on the influence of criminal victimization on well-being and fear within a nationwide sample of the Dutch population. The study focused on differences between victims and non-victims, and on the causality between crime and psychological upheaval. The design of the study was prospective, it included victims of several crime-types, and a matched sample of non-victims. The reactions of victims were measured before, and within two weeks, one month and two months after the crime. Results indicated that victims of crime systematically report lower levels of well-being, and, to some extent, higher levels of fear. Next, some indications were found supporting the notion that victims of violent crimes suffer more psychological distress than victims of property crimes. And finally, the data imply that, after the incident victims were ‘unhappier’ than non-victims, but, at least partly, already were so before the crime took place.

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Heryanto, dkk, Budi. "KORBAN TINDAK PIDANA PEMERKOSAAN DALAM PERSPEKTIF VIKTIMOLOGI." Jurnal Hukum Mimbar Justitia 6, no. 1 (June 30, 2020): 90. http://dx.doi.org/10.35194/jhmj.v6i1.1094.

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The crime of rape is a serious threat to women by criminals that cause unrest in society. It is not uncommon for minors to become victims of the crime of rape. Women who should receive protection from all forms of threats have not yet materialized in practice. Indonesian positive law is more focused on the perpetrators of criminal acts than on victims. Many other regulations on the handling of crimes since investigation, investigation, prosecution, pretrial and law enforcement, witnesses, and victims have received little attention. The impact that is difficult to cure for rape victims in the form of mental and psychological illnesses is a concern for rape victims. It is not uncommon for crimes related to women to be left untouched by law enforcement. The reasons why crimes against women can occur and why many rape cases are not legally resolved will be discussed in this study. Keywords : Victims, Rape, Crime, Victimology

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Journal articles on the topic 'Victims of crimes'

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