Relevant bibliographies by topics / Victims of crime

Academic literature on the topic 'Victims of crime'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 20 February 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Victims of crime"

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Wijaya, Enggal Prayoga. "Knowing Victims to Protect Them, A Book Review “Viktimologi: Perlindungan Korban dan Saksi” Bambang Waluyo, S.H., M.H., Sinar Grafika Jakarta, 2011, 320 pages, ISBN 978979074378." Journal of Indonesian Legal Studies 6, no. 2 (November 30, 2021): 483–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/jils.v6i2.36097.

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Understanding Victim (victim) and logi (science), Latin "victima" victims of "logos" science. Means knowledge about victims of crime. In a criminal trial the parties that play a role are the public prosecutor, judge, defendant, and legal counsel and witnesses. The victim was represented by the public prosecutor and to corroborate the usual evidence he was made a witness (victim). Often the public prosecutor acts at will by not representing the interests of the victim and ignoring the victim's protection rights. The victim was ignored because: The problem of crime cannot be understood in proportion The problem is not based on the prevailing theory Understanding the problem is not seen from the human side
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Adiningsih, Aprilia Putri, and Ridwan Arifin. "Victims of Rape and The Legal Protection: Problems and Challenges in The Victimological Studies." Semarang State University Undergraduate Law and Society Review 3, no. 1 (January 17, 2023): 47–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/lsr.v3i1.56688.

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Victims of the crime of rape have not received optimal legal protection, even though they have been legally protected through the Law on the Protection of Witnesses and Victims, the Law on Child Protection, or the Law on the Elimination of Domestic Violence. However, the concept of Indonesian criminal law, which focuses more on punishing and deterring criminals, has not been able to accommodate the rights of victims, especially in cases of certain crimes such as rape. In the case of rape, the victim receives an immaterial loss (loss of honor) which is legally difficult to materialize, so that the punishment is limited to imprisonment and a fine which is not sufficient to restore the victim's loss and restore the victim's trauma. This study aims to analyze the protection of victims of rape crime in the perspective of victimology and law. This study uses a normative legal approach, literature review and legal analysis. This study found that the juridical sera, the protection of victims of crime, including victims of rape, has been regulated by the state through several laws. The rights of victims have also been mentioned, ranging from restitution, to recovery of victims' losses and trauma. However, in cases of rape, victims are often dissatisfied with the punishment given to the perpetrators of this crime.
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Hodgkinsoi, Sarah, and Nick Tilley. "Travel-to-Crime: Homing in on the Victim." International Review of Victimology 14, no. 3 (September 2007): 281–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026975800701400301.

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Environmental criminology focuses on the intersection in time and place of the offender and victim. Patterns of crime are generally explained in terms of the routine activities of the offender. His or her travel to crime distances are short and crimes are committed within the offender's ‘awareness space’. It has generally been theorised that victims also have short journeys to crime, associated with their routine behaviour. This review, however, suggests that occupancy of ‘unawareness space’, where people are away from familiar surroundings, may confer heightened risk. This is supported in research in the special case of crime and tourism, though other travelling victim patterns have been largely ignored. This paper postulates that crime risk increases at the intersection of offender awareness and victim unawareness spaces. The 2002–3 British Crime Survey provides some suggestive evidence on this. Its analysis reveals that 26.9% of self-reported victimisation occurs more than 15 minutes away from the victim's home. For personal theft crimes over 70% of the victims were outside their immediate locality, suggesting a stronger link between victim mobility and certain types of offence. This finding is discussed in light of the literature reviewed and some implications for crime prevention are considered.
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Kumar, TK Vinod. "Mediating influence of crime type on victim satisfaction with police services." International Review of Victimology 24, no. 1 (September 5, 2017): 99–121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0269758017727344.

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Different crimes have their own unique characteristics. Victim needs and experiences vary across crime types. However, there has been a tendency for the criminal justice system to treat victims as a homogeneous entity and respond to victims of different types of crimes in a routine manner. This is especially true in a developing country like India. This study, using victim survey data from India, examines whether the crime type (property crime or violent crime) has a mediating influence on the relation between the quality of procedure and outcome of police response on the one hand, and victim satisfaction on the other. The study concludes that the type of crime has a mediating effect on the relation between interpersonal justice, information justice and outcome, and the satisfaction of victims with services provided by the police.
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Wilbanks, William. "Is Violent Crime Intraracial?" Crime & Delinquency 31, no. 1 (January 1985): 117–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011128785031001007.

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The commonly accepted view that violent crime is intraracial as opposed to interracial is reexamined. Victim survey data on perceived race of offender are used to suggest that the issue of intraracial versus interracial crime should be examined from four perspectives: white offender's choice of victim (e.g., white or black); black offender's choice of victim; white victim's perception of race of offender; and black victim's perception of race of offender. A Detailed analysis of victimization survey data indicates that violent crime in the United States (robbery, assault, and rape) is intraracial from three perspectives (whites chose other whites as victims, whites were largely victimized by other whites, and blacks were largely victimized by other blacks). However, black offenders were more likely to choose white victims in robberies, assaults, and rapes. Tentative and alternative explanations for this previously unexamined fact of interracial crime are suggested.
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Bailey, Laura, Vincent Harinam, and Barak Ariel. "Victims, offenders and victim-offender overlaps of knife crime: A social network analysis approach using police records." PLOS ONE 15, no. 12 (December 11, 2020): e0242621. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0242621.

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Knife crime is a source of concern for the police in England and Wales, however little published research exists on this crime type. Who are the offenders who use knives to commit crime, when and why? Who are their victims, and is there a victim-offender overlap? What is the social network formation for people who are exposed to knife crime? Using a multidimensional approach, our aim is to answer these questions about one of England and Wales’ largest jurisdictions: Thames Valley. We first provide a state-of-the-art narrative review of the knife crime literature, followed by an analysis of population-level data on central tendency and dispersion of knife crimes reported to the police (2015–2019), on offences, offenders, victims, victim-offender overlaps and gang-related assaults. Social network analysis was used to explore the formations of offender-victim networks. Our findings show that knife crime represents a small proportion of crime (1.86%) and is associated largely with violence offenses. 16–34 year-old white males are at greatest risk of being the victims, offenders or victim-offenders of knife crime, with similar relative risks between these three categories. Both knife offenders and victims are likely to have a criminal record. Knife crimes are usually not gang-related (less than 20%), and experienced mostly between strangers, with the altercation often a non-retaliatory ‘one-off event’. Even gang-related knife crimes do not follow ‘tit-for-tat’ relationships—except when the individuals involved have extensive offending histories and then are likely to retaliate instantaneously. We conclude that while rare, an incident of knife crime remains predicable, as a substantial ratio of offenders and victims of future knife crime can be found in police records. Prevention strategies should not be focused on gang-related criminals, but on either prolific violent offenders or repeat victims who are known to the police—and therefore more susceptible to knife crime exposure.
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Yulianti, Evi, and Achmad Sulchan. "Legal Protection Of Victims In The Crime Of Rapes." Law Development Journal 3, no. 2 (August 7, 2021): 353. http://dx.doi.org/10.30659/ldj.3.2.353-361.

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The purpose of this study is to identify and analyze the legal protection of victims in the crime of rape, and to identify and analyze the obstacles and solutions to the legal protection of victims in the crime of rape. This study uses a normative juridical approach, which in this case relates to the legal protection of victims in the crime of rape with descriptive analytical research specifications. The data used are primary and secondary data which will be analyzed qualitatively. The research problems were analyzed using law enforcement theory, legal certainty and Islamic justice theory. The results of the study concluded that the protection of victims of the crime of rape in addition to experiencing physical suffering also experienced psychological suffering which took a long time to recover. Considering that the suffering experienced by the victims of the crime of rape is not light and it takes a long time to recover, the law enforcement officers are obliged to provide protection for the victims of the crime of rape. The obstacles that arise in the legal protection of the rights of victims in the process of resolving criminal cases: a) The criminals themselves, where the perpetrators of the crime are very good at committing crimes so that they are not caught or not caught; b) The attitude of the community, where the attitude of the community is indifferent in dealing with crimes that occur in their environment, so that people are less sensitive in dealing with crimes that occur; c) The compensation given by the perpetrator to the victim is not in accordance with what the victim expects because of the economic limitations of the perpetrator of the crime; d) For immaterial losses in criminal cases it cannot be done. The solution to the legal protection of victims in the crime of rape is the rehabilitation of victims of the crime of rape.
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Abdullah, Rahmat Hi. "Tinjauan Viktimologis Terhadap Tindak Pidana Perdagangan Orang (Human Trafficking)." JURNAL YUSTIKA: MEDIA HUKUM DAN KEADILAN 22, no. 01 (October 30, 2019): 55–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.24123/yustika.v22i01.1958.

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Victims are an important element in the continuation of legal evidence as a victim witness or reporter. As is the case with the problem of human trafficking crime. Victimology with its various kinds of views extends the criminal etiological theories needed to understand the existence of crime as a better structural and non-structural victimization. besides the views in viktimology encourage people to pay attention and serve each party who can be victims of mental, physical, and social. From the explanation of the victim's typology and the factors that led to the crime of trafficking in persons, it was concluded that there were three types of victims of trafficking in persons, namely Latend or Prodisposed Victims who were economic contributors. Participating Victims were victims who because the cause is a low education factor, and False Victims which is being a victim because the cause is a consumptive behavior factor.
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Головкін, Богдан Миколайович. "Victim behavior of crime victims." Problems of Legality, no. 135 (December 15, 2016): 124–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.21564/2414-990x.135.83130.

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Oh, Jung Yong, and Hye Hyeon Park. "Problems of supporting victims of digital sex crimes and ways to improve them." Wonkwang University Legal Research Institute 38, no. 2 (June 30, 2022): 31–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.22397/wlri.2022.38.2.31.

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With the development of science and technology, the penetration rate of smartphones has increased, and cyberspace has become more familiar with real life and information accessibility has increased. However, as cyberspace becomes more common, new forms of crime are emerging, and the seriousness of the crime is emerging. Among them, digital sex crimes are the most serious. Amid growing anxiety over the crime, the government announced a comprehensive plan to prevent damage to digital sex crimes and actively discussed enacting and revising related bills, but there is still a gap in support for victims. There is a perception that digital sex crimes are not physically damaged like ordinary sex crimes, and that this crime is lighter than other crimes. However, unlike this perception, digital sex crimes are crimes that are almost impossible to recover from once they are damaged. Once the victim's videos are released into cyberspace, they cannot be permanently deleted, causing pain to victims and social activities cannot be carried out. In other words, the act can be seen as a personality murder of the victim. Despite these criminal characteristics, the system for supporting victims is still inadequate. The lack of understanding of digital sex crimes by investigators and the Ministry of Justice, lack of budget to support digital sex crimes victims' support centers, and difficulties in international cooperation in arresting overseas Internet operators. To solve these problems, education programs should be carried out at the level necessary for each organization to improve the understanding of investigative agencies and the judiciary, and a system should be established to make education compulsory. In addition, it is necessary to expand the budget to support the victims of digital sex crimes, and to join the Cybercrime Prevention Agreement and cooperate with member countries to investigate sites with overseas servers.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Victims of crime"

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Krakow, Nathan. "Assessing crime victims' coping needs." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/29994.

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There is mounting evidence that psychological reactions to criminal victimization can be far more severe, much longerlasting, and recovery less complete than had been originally thought. The plight of crime victims is often compounded by a suspectibility to a 1 'second wound', or aggravation of their distress, arising from the neglect or mistreatment by those whom victims rely on for support. There is, at the same time, evidence that both the criminal justice system and the mental health profession have often been ill-equipped to adequately tend to the needs of this population. Despite a growing research interest in victimization (e.g., social psychology, counselling psychology, psychiatry, criminology), there is a lack of integration of victimization-related research both across and within these disciplines. As a result, those counselling crime victims and their families find insufficient guidance in the literature for intervening with this population. In the aftermath of their misfortune, victims need to regain what was abruptly taken from them (i.e., a sense of safety, trust, agency, self-esteem, intimacy, a sense of the world as meaningful). To facilitate post-trauma counselling, an assessment of crime victims' coping needs is presented in the context of an interventive framework. The framework distinguishes victims' identified needs according to (1) victims' intermediate vs. long-term coping needs, (2) what victims need from others vs. what they can do for themselves, and (3) what victims need from whom. These distinctions serve to operationalize crime victims' adjustment processes. Furthermore, these distinctions require an integration of an otherwise diverse victimization literature.
Education, Faculty of
Graduate
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Moller, Valerie. "Living with crime: Does crime affect victims' perceived quality of life?" Institute for Security Studies (ISS), 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/6027.

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Crime is thought to be a major concern that shapes the everyday lives of South Africans. But what impact does living with high levels of crime have on the mindset of ordinary citizens? A recent household crime victimisation study conducted in the Nelson Mandela Metropolitan Municipality provides tentative answers to this question.
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Kaukinen, Catherine Elizabeth. "The help-seeking of violent crime victims." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/NQ59077.pdf.

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Beck-Hummel, Suzanne M. "A policies and procedures manual for the operations of Crime Victims Council of the Lehigh Valley, Inc." Instructions for remote access. Click here to access this electronic resource. Access available to Kutztown University faculty, staff, and students only, 1993. http://www.kutztown.edu/library/services/remote_access.asp.

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Thesis (M.P.A.)--Kutztown University of Pennsylvania, 1993.
Source: Masters Abstracts International, Volume: 45-06, page: 2930. Abstract precedes thesis as [3] preliminary leaves. Typescript. Includes bibliographical references.
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Nkukwana, Zingisile Wiseman. "The Rights of victims of crime in South Africa." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/12627.

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There is a perception among victims of crime, and people in general, in South Africa that the country’s laws favour and protect offenders. These people believe that offenders have more rights than victims which are derived from the Constitution of the country, and other legislative Acts of parliament. This view may sometimes lead to vigilantism and a total disregard of the law. The study will show that victims do have rights in the country’s legislations. The study briefly explains the sources of such laws, like the Constitution, the Victims Charter and selected provisions of some Acts of parliament. It is a fact that the section 35 of the Constitution provides in detail, the rights of the arrested, detained and accused. It is also submitted persons that there is no specific provision that talks about the rights of the victims of crime. However, that does not mean that such victims do not have rights in terms of the constitution. The rights of victims of crime are seen during the courts’ interpretation and application of rights mentioned in the Bill of Rights. The use of words like “everyone” and “any person” in the Bill of Rights also refers to victims of crime. Therefore, the Constitution is not victim-biased and offender-friendly. The Constitution protects everybody because it seeks to uphold the values of human dignity, equality, freedom and the African concept of ubuntu. The study discusses briefly the rights of victims as adopted by the Victims’ Charter. The Charter lists these rights, but does not explain how such rights are to be achieved. South Africa also developed a document called the Minimum Standards for Services for Victims of Crime which indicates how each right is to be achieved. The study also shows that South Africa had developed some Acts of parliament even before the adoption of the Victims Charter. South Africa claims that the Victims’ Charter is compliant with the Constitution and the United Nations Declaration of Basic Principles of Justice Abuse of Power of 1985. It is submitted that this statement is not entirely correct, especially with regards to the provision that deals with compensation. South Africa did not define compensation as defined by the United Nations Declaration. This can be seen as a dismal failure by South Africa to abide by the United Nations Declaration and this has resulted in more harm suffered by victims of crime. The study also discusses how rape victims benefit through the use of Criminal Law (Sexual Offences and Related Matters) Amendment Act of 2007. This begins with the changing of the definition of rape. The Act also deals with how rape victims can access antiretroviral drugs to prevent HIV/Aids infection. It explains limitations on the right to privacy of the accused, especially to compel him or her to undergo an HIV test. The HIV positive status of the accused can be used as an aggravating factor during sentencing in terms of UNAIDS policies. S v Nyalungu 2005 (JOL) 13254 (T) is a leading case in South Africa showing compliance with UNAIDS policies. Restorative justice mechanisms have been discussed to show positive movement by South Africa from a retributive justice system to a restorative justice system. The advantages of such mechanisms for victims have been discussed. The study also describes briefly some selected provisions of the Criminal Procedure Act of 1977 and how these provisions benefit victims of crime. These include sections 153, 170A, 297, 299A, 300 and 301. The study highlights some challenges that still exist and what innovations can be made. This includes recommendations which can be made to benefit victims of crime further. For example, an apology can be used as one of the important principles in the restorative justice system. It is submitted and recommended that truth and apology go hand in glove and the basic elements of forgiveness. South Africa can pride itself with regards to this approach especially during the Truth and Reconciliation Commission which was established in post-apartheid South Africa. The study concludes by saying that South Africa should set up a victim-compensation scheme. It is submitted that South Africa can afford such a scheme despite the problems identified.
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Ferrer-Carrasco, Maria Josefina. "Victims of crime in Venezuela rights and services." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/4834.

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Horne, Christopher J. "Students' experiences of crime at Loughborough University." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.250897.

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Everson, Steven Paul. "Repeat offenders and repeat victims : mutual attraction or misfortune." Thesis, University of Huddersfield, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.323659.

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Wilson, Rosemary Isobel. "Constructing the experience of crime : victims, state and society." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/27064.

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Previous research concerning criminal victimisation is characterised by adherence to the positivist paradigm. This thesis will seek to show how this contributes to a limited understanding of the experience of crime. This study represents a shift from the positivistic nature of previous research through an emphasis upon the construction of crime. This shift may be viewed as contributing to an increased understanding of the experience of crime. The first half of the thesis seeks to show how the experience of crime has been constructed in academic debate and by agencies with an interest in victims of crime. The thesis will demonstrate how these constructions are unsophisticated and incomplete principally because of neglect concerning the experience of crime as constructed by the victims of crime themselves. In response to this, the second half of the thesis proposes an alternative methodology for the study of the victim's experience of victimhood. This involves an application of an interactive computer programme designed for the elicitation of repertory grids. This technique is employed in relation to understanding the personal experiences of rape and housebreaking. The rationale for the examination of these experiences is grounded in agency classification of these experiences as discrete and quantitatively different in terms of seriousness. The experience of rape is classified as violent crime and inherently more serious than the experience of housebreaking which is classified as a property crime. The study seeks to show how the experiences of rape and housebreaking are qualitatively, as opposed to quantitatively, similar through the perceived 'violation' of self. The thesis concludes by proposing an approach based upon the constructivist paradigm which may be viewed as contributing to a more informed and sophisticated understanding of the experience of victimhood.
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Wolhuter, Lorraine Winifred. "Enforceable rights for victims of crime in England and Wales." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/5172.

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Doctor Legum - LLD
The thesis draws on the author's own contribution to a co-authored text Wolhuter, et al, 2009), which was aimed at introducing students to the legal landscape pertaining to victims' rights in England and Wales. All the arguments presented and issues addressed in this contribution constitute the author's own work, and were developed without any form of collaboration with the co-authors. While the thesis incorporates the basic issues that arose for consideration in the author's contribution to this text, it goes beyond this contribution to develop a systematic framework for the recognition of enforceable victims' rights flowing from the overarching rules of EU law. The thesis explores the extent to which the entrenchment in English law of enforceable rights for victims of crime in general, and socially unequal victims in particular, will reduce secondary victimisation at the hands of criminal justice agencies. The absence of such rights in English law constitutes a significant lacuna in the state’s responses to victims, particularly in light of the recent recognition of enforceable victims’ rights in EU law. The thesis accordingly seeks to contribute to the generation of a victims' rights discourse in the UK, with the aim of encouraging the introduction of enforceable rights for victims. To this end, it engages in a comparative analysis of victims' rights in EU law, European human rights law and American law. It contends that the United Kingdom ought to agree to be bound by the Draft Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council establishing minimum standards on the rights, support and protection of victims of crime (2011, the "Victims' Directive"), which will render the victims' rights enshrined therein directly enforceable in national courts. In addition, it considers each of the rights in the Framework Decision on the standing of victims in criminal proceedings (2001/220/JHA), and its prospective successor, the Victims' Directive, including the rights to information, respect and recognition, protection, participation and compensation, pointing to ways in which these rights may be given full effect in English law. In particular, the thesis advocates the recognition of active victim participation to empower victims in the pre-trial and trial processes. It maintains that the models of active victim participation in German and Swedish law, namely auxiliary prosecution and victims’ lawyers, reduce secondary victimisation, particularly for vulnerable victims of serious offences, and ought to be introduced in English law. The thesis also evaluates the position of socially unequal victims, namely women victims of gender-based violence, minority ethnic victims of racially and religiously motivated crime, lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender ("LGBT") victims of homophobic and transphobic crime, and victims of elder abuse. It locates these victims within the framework of international and European human rights law, and recommends reforms to English law that would facilitate and enhance their exercise of the victims' rights that it advocates. The thesis concludes by delineating the contours of a victims' rights' model, which encompasses the recognition of victims' rights as enforceable human rights, the correlation of these rights with the right to freedom from discrimination, and the introduction of active procedural rights in the pre-trial and trial processes.
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Books on the topic "Victims of crime"

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I, Mawby R., ed. Crime victims. [Plymouth]: [Plymouth Polytechnic], 1986.

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Spalek, Basia. Crime Victims. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-50533-0.

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Spalek, Basia. Crime Victims. Edited by Jo Campling. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-230-20450-8.

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Finn, Peter. Victims. [Washington, D.C.]: U.S. Dept. of Justice, National Institute of Justice, 1988.

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Finn, Peter. Victims. [Washington, D.C.]: U.S. Dept. of Justice, National Institute of Justice, 1988.

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Finn, Peter. Victims. [Washington, D.C.]: U.S. Dept. of Justice, National Institute of Justice, 1988.

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Jerin, Robert A. Victims of crime. Chicago: Nelson-Hall Publishers, 1998.

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Irish Council of Churches. Advisory Forum on Human Rights. Victims of crime. [Belfast]: Irish Council of Churches Board of Community Affairs, Advisory Forum on Human Rights, 1991.

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Rand, Michael R. Handgun crime victims. [Washington, D.C.]: U.S. Dept. of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics, 1990.

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Commission, New Zealand Law. Compensating crime victims. Wellington, N.Z: Law Commission, 2010.

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Book chapters on the topic "Victims of crime"

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Spalek, Basia. "Victims’ Needs and Victims’ Rights." In Crime Victims, 115–33. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-230-20450-8_7.

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Spalek, Basia. "Introducing Victimology." In Crime Victims, 1–13. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-230-20450-8_1.

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Spalek, Basia. "Conclusion: Future Developments and Implications." In Crime Victims, 170–76. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-230-20450-8_10.

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Spalek, Basia. "Victimhood, Late Modernity and Criminal Justice." In Crime Victims, 14–32. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-230-20450-8_2.

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Spalek, Basia. "Victimology: Theoretical Perspectives." In Crime Victims, 33–46. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-230-20450-8_3.

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Spalek, Basia. "Researching Victimisation: Contesting Victimhood." In Crime Victims, 47–67. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-230-20450-8_4.

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Spalek, Basia. "Understanding Victimisation: Exploring Harms." In Crime Victims, 68–91. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-230-20450-8_5.

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Spalek, Basia. "Official Responses to Victimisation." In Crime Victims, 92–114. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-230-20450-8_6.

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Spalek, Basia. "Unofficial Victims’ Movements: Re-defining Victimhood." In Crime Victims, 134–54. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-230-20450-8_8.

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Spalek, Basia. "New Perspectives within Victimology." In Crime Victims, 155–69. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-230-20450-8_9.

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Conference papers on the topic "Victims of crime"

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Kovacheva, Galina. "THE CONFLICT IN THE INTERACTION BETWEEN THE CRIMINAL AND THE VICTIM AND THE INSTITUTE OF MEDIATION." In THE MEDIATION IN THE DIFFERENT PUBLIC SPHERES 2021. University publishing house "Science and Economics", University of Economics - Varna, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36997/mdps2021.5.

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The current paper presents the offender-victim interaction in the criminogenic situation and some ways to prevent and resolve the conflicts. Mediation is considered in comparative plan with other approaches aimed at protecting victims of crime, protection of their rights and crime reduction.
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Kovacheva, Galina. "THE CONFLICT IN THE INTERACTION BETWEEN THE CRIMINAL AND THE VICTIM AND THE INSTITUTE OF MEDIATION." In THE MEDIATION IN THE DIFFERENT PUBLIC SPHERES 2021. University publishing house "Science and Economics", University of Economics - Varna, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36997/mdps2021.61.

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The current paper presents the offender-victim interaction in the criminogenic situation and some ways to prevent and resolve the conflicts. Mediation is considered in comparative plan with other approaches aimed at protecting victims of crime, protection of their rights and crime reduction.
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Da Silveira, Márcio V. C., and Wladmir C. Brandão. "Characterizing Crimes from Web." In VI Brazilian Workshop on Social Network Analysis and Mining. Sociedade Brasileira de Computação - SBC, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5753/brasnam.2017.3249.

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Crime prevention requires the effective use of police resources, which demands the access of criminal information for planning security actions. The number of crime occurrences is higher than the official reported numbers. Many victims do not report crimes directly to the security agencies. Instead, they prefer to anonymously report using different channels, such as the Web. In this article, we introduce our approach to characterize crimes reported in the Web. Particularly, we collect criminal data from popular websites that store crime occurrences, and we use clustering analysis to discover crime patterns on the collected data. Applying our approach to a popular Brazilian crime report website, we observe that more than 41% of the crimes were not reported to the security agencies, and most of them are thefts and robberies occurring at night and dawn. In addition, minor offenses present different patterns of serious crimes. Moreover, crime patterns are different in rich and poor neighborhood.
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Dauster, Manfred. "Victims of Crime and Criminal Proceedings in Germany." In The 7th International Scientific Conference of the Faculty of Law of the University of Latvia. LU Akadēmiskais apgāds, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.22364/iscflul.7.38.

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Mulyono, Mulyono, Sanusi Sanusi, and Fajar Sudewo. "Implementation Practice Restitution of Children Victims of Sexual Crime." In Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Law, Social Science, Economics, and Education, MALAPY 2022, 28 May 2022, Tegal, Indonesia. EAI, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4108/eai.28-5-2022.2320550.

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Vera, JV. "ONLINE CRIMINAL CLINIC." In The 7th International Conference on Education 2021. The International Institute of Knowledge Management, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.17501/24246700.2021.7147.

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Confinement brought with it virtual classes, and that teaching channel that was once the exception, became the rule, but, what are the implications that this change produced for crime victims who seek access to justice? The main objective of this contribution is to exemplify, by sharing the results and experiences produced by the criminal clinic taught in virtual format of the Campus Puebla, how online clinical teaching, as well as a face-to-face legal clinic execution, achieves a differentiated learning in relation to the traditional methodology of teaching, that is, the development of disciplinary and transversal educational competences for criminal litigation through experiential learning. The penal clinic at the Tecnológico de Monterrey in Puebla City, Mexico, was established four years ago from the project "Voice of the Victims" in conjunction with the Arizona State University and sponsored by the Merida Initiative. The criminal clinic works with an external institution called "socio-trainer". By acquiring knowledge about the role of legal advisors to victims, and by taking an active part in the entire criminal process, students develop diverse transversal competences like professional responsibility, human sense, and professional ethics; In addition to that, this contribution aims to also showcase the online criminal clinic execution limitations and opportunities of development when compared to the face-to-face or in person clinic development. The methodology follows a format of assigning real criminal cases to students who assume the role of victim lawyers; They are guided by professors from the University and a lawyer from the Socio-trainer Institution. They are evaluated according to the procedural progress of the assigned cases, as well as activities and alternatives for access to justice such as: counseling for crime victims, preparation of briefs and guidelines for hearings. In the August-December 2020 semester, the clinic was executed online, and the methodology underwent an important transformation in its academic and practical aspects, as well as in the care and follow-up of assigned criminal cases. The process had negative implications due to the lack of constant interaction with the victims and the authorities, but this did not substantially affect the student's learning. Keywords: Victims, Criminal Cases, Criminal Process, Clinical teaching, Online Education
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Saeed Ghafoor Ahmad, Kosar, and Amanj nasih qadir omer. "Prosecuting the perpetrators of the Camp Speicher crime according to Iraqi laws or the jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court." In Peacebuilding and Genocide Prevention. University of Human Development, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21928/uhdicpgp/45.

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"This work includes talking about the crime of Camp Speicher, in which 1,700 students of the Iraqi army of the Sheea creed were killed by the gangs of the terrorist organization ISIS, with the aim of eliminating the members of this sect because of the misleading ideology carried by those gangs. On 6-12-2014, Iraqi soldiers at Camp Speicher (Speicher Air Base) in Tikrit were subjected to murder and enforced disappearance by terrorist organizations because of their affiliation to the Sheea creed. This crime was among a series of brutal crimes for the genocide of Sheeas in Iraq. This is similar to what happened in the Badoush prison crime in the province of Mosul, which the Iraqi Parliament considered it as a crime of genocide, in which these gangs executed about (400) members of the prison inmates of the Sheea component. After ISIS took control of the city of Tikrit in Iraq, and one day after they took control of the city of Mosul, they captured (2000-2200) soldiers and led them to the presidential palaces in Tikrit, and they shot them there and in other areas and buried some of them alive. This disaster had a negative impact on the families of the victims of the Speicher where they went out in demonstrations demanded that the leaders who handed over the victims of Speicher to ISIS must be prosecuted, and in one of the demonstrations they managed to enter Parliament and demanded that the leaders who handed over Speicher to ISIS be held accountable. After that, many demonstrations took place by the families of the victims, some of which led to the closure of a bridge in Baghdad a few times Protesting the government's delay in clarifying the fate of their children or taking quick measures. The Iraqi parliament and government recently considered the Speicher incident “genocide” in reference to the premeditated murder of Badoush Prison inmates in Nineveh Governorate and the unarmed Speicher military base, the premeditated murder of members of the Albu Nimr, Jabour, al-Lahib, and al-Ubaid tribes, and the killing and displacement of civilians from Kurds, Christians, Yazidis and Shabaks in Sahel Nineveh, Sinjar, deliberate killing and displacement of Turkmens in Tal Afar and Bashir. This decision paves the way for obtaining international recognition from it as a ""genocide"" as stipulated in the Contract of the United Nations in 1948, and Iraq signed it in the fifties of the last century. This study attempts to explain the Al-Ikhnasas Court in looking into the crimes of genocide committed by ISIS against the bereaved students of the Air Force Base (Speicher) due to what this issue raised from the national and international public opinion, especially after the involvement of the Iraqi army leaders in this massacre, according to what witnesses reported in that area and what was reported by soldiers who survived the incident, in addition to the involvement of some members of the Sunni tribes in these crimes with the terrorist organization ISIS. The importance of this study lies in the following aspects: - That ISIS elements were tried according to Anti-Terrorism Law No. 13 of 2005, and from our point of view that the aforementioned law is vague and broader than it should be, and it applies to serious and simple crimes from murder to crimes of sabotage, and the list of crimes punishable by the death penalty according to the aforementioned law is a long list and spacious. - The Iraqi government has embarked on an attempt to develop a legal framework to prosecute ISIS elements, and its mission focused on understanding the procedures and results drawn from those judicial efforts, and its mission also focused on showing the efforts taken by the Iraqi government to address violations in the field of the right to life, including those committed by affiliated forces government as well as other international and domestic actors. The International Criminal Court is specialized in considering specific crimes under Article (5) of its Statute, which are war crimes, aggression and crimes against humanity, which necessitates the adaptation of Speicher's crime within any of the mentioned types of crimes. The assumption of the International Criminal Court in relation to the Speicher crime, includes several positive matters and results at the same time a set of negatives, which must be presented to those positives and negatives in order to give preference between them and the choice of authorizing the court to consider the crime or not. The terrorist organization ISIS has committed serious systematic violations, including war crimes and others, and perhaps those that are not under its control, and that none of these crimes can be addressed within the anti-terrorism law, which cannot address human rights violations. The international community has recognized the heinous violations committed by ISIS against the citizens of Iraq by adopting Resolution (2370) in September of 2017, issued by the Security Council, which authorizes the Security Council to appoint an investigation team to support local efforts to hold ISIS elements accountable by collecting and preserving evidence in Iraq, which can rise to a high level, and it was committed by the elements of the organization. It considers that the decision constitutes a burden and an obligation on Iraq to investigate all allegations of violations committed by government forces for the purpose of holding them accountable, as well as requiring the establishment of special courts and trained judges in relation to ISIS crimes to deal with them. Terrorism is a global curse that has recently spread horizontally to all countries of the world and its effects have been concentrated vertically in some countries, and no one denies that the parties to this phenomenon are increasing (perpetrators and victims) and the United Nations in particular and the international community in general has not succeeded in reducing it despite the fact that the resolutions of the UN Security Council It is increasing, but the proportionality is absent between these decisions and the practical reality. The phenomenon of terrorism is spreading rapidly, and the perpetrators of terrorist acts are on the rise, corresponding to an increase in the victims of terrorism. Also, the circumstances and events that Iraq is going through, especially after 2003, put it at the forefront of countries which suffers from terrorism that has killed the people, using methods and forms that were not previously known and brutal and bloody cruel. ) for the year 2005, and since terrorism was not limited to Iraq, but included many countries, and was not specific to a place or time, nor was it recent in terms of composition. In addition, the aforementioned law cannot be aware of all violations of international and humanitarian law, as we mentioned previously, which requires the necessity of referring the criminals to a competent court. The Court conducts its rule under Article (13) of its Statute when referred to it by a state party to the same system or by the Security Council or when the Public Prosecutor conducts the investigation on his own, and then how does the Court take its measures regarding the aforementioned crime if we take a look Considering that the State of Iraq is not a member of the Statute of the Court. The rule of the court is free from the death penalty, which makes the idea of authorizing the court to consider the crime rejected by most Iraqis, especially the families of the victims. What are the negative aspects of the Iraqi national judiciary’s view of the Speicher crime, and how can it be avoided if the International Criminal Court plays this role? What are the guarantees provided by the court in the event that it proceeds with its procedures regarding this crime? The research on this subject is according to the appropriate method, which is the analytical and comparative method, which works on studying and comparing topics by analyzing ideas and jurisprudential rulings, and the positions of the governments of countries and the United Nations, as well as the resolutions of the Security Council and the General Assembly, and comparing arbitration between Iraqi courts. And the international courts regarding the trial of the perpetrators of the Speicher base crime, and then come up with a set of conclusions and recommendations."
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Pasaribu, W. B. F., K. Syafruddin, Suwarto, and A. Madiasa. "Rehabilitation System as Legal Protection Efforts for Victims of Narcotics Crime." In International Conference on Law, Governance and Islamic Society (ICOLGIS 2019). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.200306.223.

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Susilo, Saful, Sanusi Sanusi, and Fajar Sudewo. "Comparison of Protection for Victims of Crime Between Indonesia and France." In Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Law, Social Science, Economics, and Education, MALAPY 2022, 28 May 2022, Tegal, Indonesia. EAI, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4108/eai.28-5-2022.2320493.

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Hamin, Zaiton. "Whither The Legal Protection For Crime Victims In The Negotiated Justice Process?" In ILC 2017 - 9th UUM International Legal Conference. Cognitive-Crcs, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.15405/epsbs.2018.12.03.55.

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Reports on the topic "Victims of crime"

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Tella, Rafael Di, Lucia Freira, Ramiro Gálvez, Ernesto Schargrodsky, Diego Shalom, and Mariano Sigman. Crime and Violence: Desensitization in Victims to Watching Criminal Events. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, August 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w23697.

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Melton, Patricia A. Enacting an Improved Response to Sexual Assault: A Criminal Justice Practitioner’s Guide. RTI Press, July 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3768/rtipress.2020.op.0066.2007.

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Sexual assault is a violent crime that traumatizes individual victims and endangers entire communities. Every victim of sexual assault deserves an opportunity for justice and access to the resources they need to recover from this trauma. In addition, many perpetrators of sexual assaults are serial offenders who also commit other violent crimes, including armed robberies, aggravated assaults, burglary, domestic violence, and homicides, against strangers and acquaintances. Criminal justice agencies have the power to create a strategic, sustainable plan for an improved response to sexual assault that aligns with current best practices and national recommendations. In this document, we define an “improved response” as an approach that supports effective investigation and prosecution of sexual assault cases, holds perpetrators accountable, and promotes healing and recovery for victims of sexual assault. This guide will help prosecutor and law enforcement agencies create a process with milestones, goals, and suggested actions, all designed to support a successful and sustainable approach for addressing sexual assault cases. Improving the criminal justice system’s response to sexual assault ultimately improves public safety and promotes trust between criminal justice agencies and the communities they serve.
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Hicks, Jacqueline. The Role of Gender in Serious and Organised/Transnational Crime. Institute of Development Studies, March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.059.

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This rapid review synthesises evidence on the role of gender in serious and organised/transnational crime (SOC) with regard to gender norms, participation and prevention. It looks at the literature on the roles women play in organised crime groups and their pathways to participation, the impact of cultural gender norms in different forms of participation for men and women in SOC, and the role of gender dynamics within families or communities in preventing SOC. Key Overall Findings linking gender norms, female participation and prevention of SOC: 1). Gender norms and women’s participation in SOC are varied and highly contextual, highlighting the importance of gender analysis to programming; 2). Gendered perceptions of men as perpetrators and women as victims in SOC undermine effective responses; and 3). Some types of masculine identity have been linked to involvement in violent crime and societal tolerance of organised crime groups. In Italy, some feminists characterise opposition to SOC as an anti-patriarchal struggle.
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Amanda, Haynes, and Schweppe Jennifer. Ireland and our LGBT Community. Call It Hate Partnership, September 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.31880/10344/8065.

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Basic figures: – A large majority of respondents agreed or strongly agreed that gay men and lesbians (88%), bisexual people (87%) and transgender people (85%) “should be free to live their own life as they wish”. – Women were significantly more likely than men to agree with the above statement in respect to every identity group. People aged 25-34 years were significantly more likely than the general population to disagree with the statement. – On average, respondents were comfortable having people with a minority sexual orientation or gender identity as neighbours. Responses were significantly more positive towards having lesbians (M=8.51), bisexual people (M=8.40) and gay men (M=8.38) as neighbours compared to transgender people (M=7.98). – High levels of empathy were expressed with crime victims across all identity categories. Respondents were similarly empathetic towards heterosexual couples (M= 9.01), lesbian couples (M=9.05) and transgender persons (M=8.86) who are physically assaulted on the street. However, gay couples (M= 8.55) attracted significantly less empathy than a lesbian couple in similar circumstances. – Respondents were significantly more likely to intervene on behalf of a victim with a disability (M=7.86), than on behalf of an LGBT victim (M=6.96), but significantly more likely to intervene on behalf of an LGBT victim than an Irish Traveller (M= 5.82). – Respondents reported similar willingness to intervene on behalf of a lesbian pushed and slapped on the street by a stranger (M=7.38) and a transgender person (M= 7.03) in the same situation. Respondents were significantly more unlikely to intervene on behalf of a gay man (M=6.63) or bisexual person (M= 6.89) compared to a lesbian. – A third of respondents (33%) disagreed that violence against lesbians, gay men, bisexual and transgender people is a “serious problem in my country”, but more than half (58%) agreed that hate crimes hurt more than equivalent, non-bias, crimes.
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Yagci Sokat, Kezban. Understanding the Role of Transportation in Human Trafficking in California. Mineta Transportation Institute, November 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2022.2108.

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Human trafficking, a form of modern slavery, is the recruitment, transport, and/or transfer of persons using force, fraud, or coercion to exploit them for acts of labor or sex. According to the International Labor Organization, human trafficking is the fastest growing organized crime with approximately $150 billion in annual profits and 40.3 million individuals trapped in slave-like conditions. While it is not compulsory to involve transportation for human trafficking, the transportation industry plays a critical role in combating human trafficking as traffickers often rely on the transportation system to recruit, move, or transfer victims. This multi-method study investigates the role of transportation in combatting human trafficking in California by conducting a survey followed up with semi-structured in-depth interviews with key stakeholders. The expert input is supplemented with labor violations and transit accessibility analysis. Experts emphasize the importance of education, training, and awareness efforts combined with partnership, data, and analysis. Screening transportation industry personnel for human trafficking is another step that the industry can take to combat this issue. Particularly, sharing perpetrator information and transportation related trends among transportation modalities and local groups could help all anti-trafficking practitioners. In addition, the transportation industry can support the victims and survivors in their exit attempts and post/exit life. Examples of this support include serving as a safe haven, and providing transportation to essential services. Transportation should ensure that all of these efforts are survivor-centric, inclusive for all types of trafficking, and tailored to the needs of the modality, population, and location.
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Bermingham, Rowena, and Helle Abelvik-Lawson. Stalking and Harassment. Parliamentary Office of Science and Technology, December 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.58248/pn592.

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Stalking and harassment both involve any repeated behaviour that would cause alarm, distress or fear of violence in a victim. Common stalking or harassment behaviours include unwanted contact online or in person, following a victim, and interfering with property. Stalking is characterised by a perpetrator’s fixation or obsession and can have long-term psychological and social effects on a victim. Stalking also has the potential to escalate to other crimes, such as sexual assault or murder. This POSTnote describes stalking and harassment before presenting evidence on the effectiveness of approaches to identifying, preventing and prosecuting these crimes.
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Radonić, Ljiljana. L’usage de la Shoah dans la mémoire des crimes du XXe siècle en Europe de l’est. Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, January 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1553/0x003dfcbb.

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Beaucoup a été écrit sur les musées et les mémoriaux de la Shoah. Ljiljana Radonić s’intéresse dans ce texte[1] à la manière dont la Shoah est exposée dans les musées nationaux (en particulier en Europe centrale et orientale) pourtant consacrés à d’autres événements tragiques. Mais pourquoi ? Il ne s’agit pas tant de réparer une omission que d’évoquer la souffrance juive comme un modèle. Dans bien des cas, le message à comprendre : « Nos » victimes ont souffert « comme les Juifs ».
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Butler, John M. Bitemark Analysis. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nist.ir.8352-draft.

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This report summarizes a review of the scientific foundations of bitemark analysis conducted by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). Bitemark analysis typically involves examining patterned injuries left on a victim or object at a crime scene, identifying those injuries as bitemarks, and comparing those marks with dental impressions from a person of interest. This review specifically focuses on pattern injuries found on human skin. Over 400 sources were considered via literature searches and input from previous efforts by the National Institute of Justice Forensic Technology Center of Excellence. Our NIST review also utilized input from an October 2019 Bitemark Thinkshop organized by the Center for Statistics and Applications in Forensic Evidence (CSAFE) where experts and stakeholders associated with bitemark analysis were convened to discuss key issues. Based on this input, our study found a lack of support for three key premises of the field: 1) human dentition is unique at the individual level, 2) this uniqueness can be accurately transferred to human skin, and 3) identifying characteristics can be accurately captured and interpreted by analysis techniques. Furthermore, our review noted a lack of consensus among practitioners on the interpretation of bitemark evidence as well as thoughts on how to move the field forward. If the field seeks to advance, the key takeaways provided in this review are starting points for areas needing improvement, not an exhaustive list of specific shortcomings.
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Emergency contraception as an element in the care of rape victims. Population Council, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/rh1997.1013.

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In most states in Mexico, abortion is excluded as a crime in pregnancies resulting from rape. However, legislation does not specify the norms by which women can obtain a legal abortion, which makes it difficult to choose this alternative. A partial solution to unwanted pregnancies from rape would be to provide emergency contraception (EC). Psychologists were trained to provide information on EC to women who reported a rape at four public ministry agencies specialized in sexual crime. In addition, 11 medical backup referral centers were established. To scale up the strategy, workshops were provided to representatives from State Attorney General Offices and NGOs. The project’s main objective was to test the use of EC as an element in the care of rape victims in Mexico City. As noted in this report, objectives included testing the feasibility, acceptability, and effectiveness of providing information on EC to rape victims, and scaling up the strategy for providing EC as an element in the care of rape victims among Attorney General Offices of the different states of Mexico.
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