Relevant bibliographies by topics / Victims of crimes

Academic literature on the topic 'Victims of crimes'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 30 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Victims of crimes"

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SEONG, HYUN JEONG. "Role and Task of Public Defender of Crime Victim: Focused on sex crimes and child abuse crimes." Korean Association Of Victimology 31, no. 2 (August 31, 2023): 265–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.36220/kjv.2023.31.2.265.

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Article 12 Clause 4 of the Constitution of the Republic of Korea provides for the assistance of lawyers. “Anyone who is arrested shall have the right to be assisted immediately by a lawyer.” When a criminal defendant is unable to seek an attorney for himself/herself, the State shall assign a lawyer as prescribed by law.｣ Criminals may, of course, be protected by the appointment of a lawyer when they are investigated by an investigative agency on the basis of the Constitution. Article 33 Clause 1 of the Criminal Procedure Act also specifies the assistance of counsel. The spirit of the constitution was reflected. ｢If it falls under certain conditions and is necessary to protect the rights of criminal offenders, a lawyer shall be selected as necessary. If the economically poor or the physically and mentally handicapped cannot appoint a lawyer, the state protects the defendant's rights in selecting a public defender.｣ But what laws are the victims of crime protected by? Article 10 of the Constitution of the Republic of Korea stipulates the “right to pursue happiness of all citizens.” Article 11 of the Constitution stipulates equal rights for all citizens. Clause 2 of Article 294-2 of the Criminal Procedure Act guarantees the right of victims to state. However, other than that, there are no other regulations protecting victims' rights. Thus, it received a lot of criticism. ｢① After a crime incident, secondary damage is inflicted. ② Victims of a crime shall not be directly involved in an investigation or trial. ③ All citizens are equal.｣ Due to these criticisms, the victim's lawyer system was introduced in 2012. The system of public defenders for victims has been in effect since March 6, 2012. Nevertheless, the system has not been properly established in criminal practice yet. Therefore, confusion has continued. This is because the scope and rights of lawyers for victims of crime and their status in litigation are unclear. Germany settled the issue of protecting victims of crime in 1998 by enacting new legislature. “Act on the Protection of Witnesses and the Improvement of Victims’ Protection when interrogating witnesses in criminal cases: The Witness Protection Act.” Germany clearly defined the rights of crime victims to counsel by the law. Since then, the law has been constantly revised. The rights of crime victims to counsel became victims' rights. Article 395 of the German Criminal Procedure Act stipulated the private prosecution system and the participation system in a public prosecution. Crime victims are equal litigants. It is a legal position recognized by the Criminal Procedure Act. According to the German Criminal Procedure Act, the protection of witnesses has been strengthened. You can exclude the accused and interrogate the witness. Also, it is possible to read a report and record a witness on a tape recorder. Japan has also introduced victim’s participation system. Victims and victims’ lawyers may appear at the trial date and ask the defendant for a witness. Opinions on the confirmation of facts or the application of laws may be stated in the trial. The protection of crime victims has been strengthened. This is the crime victim’s protection system in Germany and Japan. The spirit of the Constitution is urging more rights for crime victims. The Criminal Procedure Act should establish a stipulation for the protection of victims. The legal rights of the victim’s lawyer should also be clearly defined. Only then, can victim lawyers be more active for victims in the investigation and trial stages with legal grounds. The assistance of the investigative agency alone is not enough. You can refer to the German Criminal Procedure Act and the Japanese Criminal Procedure Act.
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Oh, Jung Yong, and Hye Hyeon Park. "Problems of supporting victims of digital sex crimes and ways to improve them." Wonkwang University Legal Research Institute 38, no. 2 (June 30, 2022): 31–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.22397/wlri.2022.38.2.31.

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With the development of science and technology, the penetration rate of smartphones has increased, and cyberspace has become more familiar with real life and information accessibility has increased. However, as cyberspace becomes more common, new forms of crime are emerging, and the seriousness of the crime is emerging. Among them, digital sex crimes are the most serious. Amid growing anxiety over the crime, the government announced a comprehensive plan to prevent damage to digital sex crimes and actively discussed enacting and revising related bills, but there is still a gap in support for victims. There is a perception that digital sex crimes are not physically damaged like ordinary sex crimes, and that this crime is lighter than other crimes. However, unlike this perception, digital sex crimes are crimes that are almost impossible to recover from once they are damaged. Once the victim's videos are released into cyberspace, they cannot be permanently deleted, causing pain to victims and social activities cannot be carried out. In other words, the act can be seen as a personality murder of the victim. Despite these criminal characteristics, the system for supporting victims is still inadequate. The lack of understanding of digital sex crimes by investigators and the Ministry of Justice, lack of budget to support digital sex crimes victims' support centers, and difficulties in international cooperation in arresting overseas Internet operators. To solve these problems, education programs should be carried out at the level necessary for each organization to improve the understanding of investigative agencies and the judiciary, and a system should be established to make education compulsory. In addition, it is necessary to expand the budget to support the victims of digital sex crimes, and to join the Cybercrime Prevention Agreement and cooperate with member countries to investigate sites with overseas servers.
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KIM, Hyekyung. "The distinction between ‘A victim of a Crime’ and ‘Crime Victim’: Centering on Constitutional Court decisions." Korean Association Of Victimology 31, no. 1 (April 30, 2023): 85–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.36220/kjv.2023.31.1.85.

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The legal terms used by the Constitution and laws should have legal effect that distinguishes them from other concepts. However, various terms are used in various systems for the protection of crime victims and the laws on which they are based. Examples include crime victims, criminal victims, a victims of a crime, non-victims, and victim . Here is tried to examine how these concepts are used in cases decided by the Constitutional Court in relation to crime victims so far, and whether legal concepts can be distinguished based on this. First of all, it was premised that the characteristics of the Crime Victim Protection Act and the Criminal Procedure Act were different to guarantee the basic rights of crime victims. In other words, the Criminal Victim Protection Act believes that even if various systems are reorganized for crime victims to be involved in criminal procedures, it cannot be a direct criminal victim's right to participate in criminal procedures. Therefore, the Crime Victim Protection Act is a protection-oriented law in which the state intervenes in the entire process of recovering damage from the occurrence of criminal damage, including criminal procedures, and the Criminal Procedure Act is the basis for the rights of criminal victims. Next, the summary of the terms is as follows. First of all, criminal victims, defined by the Constitution as the subject of the right to state trial procedures, are limited to the subject of rights and obligations in criminal procedures and direct victims of crimes. As a result, the term victim under the Criminal Procedure Act was deleted and a plan was proposed to unify it by replacing it with a victim of a crime. In addition, crime victims were considered to include not only direct victims of crime (criminal victims) and spouses, immediate relatives and siblings, but also those affected by crime damage prevention and crime victim rescue activities according to the definition of the Crime Victim Protection Act. In addition, I would like to propose that all victims, including those other than the term non-victim as a complainant under the Criminal Procedure Act and those other than criminal victims (defined as victims of crimes under the current law), be unified as non-victims. As a result, in the Criminal Procedure Act, victims, etc. will be able to organize legal statements by simply listing them as “criminal victims and not-victims” without any additional regulations or explanations.
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Dzhambulatov, Gamzat K. "Victimological Characteristics of the Personality of a Victim of Crime — Participant of Public Mass Events: Concept and Typology of Victims." Victimology 11, no. 1 (May 15, 2024): 132–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.47475/2411-0590-2024-11-1-132-142.

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The article considers certain aspects of the victimological characteristics of the personality of the victim of a crime — participant in public mass events (including protest actions). Based on the conducted research, the author proposed the concept of the personality of a crime victim — participant in public mass events (including protest actions). The identity of the victim of a crime — participant in public mass events (including protest actions) has significant features that are due to a number of factors. The author’s approach to the typology of crime victims — participants of public mass events is given. Among the victims of crime — participants in public mass events (including protest actions), as by analogy, the typology of victims of crime can be distinguished: accidental victims, situational victims and professional victims. The study of the identity of the victim of a crime — participant in public mass events allows us to form an idea of the mechanism of committing a crime during and at the venue of public mass events (including protest actions) and to compile a victimological characteristic of the analyzed crimes. The active application by law enforcement agencies in practice of the achievements of victimology in relation to the crimes under consideration makes it possible to predict the future behavior of the victim of a crime — a participant in public mass events (including protest actions), ultimately — will lead to minimizing the victims of the analyzed crimes.
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., Supriyanto. "National Survey of Victimization: Another Trend-Crime Mapping Tools." International Journal of Research and Review 10, no. 10 (October 24, 2023): 405–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.52403/ijrr.20231050.

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The concept of the "dark figure" refers to the discrepancy between the actual occurrence of criminal activities and the quantity of reported incidents received by the criminal justice system, particularly law enforcement agencies. The term "dark figure of crime" pertains to unreported criminal incidents that are not captured inside the criminal justice system. Inclusion of these unreported crimes in official crime statistics would result in a significant amplification of the overall crime figures. To address the disparity between police records, namely police crime statistics, and the actual occurrence of crimes, many regions have initiated efforts to incorporate victims as the focal point of their investigations. In Indonesia, surveys of victims are generally carried out by private groups, and relate to certain types of crimes. The hesitancy exhibited by victims in reporting their experiences might provide challenges for law enforcement officials in their efforts to uphold societal stability. Victim surveys can extend beyond individuals who have directly experienced crime, encompassing tertiary victims (i.e., indirect victims) who harbour concerns about potential victimisation. Victim surveys can also be utilised to examine victims' perspectives within the complex framework of the criminal justice system, particularly in cases involving many victimisation incidents. Keywords: crime, survey, victims
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Dunbar, Edward. "Race, Gender, and Sexual Orientation in Hate Crime Victimization: Identity Politics or Identity Risk?" Violence and Victims 21, no. 3 (June 2006): 323–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/vivi.21.3.323.

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This study examined the impact of hate crimes upon gay and lesbian victims, reviewing 1,538 hate crimes committed in Los Angeles County. Differences between sexual orientation and other hate crime categories were considered for offense severity, reportage to law enforcement, and victim impact. The type of offense varied between crimes classified for sexual orientation (n = 551) and other bias-motivated crimes (n = 987). Assault, sexual assault, sexual harassment, and stalking were predictive of sexual orientation hate crimes. Sexual orientation bias crimes evidenced greater severity of violence to the person and impact upon victim level of functioning. More violent forms of aggression were predictive of gay and lesbian victim’s underreportage to law enforcement. For sexual orientation offenses, victim gender and race/ethnicity differences were predictive of the base rates of crime reportage as well. These findings are considered in terms of a group-risk hypothesis, encountered by multiple outgroup persons, that influences help-seeking behavior and ingroup identity.
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Setiyawan, Deni, Muhammad Ramli, and Noor Rahmad. "Kedudukan Rasio Decidendi Hakim Dalam Pemenuhan Hak Restitusi Kepada Korban kejahatan Seksual pada Anak." JATIJAJAR LAW REVIEW 1, no. 1 (March 19, 2022): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.26753/jlr.v1i1.729.

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Children grow and develop in their lives cannot be separated from social and environmental influences in which they live and grow. We often see children who are victims of sexual crimes, especially crimes of rape. Even though protection for children has been regulated in Law Number 35 of 2014 concerning Child Protection (Child Protection Law) and Government Regulation Number 43 of 2017 concerning the Implementation of Restitution for Children Who Become Victims of Crime. However, crimes against children continue to occur and pay more attention to that the law does not explain the amount of compensation for victims of sexual crimes, in this case a child. Seeing this problem, the judge must prioritize the fulfillment of the rights of the child as a victim in his decision. Because judges have an important role in determining the rights of victims through legal analysis, (ratio decidendi). This study aims to describe the position of the Judge's Decidendi Ratio in Fulfilling the Right of Restitution to Victims of Sexual Crimes in Children. The concentration of this research discusses the position of Government Regulation Number 43 of 2017 concerning the Implementation of Restitution for Children Who Become Victims of Crime in determining the amount of restitution, then the role of the position of judges who have the right of the ratio decidendi in determining the amount of compensation for victims by prioritizing justice to victims. . This study uses a normative method with a normative juridical approach. The results obtained: first, the position of Government Regulation Number 43 of 2017 concerning the Implementation of Restitution for Children Who Become Victims of Crime in determining the amount of restitution. Second, the role of the judge who has the right of the ratio decidendi in determining the amount of compensation for the victim by prioritizing justice to the victim.
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Shablystyi, Volodymyr, Andriy Kovalenko, Anastasiia Hetman, and Roman Kvasha. "Victimological measures to prevent violent offences for gain committed by children." Cuestiones Políticas 38, Especial II (December 8, 2020): 459–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.46398/cuestpol.382e.35.

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The aim of the article is to be a victimological description of violent crimes for profit by children in Ukraine. The research methodology was based on the equal combination of the legal method, logical and semantic method, comparative method, documentary, test method, classification method, method, and method of system analysis. Among the most notable results of the study were victims who contribute to the commission of crimes for profit and. Everything allows that, the theory of victimological modeling is a logical result of victim thought in criminology, which aims to be the models of the concluding victim of victims of crime crimes, etc.) in order to develop measures that are advised of the victim. The objectives of preventing lost crimes through the development and implementation of long-term state programmed for prevention. The implementation of these laundry programs a mechanism for the effective prevention of victims, the effectiveness of the fight against crime and will ensure safety.
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Komariah, Mamay. "IMPLEMENTASI PASAL 59 AYAT (2) HURUF J UNDANG -UNDANG NOMOR 35 TAHUN 2014 PERUBAHAN ATAS UNDANG-UNDANG NOMOR 23 TAHUN 2002 TENTANG PERLINDUNGAN ANAK DI KOTA BANJAR." SUPREMASI HUKUM 17, no. 1 (March 26, 2021): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.33592/jsh.v17i1.1167.

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Child victims of sexual abuse who have traumatic impacts who serve child victims of violence that are so profound and difficult to cure. Psychological trauma to children who are victims of sexual crimes is difficult to remove from the child's memory, especially if the perpetrator is still and lives not far from the environment of the child, the victim who commits a crime in a crime. The importance of the victim's main concern in discussing crimes caused by the victim often has a very important role in the occurrence of a crime. The method used by compilers in this research is descriptive analysis, namely how to solve problems or answer problems that are tracing the road, classification, analysis, the data displayed with the aim of making a picture of an objective situation. Compilers also use a normative juridical approach, namely legal research that prioritizes researching library materials or what is called secondary data material. Implementation of Article 59 Paragraph (2) Letter J Law Number 35 Year 2014 Amendments to Law Number 23 Year 2002 Regarding Protection in the City of Banjar Has not been implemented optimally because it is still the infrastructure, budget and human resources who are experts in children specifically, therefore The government should add psychologists and psychiatrists to rehabilitate child victims of sexual abuse committed by the presence of the social service and the P2TP2A (Integrated Service Center for Women and Children) to carry out rehabilitation only to provide motivation and visits to families but still not maximally because one is functionally responsible for protection against child victims of sexual crimes crimes. It is hoped that the government can provide maximum rehabilitation for children who are victims of criminal acts because it is an obligation of the government. protection of the community and increasing human resources such as psychology and psychiatrists to provide rehabilitation services for child victims of abuse.
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Kumar, TK Vinod. "Mediating influence of crime type on victim satisfaction with police services." International Review of Victimology 24, no. 1 (September 5, 2017): 99–121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0269758017727344.

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Different crimes have their own unique characteristics. Victim needs and experiences vary across crime types. However, there has been a tendency for the criminal justice system to treat victims as a homogeneous entity and respond to victims of different types of crimes in a routine manner. This is especially true in a developing country like India. This study, using victim survey data from India, examines whether the crime type (property crime or violent crime) has a mediating influence on the relation between the quality of procedure and outcome of police response on the one hand, and victim satisfaction on the other. The study concludes that the type of crime has a mediating effect on the relation between interpersonal justice, information justice and outcome, and the satisfaction of victims with services provided by the police.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Victims of crimes"

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Gal, Tali. "Victims to partners : child victims and restorative justice /." View thesis entry in Australian Digital Theses Program, 2006. http://thesis.anu.edu.au/public/adt-ANU20061114.100521/index.html.

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Beck-Hummel, Suzanne M. "A policies and procedures manual for the operations of Crime Victims Council of the Lehigh Valley, Inc." Instructions for remote access. Click here to access this electronic resource. Access available to Kutztown University faculty, staff, and students only, 1993. http://www.kutztown.edu/library/services/remote_access.asp.

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Thesis (M.P.A.)--Kutztown University of Pennsylvania, 1993.
Source: Masters Abstracts International, Volume: 45-06, page: 2930. Abstract precedes thesis as [3] preliminary leaves. Typescript. Includes bibliographical references.
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Bogle, Trina Georgette. "Observer reactions to victims : an equity theory approach /." This resource online, 1991. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-08182009-040330/.

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Nkukwana, Zingisile Wiseman. "The Rights of victims of crime in South Africa." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/12627.

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There is a perception among victims of crime, and people in general, in South Africa that the country’s laws favour and protect offenders. These people believe that offenders have more rights than victims which are derived from the Constitution of the country, and other legislative Acts of parliament. This view may sometimes lead to vigilantism and a total disregard of the law. The study will show that victims do have rights in the country’s legislations. The study briefly explains the sources of such laws, like the Constitution, the Victims Charter and selected provisions of some Acts of parliament. It is a fact that the section 35 of the Constitution provides in detail, the rights of the arrested, detained and accused. It is also submitted persons that there is no specific provision that talks about the rights of the victims of crime. However, that does not mean that such victims do not have rights in terms of the constitution. The rights of victims of crime are seen during the courts’ interpretation and application of rights mentioned in the Bill of Rights. The use of words like “everyone” and “any person” in the Bill of Rights also refers to victims of crime. Therefore, the Constitution is not victim-biased and offender-friendly. The Constitution protects everybody because it seeks to uphold the values of human dignity, equality, freedom and the African concept of ubuntu. The study discusses briefly the rights of victims as adopted by the Victims’ Charter. The Charter lists these rights, but does not explain how such rights are to be achieved. South Africa also developed a document called the Minimum Standards for Services for Victims of Crime which indicates how each right is to be achieved. The study also shows that South Africa had developed some Acts of parliament even before the adoption of the Victims Charter. South Africa claims that the Victims’ Charter is compliant with the Constitution and the United Nations Declaration of Basic Principles of Justice Abuse of Power of 1985. It is submitted that this statement is not entirely correct, especially with regards to the provision that deals with compensation. South Africa did not define compensation as defined by the United Nations Declaration. This can be seen as a dismal failure by South Africa to abide by the United Nations Declaration and this has resulted in more harm suffered by victims of crime. The study also discusses how rape victims benefit through the use of Criminal Law (Sexual Offences and Related Matters) Amendment Act of 2007. This begins with the changing of the definition of rape. The Act also deals with how rape victims can access antiretroviral drugs to prevent HIV/Aids infection. It explains limitations on the right to privacy of the accused, especially to compel him or her to undergo an HIV test. The HIV positive status of the accused can be used as an aggravating factor during sentencing in terms of UNAIDS policies. S v Nyalungu 2005 (JOL) 13254 (T) is a leading case in South Africa showing compliance with UNAIDS policies. Restorative justice mechanisms have been discussed to show positive movement by South Africa from a retributive justice system to a restorative justice system. The advantages of such mechanisms for victims have been discussed. The study also describes briefly some selected provisions of the Criminal Procedure Act of 1977 and how these provisions benefit victims of crime. These include sections 153, 170A, 297, 299A, 300 and 301. The study highlights some challenges that still exist and what innovations can be made. This includes recommendations which can be made to benefit victims of crime further. For example, an apology can be used as one of the important principles in the restorative justice system. It is submitted and recommended that truth and apology go hand in glove and the basic elements of forgiveness. South Africa can pride itself with regards to this approach especially during the Truth and Reconciliation Commission which was established in post-apartheid South Africa. The study concludes by saying that South Africa should set up a victim-compensation scheme. It is submitted that South Africa can afford such a scheme despite the problems identified.
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Holm, Fanny. "Justice for victims of atrocity crimes : prosecution and reparations under international law." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-138761.

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This thesis takes its starting point from the need for a comprehensive approach towards justice following atrocities, and where not only the states in which the crimes were committed have a role to play. The thesis discusses atrocity crime (genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes) prosecution and reparations procedures concerning individuals as two appropriate courses of action, through which non-territorial states may contribute to atrocity prevention and justice for the victims of atrocities. The analysis addresses whether, under international law, non-territorial states are allowed to, required to, or prohibited from facilitating prosecution and reparations procedures and includes an assessment of the extent to which international law relating to reparations fails to correspond to that applicable to prosecution. The implications of the lack of correspondence are analysed in light of the historical connection and separation of the two courses of action, the procedural and substantive legal overlaps between prosecution and reparations, and the underlying aims and functions of prosecution and reparations. The study covers a wide spectrum of international legal sources, most of them to be found in human rights law, humanitarian law and international criminal law. The study shows that while non-territorial states are included in both conventional and customary law as regards prosecution of atrocity crimes, the same cannot be said in relation to reparations procedures. This serious deficit and inconsistency in international law, is explained by the framing of reparations, but not prosecution, as a matter concerning victims and human rights, thereby leaving the enforcement of the rules to the discretion of each state. Reparation is also considered a private matter and as such falls outside the scope of the far-reaching obligations regarding prosecution. The study suggests taking further the responsibilities of non-territorial states in relation to atrocity crimes. Most urgently, measures should be considered that bring the legal space for reparations procedures into line with that for prosecution in, for instance, future discussions by human rights treaty-monitoring bodies and in the drafting of new international victims' rights, atrocity crimes or civil procedure instruments.
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Bogle, Trina G. "Observer reactions to victims: an equity theory approach." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/44273.

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Among the many problems that victims may face in the aftermath of victimization, a commonly noted yet infrequently studied phenomenon is that of victim disregard. Victims are often ignored by the people they would normally look to for assistance. It was proposed that equity theory might provide a useful framework for understanding this phenomenon. Equity theory suggests victims are ignored because helping is sometimes equity based rather than victim-need based. According to equity theory, learning of victimization threatens an observer's sense of equity. Helping (in the present case, compensation) is only one way of reducing inequity; if other methods of inequity reduction are used (in this case, perpetrator punishment), equity may be restored without the victim being assisted. In five studies, victim compensation (the dependent variable) was hypothesized to vary as a function of perpetrator punishment.
Master of Science
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Chiu, Ka-cheung. "Elderly victimization : paradox of fear /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1996. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B18649701.

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Pashdag, Joanna A. "Sexual Assault Survivors' Narratives and Prediction of Revictimization." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2004. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ohiou1103229596.

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Simon, Leonore. "Victim-offender relationships in crimes of violence." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/185739.

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Although societal interest in violence is not new, the lay public and legal and mental health professionals have become increasingly interested in distinguishing nonstranger and stranger violence. The importance of the victim-offender relationship is underscored by the fact that society appears to be less fearful of the nonstranger offender than it is of the stranger offender. This research explores the role of the victim-offender relationship in crimes of violence. Inmate self-report, official data, and prison infraction data were used. All data collection occurred within the Arizona state prison system and included 273 inmate subjects who committed violent offenses. The victim-offender relationship was studied in the context of the validity of offender self-report, the prison experience of inmates, criminal justice processing of offenders, recidivism of offenders, specialization of offenders, and offender's perception of victim contribution. Results suggest that the violent offender self-report is valid and reliable, and that stranger and nonstranger offenders are similar in some ways and different in others. In particular, stranger offenders have more disciplinary problems in prison; are charged and convicted of less serious crimes but are given longer sentences; have more extensive juvenile records and histories of drug abuse; are more likely to have been in prison before; do not have more extensive self-reported crime commission rates; are no more or no less likely to specialize; and are less likely to perceive victim contribution than nonstranger offenders. Conclusions and implications for public policy are discussed.
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Dipa, Asanda. "The recognition of victims rights of sexual offences." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1014361.

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“Indeed in rape cases it is the victim who is most often placed on trial rather than the perpetrator, accused of having ulterior motives and subjected to degrading questions with often pornographic overtones. Prosecutors might fail to adequately address the victims needs and all too often, information is either intentionally or unintentionally withheld from victims.” The victims of sexual offences have to face not only the consequences of the sexual crime that was perpetrated upon them, but they also have to deal with the effects of the criminal justice system. Victims who take part in the criminal justice system should not be exposed to unnecessary distress and trauma. The victims of sexual offences must not be re-victimised by the criminal justice system. Re-victimisation has been coined to describe the experience where victims are subjected to further victimisation by the very state organs to whom they turn for assistance. This has the effect that the victim is victimised twice, first by the offender and then by the criminal justice system. It is therefore the duty of the law to protect this group of witnesses from such a traumatic and damaging experience. The question that needs to be answered in this research is whether the Sexual Offences and Related Matters Amendment has made any difference in respect of protection of victims sexual crimes. It was concluded that the Sexual Offences Act is indeed a step in the right direction to protect the rights of victims of sexual offences but that it could have afforded more protection.
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Books on the topic "Victims of crimes"

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Finn, Peter. Victims. [Washington, D.C.]: U.S. Dept. of Justice, National Institute of Justice, 1988.

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Finn, Peter. Victims. [Washington, D.C.]: U.S. Dept. of Justice, National Institute of Justice, 1988.

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Finn, Peter. Victims. [Washington, D.C.]: U.S. Dept. of Justice, National Institute of Justice, 1988.

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Anderson, Black J., and Innes Brian, eds. Crimes and victims. Enderby, Leicester: BlitzEditions, 1992.

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Whitaker, Catherine J. Elderly victims. [Washington, D.C.]: U.S. Dept. of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics, 1987.

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United States. Bureau of Justice Statistics, ed. Elderly victims. [Washington, D.C.]: U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics, 1987.

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Kennedy, Leslie W. Crime victims in context. New York: Oxford University Press, 1998.

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Kennedy, Leslie W. Crime victims in context. New York: Oxford University Press, 1998.

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Bastian, Lisa D. Hispanic victims. [Washington, D.C.]: U.S. Dept. of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics, 1990.

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Bastian, Lisa D. Hispanic victims. [Washington, D.C.]: U.S. Dept. of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics, 1990.

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Book chapters on the topic "Victims of crimes"

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Brown, Stephen E., Finn-Aage Esbensen, and Gilbert Geis. "Crimes without Victims and Victims without Crimes." In Criminology, 477–513. 11th ed. New York: Routledge, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003342106-16.

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Brehm, Hollie Nyseth, and Laura C. Frizzell. "Victims of Atrocity Crimes." In Revitalizing Victimization Theory, 131–62. New York, NY: Routledge, 2021.: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003159629-8.

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La Fond, John Q. "Sex Crimes, Victims, and Offenders." In Preventing sexual violence: How society should cope with sex offenders., 15–33. Washington: American Psychological Association, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/10960-001.

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Safferling, Christoph, and Gurgen Petrossian. "Summary: Victims of International Crimes." In Victims Before the International Criminal Court, 323–28. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-80177-9_5.

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Hankel, Gerd. "On Victims and Non-Victims: Observations from Rwanda." In Victims of International Crimes: An Interdisciplinary Discourse, 29–43. The Hague, The Netherlands: T. M. C. Asser Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-6704-912-2_3.

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Rothe, Dawn L., and David Kauzlarich. "Victims of Crimes of the Powerful." In Crimes of the Powerful, 183–94. 2nd ed. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003124603-12.

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Wheeler, Caleb H. "Justice for Victims of Atrocity Crimes." In Fairness and the Goals of International Criminal Trials, 119–42. London: Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003027331-7.

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Kaul, Hans-Peter. "Victims’ Rights and Peace." In Victims of International Crimes: An Interdisciplinary Discourse, 223–29. The Hague, The Netherlands: T. M. C. Asser Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-6704-912-2_13.

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Bock, Stefanie. "Victims of Civil War." In Victims of International Crimes: An Interdisciplinary Discourse, 263–77. The Hague, The Netherlands: T. M. C. Asser Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-6704-912-2_16.

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Barth, Boris. "Victims of Genocide and Crimes Against Humanity." In Victims of International Crimes: An Interdisciplinary Discourse, 253–62. The Hague, The Netherlands: T. M. C. Asser Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-6704-912-2_15.

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Conference papers on the topic "Victims of crimes"

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Đukanović, Anđela. "International Guidelines and Standards Concerning the Support and Protection of Hate Crime Victims." In The Position of Victims in the Republic of Serbia. Institute of Criminological and Sociological Research, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.47152/palic2024.17.

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The adequate protection and support of hate crime victims can be linked to the issues related to the state’s efforts to develop comprehensive victim support systems. Besides this general issue, hate crime victim support and protection implies certain distinct features. This article aims to highlight international standards and guidelines that are relevant for providing support and protection for victims of hate crimes, focusing on their differentiating qualities. The main problem associated with hate crimes is the inability to recognize such acts, which is an essential prerequisite for providing victims with additional protection. In addition, there is an increased susceptibility of these victims to secondary victimization and fear regarding the potential reoccurrence of hate-motivated incidents. Victim assistance service providers must possess an understanding of the distinct needs of hate crime victims. Increasing awareness regarding the rights of hate crime victims and fostering confidence in the criminal justice system are additional imperatives.
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Kurejová, Martina. "Práva obetí trestných činov v komparatívnom kontexte slovenského a českého zákona o obetiach trestných činov." In Naděje právní vědy 2022. University of West Bohemia, Czech Republic, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.24132/zcu.nadeje.2022.312-331.

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In conclusion, it can be concluded that both legal regulations regarding the rights of crime victims in Slovakia and the Czech Republic lead to the strengthening and improvement of their rights. The legislation in question has many common features, but it is also possible to find certain differences. Both laws clearly define terms such as victim, particularly vulnerable victim, as well as the principles of victim protection and support. On the other hand, the law on victims of crimes in the Czech Republic is more extensive in terms of the scope of regulation of the rights of victims of crimes, as it regulates six rights of victims and five of them are regulated in the Slovak law. The advantage of the longer period of validity of the Czech legislation is obvious, that is, it entered into force in 2013 and reflected on several suggestions from practice. Slovak legislation has been effective since 2018 and is still evolving. It would be beneficial if, in the part of the regulation of the rights of victims of crimes, it was inspired to a greater extent by the Czech legal regulation, in particular the right of the victim of a crime to protection against secondary harm and the right of the victim of a crime to the protection of privacy.
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Arifi, Besa. "Victims of Hate Crimes in the Republic of North Macedonia." In The Position of Victims in the Republic of Serbia. Institute of Criminological and Sociological Research, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.47152/palic2024.16.

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The 2018 amendments to North Macedonia’s Criminal Code (CCNM) signify a paradigm shift in addressing hate crimes, previously under-implemented since their 2009 inception. Led by the OSCE mission in Skopje and the Macedonian Academy for Sciences and Arts, experts revised the CCNM, offering a comprehensive hate crime definition. These amendments elevate certain general crimes to aggravated offenses when prosecuted as hate crimes, warranting harsher penalties. Simultaneously, the 2010 Criminal Procedure Code (CPC) introduces significant procedural changes, notably explicit victim rights like active participation, compensation, protection, and professional assistance. Conversely, hate crimes in the Criminal Code qualify as aggravating factors in specific offenses. This study aims to analyze hate crime victim status and rights, exploring their evolution and victimization characteristics. Utilizing desk research methods, including legislative scrutiny, the paper posits that enhancing victim rights aligns with contemporary efforts to address and mitigate widespread hate crimes.
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Da Silveira, Márcio V. C., and Wladmir C. Brandão. "Characterizing Crimes from Web." In VI Brazilian Workshop on Social Network Analysis and Mining. Sociedade Brasileira de Computação - SBC, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5753/brasnam.2017.3249.

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Crime prevention requires the effective use of police resources, which demands the access of criminal information for planning security actions. The number of crime occurrences is higher than the official reported numbers. Many victims do not report crimes directly to the security agencies. Instead, they prefer to anonymously report using different channels, such as the Web. In this article, we introduce our approach to characterize crimes reported in the Web. Particularly, we collect criminal data from popular websites that store crime occurrences, and we use clustering analysis to discover crime patterns on the collected data. Applying our approach to a popular Brazilian crime report website, we observe that more than 41% of the crimes were not reported to the security agencies, and most of them are thefts and robberies occurring at night and dawn. In addition, minor offenses present different patterns of serious crimes. Moreover, crime patterns are different in rich and poor neighborhood.
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Multiwijaya, Vience. "Protection of Children as Victims of Terrorism Crimes." In 1st International Conference on Science and Technology in Administration and Management Information, ICSTIAMI 2019, 17-18 July 2019, Jakarta, Indonesia. EAI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4108/eai.17-7-2019.2303525.

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Škulić, Milan, and Ivana Miljuš. "The Impact of Basic Victimological Conceptions and the Idea of Restorative Justice on the Position of the Injured Party in Criminal Procedure: A Review of International Standards." In The Position of Victims in the Republic of Serbia. Institute of Criminological and Sociological Research, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.47152/palic2024.1.

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In this paper, the basic elements of the position of the injured party in criminal proceedings are explained, as well as the ratio legis for introducing appropriate criminal legal instruments for the protection of victims of crimes. A relevant victimological approach is important in both substantive and procedural criminal law. Modern criminal procedures include an appropriate restorative component, as a characteristic of so-called restorative justice. It is particularly important in criminal proceedings to ensure an adequate position for the injured party and to enable effective protection of victims who belong to the category of especially vulnerable persons. The authors highlight the basic normative solutions contained in EU Directive 2012/29, as well as in the UN Declaration of Basic Principles of Justice for Victims of Crime and Abuse of Power, aimed at improving the position of victims in the criminal justice system. Special attention is paid to analyzing the position of the injured party in Serbian criminal procedure. The aim of the paper is to explain possible problems arising from certain rules of the Criminal Procedure Code of Serbia, as well as recommendations in the de lege ferenda sense, through which it is possible to relatively easily align Serbia’s criminal procedural system with the requirements of the relevant EU Directive 2012/29. The three main requirements regarding the position of the victim in criminal proceedings arising from international and European standards are the removal of identified barriers to victim access to justice, protection of the victim in criminal proceedings, and the need to find a careful balance between the rights of victims and the defendant.
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Pavlović, Zoran. "Rights of Victims of Hate Speech and Hate Crimes – European Standards." In The Position of Victims in the Republic of Serbia. Institute of Criminological and Sociological Research, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.47152/palic2024.15.

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The rights of victims of hate speech and hate crimes are part of the rights in the system of support for victims and witnesses of criminal acts according to domestic legislation and international and European standards. Directive 2012/29/EU foresees an obligation for member states (and candidates) to take measures to establish a protection system. Effective protection implies not only a normative framework but also real protection. The specifics of hate speech and hate crimes also conditioned the adoption of Directive CM/Rec (2022) 16, which foresees measures to combat hate speech. Some expressions of hate speech require a criminal law response, including obligations of a preventive nature on the part of public authorities. That is why encouraging individuals and groups to report hate speech and hate crimes and providing protection is part of an evolving legal culture. Victims should also be supported by the media, which in modern society often has a decisive role, through compliance with legal regulations and reporting in accordance with the rules of the profession. Social networks are an indispensable element in the policy of preventing and fighting against hate speech and hate crimes, and their role is becoming increasingly important.
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Mitrović, Ljubinko, and Veljko Ikanović. "Criminal Offenses of Sexual Abuse and Exploitation of Children in Republika Srpska – Normative and Legal Framework and Current Situation." In The Position of Victims in the Republic of Serbia. Institute of Criminological and Sociological Research, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.47152/palic2024.13.

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In mid-January 2024, almost all media outlets in Republika Srpska (Serb Republic) published a rather worrying news item with the headline: Alarming data: In Republika Srpska, there are 36% more crimes involving children as victims. Behind such a difficult qualification and a journalistic headline that should definitely ring an alarm for all competent institutions lies hidden information according to which, based on statistical data from the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Republika Srpska, the number of crimes against sexual integrity, as well as sexual abuse and exploitation of children in Republika Srpska for 11 months last year have grown by as much as 36%. Namely, according to the data of the aforementioned Ministry, in 11 months of last year, 102 crimes against the sexual integrity of children were recorded, which is 27 more crimes or a percentage of 36% compared to the same period in 2022. What is also very devastating is the severity of the mentioned crimes, therefore, in just 11 months, 13 rapes involving children, 12 sexual harassments, three sexual blackmails, three criminal acts of fornication and one criminal offense of assaulting a helpless person were registered. The focus of attention of the author of this article is on the criminal acts of sexual abuse and child exploitation provided for in Chapter XV of the current Criminal Code of Republika Srpska. In this report, the authors will give their normative-legal framework in the context of this group of criminal acts, as well as their view of the situation in Republika Srpska.
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Mojanoski, Cane, and Goce Arizankoski. "CONTRIBUTION TO THE TYPOLOGY OF VICTIMS OF POLITICALLY MOTIVATED CRIMES." In SECURITY HORIZONS. Faculty of Security- Skopje, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.20544/icp.8.1.23.p25.

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Susanti, Heni, and Syafrinaldi. "Legal Protection for Victims of Trafficking Crimes from Human Rights Aspect." In The Second International Conference on Social, Economy, Education, and Humanity. SCITEPRESS - Science and Technology Publications, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5220/0009104301950201.

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Reports on the topic "Victims of crimes"

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Siampakou, Niki. Victims of Terrorism and Reparation: Applying the 2005 UN Basic Principles and Guidelines on the Right to a Remedy and Reparation. ICCT, December 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.19165/2023.2.09.

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While victims of terrorism undergo significant harm, there is currently no specific legal framework addressing their right to reparation. Certain regional provisions focus on establishing compensation funds under national law but do not explicitly acknowledge an existing right to reparation which includes restitution, compensation, rehabilitation, satisfaction, and guarantees of non repetition. To fill this gap, this Policy Brief argues that the UN Basic Principles and Guidelines on the Right to a Remedy and Reparation for Victims of Gross Violations of International Human Rights Law and Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law (UN Basic Principles and Guidelines) should be applicable to terrorism victims. The brief initially explores the absence of an internationally proclaimed right to reparation for this category of victims. Subsequently, it illustrates that considering the shared characteristics between victims of terrorism and those of international crimes, gross violations of International Human Rights Law, or serious violations of International Humanitarian Law as well as the common elements between terrorism and international crimes, gross violations of human rights and humanitarian law, the UN Basic Principles and Guidelines should extend to victims of terrorism. This application is seen as a recognition of their right to reparation, fulfilling states’ responsibility to provide a comprehensive framework for the harm suffered by victims and consequently enhancing the international protection of terrorism victims.
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Melton, Patricia A. Enacting an Improved Response to Sexual Assault: A Criminal Justice Practitioner’s Guide. RTI Press, July 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3768/rtipress.2020.op.0066.2007.

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Sexual assault is a violent crime that traumatizes individual victims and endangers entire communities. Every victim of sexual assault deserves an opportunity for justice and access to the resources they need to recover from this trauma. In addition, many perpetrators of sexual assaults are serial offenders who also commit other violent crimes, including armed robberies, aggravated assaults, burglary, domestic violence, and homicides, against strangers and acquaintances. Criminal justice agencies have the power to create a strategic, sustainable plan for an improved response to sexual assault that aligns with current best practices and national recommendations. In this document, we define an “improved response” as an approach that supports effective investigation and prosecution of sexual assault cases, holds perpetrators accountable, and promotes healing and recovery for victims of sexual assault. This guide will help prosecutor and law enforcement agencies create a process with milestones, goals, and suggested actions, all designed to support a successful and sustainable approach for addressing sexual assault cases. Improving the criminal justice system’s response to sexual assault ultimately improves public safety and promotes trust between criminal justice agencies and the communities they serve.
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Amanda, Haynes, and Schweppe Jennifer. Ireland and our LGBT Community. Call It Hate Partnership, September 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.31880/10344/8065.

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Basic figures: – A large majority of respondents agreed or strongly agreed that gay men and lesbians (88%), bisexual people (87%) and transgender people (85%) “should be free to live their own life as they wish”. – Women were significantly more likely than men to agree with the above statement in respect to every identity group. People aged 25-34 years were significantly more likely than the general population to disagree with the statement. – On average, respondents were comfortable having people with a minority sexual orientation or gender identity as neighbours. Responses were significantly more positive towards having lesbians (M=8.51), bisexual people (M=8.40) and gay men (M=8.38) as neighbours compared to transgender people (M=7.98). – High levels of empathy were expressed with crime victims across all identity categories. Respondents were similarly empathetic towards heterosexual couples (M= 9.01), lesbian couples (M=9.05) and transgender persons (M=8.86) who are physically assaulted on the street. However, gay couples (M= 8.55) attracted significantly less empathy than a lesbian couple in similar circumstances. – Respondents were significantly more likely to intervene on behalf of a victim with a disability (M=7.86), than on behalf of an LGBT victim (M=6.96), but significantly more likely to intervene on behalf of an LGBT victim than an Irish Traveller (M= 5.82). – Respondents reported similar willingness to intervene on behalf of a lesbian pushed and slapped on the street by a stranger (M=7.38) and a transgender person (M= 7.03) in the same situation. Respondents were significantly more unlikely to intervene on behalf of a gay man (M=6.63) or bisexual person (M= 6.89) compared to a lesbian. – A third of respondents (33%) disagreed that violence against lesbians, gay men, bisexual and transgender people is a “serious problem in my country”, but more than half (58%) agreed that hate crimes hurt more than equivalent, non-bias, crimes.
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Tella, Rafael Di, Lucia Freira, Ramiro Gálvez, Ernesto Schargrodsky, Diego Shalom, and Mariano Sigman. Crime and Violence: Desensitization in Victims to Watching Criminal Events. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, August 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w23697.

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Schargrodsky, Ernesto, and Rafael Di Tella. Happiness, Ideology and Crime in Argentine Cities. Inter-American Development Bank, November 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0010922.

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This paper uses self-reported data on victimization, subjective well being and ideology for a panel of individuals living in six Argentine cities. While no relationship is found between happiness and victimization experiences, a correlation is documented, however, between victimization experience and changes in ideological positions. Specifically, individuals who are the victims of crime are subsequently more likely than non-victims to state that inequality is high in Argentina and that the appropriate measure to reduce crime is to become less punitive (demanding lower penalties for the same crime).
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Gaviria, Alejandro, and Carmen Pagés. Patterns of Crime Victimization in Latin America. Inter-American Development Bank, October 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0010727.

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In this paper we draw a profile of the victims of crime in Latin America. We show that- at least for the case of property crime - the typical victims of crime in Latin America come from rich and middle class households and tend to live in larger cities. We also show that households living in cities experiencing rapid population growth are more likely to be victimized than households living in cities with stable populations. We offer various explanations to these facts, and while we cannot yet provide definite answers to some of the questions raised by this paper, we are at least able to reject some plausible hypotheses. On the whole, our results imply that urban crime in Latin America is, to an important extent, a reflection of the inability of many cities in the region to keep up with the increasing demands for public safety brought about by a hasty and disorderly urbanization process.
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Bermingham, Rowena, and Helle Abelvik-Lawson. Stalking and Harassment. Parliamentary Office of Science and Technology, December 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.58248/pn592.

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Stalking and harassment both involve any repeated behaviour that would cause alarm, distress or fear of violence in a victim. Common stalking or harassment behaviours include unwanted contact online or in person, following a victim, and interfering with property. Stalking is characterised by a perpetrator’s fixation or obsession and can have long-term psychological and social effects on a victim. Stalking also has the potential to escalate to other crimes, such as sexual assault or murder. This POSTnote describes stalking and harassment before presenting evidence on the effectiveness of approaches to identifying, preventing and prosecuting these crimes.
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Radonić, Ljiljana. L’usage de la Shoah dans la mémoire des crimes du XXe siècle en Europe de l’est. Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, January 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1553/0x003dfcbb.

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Beaucoup a été écrit sur les musées et les mémoriaux de la Shoah. Ljiljana Radonić s’intéresse dans ce texte[1] à la manière dont la Shoah est exposée dans les musées nationaux (en particulier en Europe centrale et orientale) pourtant consacrés à d’autres événements tragiques. Mais pourquoi ? Il ne s’agit pas tant de réparer une omission que d’évoquer la souffrance juive comme un modèle. Dans bien des cas, le message à comprendre : « Nos » victimes ont souffert « comme les Juifs ».
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Hicks, Jacqueline. The Role of Gender in Serious and Organised/Transnational Crime. Institute of Development Studies, March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.059.

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This rapid review synthesises evidence on the role of gender in serious and organised/transnational crime (SOC) with regard to gender norms, participation and prevention. It looks at the literature on the roles women play in organised crime groups and their pathways to participation, the impact of cultural gender norms in different forms of participation for men and women in SOC, and the role of gender dynamics within families or communities in preventing SOC. Key Overall Findings linking gender norms, female participation and prevention of SOC: 1). Gender norms and women’s participation in SOC are varied and highly contextual, highlighting the importance of gender analysis to programming; 2). Gendered perceptions of men as perpetrators and women as victims in SOC undermine effective responses; and 3). Some types of masculine identity have been linked to involvement in violent crime and societal tolerance of organised crime groups. In Italy, some feminists characterise opposition to SOC as an anti-patriarchal struggle.
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MacCulloch, Robert, Rafael Di Tella, and Hugo R. Ñopo. Happiness and Beliefs in Criminal Environments. Inter-American Development Bank, December 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0010821.

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This paper uses newly available data to describe the distribution of crime victimization and other criminal activities (including drug trafficking and corruption) around the world. The paper then documents a negative (positive) correlation between measures of criminal activity and happiness and measures of positive (negative) emotions. The paper also studies the correlation between ideological beliefs and criminal activity, finding that crime victims are more likely to believe that hard work does not pay and that the government should increase the amount of redistribution to the poor.
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