Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Victimisation'
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Ball, Lisa. "Parenting and peer victimisation." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.275241.
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Collins, Joanne Elizabeth. "Vulnerability to victimisation in early adolescents : predictors of victimisation and protective effects of peer relationships /." Title page, table of contents and abstract only, 2004. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09ARPS/09arpsc7121.pdf.
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Lereya, Suzet. "Family environment as precursor of peer victimisation and prospective peer victimisation pathways to self-harm." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2012. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/56357/.
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Peer victimisation has been identified as a serious problem worldwide with public health implications. Family environments characterised by harsh and hostile parenting, exposure to partner conflict and mental health problems have been identified as risk factors for being bullied. However, there remain uncertainties regarding other family environment factors and parenting behaviours that may increase the risk of being bullied or protect children from victimisation. So far it is still unknown whether vulnerabilities to being bullied may even have their origins before the child is born, in pregnancy. Furthermore, it is still uncertain whether being bullied increases the risk of self-harm or whether previous or concurrent mental health problems of the child or youth are responsible for both being bullied and self-harm. Investigation of these issues requires longitudinal studies which enable researchers to delineate the time ordering of antecedents, and allow for tentative causal inferences. This thesis explores the prenatal stress and family environment as precursors of peer victimisation, and whether and how peer victimisation increases the risk of self-harm in late adolescence. Three studies were conducted. In study 1, a meta-analysis of family environment factors (such as e.g. overprotective parenting and warm relationship with parents) and peer victimisation was carried out. This indicated that victims and, in particular, bully-victims come from families characterised by abuse and neglect, domestic violence, maladaptive parenting and overprotection. They also are more likely to have parents with mental health problems. Good communication with parents, warm and affectionate parents, parental involvement and support and parental supervision were identified as protective factors against peer victimisation. In study 2, using the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC), the effects of prenatal maternal stress on peer victimisation was investigated. Prenatal family stress (both prenatal family adversity and prenatal maternal mental health) increased the risk of peer victimisation at school even after controlling for postnatal family stress, partner conflict, maladaptive parenting and child temperament. Moreover, consistent with the meta-analysis, results showed that partner conflict and maladaptive parenting increased the risk of peer victimisation. In study 3, it was studied how peer victimisation increases the risk of self-harm in late adolescence using the ALSPAC sample. Being bullied at school increased the risk of self-harm both directly and indirectly via depression. Moreover, being bullied mediated the relationship between maladaptive family environment (exposure to maladaptive parenting and domestic violence) and self-harm. In conclusion, stressful experiences of the mother in pregnancy increase the vulnerability to be victimised by peers. These effects appear to affect the foetus directly or are mediated via negative family environment and parenting. Being bullied increases the risk of self-harm. Prevention and intervention strategies starting early in life may prevent peer victimisation and subsequent distress and self-harm. These should extend their focus beyond schools to include families. Health practitioners evaluating self-harm should be aware that being bullied is an important potential risk factor.
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Gunnell, Briony. "Understanding the impact of childhood victimisation." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2018. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/111477/.
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Both the literature review and empirical paper address the impact of childhood victimisation; while the literature review focuses on long term impact of child abuse within the context of future parenting, the empirical paper discusses the more immediate effects of childhood victimisation in the form of cyberbullying. While current literature acknowledges the impact of child abuse on mental health and physiological responses, little is known about the impact of childhood abuse on later parenting ability. This review therefore focuses on understanding the role that a maternal history of child abuse plays in the development of attachment relationships with her child. In particular, this paper discusses the mother child attachment relationships in the context of the child's attachment style, maternal sensitivity and maternal availability. Cyberbullying is prominent within school aged children, however few studies have focussed on using qualitative approaches to understand experiences of cyberbullying. Therefore, this empirical paper aims to provide an understanding of the psychological experiences of children who have been cyberbullied. A qualitative approach using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis was adopted in order to gain an in depth understanding of experiences. The empirical paper discusses key themes which arose, including the impact of cyberbullying victimisation on self identity and psychological distress. My own experiences of the research process are explored within the reflective paper. This paper uses one model, Gibbs' (1988) reflective cycle, in order to guide the reflective process. The paper addresses the challenges experienced when separating the role of researcher and practitioner and the learning process of the role of researcher. These concepts are explored in relation to learning about Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis, the process of interviewing participants, the believability of the information obtained within the interviews and the literature review process.
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Savoie, Valerie. "Workplace violence : interpersonal tendencies, victimisation and disclosure." Thesis, University of Huddersfield, 2014. http://eprints.hud.ac.uk/id/eprint/20348/.
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Research on workplace violence has mostly studied organisational and personal consequences of the phenomenon, and has focussed on specific “at risk” occupations (e.g. A&E), offering very little data on other elements such as disclosure, victims’ individual characteristics, the range of violence involved, and victimisation in ‘low risk’ occupations. This research examines a new perspective of the nature of violence in the context of home-visit settings by looking at victimisation in a “low risk” occupation: loan sellers. It offers a more in-depth definition of workplace victimisation “outside office” settings by studying violence experienced by taxi drivers. Based on the Interpersonal Transaction model of offending put forward by Canter (1989) suggesting a certain degree of interpersonal interaction between the offender and the victim, the present study investigates the possible relationship between victims’ interpersonal tendencies and victimisation and crime disclosure. By using the Fundamental Interpersonal Relations Orientation-Behavior (FIRO-B) scale (Schutz, 1958) analyses were conducted to look at relationships between victims’ interpersonal tendencies and victimisation (types of incident experienced) and crime disclosure. Two samples were recruited: 1) 1,868 Polish home-visit loan sellers, 2) 47 British taxi drivers. All participants completed a questionnaire with the FIRO-B scale and two British taxi drivers were interviewed for case studies. Quantitative analyses revealed that victims scored significantly higher on Received Control and Socio-Emotional Affect than non-victims. Significant relationships were found between certain types of incidents and interpersonal tendencies: Expressed Control and physical threat from an intoxicated customer (Kendall’s tau b=.237, p<.05), actual violence from an intoxicated customer (Kendall’s tau b=.279, p<.05), and multiple victimisations (Kendall’s tau b=.227, p<.05). Differences were observed between samples. Loan sellers were more frequently victimised by customers who did not appear intoxicated compared to taxi drivers who were more likely to be victimised by inebriated customers. The latter also seemed to be more at risk of more serious forms of violence. As to disclosure, loan sellers who reported an incident obtained significant higher scores on Received Control and lower scores on Socio-Emotional Affect and Expressed Control than those who did not report an incident. Taxi drivers obtained a significant Kendall tau correlation between reporting and Expressed Control (Kendall’s tau b=.283, p<.05), which is opposing results from the loan sellers sample. Qualitative analyses revealed “inaction from the police” and “waste of time” as the two main reasons for not reporting an incident. Interactions with the offender and behaviours leading to escalation were also dominant themes within the two case studies. By examining the relationship between victims’ interpersonal tendencies and workplace victimisation and disclosure, the current study offers a foundation for the development of an Interpersonal Transaction model of Victimisation and opens new research avenues on personality correlates of crime disclosure.
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Mahdavi, Jessica Afsaneh. "The scapegoating theory of victimisation : an investigation." Thesis, Goldsmiths College (University of London), 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.416534.
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Spurling, Lucy J. "On the margins:The victimisation of homeless people." Thesis, University of Manchester, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.492693.
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Phipps, Alan J. "Criminal victimisation, crime control and political action." Thesis, Middlesex University, 1987. http://eprints.mdx.ac.uk/13570/.
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This thesis outlines the emergence of victimology as a major subdiscipline within criminology. Its growth is traced to intellectual debates and problematics in the history of criminology, and the interactions with wider political and social currents. Chapter I provides an overview of literature in victimology, its scope and areas of theory and research. Chapter II examines the context of the 'discovery of criminal victimisation' by the President's Crime Commission, 1967, and, the linking of state intervention in crime and poverty in the reformism of the Johns on Administration. Victimology' s growth is linked to the 'data revolution' in criminal justice and. the state fundine of victimisation surveys through the Law Enforcement Assistance Administration. Chapter III analyses the alliance between sooial science and social democracy, and Chapter IV deals with the alliance of criminologists and social reformism in relation to the political history of crime statistics. The latter's problems are assessed in relation to the 'dark figure' of crime, and the roles of police and victims. The chapter also evaluates the claims that victimisation surveys are a superior method of counting crime. Chapter V examines the orientation towards victims. in social democratic, right-wing and radical criminologies. Chapter VI traces the intellectual and political backgrounds of the Merseyside and Islington Crime Surveys, including the debates within the Labour Party on policing and crime, and the alliance between radical v. reformists and left-realist criminologists. Chapter VII describes the design of a draft questionnaire for the Islington Crime Survey and offers a critical comparison of the questionnaires for the final Islington and Merseyside questionnaires and those used in other surveys. Chapter VIII summarizes the themes and findings of this thesis and comments upon the theoretical methodological and policy issues for the development of a radical victimology.
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Roberts, C. M. "Victimisation through rape : Public and personal responses." Thesis, University of Essex, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.371869.
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Daly, Anthony Leslie, and aldaly@tiscali co uk. "Bullying, Victimisation, Self-Esteem, and Narcissism in Adolescents." Flinders University. Education, 2006. http://catalogue.flinders.edu.au./local/adt/public/adt-SFU20061130.193920.
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OBJECTIVES: The general aim of this research was to analyse the relationships between bullying (as a distinct form of aggression), victimisation, personal and collective self-esteem, and narcissism in adolescents. Baumeister et al. (1996) refuted the conventionally accepted view that low self-esteem is a cause of violence whereby, for example, those who lack self-esteem may use aggression as a means of dominating others and thereby gaining self-esteem. Instead, it may be that aggression is related to high self-esteem such that individuals with a combination of high levels of both self-esteem and narcissism are more likely to react aggressively to a perceived threat. Design: After a conducting a small pilot study (n = 112), the main study employed a large-scale cross-sectional survey with self-report questionnaires administered to school students during class. METHODS: Participants were drawn from six metropolitan high schools in Adelaide (South Australia), resulting in 1,628 adolescents (665 females & 963 males, aged 12-17 years) completing the survey. The questionnaire battery comprised modified self-report bully and victim versions of the Direct and Indirect Aggression Scales (Bjorkqvist et al., 1992), personal (Rosenberg, 1979) and collective self-esteem (Luhtanen & Crocker, 1992) scales, the Narcissistic Personality Inventory (Raskin & Hall, 1981), and a measure of socially desirable responding (i.e., Impression Management; Paulhus, 1991). RESULTS: A variety of multivariate analyses controlling for socially desirable responses was employed to test and explore hypothesised relationships. Results showed no relationship between age and any form of bullying or victimisation. Boys reported significantly higher mean levels of direct and total bullying and victimisation, whereas girls reported higher levels of indirect bullying and victimisation. Victimisation was negatively correlated with personal self-esteem, and positively correlated with collective self-esteem. In contrast, bullying was positively correlated with personal self-esteem, with no significant relationship found with collective self-esteem. Collective and personal self-esteem did not differentially predict different types of bullying or victimisation. Narcissism was positively correlated with bullying. The predicted interaction between personal self-esteem, narcissism and bullying was evident, although the predicted collective self-esteem interaction was not found. Impression Management (social desirability) was significantly negatively correlated with bullying and, to a lesser extent, with victimisation. CONCLUSION: Research such as this into the possible causes and correlates of aggression and bullying will assist in the design, implementation, and maintenance of effective interventions. For example, as results corresponded with Baumeister et al.'s (1996) assertion in that bullying was related to high self-esteem, interventions that are designed to increase self-esteem might in reality be counterproductive and possibly contribute to an increase in bullying behaviour. Additionally, victims reported higher collective self-esteem than their non-victimised peers, clearly a novel finding worthy of further research. Findings suggested that, rather than running the risk of underreporting of socially undesirable behaviours, self-report methods provide a useful and valid means of measuring prevalence rates and internal states. Rather than underreporting aggressive behaviours, it is likely that respondents were being honest as they did not feel that these behaviours were, in fact, socially undesirable. The present sample reported bullying and victimisation prevalence rates that were comparatively high, despite using relatively conservative criteria, possibly due to an increased awareness of what constitutes bullying as a result of government and school anti-bullying policies and initiatives. The findings generally correspond with and build upon previous research. In addition, a number of the results are novel, providing numerous opportunities for future researchers to further explore and test the relationships between self-esteem, bullying, and victimisation.
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Zempi, Eirini-Chrysovalantou. "Unveiling Islamophobia : the victimisation of veiled Muslim women." Thesis, University of Leicester, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/28962.
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In a post-9/11 climate, Islam and Muslims are under siege. Islam is understood as a violent and backward religion and culture, Muslim men are perceived as the embodiment of terrorism and extremism, and veiled Muslim women are viewed as the personification of gender oppression. Veiled Muslim women are also seen as dangerous and threatening to notions of public safety and national cohesion by virtue of being fully covered in the public sphere. Such stereotypes mark veiled Muslim women as ‘ideal’ targets to attack when they are seen in public. Drawing on qualitative data elicited through individual and focus group interviews with veiled Muslim women, individual interviews with key stakeholders and policy-makers as well as an ethnographic approach, this study sheds light on the lived experiences of veiled Muslim women as actual and potential victims of Islamophobia in public places. The study investigates the nature and impact of this victimisation upon veiled Muslim women, their families and wider Muslim communities. It also examines the factors that contribute to the under-reporting of this victimisation and outlines the coping strategies which are used by veiled Muslim women in response to their experiences of Islamophobia. The study demonstrates that Islamophobic victimisation is understood as ‘part and parcel’ of wearing the veil rather than as single ‘one-off’ incidents, and this reflects the tendency of veiled Muslim women not to report such incidents to the police. The study also reveals how repeat incidents of supposedly ‘low-level’ forms of hostility such as name-calling, persistent staring and a sense of being ignored place a potentially huge emotional burden on victims. The threat of Islamophobic abuse and violence has longlasting effects for both actual and potential victims including making them afraid to step out of their ‘comfort zone’. Ultimately, the study offers a model of vulnerability of veiled Muslim women as potential victims of Islamophobia in public places based on the visibility of their Muslim identity coupled with the visibility of other aspects of their identity alongside factors such as space as well as media reports of local, national and international events related to Islam, Muslims and the veil.
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Millienne, Jean-Paul. "La victimisation des personnes âgées en France contemporaine." Paris 2, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA022016.
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Painchaud, Alexandra. "Services de garde et victimisation : effet de socialisation?" Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/36687.
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Les études antérieures appuient l’idée d’une association prédictive entre la fréquentation des services de garde et certaines tendances comportementales à l’âge scolaire (timidité, retrait social et agressivité). Ces variations dans le comportement social pourraient aussi expliquer une plus grande susceptibilité à des expériences sociales négatives, dont la victimisation. L’objectif de cette étude est de vérifier s’il y a des associations prédictives entre les caractéristiques de fréquentation des services de garde (la fréquentation, l’intensité, l’âge d’entrée et le type) à l’âge préscolaire et la victimisation au début et à la fin de l’école primaire, et si ces associations sont en partie médiatisées par les comportements sociaux. Les données utilisées proviennent de l’Étude longitudinale du développement des enfants du Québec (ÉLDEQ; N = 1 899). La fréquentation des services de garde de 5 mois à 5 ans a été évaluée par la mère. La victimisation de 6 à 12 ans a été mesurée par l’enfant et l’enseignant et les comportements sociaux, par l’enseignant seulement. Selon une série d’analyses de médiation, la fréquentation des services de garde est associée indirectement à une fréquence plus élevée de victimisation à la maternelle par le biais des comportements sociaux, mais ne l’est plus à la fin de l’école primaire. La fréquentation intensive des services de garde est associée indirectement à une fréquence plus élevée de victimisation à la maternelle, mais cette association devient directe à la fin de l’école primaire. L’âge d’entrée précoce dans les services de garde ne prédit une plus faible fréquence de victimisation qu’à la fin de l’école primaire. À la maternelle, la fréquentation de CPE et de garderies en milieu familial prédit indirectement une fréquence plus élevée de victimisation et la garde par une personne apparentée prédit directement une fréquence plus faible. Comme attendu, les résultats de la présente étude appuient l’hypothèse d’une socialisation adaptative au groupe social.Previous studies support the idea of a predictive association between preschool child-care services and some social behavioral trends at school age (shyness, social withdrawal and aggression). Those variations in social behaviors may also explain a greater susceptibility to negative social experiences, including victimization. The main purpose of this study is to examine, firstly, if there are predictive associations between child-care services features (i.e. its use, the intensity, the age at entry and the type) at preschool age and victimization at the beginning and at the end of elementary school and, secondly, if these associations are partly mediated by social behaviors. The data used in this study come from The Québec Longitudinal Study of Child Development (QLSCD; N = 1 899). The use of child-care services was assessed by the mother's verbal report from 5 months to 5 years. Peer victimization was measured by questionnaires, completed by the child and the teacher, when the child is aged 6 to 12; the same goes for social behaviors, evaluated by the teacher only. According to a series of mediation analyses, the use of child-care services is indirectly associated with higher kindergarten victimization through social behaviors, but not at the end of elementary school. Intensity is associated indirectly with higher kindergarten victimization, but this association becomes direct by the end of elementary school. Early entry into child-care services predicts lower victimization only at the end of elementary school. The type of child-care services is more associated with kindergarten than end of elementary school victimization; attending center-based care and family-based child care indirectly predicts higher victimization, and individual child care by a family member directly predicts lower victimization. As expected, the results of this study support the social group adaptation hypothesis.
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Goodey, Joanna Samantha. "The socialisation of gendered fear among 11-16 year olds: a case study in a northern English school." Thesis, University of Hull, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.484073.
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Forrest, Sarah. "Individual differences in the social expression of aggression : from social representations to indirect aggression." Thesis, Nottingham Trent University, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.250464.
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Cheyne, Nicola. "A Situational Approach to Stalking Perpetration, Victimisation and Psychological Reactions to Stalking." Thesis, Griffith University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/365565.
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While research on stalking has steadily expanded since 1990, there is still no conceptual model that explains stalking perpetration, stalking victimisation, and psychological reactions to stalking, such as fear, invasion of personal space and invasion of privacy. The aim of the thesis was to determine whether a situational model of stalking could assist an understanding of perpetration, victimisation and actual or anticipated psychological reactions to stalking. Whereas other theoretical approaches applied to stalking focus only on the offender, the situational approach focuses on physical and social environments that provide more opportunities for crimes to occur between particular victims and offenders. Applying the situational approach to stalking potentially allows for a greater understanding of how stalking occurs and whether environmental changes can be made to reduce criminal opportunities and deter criminal actions. The important components of the physical and social environments incorporated into the situational model of stalking tested in the thesis were stalkers and victims, their interpersonal relationships, the stalking actions engaged in by stalkers, the times and locations of stalking, and a lack of capable guardianship to stop the stalking from occurring. In the model it was proposed that particular stalkers engaged in actions against victims when certain locations and times provided opportunities to stalk, such as the absence of people who might intervene. As stalking also involves the psychological reactions of the victim, the associations between these situational elements and fear, invasion of personal space and invasion of privacy were included in the situational model of stalking.Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
School of Criminology and Criminal Justice
Arts, Education and Law
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Waterston, Clea Lynne. "Overweight-related victimisation in pre-adolescent boys and girls." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2001. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/366/.
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Research findings from adult studies suggest that being teased about weight or size when growing up may be a risk factor in the development of later eating and body image problems. However, little research has focused directly on teasing experiences in childhood. The current study aimed to extend previous work and investigate the frequency of overweight-related victimisation and its psychological correlates in preadolescent boys and girls. It was hypothesised that victimised children would have lower self-esteem, more body dissatisfaction, and be more likely to report dieting to lose weight. From the sample of three hundred and eighty-three children (200 boys and 183 girls), aged nine years, it was found that 41% of girls and 36% of boys reported general victimisation. Furthermore, 21 % of girls and 16% of boys reported overweight-related victimisation, which included being teased, bullied, and called names about being fat. Overweight-related victimisation was associated with reduced self-esteem and greater levels of body dissatisfaction, even when controlling for BMI. These children were also more likely to report dieting and restrained eating behaviours than non-overweight victimised participants. Moreover, the overweight-related victimised participants received less attractiveness nominations from their peers than non-overweight victimised participants. Not surprisingly these participants rated fat teasing worse than other forms of teasing and it was more upsetting for them. This study also investigated characteristics associated overweight-related victimisers and found they had lower behavioural conduct esteem and lower global self-worth. In addition, they considered physical appearance more important for self-worth than those who did not victimise others for overweight. To date, this is the first study to describe levels of overweight related victimisation in a community sample of preadolescent boys and girls. Overall, this study highlights the presence of obesity stigmatisation, through teasing, in children and the potential negative consequences of overweight-related victimisation. Further research is required to examine the role of peer victimisation as a risk factor in the emergence of eating and weight concerns.
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Fohring, Stephanie Jane. "Process of victimisation : investigating risk, reporting and service use." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/6436.
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Much current research on victimisation focuses primarily on demographic risk factors associated with those who have experienced crime and how these factors affect the likelihood of a person breaching the so called ‘first hurdle’. That is, the probability of moving from a state of non-victim to one of victim. In contrast, this thesis will argue that in order to achieve a more comprehensive understanding of victimisation, it is not only desirable but necessary to move beyond the study of the causes of criminal victimisation and examine the consequences for victims as well as the criminal justice system as a whole. Thus, it seeks to explain the experience of victimisation not just as an isolated incident, but as a process consisting of a number of steps or stages of progression through the criminal justice system, each one building on the last. As such, in addition to considering risk factors, this thesis also examines the decision to report a crime to the police, the use of victim services, as well as the perceived satisfaction with services received. In so doing it explores not only the causes and consequences of crime, but the longer term impact of criminal victimisation. The results presented here are based on the secondary analysis of data from the 2008/9 Scottish Crime and Justice Survey complimented by a data set acquired through in-depth interviews with victims of crime from the Edinburgh Local Authority. Interview data is used to provide a greater depth of meaning to the patterns which emerged from the survey data; lending insight into the psychological processes driving victim decision making and behaviour. This thesis thus provides an example of how a combination of techniques including multi-level modelling and interview analysis, provide a clearer understanding of how victims experience crime. Findings suggest that factors associated with each step of the process are related and may represent a more general underlying pattern of victimisation. It is also argued that by employing multi-level analysis, the thesis provides a more accurate explanation of how respondent’s experiences may differ according to the context in which they live. Finally, the analysis highlights the ongoing importance of emotion in victim decision making and the severity of long term impact. The analysis presented offers new insights into how we understand victimisation as an ongoing experience, as well as demonstrating the necessity of the analytic techniques employed. It is however somewhat confined by the coverage of survey questions and the limited generalizability of the data collected in interviews due to the small sample size. These concerns will be discussed, along with recommendations for victim policy and future research.
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Dornan, Thomas P. "Responding to Female Inmates’ Prior Histories of Violent Victimisation." Phd thesis, Australian Catholic University, 2021. https://acuresearchbank.acu.edu.au/download/9051570d37a63c4c45222829155b31cee25a5e6ee8f6478756147c3c0b3466f9/2282142/Dornan_2021_Responding_to_Female_Inmates_Prior_Histories.pdf.
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The central theme of this thesis is the analysis of female inmates’ experiences following participation in a Trauma Specific Treatment Program (TSTP). Three separate but inter-related studies were undertaken to determine: if differences existed between an inmate sample (offending) and a matched community sample (non-offending): if a trauma-specific service would work in a prison: and finally, what the experiences of the participants and staff were of the trauma-specific service. Study 1 determined that there were marked differences between the community and custodial populations, with the custodial population reporting higher levels of polyvictimisation and more offenders, characterised by: more familial offenders, a marked difference in diagnoses, and experiencing victimisation across each point of the lifespan.
This study provided support for the literature which suggests that the community and custody samples significantly differed in regard to their trauma histories. Having determined that there were differences between the two populations, Study 2 then investigated the effects of a TSTP within both an inmate population, and matched community sample. Firstly, the study found that baseline Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS) scores were unaffected by the prison environment. Next, when participants completed the TSTP, their corresponding DASS scores across all three DASS subscales, had significantly reduced, indicating improved wellbeing and a reduction in emotional disturbance. The inmate cohort also demonstrated positive effects of the TSTP after the treatment period had ended. Finally, Study 3, based on the rich testimonies of the participants, provided support for implementing the study as a standard program, and recommended the implementation of a model of trauma-informed correctional care.
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Dubé-Frenette, Mylène. "Symptômes post-traumatiques nocturnes associés à la victimisation sexuelle." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/27367.
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La présente thèse s'intéresse aux symptômes post-traumatiques nocturnes des victimes d'agression sexuelle. Elle vise d'abord à déterminer si les caractéristiques de l'agression sexuelle peuvent prédire les symptômes post-traumatiques nocturnes des victimes d'agression sexuelle, de même qu'à explorer s'il existe des prédicteurs spécifiques à ces difficultés. Les résultats d'analyses de régression révèlent qu'il n'existerait pas de prédicteur distinct des symptômes post-traumatiques nocturnes. L'âge au moment de l'agression contribuerait à la sévérité générale des symptômes, alors que le nombre d'agresseurs contribuerait à leur fréquence. L'identification de l'une ou l'autre de ces deux caractéristiques chez leurs clients pourrait permettre aux cliniciens de cibler rapidement les victimes d'agression sexuelle (VAS) les plus vulnérables, soit celles qui affichent des symptômes post-traumatiques diurnes et nocturnes particulièrement fréquents et associés à une détresse importante. Dans un deuxième temps, la thèse vise à évaluer l'efficacité d'un traitement des cauchemars (par la Révision et répétition par imagerie mentale; RRIM) et d'une thérapie cognitive-comportementale (TCC) de l'état de stress post-traumatique offerts de manière séquentielle sur les symptômes post-traumatiques nocturnes et diurnes, le fonctionnement général et la qualité de vie. Les participants ont été assignés aléatoirement à un traitement RRIM+TCC ou à une période d'attente suivie d'une TCC offerte seule. Les résultats supportent la supériorité de la RRIM pour traiter les difficultés de sommeil des VAS, en comparaison à une période d'attente. Les deux groupes de traitement ont montré des améliorations subséquentes de leurs symptômes post-traumatiques nocturnes et diurnes, de leur fonctionnement et de leur qualité de vie pendant la TCC. Malgré des tailles d'effet modérées à modérées-élevées observées entre les groupes au post-traitement pour les variables associées au sommeil, aucune différence significative sur le plan statistique n'a été observée. Chez les participants qui ont complété leur thérapie, des taux d'amélioration cliniquement significatifs plus grands ont été notés dans le groupe expérimental. Bien que la supériorité de la combinaison RRIM+TCC n'ait pu être clairement établie, ces résultats prometteurs soulèvent la possibilité d'optimiser les gains observés face au sommeil en intégrant des stratégies les ciblant directement dans les protocoles standards de traitement de l'ÉSPT.
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Potgieter, Lauren. "Bad office politics: victimisation and intimidation in the workplace." University of the Western Cape, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/4830.
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Gordon, Eleanor. "The nomadic scapegoat : the criminalisation and victimisation of gypsies." Thesis, Bangor University, 1998. https://research.bangor.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/the-nomadic-scapegoat--the-criminalisation-and-victimisation-of-gypsies(5d29e7b4-c61b-4b32-8a44-6ffe12fc0033).html.
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An ethnographic analysis of the nature, extent and processes of anti-Gypsy discrimination in contemporary Britain is used to test a number of hypotheses: that nomads are at odds with practices of social control and with capitalist spatiality; that there exists a sedentarist bias within the Criminal Justice System; that the criminalisation of minority groups is socially and politically functional. Qualitative research techniques are used to address escalating anti-Gypsy attacks from local, institutional and legislative sources. It is proposed that, in accordance with this escalation, a vicious circle has been established with each form of attack encouraging and legitimising the other. The argument is that the victimisation of Gypsies will remain "legitimate" for as long as Gypsies remain synonymous with crime. Current legislation endorses the stereotype of the criminal Gypsy by outlawing a nomadic way of life. This has genocidal implications for Gypsies and also threatens others within a State that is looking for reasons to restrict freedoms and rights. The so-called "Gypsy problem" is therefore deconstructed with the research focus placed upon problematising the law and the agencies of social control. This should avoid the paradox of attempting to decriminalise Gypsies by associating them more fully within the discourse of crime, and will broaden the research relevance. The analysis begins with a discussion of the poor condition of public sites and the decreasing likelihood of gaining planning permission for private sites. The concluding chapter disputes the pluralistic and democratic character of Britain and questions the reality of "freedom of movement" within the EU.
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Grimard, François. "L'anxiété sociale et la victimisation par les pairs à l'adolescence." Thesis, Université Laval, 2011. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2011/27178/27178.pdf.
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Fox, Claire Louise. "Social skills problems and peer victimisation in junior school pupils." Thesis, Keele University, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.391952.
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O'Neill, Tara. "An examination of the psychological sequelae of female sexual victimisation." Thesis, Ulster University, 2014. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.637483.
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Following years of disregarding and minimising the incidence and consequences of childhood adverse events, researchers and clinicians have recently established that a broad range of negative adverse experiences act as significant risk factors in the onset of mental health problems and particularly psychosis (Read & Bentall, 2012). However, within this complex trauma-psychosis paradigm the detrimental long term effects of sexual trauma have been consistently overlooked and disregarded as a risk factor in the etiology of psychological disorders. In addition, some evidence has suggested that sexual trauma in both childhood and adulthood leads to negative attributions and dissociation which may heighten vulnerability to the onset of psychotic-like symptomology (Copeland, Keeler, Angold, & Costello, 2007). In view of this, a retrospective cohort study was carried out in order to explore the mechanisms of a sequential process (sexual trauma-increased psychological distress-vulnerability to psychosis) in 269 sexual trauma survivors and 85 control participants. Results demonstrated that sexually traumatised participants had elevated levels of a broad range of psychological symptomology including dissociation, depression, anxiety and stress, with 65% of the sample meeting the DSM-IV diagnostic criteria for PTSD. In addition, it was found that these participants had increased early adverse experiences and a reduced sense of social status and rank in comparison to others. Finally it was found that sexual trauma was associated with the development of psychotic-like experiences (PLEs), particularly hallucinatory experiences and delusional ideation and dissociative depersonalisation was found to mediate this relationship. The research conclusions of this thesis demonstrate the need to go beyond conceptualising sexual trauma in isolation and to examine in more detail how other mediating variables may contribute to overall traumatology. Consistent with the findings from Fergusson et aI., (1996), sexual abuse cannot be regarded as an isolated factor but should be seen in the context of a large number of intervening variables that individually create small contributions to the risk of psychopathology but in combination crucially impact on individual adjustment. Research such as this, which emphasises the deleterious outcomes associated with sexual trauma should be instrumental in leading treatment and assessment formulation for survivors and to improve service provision and responses to sexual violence and childhood sexual abuse.
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Hopkins, Matthew Colin. "A study of abuse and violence against small businesses." Thesis, Nottingham Trent University, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.321985.
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Hawker, David Sidney James. "Biased attentional processing of insults and compliments among aggressive and withdrawn children." Thesis, Open University, 2001. http://oro.open.ac.uk/54406/.
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Deakin, Joanne. "Who's afraid of the big bad wolf? : children's fears and victimisation." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2000. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/whos-afraid-of-the-big-bad-wolf(1b2d4dba-78e6-4062-a866-d8f3d20248e5).html.
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Culshaw, Hilary. "Demographic and behavioural concomitants of criminal victimisation among individuals with schizophrenia /." Title page, contents and abstract only, 1993. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09AR.PS/09ar.psc967.pdf.
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Perry, Caroline. "Victimisation within the intellectually disabled community : assessing the antecedents of assault /." Title page, contents and abstract only, 1994. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09ARPS/09arpsp462.pdf.
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Dooley, Neil. "Beyond immaturity and victimisation : the European periphery and the Eurozone crisis." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2016. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/61391/.
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One of the most striking aspects of the eurozone crisis is its asymmetric impact. Detrimental economic and political consequences have resonated across Europe, but peripheral countries have been most severely affected. Individual peripheral countries have followed dramatically different paths to crisis, making it difficult to speak of the crisis as a single phenomenon. Bringing literature from Comparative Political Economy (CPE) on capitalist diversity into dialogue with scholarship on Europeanisation, this thesis develops the concept of modernisation via Europeanisation in order to explore the much overlooked ways in which the negotiation of European integration has been generative of divergence of the European periphery. To capture this asymmetry, I investigate the origins of the eurozone crisis across three cases – Greece, Portugal and Ireland. I study the active attempt by these countries to negotiate and adapt to a ‘one-size-fits-all' model of European integration. This approach sheds light on how adaptation to Europe inadvertently resulted in the generation of fragile, hybrid, models of growth in each of the three countries. These findings have significant implications for how we understand the origins of the crisis. They suggest that it has been the European periphery's attempt to ‘follow the rules' of European Integration, rather than their failure or inability to do so, that explains their current difficulties. This novel reading of the origins of the eurozone crisis directly challenges settled common-senses in existing literature. The eurozone crisis cannot be explained by narratives which stress the ‘immaturity' of the countries of the European Periphery. Neither can it be explained by more critical narratives which understand the periphery as a victim of German ‘economic domination'. Instead, the relative severity of the crisis in the periphery can be explained by the EU's obstinate promotion of a single model of convergence which has generated a variety of different European economic trajectories.
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Rutten, Rik. "A Licence to Kill? Ideology and civilian victimisation in Northern Ireland." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för freds- och konfliktforskning, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-354687.
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Ideology matters. The return of this insight to the study of civil war has sparked a new line of literature. Drawing on its insights, I argue that ideology can affect civilian victimisation in two ways. The first is the adoption by armed groups of exclusionary frames that justify the killing of civilians; the second is the need of armed groups for civilian approval – what I call ideological licence – from their home constituencies.Civilian victimisation is expected to peak in places where exclusionary group frames and civilian attitudes are dominant. For the empirical analysis, I turn to The Troubles, the thirty year-long armed conflict between Northern Ireland’s Catholic and Protestant communities. I construct a novel dataset using ideological attitudes, based on a pre-conflict survey among over 1200 respondents across Northern Ireland, and new, detailed casualty data on more than 2700 conflict-related fatalities. Although Catholics were the most lethal side in the conflict, I find that the Protestant community is significantly more likely to kill civilians. This finding is driven by national differences between Catholics and Protestants. Subnational differences in civilian attitudes are found to be less relevant.
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Yude, Carole. "Peer relations of children with hemiplegia in mainstream primary schools." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.362205.
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Winroth, Vanja. "Upprättelse vid kränkande särbehandling i arbetslivet." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för ekonomistyrning och logistik (ELO), 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-52015.
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Victimisation at work is a problem able to cause mental illness and the victims often search for vindication, where different regulations can be actualized. The purpose of this essay is to examine the legal framework to show the possibilities to vindication and financial compensation, for an individual exposed for victimisation. Also female-dominated professions possibilities to vindication and financial compensation are examined, especially how it will be affected by the regulation Organizational and social work environment (AFS 2015:4). The method that has been used to fulfil the purposes of the essay is the method of jurisprudence. To fulfil the second purpose the sociology of law was also applied. The result of the essay showed that the regulations hold different possibilities to vindication and financial compensation. However the individual often meet with obstacles. The result also showed that the possibilities to vindicaition and financial compensation for female-dominated professions are effected by the new regulation Organizational and social work environment. The final conclusion is thus, that the legal framework does not provide any distinct way for vindication or financial compensation for victimisation.
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Kemp, Steven. "Fraud against individuals in the Internet era: trends, victimisation, impact and reporting." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Girona, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/671164.
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This thesis aims to examine fraud against individuals in the Internet era to shed light on: current trends and the dark figure of fraud; factores associated with victimisation; how fraud impacts individuals; and the factores that may influence and motivate fraud reporting. A variety of data sources are used and both descriptive statistics and a varierty of regression analyses are employed to acheive this aim. The results show that the dark figure of fraud is extensive and a number of factors are related to reporting and the motives for not reporting. Moreover, victimisation is extensive throughout the population and impacts on individuals can be both financial and non-financial. The findings raise a number of questions regarding current crime control and victim support practices in the Internet eraEsta tesis pretende examinar el fraude contra las personas en la época de Internet para arrojar luz sobre: las tendencias actuales y la cifra negra; los factores asociados con la victimización; el impacto del fraude sobre las personas; y los factores que pueden influir y motivar la denuncia del fraude. Para lograr este objetivo, se utilizan diversas fuentes de datos y se emplean tanto estadísticas descriptivas como una variedad de análisis de regresión. Los resultados muestran que la cifra oscura del fraude es amplia y que hay varios factores relacionados con la denuncia y los motivos para no denunciar. Además, la victimización es extensa en toda la población y las repercusiones para los individuos pueden ser tanto financieras como no financieras. Los resultados plantean una serie de debates con respecto a las actuales prácticas de control de la delincuencia y de apoyo a las víctimas en la era de Internet
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Jenkins, Siôn David Charles. "From victimisation to mobilisation : the dynamics of campaigning against miscarriage of justice." Thesis, University of Portsmouth, 2011. https://researchportal.port.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/from-victimisation-to-mobilisation(76bd0d1c-79db-4f37-bedb-93cc38c66b49).html.
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Justice campaigns and pressure groups against miscarriages of justice represent an important counter discourse against justice in error and can further support reform to the criminal justice system. Some campaigns have succeeded in contributing to change in criminal justice legislation and in raising public awareness of miscarriage of justice in England and Wales. As a response to wrongful conviction a frequent decision taken by appellants and their families is to set up a campaign against miscarriage of justice in order to engage in extra-judicial activities that dispute the conviction and sentence. The core aim of this study is to examine the personal, interpersonal, social and organisational dynamics of participants campaigning against miscarriage of justice. The issues covered include the early experiences of campaigners and the strategies and tactics of resistance used during campaigns. The study will further examine pressure group politics and examine political dimensions including issues of democracy and decision-making within groups. The study draws on miscarriage of justice, victimology, pressure group and media discourses and has employed a multi-method approach to data collection including participant observation, semi-structured interviews and the analysis of documentary evidence. The study identifies a complex interplay of factors contributing to campaigns against miscarriage of justice. Campaigns provide primary and secondary victims of miscarriage of justice with the support to sustain the appellant’s fight against wrongful conviction. Additionally, campaigns can stimulate the activism of campaigners and contribute to extending their protest against other areas of perceived injustice. In short this study examines the intimate relationship between victimisation and mobilisation.
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Deller, Paul. "Investigating the relationship between paranoia, attachment and victimisation in a student population." Thesis, University of East London, 2017. http://roar.uel.ac.uk/6756/.
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The increasing popularity of dimensional conceptualisations of paranoia has seen a proliferation in research dedicated to this area of study. Within the literature there exists a desire to expound the social and psychological processes underlying the paranoid experience. Both adverse attachment experiences and victimisation have been theorised to contribute to the development and maintenance of a proclivity for suspicious thinking. The current study explores the respective and combined influences of attachment and victimisation on paranoia in a student sample to generate new ideas about factors that may mediate trust/mistrust. The study employed a qualitative design with quantitative measures to aid recruitment and offer a contextualisation of the occurrence of paranoia in a sample of university students. London-based university students (n= 160) completed a quantitative questionnaire measuring the construct of paranoia. Scales measuring participants’ attachment patterns and experiences of discrimination were also incorporated. Ten participants (four high paranoia scorers, and six low paranoia scorers) were subsequently interviewed with respect to how they made sense of their experiences of attachments/relationships and victimisation in relation to their perceptions of trust/mistrust in others. A contextualist approach to grounded theory was used to analyse the data collected from the interviews. Four core categories were constructed including: Effects of Adversity; Ameliorative Relationships; Understanding Other; and The Examined Life. The constructed categories appeared to reflect the processes of how participants’ perceptions of others (including issues of trust/mistrust) following positive/adverse attachment and relational experiences, and incidents of victimisation were mediated through reflective processes. Implications for future research and practice are explored.
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Griffiths, Cara Luise. "Online victimisation in adolescence : the role of parenting and early childhood experiences." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/25734.
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Background: Online victimisation during adolescence is associated with adverse outcomes across multiple domains. However, previous research has demonstrated that some adolescents are at greater risk of experiencing online victimisation than others. Literature on traditional peer victimisation has highlighted the importance of children’s early experiences and the family context but it is unclear how these factors relate to online victimisation. The first study reviews the evidence for associations between the phenomenon of cyber-victimisation (CV) and parenting behaviours, whereas the second study investigates online victimisation which includes experiences of online harassment and unwanted contact of a sexual or offensive nature. Aim: A systematic review was conducted to determine whether positive parenting behaviours protect against CV during adolescence. An empirical study investigated whether experiences of childhood maltreatment were associated with online victimisation and whether this relationship was mediated by attachment insecurity and risky electronic communication in an adolescent sample. Method: A systematic review of the literature identified seventeen studies which met inclusion criteria. Parenting behaviours were categorised into offline and online parenting behaviours and the findings from each study were reported. Studies were also assessed against 15 quality criteria. In the second study, 123 students aged 12- 16 were recruited. Five self-report questionnaires were administered measuring experiences of childhood maltreatment, attachment, risky electronic communication, electronic media use and online victimisation. Results: Offline parenting behaviours, particularly general monitoring, may reduce the likelihood of adolescents experiencing CV. There was greater variation in the findings relating to online parental mediation strategies, but in general these strategies did not consistently predict a significant increase nor a reduction in CV. The empirical study found that whilst attachment anxiety partially mediated the relationship between childhood maltreatment and online victimisation, attachment avoidance and risky electronic communication did not. However, childhood maltreatment and risky electronic communication were significant predictors of online victimisation. Conclusion: Parenting behaviours and early childhood experiences may play an important role in the victimisation of adolescents online. Interventions which promote positive parenting and attachment security may help to protect young people against online victimisation. However, more empirically rigorous and longitudinal studies are needed to enhance our understanding of the risk factors and the protective factors involved.
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Woolnough, Penny S. "Victimisation and eyewitness memory : exploring the effects of physiological and psychological factors." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/13121.
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This thesis presents research designed to explore the role of physiological and psychological factors in mediating the effects of victimisation upon eyewitness memory. A tripartite model of arousal and memory is proposed encompassing physiological, psychological and motivational mechanisms. In order to investigate the potential role of these mechanisms, three laboratory based studies and one archival study are presented. The results of the laboratory studies suggest that physiological arousal may not influence eyewitness memory. In contrast, whilst direct support for an influence of psychological arousal is not provided, the possibility that psychological arousal may be an important factor cannot readily be dismissed. From a methodological perspective, contrary to existing laboratory-based research concerning visually-induced arousal, the results of the laboratory studies suggest that personal involvement may be an important factor influencing memory. Furthermore, the third laboratory study found that, differences in memory for emotional and neutral material may be a function of inherent differences between the material rather than an influence of arousal. Finally, in order to compare and contrast laboratory based research with the performance of real witnesses, a field based study utilising closed-circuit television to assess eyewitness accuracy for action details was conducted. In line with Studies One and Two, victims and bystanders were not found to differ in their memory performance. This study provides direct support for existing field and archival research suggesting that real victims and bystanders tend to be highly accurate in their eyewitness accounts. Taken together, the results of the research presented in this thesis suggest that whilst physiological arousal may not be an important factor influencing eyewitness memory, psychological and motivational influences may be important when witnesses are personally involved with the target incident.
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Bélanger, Roxane, and Roxane Bélanger. "Le script cognitivo-comportemental de victimisation de l'exploitation sexuelle chez les jeunes." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/37889.
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L’exploitation sexuelle est un phénomène international complexe dont les conséquences physiques, psychologiques et sociales sont importantes chez les victimes. Ce phénomène touche non seulement les adultes, mais également les mineurs et les individus de sexe féminin y sont particulièrement vulnérables. À ce jour, les études descriptives et exploratoires ont abordé ce phénomène sous l’angle macrosociologique et féministe. Ainsi, les connaissances actuelles concernant le script de victimisation de l’exploitation sexuelle sont limitées et, par conséquent, les activités de dépistage et de prévention le sont également. Afin de pallier cette limite, la présente recherche propose de présenter le script de victimisation de l’exploitation sexuelle et s’intéresse aux perceptions et aux cognitions des victimes. L’échantillon est constitué de 19 jeunes filles ayant reçu des services de la Direction de la protection de la jeunesse de la région de Québec concernant un signalement en lien avec une situation d’exploitation sexuelle. La stratégie analytique inclut l’approche théorique ancrée (Grounded theory) permettant l’analyse des scripts cognitivo-comportementaux des victimes durant les épisodes de victimisation. Les résultats des analyses de script ont permis de décrire l’identification des victimes, les stratégies de recrutement et de contrôle utilisées par les exploiteurs auprès d’elles ainsi que la nature des abus vécus. Le lien entre les cognitions des victimes à travers les étapes du script et leur évolution dans l’exploitation sexuelle est également présenté. Les résultats suggèrent des pistes de prévention situationnelle adaptées ainsi que des pistes d’interventions en fonction des cognitions des victimes. La présente recherche contribue donc à l’avancement des connaissances concernant les victimes d’exploitation sexuelle, le contexte de cette forme de victimisation, l’approche théorique des scripts criminels et le script interpersonnel et cognitivo-comportemental de l’exploitation sexuelle.L’exploitation sexuelle est un phénomène international complexe dont les conséquences physiques, psychologiques et sociales sont importantes chez les victimes. Ce phénomène touche non seulement les adultes, mais également les mineurs et les individus de sexe féminin y sont particulièrement vulnérables. À ce jour, les études descriptives et exploratoires ont abordé ce phénomène sous l’angle macrosociologique et féministe. Ainsi, les connaissances actuelles concernant le script de victimisation de l’exploitation sexuelle sont limitées et, par conséquent, les activités de dépistage et de prévention le sont également. Afin de pallier cette limite, la présente recherche propose de présenter le script de victimisation de l’exploitation sexuelle et s’intéresse aux perceptions et aux cognitions des victimes. L’échantillon est constitué de 19 jeunes filles ayant reçu des services de la Direction de la protection de la jeunesse de la région de Québec concernant un signalement en lien avec une situation d’exploitation sexuelle. La stratégie analytique inclut l’approche théorique ancrée (Grounded theory) permettant l’analyse des scripts cognitivo-comportementaux des victimes durant les épisodes de victimisation. Les résultats des analyses de script ont permis de décrire l’identification des victimes, les stratégies de recrutement et de contrôle utilisées par les exploiteurs auprès d’elles ainsi que la nature des abus vécus. Le lien entre les cognitions des victimes à travers les étapes du script et leur évolution dans l’exploitation sexuelle est également présenté. Les résultats suggèrent des pistes de prévention situationnelle adaptées ainsi que des pistes d’interventions en fonction des cognitions des victimes. La présente recherche contribue donc à l’avancement des connaissances concernant les victimes d’exploitation sexuelle, le contexte de cette forme de victimisation, l’approche théorique des scripts criminels et le script interpersonnel et cognitivo-comportemental de l’exploitation sexuelle.
Sexual Exploitation is a complex international phenomenon with significant physical, psychological and social consequences for victims and survivors. It affects not only adults, but also minors, and females are particularly vulnerable. To date, descriptive and explanatory studies have addressed the phenomenon of sexual exploitation from the macro-sociological and feminist perspective. Thus, current knowledge about victimization script of sexual exploitation is limited and, therefore, early screening and detection for prevention are also limited. To overcome this limitation, the present research proposes to present the victimization script of sexual exploitation for this population. The current study is also concerned about the victim’s perceptions and cognitive trajectories that may play a role in shaping the script. The sample consists of 19 girls who received services from the Quebec’s Child Welfare system regarding a referral related to a situation of sexual exploitation. The analytic strategy includes a grounded theory approach of victim’s perceptions throughout their experience. The results allowed to describe victims identification, the recruitment and control strategies used by exploiters as well as the nature of the exploitation. The link between the victims’ cognitive patterns through the script steps and their evolution across sexual exploitation experiences is also presented. These findings highlight suitable situational prevention strategies and promising avenues of intervention according to the cognitive trajectory of the victims. This research contributes to the advancement of knowledge about victims of sexual exploitation, the context of this form of victimization, the theoretical approach to criminal scripts, and the interpersonal and cognitive behavioral script of sexual exploitation.
Sexual Exploitation is a complex international phenomenon with significant physical, psychological and social consequences for victims and survivors. It affects not only adults, but also minors, and females are particularly vulnerable. To date, descriptive and explanatory studies have addressed the phenomenon of sexual exploitation from the macro-sociological and feminist perspective. Thus, current knowledge about victimization script of sexual exploitation is limited and, therefore, early screening and detection for prevention are also limited. To overcome this limitation, the present research proposes to present the victimization script of sexual exploitation for this population. The current study is also concerned about the victim’s perceptions and cognitive trajectories that may play a role in shaping the script. The sample consists of 19 girls who received services from the Quebec’s Child Welfare system regarding a referral related to a situation of sexual exploitation. The analytic strategy includes a grounded theory approach of victim’s perceptions throughout their experience. The results allowed to describe victims identification, the recruitment and control strategies used by exploiters as well as the nature of the exploitation. The link between the victims’ cognitive patterns through the script steps and their evolution across sexual exploitation experiences is also presented. These findings highlight suitable situational prevention strategies and promising avenues of intervention according to the cognitive trajectory of the victims. This research contributes to the advancement of knowledge about victims of sexual exploitation, the context of this form of victimization, the theoretical approach to criminal scripts, and the interpersonal and cognitive behavioral script of sexual exploitation.
Résumé en espagnol
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Javaid, Ali Raza. "Male rape, masculinities, and sexualities : understanding, policing, and overcoming male sexual victimisation." Thesis, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10443/3922.
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This qualitative project critically explores state and voluntary agencies’ attitudes toward, and responses to male rape victims in England. It critically examines the ways in which police officers, male rape counsellors, therapists, and voluntary agency caseworkers (N = 70) think about and deal with male victims of rape. It pays close attention to how notions of gender, sexualities and masculinities affect and shape state and voluntary agencies’ understanding of male rape and their views of men as victims of rape. Police cultures are also examined to understand how male rape is policed in England. The data are grounded in sociological, cultural, and post-structural theoretical frameworks, such as hegemonic masculinity and heteronormativity. The data were collected through in-depth semi-structured interviews and qualitative questionnaires. The qualitative data were analysed with the use of thematic analysis, drawing out important themes and concepts of the ways in which male rape is thought about, responded to, and dealt with by state and voluntary agencies. The research contributes to existing knowledge on male rape by contributing theoretically to discourse on unreported and unacknowledged sexual violence. Research on male rape is lacking in England. The scarce literature on male rape predominately examines male rape from either a clinical or psychological perspective, whereas this project approaches male rape from a sociological, cultural and post-structural perspective to fully understand this phenomenon. Providing state and voluntary agencies’ discourses of male rape is important because they are the first port of call for male rape victims, yet the existing body of knowledge predominantly focuses on the victims’ experiences of rape, although this is important. It is also vital, though, to make sense of the experiences and perspectives of state and voluntary agencies because they work very closely with male rape victims. I argue that cultures, social relations, power and discourses shape how state and voluntary agencies understand and respond to male rape. Through social structures, social practices, and social institutions, state and voluntary agencies consider and respond to male rape inconsistently, which can have serious implications for policy and practice as this project carefully details.
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Jones, Eleanor K. "An exploration of aggressive and non-aggressive factors as conceptualised by teenage school girls : a quantitative and qualitative study." Thesis, Open University, 1998. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.286949.
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McPherson, Bridget Anne, and bridget mcpherson@gmail com. "Drink spiking: An investigation of its occurrence and predictors of perpetration and victimisation." RMIT University. Health Sciences, 2007. http://adt.lib.rmit.edu.au/adt/public/adt-VIT20080507.141942.
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The current study assessed features associated with drink spiking, or the adding of a substance to another person's drink without the consumer's knowledge or consent. A sample of 805 Australians, aged 18-35 years, completed a survey designed to measure the occurrence and predictors of the perpetration and victimisation of drink spiking. Almost half of the sample reported at least one experience of purchasing or mixing cocktails for others (49% and 45%, respectively), while smaller proportions reported adding alcohol to punch (26%) and adding alcoholic shots to alcoholic beverages belonging to other people (16%). A number of participants also reported previous experience of adding alcoholic shots to non-alcoholic beverages (6%), adding prescription or illicit substances to alcoholic beverages (1%), adding substances to non-alcoholic beverages (1%), and adding substances to punch (1%). Purchasing or mixing cocktails for others, adding alcohol to punch, or adding alcoholic shots to alcoholic beverages were predicted by beliefs that deliberately causing intoxication in others is acceptable and that alcohol consumption by others is indicative of their sexual attraction to participants. Engagement in these behaviours was also predicted by participants' illicit substance use and participation in casual sexual activity. Adding prescription or illicit substances to other people's beverages, or adding alcoholic shots to non-alcoholic beverages, were predicted by the belief that alcohol consumption increases one's confidence and sexual responsiveness, and by participants' use of narcotics and sedatives. Perpetrators were predominantly motivated by a wish to have fun or to increase the likelihood of engaging in consensual sexual activity. With regard to victimisation of drink spiking, 26% of the sample reported at least one victimisation. The majority of incidents occurred in licensed venues, after the participant had engaged in such low supervisory behaviours as leaving their drink unattended or accepting a drink without observing its preparation. Most participants established a belief that they had been spiked after experiencing a degree of intoxication that was beyond their expected level (based on the amount of alcohol consumption), or after experiencing such physiological symptoms as vomiting, hallucinations, lack of coordination, or unconsciousness. Despite such experiences, 85% of victims did not report the incident to authorities. Victimisation in general was predicted by participants' use of stimulant and hallucinogenic substances. Female victimisation was predicted by previous episodes of victimisation of oral sexual assault. Victimisation was not affected by participants' degree of supervision of their drinks. These findings provided empirical evidence that drink spiking is committed primarily for the purposes of creating a fun, entertaining situation. However, it was also apparent that drink spiking is perpetrated in an attempt to encourage participation in consensual sexual activity; this was particularly the case in incidents involving the addition of substances, as opposed to alcohol, to beverages belonging to others. Conclusions regarding the motivations held by perpetrators of drink spiking and the post-spiking experiences of victims informed the provision of recommendations for intervention for victims and prevention programs aimed at reducing the incidence of victimisation in the future.
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Chan, John Hung Fun. "The School life survey : a new instrument for assessing school bullying and victimisation." Thesis, University of Hull, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.268371.
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Baker, Charlotte. "Self-esteem, victimisation and perception of peer relationships in obese children and adolescents." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2004. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/612/.
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Obesity in childhood has been associated with psychosocial problems including low self-esteem and body dissatisfaction. Obese children and adolescents are vulnerable to overweight-related victimisation. This too has psychological consequences. This study examined the prevalence of overweight-related victimisation in obese children and adolescents who attended a residential activity-based weight loss camp. The association between obesity and overweight-related teasing to self-esteem, body dissatisfaction and social relationships were considered. In addition, the impact of the camp on these psychological variables was investigated. Height, weight, self-esteem, victimisation, body dissatisfaction and social relationships were assessed for 109 participants at the start and end of camp. Data were also collected from 68 non-obese comparison children. Obese campers were significantly lower in the self-concept domains of social acceptance, physical appearance, athletic ability and global self-esteem. They showed greater body dissatisfaction. Social relationships were poorer for obese males than non-obese males, and the obese children and adolescents percieved themselves to be less popular than non-obese rated themselves. 40% of obese girls and 50% of obese boys reported overweight-related victimisation, compared with 9% of non-obese males and 4% of non-obese females. Overweight-related victimisation was associated with lower ratings of social acceptance, athletic competence and global self-esteem. It was not associated with increased body dissatisfaction. Camp attendance was associated with weight loss, improvements in global selfworth, physical appearance and athletic self-competence, and decreases in body dissatisfaction. Improvements were also seen in perception of their popularity. The results demonstrate the high prevalence and negative impact of over-weight related victimisation in obese children. Difficulties in social relationships of obese children and adolescents are highlighted. Psychological benefits of the weight-loss camp were demonstrated. Further research is required to investigate vulnerability and protective factors for overweight-related teasing.
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Henry, Sally. "The powerhouse for bullying : the relationship between defensive self-esteem, bullying and victimisation." Thesis, Brunel University, 2005. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/5304.
Full textAbstract:
Studies which examine conflict have identified coping strategies as potent variables for the social competencies of children. To extend these ideas to more specific indicators of social adjustment this study examined emotional impairments and coping strategies of victims and bullies. Inventories measuring emotional impairment: depression, anger, anxiety and self-concept were completed by 103 primary school children aged 9-11. A questionnaire measured five coping strategies: problem solving, social support seeking, distancing, externalising and internalising. Bully and victim nominations identified almost 5 times as many male bullies compared to girls therefore findings which specifically relate to bullying refer to boys only. Emotional impairments were identified as predictory variables for bullying and victimisation particularly for boys where anger was identified as moderating the relationship between externalising and bullying behaviour while anxiety was identified as a mediating variable between problem solving and victimisation. Findings here also suggest that all children learn how to cope with negative emotions through their experiences with adults. For bullies internalisation as a result of poor experiences during problem solving with adults makes problem solving with peers less likely.
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Hamley, Isabelle Maryvonne. "Unspeakable things unspoken : otherness and victimisation in Judges 19-21 : an Irigarayan reading." Thesis, University of Chester, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10034/620713.
Full textAbstract:
It is June 2001, in a small church in deepest Arkansas. ‘Brother John’ is speaking at a youth service. The text he has chosen: Judges 19. ‘This is the story of a woman who left her husband. She disrespected authority and leaders. She got what she deserved. This is what will happen to you if you disobey your leaders.’ This is by far the worst sermon I have ever heard, and it started my journey with Judges 19-21. It is the only time I have ever heard this text referred to in public worship. There was nothing in my Christian journey until then that could have given me the skills to deal with that text, or that sermon. At the same time, it is a text that burrowed its way into my consciousness, because I have consistently worked with women (and men) who have experienced sexual abuse over the years. How can they read this text? Why is it there? In what sense can it be Scripture? While the text has been used oppressively, can it be read differently, and redeemed from oppressive interpretations? Has it got anything to offer, beyond a reading in memoriam?
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Mylona, Semele-Katherine. "Valuing intangible costs of violence : a study of stated preferences and victimisation risks." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2013. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/48325/.
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Violence is a considerable burden on society; the costs incurred through treating victims and apprehending the perpetrators combine with economic costs, the emotional victim costs and costs to the community through increased fear of crime to suggest the costs of violence are significant. A growing number of studies seek to quantify the economic and social impact of crime by assessing the aggregate social costs incurred by criminal offending or by examining the consequences of crime at the individual level, focusing on its effect on the general welfare. Regardless of the approach, tangible and intangible costs are always identified, with the first referring to those directly observable and the latter to the unobservable costs that refer to the physical and emotional impact on crime victims. Despite the importance of both, the available estimates of the intangible costs of violence are very limited, especially in the UK context. This research set out to investigate this gap and provide a new insight into violence costs with a special focus to the intangible losses incurred by pain and suffering. Stated preferences techniques were developed and applied for this purpose, aiming to determine the monetary values of risk reduction of assault-related injuries as assigned by a UK sample to victimisation risks, contingent on the injury severity and psychological outcome. Novel epidemiological research carried out with British Crime Survey and Accident and Emergency data assisted this application, as the drawn evidence formed the basis for constructing plausible scenarios with a representative description of violent victimisation outcomes. The analyses identified that socio-demographic characteristics (gender, age, ethnicity), quality of life indicators (self-rated health, income, marital status, educational qualifications) and offence-specific characteristics (use of force/violence, sustained injuries, injury severity, severity of the emotional effect, alcohol consumption prior to the incident) were not only linked to victimisation risks but also predicted severe emotional responding. Altogether, results suggested a two-dimensional structure underlying victims’ emotional reaction and a similar two-dimensional severity-based structure underpinning the physical aftermath of a violent assault. This research concluded with an array of comparable values that denote public's perception of victimisation risks in monetary terms while it highlighted the issues emerging from such an application. The estimation exercise showed that WTP varied extensively across respondents: women were willing to pay more to reduce victimisation related risks and WTP increased with education, age, income and fear of crime. Previous victimisation and difficulty in answering the valuation questions were negative influences on WTP. The numerical findings reflect the importance of victims' costs and provide metrics useful in assessing the cost-effectiveness of crime interventions. Although the contingent valuation method was effective for analysing intangible victim costs providing support for continuing this line of research, further work is required to substantiate its application and strengthen its methodology within the crime context.
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Askerniya, Imran. "Investigation into reduction and/or prevention of cybercrime victimisation among the user individuals." Thesis, University of East London, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.542285.
Full textAbstract:
Much of today's information is stored in digital form in computers and information in the digital form is much more easily stored, duplicated and manipulated. Businesses have to use information effectively in order to remain competitive, and storing information in the digital form allows them to use information much more effectively. As most computers are always connected to the Internet, this gives to attacker an easy (unauthorised) access to the computer through the network. The contribution to knowledge that this research brings is the development of the models on reduction/ prevention of cybercrime as there are little mainstream research exist. The model is concentrates on the point of view of the victims, that is, what makes each victim vulnerable, and how the cybercrime prevention strategies should be adapted according to the unique characteristics of the victim. The aim of this research is to help minimise the victimisation of cybercrime in Russian cyber space. It is worth mentioning that there is no such model, exist. Therefore, this work has attempted to fill this significant gap in the research by proposing four-dimensional grid model. The model is based on the existing traditional crime prevention model and situational crime prevention theory. The grid model provides three preventive strategies: Education, Training, and Awareness. The model and these strategies were evaluated qualitatively and quantitatively by distributing questionnaires and interviewing the Moscow cybercrime experts
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Jackson, Vicki. "The victimisation of young people in the school and community environments in England." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2014. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/14289/.
Full textAbstract:
Background Important developments in the research literature exploring extrafamilial victimisation have been made in the USA. However, the comparable literature from the UK is underdeveloped, limiting our understanding of the prevalence and characteristics of extrafamilial victimisation in UK settings. In addition, greater understanding of the risk and protective factors for extrafamilial victimisation is needed to develop the most effective preventative interventions. Objectives/ research questions To address these gaps within the literature, two studies are presented within this thesis; one cross-sectional survey and one systematic literature review. The aims of study one were to provide a comprehensive assessment of all forms of extrafamilial victimisation with an English sample of young people, exploring; the prevalence, characteristics and location of extrafamilial victimisation, associated factors relating to routine activities, and the impact of extrafamilial victimisation on psychological well-being. Study two was designed to synthesise the research findings from longitudinal cohort studies regarding the predictive factors for all forms of extrafamilial victimisation, and to explore the quality of research in this area. This research was carried out within the theoretical context of the routine activities theory (RAT) and ecological systems theory. This provided a coherent structure to aid understanding of the processes involved in extrafamilial victimisation, as well as a way in which the different elements of the young person’s ecology could be brought together to encourage exploration and to interpret the research findings. Study design, participants and setting Study one explores the extrafamilial victim experiences of 730 young people from eight mainstream secondary schools within one county in England. This incorporated one smaller case study of young people (N = 214) attending three secondary schools in one English town. Two pilot studies were carried out with two separate samples of young people (N= 27 & N= 30) in order to test, develop and refine the methods and procedures used in this study. The second study provided a narrative synthesis of the findings of 37 longitudinal (>1 year follow-up) cohort studies which investigated the risk factors for, and protective factors against, extrafamilial victimisation during childhood. Main findings The findings from study one revealed how widespread extrafamilial victimisation was amongst the young people taking part. Many of the characteristics of the young persons’ activities within the community were found to increase their risk of extrafamilial victimisation, providing support for the RAT of extrafamilial victimisation. However, the characteristics of the young persons’ journey home from school were not found to influence the prevalence of victimisation on this journey and some research findings based on the RAT of extrafamilial victimisation were not found to be significant predictors of community-based victimisation. Geographical victimisation ‘hotspots’ were identified in the case study, which revealed how the geographical distribution of community-based victimisation was located within close proximity to the young person’s school. Finally, different categories of extrafamilial victimisation were significant negative predictors of psychological well-being, as was past-year poly-victimisation and victimisation in more than one location. Finally, social support was identified as a potential moderator of the relationship between victimisation and psychological well-being. Findings from the systematic review (study two) highlighted a number of areas of bias within the cohort studies carried out in this area, particularly population bias and outcome (i.e., extrafamilial victimisation) measurement bias. A large number of risk factors (N= 56) were investigated in the included studies, the significance of which differed according to the extent of the extrafamilial victimisation explored and the definition of extrafamilial victimisation used. Less attention was given to protective factors (N= 18) within the included studies, yet a small number of individual characteristics were identified as potentially important predictors of peer victimisation. Crucially, interaction effects were identified between predictors (mediating and moderating variables) and between risk and protective factors. These findings highlight the complexity of the network of risk and protective factors for extrafamilial victimisation. They also reveal interaction effects between predictors operating across a number of different levels of the young person’s ecology (e.g., individual predictors, environmental predictors, etc.). Conclusion The two studies presented within this thesis highlight the complex, multidimensional nature of extrafamilial victimisation. The thesis concludes by drawing upon the research findings and theories outlined within the literature to propose a new model of extrafamilial victimisation. This takes account of the different vulnerabilities and processes involved in victimisation, as well as recognising the reciprocal relationship between predictors and outcome. As such, recommendations for the development of prevention and intervention are outlined, as is the need for future research in this area.