Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Victimes de guerre – Dans les médias'
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Reimbold, Emmanuelle. "Épreuves de la reconnaissance : stratégies, solidarité et concurrence des victimes de la Grande Guerre (1914-1930)." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 1, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023PA01H062.
Full textThis thesis work focuses on the construction of an unofficial hierarchy on the war victims during World War I and then during the 1920’s. In fact, while some categories of victims such as the war-disabled maintain their notoriety or gain recognition like the veterans, others are neglected like the indigenous soldiers from the French colonial empire. This ranking results from choices which keep evolving from 1914 till 1930. This thesis aims at identifying the reasons for these sorts, the processes at work and the instigators of this selective political use of memory. The main sources used for the writing of this thesis are the following Journal officiel and two journals of the war victims themselves Journal des mutilés et réformés and La Voix du combattant. All of these sources illustrate this construction and throw light on the motivations which justify these choices. Journal officiel documents various forms of recognition and reparation granted to the victims and specifies the distinctions made according to the interests of the French State. As for the journals of the war victims, they develop arguments to defend the cause of the war victims and also integrate some differences. This constrains the neglected categories to modify their arguments in order either to be heard or to accept their invisibilization. The journals thus reveal the complexity of the relationships the war victims maintain. They either mix and help one another or ignore one another. All of these writings feed the construction of the memory of the war and designate its most worthy representatives. They also reflect the power and representation issues and in doing so, points out the interests of the persons who can make choices. However, this hierarchy is not intangible. The invaded regions and their population which were neglected during the French debates, constitutes a fundamental argument throughout the international negociations. The reparations granted to the indigenous soldiers differ depending on the colony, according to the necessities of the colonial authorities. The hierarchical ordrer thus varies depending on the discussion arena as well as on the interests at stake
Raouf, Bakhtiar. "La représentation des Kurdes à la télévision française. Analyses sémio-discursives des émissions et journaux télévisés. 1960-2017." Thesis, Paris 3, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PA030056.
Full textThe representation of the Kurds on French television was built in time. Its construction is conditioned by a double evolution, social and political of the Kurds, but also of France. Understanding the mechanism of this construction and its evolution is the subject of this study which analyzes images broadcast over a long period. Our study thus takes into account the genesis of this representation in 1960 and up to its media heyday symbolized by its resistance to the Islamic State from 2014. It is through an analysis of news reports and television news in a semio perspective. -discursive that we question the content and the enunciative range of the media, but also political discourse of France, on the Kurds. How the rebels of the sixties became resistant, interlocutors and friends of France? The overall understanding of the televisual discourse can not be grasped without also taking into account the unspoken and implicit part of informations ; and who can explain the enunciative attitude of the media authorities with regard to the Kurds!
Biruka, Innocent. "La protection de la femme et de l'enfant dans les conflits armés en Afrique /." Paris ; Budapest ; Kinshasa [etc.] : l'Harmattan, 2006. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb40966219p.
Full textFlageat, Marie-Claude. "Les jésuites français dans la Grande Guerre : témoins, victimes, héros, apôtres /." Paris : les Éd. du Cerf, 2008. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb412091112.
Full textDeleuze, Magali. "Les médias au Québec et la guerre d'Algérie, 1954-1964." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape9/PQDD_0015/NQ43709.pdf.
Full textBen, Saad-Dusseaut Fatma. "Pratiques professionnelles du journalisme et représentations des victimes." Bordeaux 3, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009BOR30063.
Full textThe representations of victims in the media were analyzed in more general researches on the social reactions to the crime, but more rarely in the intrinsic mechanisms of the relation media-victims; an interaction which, let us imagine, possesses his own dynamics. Our theoretical reflection took support on an approach which journalistic exercise is considered as material and symbolic production based on interactions and social standards. The social logics determine the functioning of the journalistic practices through the various forms of interactions and dependences between the journalists and the society to which they belong. These engender representations which result from interpretations elaborated by the journalists of the social environment. The media space which seems accessible to the victims is it, really, only for a certain type of victims. We assist, obviously, a media exploitation targeted by the suffering of the victims and the representations which they embody. Besides, the exaggerated attention carried to the victims contributes to provoke a discursive formatting where several media impose their own specific railings on the reading of the "reality" which is other one than the way she treats the subjects of their preoccupation. This media exploitation of the suffering knows in his turn a second political exploitation. From there, it is not surprising any more to confuse “true” and “false” victims since the media validation of the suffering, got back by a “political doggedness”, seems to get the upper hand over the judicial and\or medical pledge. We have to hope that the " media due skids " in the conformist treatment and compassionnel to these victims, stressed by evident trade and political interests, will allow a questioning of the journalistic practices. A return towards ethical rules, among which media and journalists will assure the application and the respect, seems inevitable
Popescu-Jourdy, Dana. "Guerre et représentation : la figure de la guerre dans le discours économique." Lyon 2, 2006. http://theses.univ-lyon2.fr/documents/lyon2/2006/popescu-joudy_d.
Full textOur work proposes an analysis of the uses of the expression "economic war" in the French media speech. According to the assumption underlain by this thesis, the concept of “economic war” is built starting from a paradigm of the war, which allows at the speech level a particular setting in scene of economic facts and actors according to the model of the war. Thus the economy can be thought like a field of the confrontation and of the collective violence, like an expression of a real power. In the same time, the concept of “economic war” is built around three dimensions of the war: the real dimension of the actions on the ground, the symbolic dimension of representations and the imaginary dimension of the phantasms and the fears. The use of the expression “economic war” gives to the economy a new visibility in public space and invites us to reconsider the relationship between economics and politics. Lastly, it leads us to reconsider the war and its representations
Jreij, Kamilia. "La télévision arabe d'actualité Al Jazeera dans son rapport avec le gouvernement Qatari." Nice, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009NICE2004.
Full textIn our study we survey Al Jazeera arabic news television and its relationship with the Qatari Government, which finances it. Our problem is to prove “to what extent Al Jazeera has introduced Qatar on the international scene, and in this situation can this channel still be objective?” In this regard, we have double goals: The first one consists to demonstrate that Al Jazeera was a part of the qatari audiovisual strategy. The second is to explain the convergence between the editorial line of Al Jazeera and the qatari policy. In this thesis, we illustrate the coexistence between editorial independence and economic dependence, while Qatar supports the auto-financing of Al Jazeera. Certainly, the Qatari channel is not independent but has a large margin of freedom. The Qatari interference in Al Jazeera passes through the chairman of the channel, who is a member of the ruling family. The actors of Al Jazeera estimate their interventions as a professional supervision. We consider that Al Jazeera fight to preserve the profession of journalism with its perception of the “Original Journalism”. This research implies the relationship between the news and the history, explaining that the content of the Al Jazeera broadcasting was a strategic way for Qatar to balance its media strengths with the United States. It describes that the programs of Al Jazeera reflect the qatari views within a limit of objectivity and professionalism
Laliberté, Annie. "Autoritarisme et démocratie : un journalisme de paix dans le Rwanda de l'après-génocide?" Thesis, Université Laval, 2009. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2009/26865/26865.pdf.
Full textSadaka, Georges. "Radio et guerre : le rôle de la radio dans les conflits du Liban." Paris 2, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991PA020079.
Full textRobinet, François. "Les conflits africains au regard des médias français (1994-2008) : construction, mise en scène et effets des narrations médiatiques." Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012VERS022S.
Full textBetween 1994 and 2008, african conflicts have a variable visibility in french public space. The 1994 events in Rwanda, the first Congo war, the ivorian civil war and the Darfur conflict arouse interest among printed and broadcast french media, while most of the conflicts only receive a diffused attention and a relative indifference. The analysis of both fabric of media narratives and visual productions of informations enlightens the link between this unequal treatment and the stakes of african conflictual events’ media coverage. Covered, especially, when they are viewed as humanitarian crisis, genocides or when french interests are involved, african conflicts give rise to the construction of media narratives characterized by the recurrence of dominant representations and stereotypes : they also reveal hegemonic value system, thoughts and representations that journalistic discourses are full of. Indeed, this value system is based on quite a simplistic vision of the world inherited from the colonial period, that valorizes the role of France, that reduces african actors to symbolic roles of victims and violent populations and that, finally, marginalizes views of journalists who pay more attention to reality. This persistent doxa arises from the strength of shared imaginations about France and Africa, from some logic peculiar to journalistic practices (audience and credibility logics) or shared by other actors (vulnerability and denunciation-action logics), and from communication strategies developped by the french diplomacy at the service of national interests (justification of military intervention, valorization of french power). Therefore, the construction and the staging of the information concerning african conflicts result from the production, collective and systematic, made by professionals confronted with strong constraints and more and more complex games of influence
Aoumeur, Mama. "Les médias et les relations internationales." Nice, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008NICE0002.
Full textThe technical progress, the development of the broadcast satellite, the increase of the cross-border channels, and other distribution channels as internet carry the expanding of the international distribution of information. We can note the coming of the globalisation of the media. The main problem is not the increase of information, but to realise and admit that those industries of communication manage the vision of the world and can not be separate of a reflexion about the way they are received. The control of this ideogical machenery made up by the media have a political effect. The resolution of wars and conflicts depends more than never on information and communication control. The media becomes a real actor of the international relation. Our study deals mainly about the gulf war in 1991 which should leads us to a deep relexion on what was previously considered
Chelala, Hilda. "Du traumatisme à la résilience chez les élèves dans les classes primaires dans le contexte de la guerre de juillet 2006 au Liban-sud." Phd thesis, Université Michel de Montaigne - Bordeaux III, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00720407.
Full textCamara, Mouminy. "La médiation en situation de guerre en Afrique de l'Ouest : le cas de la Côte d'Ivoire." Lyon 2, 2007. http://theses.univ-lyon2.fr/documents/lyon2/2007/camara_m.
Full textRoussey-Albert, Marie-Claude. "Les politiques municipales d'assistance en France dans des villes en guerre (1938-1948)." Paris 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA010553.
Full textAziz, Sadik. "La guerre irako-iranienne vue par la presse française : septembre 1980 - juin 1982." Paris 4, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA040034.
Full textEldebek, Amer. "Les places respectives de la stratégie médiatique et de la stratégie militaire dans un conflit asymétrique : le cas de la guerre de juillet 2006." Thesis, Paris 2, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PA020087.
Full textThe July 2006 war between Hezbollah and Israel is the longest of all of the Arab-Israeli conflict's wars and has had an unprecedented impact on Israel's military strategy. This war, which is one of the types of asymmetric wars - a weak actor against a strong actor - ended without a military victory for Israel, the strong actor.In analyzing this war, we have tried to study another aspect, as decisive as the military battlefield which is: the media aspect. Indeed, the question is no longer strictly military but psychological with highly media implication: it goes through the symbolic and takes the path of the social. The peculiarity of this war is that it gives us a ticket to understand how wars affect the media. In this context what is important to us is the role of war in the media, by so we have developed our hypothesis based on a new tripartite media institution composed of leadership, a military elite and a media channel. We will study the link between the military sphere and the media sphere in this war while analyzing the main events of the war at the military and media level
Veniard, Marie. "La nomination d'un évènement dans la presse quotidienne nationale. Une étude sémantique et discursive : la guerre en Afghanistan et le conflit des intermittents dans Le Monde et Le Figaro." Paris 3, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA030087.
Full textThe present research aims at studying the part played by the act of naming in the discursive construction of a non-synthetic social referent: events, through a daily press corpora gathered around two discursive moments, namely, la guerre en Afghanistan (autumn 2001) and le conflit des intermittents (2003-2004), in le Monde and Le Figaro. Twelve words referring to the event and appearing cooccurrently in discourse are analysed both at a syntagmatic and dialogical level. Anaphora and co-reference, the mechanisms that confer discourse its continuity, appear to be working at combining different aspects into events, integrating facts (les frappes, les grèves) to a global entity (la guerre, le conflit), in a dynamic move where several reported speech voices express their point of view. The act of naming partakes in the event social meaning configuration, through point of view indices (syntagms: guerre avec/guerre contre) ; through dialogism with past event memory-laden words (guerre, lutte) ; through disseminenation of discourse held over the event and discourse depicting it. This research leads to the conclusion that the event naming act amounts not so much to designating a referent as to providing a semiotic construction of reality through speakers’ social experience
Michel, Anthony. "Metz-Luxembourg ville : couverture médiatique comparée des cérémonies commémoratives de la Seconde Guerre mondiale (1945-2010)." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LORR0359.
Full textThis study is at the crossroads of history and information and communication sciences. Its main point is a diachronic and comparative vision of a memorial phenomenon through the lens of local press. It is legitimated by the proximity of commemorative ceremonies. The comparison made between Metz and Luxembourg - one being a regional metropolis and the other the capital city of a small European country - tries to understand how memories related to this conflict emerge and evolve in the media according to the historical, sociological and political contexts of both towns. A series of hypothesis organized in three axes results from this research question: the topic of the article, the textual content and the photographic illustration. Is there a conflict or a cohabitation between memories on a territory according to their legitimacy? Will the memorial actors (figures) always be the same and what will the signification be if there is a form of consistency and/or if there is an evolution? Visually, what effect will the representations have on the media image (or the reflection) of the pasts of both towns? As such, my study tries to understand the emergence and the preservation of memories relative to the conflict by articulating this memory, its social legitimacy and the interest that it has for local authorities in the memorial landscape of the cities. My results are organized in three themes which are: the constancy of the monuments and the memory, the reappropriation of existing buildings for the memory with low legitimacy or with a national or international echo and the emergence of monuments and memories in order to improve and to complete the patrimony and the local urban memorial landscape. However, one can see a consistency in the cross-border memory, through decades and based upon the representation of historical actors: the local population, the local resister, and the American liberator
Gabaut, François. "Partisans, une revue militante de la guerre d'Algérie aux années 1968." Paris 7, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA070057.
Full text"Partisans" enabled to understand the years 60/70 better, its political upheavals, its international stakes, its actors. Through the world of the press and publishing, this very commited review participated in the history of the intellectual movement and offered a unique testimony on the current events of this period. It covered a period marked by agitated current events: the end of the Algeria war, the independance of the Third World, Cuba, the relationships between the USSR and China, black revolts in the USA, the Vietnam war, the Israeli-Arabic conflict, the international events from 1968 up to Pierre Overney's death in 1972. Founded by François Maspero, Gérard Chaliand and George Mattei, three actors of the Algeria war, the review informed and published documents to favour debates. It questioned about the alterations in socialism by publishing fundamental texts. These texts accompanied the appearance of small political groups (Trotskism, Maosim, leftism) and the birth of social movements, the prelude to the cultural and social revolution of 1968: the boom in feminism, a questioning' of institutional pedagogy, a reflex ion on theatre and politics, the birth of anti psychiatry, the discovery of a different sexuality, etc. As a broadcasting medium for experiences and values, this publication was a crossroads where generations of actors and writers cross, a laboratory where the ideals which lived through this decade rev8aled. Signatures were often prestigious: Maxime Rodinson, Georges Perec, Regis Debray, Ernest Mandel, René Dumont, etc. As a witness of the change in the ideals of the left wing, it questioned the connections between the left, the extreme left, the communist party and the revolution. "Partisans" was financially independent, did not belong to any publishing conglomerate and did not live on advertising revenues. Even though the review, the Maspero publishing company and "La Joie de Lire" bookshop formed a whole, the uncountable seizures, censorship and thefts dangerously hindered the economic health of the Maspero company. The publication of Partisans came to an end in 1973. This thesis offers an original light on a review underestimated today. It proposes a statement of these years 60/70 by striving to read the review once again according to the present, and in particular according to the return of Algerian memories
Fouchier, Capucine de. "Évaluation d'un protocole psychothérapeutique associant la psychoéducation, la relaxation et l'EMDR dans la prise en charge des réfugiés victimes de torture d'Afrique centrale et de l'Ouest." Paris 8, 2013. http://octaviana.fr/document/182058379#?c=0&m=0&s=0&cv=0.
Full textThe aims of this research are to provide information on the psychopathological specificities of refugees torture survivors from Central and West Africa and to assess the therapeutic efficiency of a 10 session protocol associating psychoeducation, relaxation technique and EMDR while comparing its effect when applied in weekly or intensive treatment modality. To achieve these goals, 52 participants were allocated in three treatment conditions: “EMDR”, “Stabilization” and “Intent to treat with medication” and were assessed at the beginning, at the end and 4,5 months after the end of psychotherapy. Our results show that Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is the most frequent pathology and that accommodation and the asylum claim situation in the host country are the social variables with the most influencing impact on psychopathology. The “EMDR” protocol shows a large and superior therapeutic efficiency in comparison with the control groups for all the variables that were considered pathological during the initial assessment (ηp2 entre. 41 et. 96). Also, the intensive treatment modality increases the therapeutic efficiency for PTSD, depression, anxiety and functioning (ηp2 entre. 87 et. 93). In conclusion, this research shows this importance to ask patients about their social and migration situation in the host country and demonstrates that associating EMDR with psychoeducation and relaxation techniques is a relevant and efficient psychotherapeutic protocol in the psychological rehabilitation of this population, especially when it is applied in a intensive way
Koffi-Kra, Armande Desiree. "Le journalisme de paix, de la théorie à la pratique : le cas de la radio Okapi en République Démocratique du Congo (RDC)." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/70274.
Full textPeace journalism originated from ideas of specialists of conflict management who proposed to the western journalists a different way to cover news related to conflicts. The goal is to restore peace in countries in crisis. The idea is also to end the kind of journalism that tends to exacerbate the tensions in time of crisis and that they called war journalism. This journalism has the particularity to be focused on the elites, the conflict result and propagandist opinions. However, considered as a commitment to serve a cause, peace journalism has been rejected by some professional of information. While this concept is a source of division in the Western world, in the African context, meaningful experiences were conducted through the creation of radio stations. These radio stations appeared following the Rwanda genocide in 1994. Seen as medias of peace, these stations were implanted by international organizations (UN, Internews, Fondation Hirondelle, Search for Common Ground...) to accompany the after-war reconstruction process in some countries. Thus, some organizations have tried this peace journalism. Based on these experiences, we have initiated an empirical qualitative research to deepen the realization on the implementation of this kind of journalism. To properly conduct our research, we chose the radio station Okapi like case study. Okapi is a radio station of the United Nations in Democratic Republic of Congo. It was created by the UN and Fondation Hirondelle. Through the practices of professionals who work there, we tried to understand how this peace journalism could be implanted and under which conditions. The semi-directed interview, the non-participant observation, the analysis of content and the documentary research were the tools used to achieve this study. At the end of this study, we have extricated different factors that can be considered as advantageous or disadvantageous to the practice of peace journalism. Key words: media of peace, hate media, peace radio, peace journalism, war journalism, Africa, Democratic Republic of Congo, UN, MONUSCO.
Mantovan, Giacomo. "Combattants et victimes en temps de guerre et d'exil : violence, mémoire et subjectivité dans les récits de vie de Tamouls sri lankais en France." Paris, EHESS, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015EHES0108.
Full textThis thesis focuses on the memories and life stories of Sri Lankan Tamils who arrived in France aller the year 2000. It is based on an ethnographie investigation of the life accounts of thèse exiles, many of whom have fought in the secessionist organisation Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE), as well as of asylum policies in France. This work seeks to shed light on the emergence and construction of specifie political subjects, in particular the "fighter" and the "victim", across différent contexts. It seeks to define the rôle played by institutions, social injunctions and socio-cultural values in relation to the fashioning of subjectivity. An attempt is made to understand the way in which the interpretation of the past and the meaning assigned to it contribute to define the exiles' identity. As violence is a recurrent element in the life stories examined, the thesis analyses the way in which narrative accounts of the past deal with social uses of violence in different contexts (LTTE, host institutions, etc. ). The thesis further highlights the tact that war is not just a moment of social disintegration, but that it entails a reconfiguration of the existing social, political and cultural order. Wilhin a historical context that was rapidly changing (war and exile), new collective and individual identifies emerged. Finally, the work emphasises the fact that telling our own story reveals our place in the world : it means negotiating our relation with others and the society in wich we live. It is possible, therefore, to examine the way in wich the exiles face their suffering and rebuild their lives
Shaw, Ibrahim Seaga. "Les correspondants des médias occidentaux face à la guerre civile en Sierra Leone (1996-2001) : reportage évocateur ou diagnostique ?" Paris 3, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA030025.
Full textWestern media correspondents and the civil war in Sierra Leone (1996-2001): Evocative or diagnostic reporting? This thesis aims to analyse stereotypical representations and clichés, not only as media logics but also as recurrent communication obstacles, found in the Western media discourse about the civil war in Sierra Leone. The study examines a diverse media landscape: the print media, news agencies, radio and television. It argues that the journalists of the mainstream Western media rarely treated the political context of the war, which is the central concern of our research. It is informed by the desire to understand the reasons that lead journalists to employ stereotypes and preformatted frames of analysis. What shapes their mindset about Africa in general? What shaped their worldview about Sierra Leone in the wake of the civil war in particular? The thesis comprises four main parts. The first examines the current debate on the work of Western media journalists and the geopolitics of the war in Sierra Leone. The second looks at the theoretical framework intended to clarify some of the important concepts, which informed the study such as journalism, mass media, stereotype, politics, humanitarian, disinformation. The third is based on the sociological study of 22 journalists of the British, American and French media who covered the war in Sierra Leone between 1996 and 2001. The fourth is mainly comparative regarding the experience of some of the journalists in the study. This thesis explores three hypotheses : There are links between the stereotypical representations and the factors, which shape the reporting of these journalists; there are links between most of these representations and communication obstacles; and finally these representations influence these journalists to do more of evocative than diagnostic reporting
Bouzomita, Jaafar. "La couverture de la guerre en Irak (2003) dans les émissions d’information de la BBC." Thesis, Rennes 2, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013REN20058.
Full textThis dissertation explores the BBC’s coverage of the 2003 Iraq War. It investigates the implications of the politico-military intervention in Iraq for the media system. In examining the sensitive relationship binding the media coverage of contemporary wars and public opinion, this thesis is based upon quantitative and qualitative analysis of BBC news bulletins as well as different documentaries. This investigation shows that, along with the rest of the British-American media, the BBC was susceptible to war propaganda and favoured the kind of communication specific to Public Relations. Its complicity with the British government shifted its role from a watchdog to a publicist and political agent. In fact, our study of the Iraq War coverage chronicles the transition of the BBC from an active, critical and communicative medium into a simply passive, partial and selective observer. Moreover, the news management and the cultural as well as political constraints helped to transform the coverage of this war which had to be “politically correct” from a British perspective. This helped reinforce what could be considered as a possible illustration of the BBC’s complicity and even its political allegiance. The Corporation, afaithful servant of “patriotic censorship” was involved, as a partner, in the construction of a sanitized military story and transformed its coverage of the war into voluntary propaganda. During the Iraq War, like the rest of the media, the BBC could not resist political pressure. The Coalition’s use of “infotainment” aimed to exploit the “reality of war” and highlight, in a well-defined context, the prestige of the Allies by presenting their victory as ineluctable and unquestioned, not only in order to meet the expectations of the public but also to enhance a patriotic narrative and eradicate all political and / or cultural disappointment. Finally, the BBC’s coverage of this conflict tended to minimize the impact of revelations in enemy media and offers a presentation of how to think about war
Michel, Anthony. "Metz-Luxembourg ville : couverture médiatique comparée des cérémonies commémoratives de la Seconde Guerre mondiale (1945-2010)." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LORR0359/document.
Full textThis study is at the crossroads of history and information and communication sciences. Its main point is a diachronic and comparative vision of a memorial phenomenon through the lens of local press. It is legitimated by the proximity of commemorative ceremonies. The comparison made between Metz and Luxembourg - one being a regional metropolis and the other the capital city of a small European country - tries to understand how memories related to this conflict emerge and evolve in the media according to the historical, sociological and political contexts of both towns. A series of hypothesis organized in three axes results from this research question: the topic of the article, the textual content and the photographic illustration. Is there a conflict or a cohabitation between memories on a territory according to their legitimacy? Will the memorial actors (figures) always be the same and what will the signification be if there is a form of consistency and/or if there is an evolution? Visually, what effect will the representations have on the media image (or the reflection) of the pasts of both towns? As such, my study tries to understand the emergence and the preservation of memories relative to the conflict by articulating this memory, its social legitimacy and the interest that it has for local authorities in the memorial landscape of the cities. My results are organized in three themes which are: the constancy of the monuments and the memory, the reappropriation of existing buildings for the memory with low legitimacy or with a national or international echo and the emergence of monuments and memories in order to improve and to complete the patrimony and the local urban memorial landscape. However, one can see a consistency in the cross-border memory, through decades and based upon the representation of historical actors: the local population, the local resister, and the American liberator
Vallin, Arnaud. "Les ADFI : de l'affectation des parents d'adeptes à une approche non conceptuelle du "sectaire" : une contribution à l'étude de la constitution des problèmes publics ainsi qu'à l'élaboration d'une pragmatique de la connaissance." Lyon 2, 2006. http://theses.univ-lyon2.fr/documents/lyon2/2006/vallin_a.
Full textThis thesis deals with the “sectarian” problem while being interested in the role of a specific actor: the ADFI. In doing so, it tackles the more general question of the constitution of social problems. Rather than assuming that the “sectarian” problem is pre-existent to the engagement of the studied actors, this work shows how their actions are constitutive of this problem as a public problem. Thus being introduced into the forge of social, it appears that the actors participating into the legitimation of the “sectarian” scheme, are not, from start on, alike in respect to a specific characteristic that they would share. This thesis then introduce to a research on what can make community towards in terms of tests and validations appearing in action. It is in action, confronted with precise cases, that ADFI volunteers seem to meet and agree. Sense shared in common seems to emerge from sensitizing to one lived, or sensibility to what is produced or from some adjustments and some agreements inter-subjective and inter-objective obtained in situation, i. E. In the sequential course of an activity. The collective action also appears as what constitutes the materiality/objectivity of the “sectarian” problem. This thesis shows indeed that it is in collaborations of human/nonhuman beings put in network that the knowledge of the ADFI is constituted. Elements at the base discursive, singular, related to the subjectivity of an actor, are seen transformed into materials of investigation then in elements of knowledge on precise groups valid for a whole collective of actors. Thus open a voice more not to consider cognition like a mental and internal phenomenon and to finally take into account the externality of the cognitive processes
Bourcier, Sam. "Le discours narratif televisuel durant la guerre du golfe : essai d'analyse textuelle et culturelle." Paris, EHESS, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998EHES0130.
Full textIn terms of realism and discourse, the gulf war on television had to be deconstructed. Textual and semiotic approaches have helped to find out what kind of narrative was dominant. How the supposedly "power of the image" had to be critized. It also allowed to identify three major codes operating generally speaking and in the context of the gulf war, these three being : the psychological code, the gnomic code and the narrative code. The analysis of the interaction of these codes in different televisual forms such as portraits, reports and stand-ups shows that investigative journalism has been replaced by a journalism relying on composition, more and more detached from the field. It can be said then that the most celebrated development of technologies of information has lead to focuse on the journalist or the anchor rather than on the facts journalists are supposed to report. Telecentrism is the opposite of communication and an opening onto the world. This is this self-referential journalistic practise which can explain why an anchorman has been able to tell the story of irak attacking israel with chemicals weapons although it never happened. Why the journalists on television used images and voice-overs to illustrate their successful coverage of the war although the restrictions to the ground and to information had never been so high. And last but not least, it explains why journalists on television anticipated on the "clean war" paradigm : they were first to get rid of the iraqis from the political and representional scope since they had to sell a story easy to follow which meant constructing the enemy as being the sole sadam hussein
Johansson, María Lucrecia. "Communications transfrontalières à travers la presse pendant la guerre de la Triple Alliance (1864-1870) : propagande, représentations et construction d'identités dans les journaux, Paraguay et Argentine." Thesis, Rennes 2, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016REN20014.
Full textThe purpose of this thesis is to analyse, through the perspective of the Histoire croisée, the crossings or intercrossings produced by the press of the countries involved in the War of the Triple Alliance. Based on the assumption that the transnational political spaces are formed through the speeches and the practices of identifiable actors, this research focuses on how the press constituted a space of this kind, in which the warring governments participated by means of the building of networks which linked their officials with newspapers and editors; and how, in this space that operated beyond state borders, the press played a central role in the process of construction of national identities promoted by the warring governments. In a game of opposites, in which the defining negative representations of the adversary originated positive redefinitions of the self-images, we analyse the impact of these crossings on the representation of the Nation. By placing the perspective of the analysis on the crossings or journalistic intercrossings processes, we come to the conclusion that the propaganda speeches of the warring countries can be fully understood only in their mutual interaction and within the framework of a common political language
Pira, Kouassi. "L' interposition médiatique dans les pays en conflit : l'exemple de la radio onusienne dans le conflit ivoirien." Bordeaux 3, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011BOR30008.
Full textThe different sociopolitical and military crises that have hit Ivory Coast since the death of the country’s first president Félix HOUPHOUËT-BOIGNY (1905-1993) exposed the responsibility of the politicians and the media. Stuck in their connivance (media and politics), the Ivoirian press abandoned its primary role of information and anti-establishment force to interfere easily with the political arena which is itself particularly violent, full of conflicts and hatred. By producing unplanned effects which are controlled by a series of calls to hatred, division, rejection and violence, the Ivorian media spread and inoculated the infectious poison of armed conflicts. Thus, the attempt coup of September 2002 which subsequently turned into a rebellion naturally found supports in the Ivoirian media. But in search of lasting peace in Ivory Coast via its own radio station, the United Nations aimed at starting a media interposition in order to reverse the role of the media on the conflict zone. For this Institution in charge of guaranteeing the peace process it is necessary to make the mass media a major player in the broadcasting of positive thinking. This doctoral dissertation goes back over the question of peace journalism and its role in armed conflicts resolution. It allows rephrasing the question of peace journalism in Ivory Coast as follows: How is it possible to be a skilled journalist and make forget resentments, injustice, hatred, frustrationas well as fight against revenge and help the Ivorians to reconcile and get to peace? Skilled journalism, free and independent and at the same time factor of emancipation and peace is then in the centre of this research. But in this thesis, the United Nations’ radio station is not considered with euphoria and enthusiasm as it is often the case everywhere else. It is neither examined through its desired role, but rather in the light of its actual task throughout the daily management of the peace process. This approach emphasizes the way media interposition can be articulated with a military and political conflict. Seen in its worthy peace mission, the ONUCI-FM radio was the principal media of this study. The research was carried out in Ivory Coast and precisely in the parts of the country controlled by the former rebels of the Forces Nouvelles as well as the areas under control of the regime of the former president Laurent Gbagbo
Brown-Peroy, Amanda. "La franc-maçonnerie et la notion de secret dans l'Angleterre du XXe siècle : de la Seconde Guerre mondiale aux années 2000." Thesis, Bordeaux 3, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BOR30039/document.
Full textThe goals of this fraternity have always intrigued, nay disturbed, many outsiders, for reasons which were linked to the historical context of the time : religious questions have always been in the forefront of the debate on freemasonry, from the XVIIIth century until the present day, although the debate has somehow slightly shifted. However, a feeling of uncertainty remains, fuelled by the masons themselves and the very nature of the fraternity, that is to say its secret aspect, or if not secret, at least very discreet. This trend is shared between all countries and across the centuries, but is a notion the masons of every Grand Lodge try to refute, arguing that, contrary to common belief, freemasonry is not a “secret society” but a “society with secrets”. The distinction is quite slim and is often lost on the profanes, those who are not initiated, who therefore often have a negative view, or are, to say the least, wary of this organization which keeps its secrets well hidden. One cannot discuss the secret nature of freemasonry without broaching on the corollary aspect it inevitably raises, that is to say anti-masonry and conspiracy theory, which appeared as early as the XVIIIth century, and regularly rise up to the surface. We shall study different cases underlining this conspiracy theory, related by the media, especially in the second half of the XXth century. This thesis will broach several themes related to the notion of secrecy : the position of women, religion, the press and the media in general, the stakes of World War II etc
Rouquet, Camille. "Les icônes du Vietnam et leur pouvoir : mécanismes de consécration des images photojournalistiques et rhétorique de l'influence des médias depuis la guerre du Vietnam." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017USPCC278.
Full textThis dissertation focuses on those press photographs from the Vietnam war considered to be “iconic”. In recenthistory, only about 30 or 40 photographs, whether documentary, art, or fashion images, have been consecrated as“icons”, a word that denotes their capacity to symbolize or embody various concepts. Among these images, fourhave surfaced from the visual archive of the Vietnam War. These icons are photojournalistic images whose contentwas considered shocking because of their sensational and graphic nature and which have appeared consistently inthe press since the end of the war and remediated in various artistic fields. Their fame has caused thehistoriographers of the Vietnam War and the public to think of them as influential objects; they have been credited with, or blamed for, turning public opinion against the war or for causing the ultimate defeat of American forces.This dissertation examines closely the relationship between “icon” and “influence” by way of a review of thehistoriography of the media during the Vietnam War and, afterwards, through its memorialization. Even thoughthe notion of influence is refuted by some experts in very precise and well-documented case studies, it remains anintegral part of the definition of photojournalistic icons of media content today. This essay exposes in detail theunique characteristics of the Vietnam icons and their progress in the press from the 1970s to the 2000s so as toexplain how these images have become representative of the influence theory, and to what extent media discoursehas contributed to educating the public by using icons. The aim of this essay is to show that icons have truly unique compositions and are fully meta-photojournalistic objects that testify to the media’s attachment to their adaptability and familiarity. The American public is no longer the only recipient of their symbolism ; icons—from Vietnam andfrom other contexts—have now reached an international status. Consequently, in contemporary times, icons contribute to problematizing and theorizing studies in visual culture
Ehueni, Manzan Innocent. "Les accords politiques dans la résolution des conflits armés internes en Afrique." Electronic Thesis or Diss., La Rochelle, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LAROD028.
Full textSince some decades, Africa is «the most destabilized strategic area of the plane. » the issue of armed conflicts represent a real «African puzzle» as well for local actors as international ones who are involve in, with its internal characteristic contrast with the transnational consequences which result from.How to get out of this chronically in security and the civil war which permanently watch out behind curtain in order to reach sustainable development and stability in order to better limit numerous violations of human rights done in that fact?Some approaches of solution are numerous, going from military solution less respecting human lives, to the negociated solutions which call for the human genius and his intelligent, anxious to preserve human gender by «imaging» or by « inventing» Compromises signed in agreements, essentially political. Its then, precisely that African issue translated by an updated heading: agreements in the resolution of internal armed conflits in Africa. »The analysis considered in the present study will expose the conclusion of political agreements by insisting distinctly on political environment, their formation as well on the legal framework which characterizes them, on one hand. On the other hand, it seems important to examine the application of those agreements by analyzing in details the agenda in which they evoluate in order to draw up scientifically the balance sheet of the objective in order to assess the affectivity of their implementation and their effectiveness in domain of human rights protection
Ehueni, Manzan Innocent. "Les accords politiques dans la résolution des conflits armés internes en Afrique." Phd thesis, Université de La Rochelle, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00808590.
Full textDelacroix, Dorothée. "Ethnographie des mémoires de la guerre au Pérou (1980-2000) : vivants, morts et souffrants dans les communautés paysannes andines." Thesis, Toulouse 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014TOU20114.
Full textThis work examines the multidimensional nature of the memory process that took place following Peru's internal armed conflict (1980-2000). It highlights the fluidity of the status of victimhood, which varies according to the social context of enunciation and the type of discourse to which it corresponds. The perspective of human right activists regarding Andean peasants, the main victims of the war, is compared with the manners in which these people see themselves and their place in national society. The first axis of this work is an analysis of the modalities and the political, social and economic stakes involved in the collective commemorations around El Ojo que Llora (The Eye that Cries), a monument to the dead erected in Lima, and then reproduced in an Andean peasant community. The attention placed on conceptions of the individual then leads to the second section that addresses the complexity of individual experiences’ of the war and the relationship to the world of those who survived. The shift from the public sphere to an ethnography of people among themselves allows for an emphasis on the important role of everyday relationships between neighbors, and other people linked to those who died during the conflict, in the construction of memory in Apurimac peasant communities. The etiology of some illnesses, noticeably, constitutes an alternative language that allows for talk about the war and its protagonists without explicit reference to them. Thus, the living, the dead and the suffering appear as other structuring figures of this research that shifts between what is said and left unsaid
Druetz, Thomas. "La contractualisation de compagnies militaires privées dans la guerre - Retour à l'utilisation des mercenaires ou nouvelle configuration de l'exercice de la violence légitime?" Thesis, Université Laval, 2009. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2009/26779/26779.pdf.
Full textStrasman, Shapira Tal. "La presse israélienne contre le viol et le suicide entre les années 1958 et 1962." Thesis, Paris 8, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA080093/document.
Full textOn January 10th, 1960, two senior newspaper editors held a meeting in Tel Aviv. The two editors constituted a special subcommittee of the Editors Committee that had been appointed to make an unusual decision in favour of self-censorship. The decision set limits on the quantity and contents of published articles on the subjects of suicide and rape. This research examines various aspects of that decision and the conditions that enabled it to be taken, based on different aspects of the situation in Israel at the time: the mass migration, the status of the journalists and their relations with the leaders, and the prevailing laws. It is possible that the January 1960 decision, the focus of this research, evolved from the belief of the editors and policy-makers, that the press had a moral, mental, emotional and psychological effect on the newspaper consumers, in addition to its role of spreading information. This self-imposed restriction on detailed publication on the subjects of suicide and rape, may have originated from their intention to prevent psychological and criminal damage, and copycat cases. There may have been another reason for taking this decision which was that David Ben Gurion, the Prime Minister at the time, directed the editors to take it in order to prevent the exposure of the difficulties prevailing in those years. This is the first research about self-imposed censorship on the subjects of suicide and rape, and the first examination of the self-imposed censorship decision taken by the Editors Committee in January 1960. The research will show that the decision was implemented partially and for a limited time only. The analysis shows that the reduction of publications and changing the terminology following the decision had no influence on the quantity of suicides, attempted suicide cases and assaults. In both suicide and rape, the decision did not reduce the number of actual cases
Mansour, Dana. "Pour une culture de la participation des publics : les stratégies médiatiques d’Al Jazeera. Étude sémiotique des vidéos promotionnelles et du site web participatif Sharek : Al Jazeera face à la guerre de Gaza (2009) et aux révolutions arabes (2011)." Thesis, Paris 2, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PA020028/document.
Full textThe co-production of information with the Arab viewer has always been the directive editorial line that distinguished the Qatari channel Al Jazeera since its creation in 1996. Over the years, the recipe has paid off, making Al Jazeera the most watched international news channel in the Arab world. The strategic choice of the channel to make the Arab spectator, long marginalized in the media, an ally is explained by a desire for legitimacy by the emir Hamad ben Khalifa al-Thani especially after the coup against his father in 1995. Nevertheless, cutting off from the old regime imposes substantial changes. With the first political debates on Al Jazeera, the status of the Arab viewer changes dramatically. They become actors and participate with their questions and comments at the cost of a simple phone call. But at the same time, Al Jazeera becomes the enemy of the Arab regimes. Over the years, the Qatari channel won the trust of many viewers, especially during its coverage of major crises in the Arab world, like the second Intifada in 2000 and the American invasion of Iraq in 2003. Through its media coverage from the ground in hot zones, it differentiates itself from other news channels. The year of 2011 was a major turning point in the history of the channel. From day one, Al Jazeera covered the rising demonstrations in the Arab countries. The declared war of autocratic regimes against Al Jazeera does not prevent it from covering stories. Aware of the contributions of digital media, the channel gives spectators the means to participate in the creation and circulation of information. The promotional videos of Al Jazeera are a concrete example. Throuh their short form which enables them to travel from one medium to another; they become an object of media activism. As for the digital platform Sharek, it shows how the channel involves the Arab spectator in the process of spreading and archiving information
Chaib, Kinda. "Culture du martyre au Liban Sud : entre fabrication de catégories et enjeux mémoriels." Thesis, Paris 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA010589.
Full textHow can the category of « martyr » give death a meaning in a context of wars? Since the end of the 1970's in South Lebanon, the use of the word has been subject to a change. The use of a category related to « essential feelings » and which leans on a common history, turns out to be efficient to manage these-deceased of wars that martyrs are. This category allows to give death a meaning and grants a place to the deceased. A partisan marking of space and memory can be noticed. Henceforth, the martyr embodies the party. His consented sacrifice is a confirmation of exemplarity in everyday life. And these two combined elements are an illustration of the legitimacy of the movement he belongs to. A memory in construction can be witnessed in the different objects analyzed. The polysemy of the term as well as a hierarchical organization within the group of the martyrs are revealed through the partisan uses of the figure of the martyr. Strategies and local stakes are visible. Flaws appear in the construction of a unified and at times, imposed memory. Within partisan memories themselves, highly localized realities continue to operate. Logics-from before the birth of parties currently predominant on the political scene can be observed. The category of martyr is more and more used to designate youngsters, who died outside this context of wars, but who nevertheless fit to the emblematic figure of the martyr. This illustrates both the success of the process of construction observed as well as a form of dilution of this figure
Bika, Gildas. "Les logiques de survie des réfugiés de guerre : clinique de la reconstruction post-traumatique dans un pays d’asile : contributions des méthodes projectives (Rorschach et TAT)." Thesis, Lyon 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LYO20043/document.
Full textFrom a clinical subjects consisting of 15 executioners and victims, this study focuses on "survival strategies of refugees from war, "using the Rorschach and the TAT as "devices to symbolize" (Roussillon, 2003; Roman 2005; Dérivois, 2004).How do they rebuild refugees in asylum countries? At what level topical traumas would they encysted? Which coping strategies do they use? What defenses are they implemented? How trauma, the possible (re) development they are expressed on the Rorschach and the TAT? Finally, Compiling a "personality disorder" is it possible the Rorschach and the TAT? There is a link between trauma, disorders referred to identity in the country of asylum and the various methods of psychological reconstruction. The logic of survival and victimization are divided into logical victimizers; executioners and scapegoats; triumphalism and commitments; shame and guilt, wander; silence, research and creation. Somatization is another variation. The effects of trauma are often designed under the primacy of negativity. The hypothesis of trauma-engine was considered. Finally, a psychic apparatus of inter-institutional linkages have been modeled
Kandel, Maya. "Le Congrès américain et la désintégration de la Yougoslavie : de la chute du mur de Berlin aux accords de Dayton." Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2010. http://www.dawsonera.com.ezpaarse.univ-paris1.fr/abstract/9782271076915.
Full textIn the summer of 1995, American policy in Bosnia suddenly shifted course : the decision by President Clinton was due to several factors, among which the vote by Congress, led by republican leader Bob Dole, of a bill to lift the embargo, with majorities sufficient to override a presidential veto if necessary. Dole, together with other members of Congress, had been involved with Yugoslavia since 1989. To understand congressional activism and its consequences, it is necessary to study the archives of Congress from 1989 to 1995, as well as the influence of ethnic lobbying, the media and public opinion. The « Yugoslav » communities in the U. S. Started to organize in 1989 to try and influence U. S. Foreign policy, and they targeted primarily their congressional representatives. The war in Bosnia then provoked an exceptional mobilization in the U. S. In favor of the Bosnian Muslims. It gave way to a new lobby, the Action Council for Peace in the Balkans, which chose early on Congress as its primary target and the lifting of the embargo as its objective. This mobilization is inseparable from the specific character of the mediatization of the Bosnian war, itself linked to the numerous journalists on the ground in Bosnia, the comparison between ethnic cleansing and the Holocaust, and the fact that all actors hired public relations firms to promote their views. American congressmen, constantly campaigning as they are, were sensitive to all of these factors. This dissertation offers a new angle : the view from Congress on the disintegration of Yugoslavia and the war in Bosnia
Duquesne, Farah. "Le politique, le guerrier et le journaliste : Les limites de l’éthique et de la raison d’Etat dans les conflits modernes." Thesis, Lille 2, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LIL20021.
Full textIn this PhD, we have analysed the triangular relationship between the political world, the army and the media around the very sensitive and controversial issue of morale and reason of State. In a globalized society, which has seen the emergence of a universal consciousness, these three actors must indeed cooperate more and more, although they often pursue divergent goals. In the eyes of the politics, before every other consideration, the so called ‘Superior interests of the nation’ can override moral rules. Imperatives linked to defense and national security justify the existence of a legal framework contrary to common law, which allows the executive power to keep information secret from judicial and legislative powers. In the information society, war management also involvesthe media world, for which transparency should prevail. This is particularly the case since the expectations of occidental populations in terms of morale and information are very strong nowadays. At the same time, theseask for more security, which might appear as a paradox. Ensure harmony between these two fundamental rights, i.e. freedom and security, must thus constitute a priority axis in order to preserve the rule of law
Pontzeele, Sophie. "Burundi 1972/Rwanda 1994 : l' "efficacité" dramatique d'une reconstruction idéologique du passé par la presse." Phd thesis, Université des Sciences et Technologie de Lille - Lille I, 2004. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00080905.
Full textThibault, Simon, and Simon Thibault. "Les réformes des systèmes médiatiques de la Bosnie-Herzégovine et du Kosovo, et les approches des responsables internationaux chargés de les mettre en oeuvre." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/27951.
Full textThèse en cotutelle Université Laval, Québec, Canada et Université Sorbonne Nouvelle Paris – 3, Paris, France.
Durant les opérations de reconstruction qui ont eu lieu à la suite des conflits en Bosnie-Herzégovine (1992-1995) et au Kosovo (1998-1999), d’importants moyens ont été déployés par des organisations internationales pour réformer les espaces médiatiques bosnien et kosovar en vue de les dépolitiser. Ces réformes visaient notamment la création d’instances de réglementation des médias et la transformation du secteur de la radiodiffusion, qui s’avérait problématique en raison de la présence de médias relayant des discours incitant leur auditoire à la haine ethnique ou religieuse. Ces initiatives en matière de réglementation des médias et de réforme du secteur de la radiodiffusion ont nécessité des investissements considérables. Elles ont aussi généré des débats animés, qui ont révélé des divergences importantes entre les différents acteurs impliqués dans ces processus de réforme. En Bosnie, par exemple, l’élaboration de la loi relative au système de radiodiffusion publique a provoqué des échanges acrimonieux entre les responsables du Bureau du Haut Représentant et l’ambassade américaine. Au Kosovo, les initiatives de réglementation de la presse kosovare menées par l’OSCE et l’ONU ont été vivement critiquées par des ONG de défense de la presse qui les associaient à de la censure. Comment expliquer ces débats qui dévoilent différentes philosophies d’intervention en matière de réforme des médias? En procédant à une étude des théories normatives de la presse et de la littérature spécialisée, nous avons élaboré deux idéaux-types : l’« approche américaine » et l’« approche ouest-européenne ». Les caractéristiques de ces deux concepts idéal-typiques nous ont permis d’analyser les données recueillies durant notre recherche, incluant 50 entrevues, dont plusieurs avec des acteurs diplomatiques qui ont été au cœur de ces processus de réforme. Ce faisant, nous avons construit quatre propositions qui dévoilent les principales conclusions avancées dans cette thèse. Nous suggérons notamment que les approches des acteurs impliqués dans les processus de réforme des médias en Bosnie et au Kosovo peuvent être éclairées par certaines normes dominantes des environnements médiatiques aux États-Unis et en Europe de l’Ouest, ce qui permet une meilleure compréhension de leurs débats et leurs divergences.
Durant les opérations de reconstruction qui ont eu lieu à la suite des conflits en Bosnie-Herzégovine (1992-1995) et au Kosovo (1998-1999), d’importants moyens ont été déployés par des organisations internationales pour réformer les espaces médiatiques bosnien et kosovar en vue de les dépolitiser. Ces réformes visaient notamment la création d’instances de réglementation des médias et la transformation du secteur de la radiodiffusion, qui s’avérait problématique en raison de la présence de médias relayant des discours incitant leur auditoire à la haine ethnique ou religieuse. Ces initiatives en matière de réglementation des médias et de réforme du secteur de la radiodiffusion ont nécessité des investissements considérables. Elles ont aussi généré des débats animés, qui ont révélé des divergences importantes entre les différents acteurs impliqués dans ces processus de réforme. En Bosnie, par exemple, l’élaboration de la loi relative au système de radiodiffusion publique a provoqué des échanges acrimonieux entre les responsables du Bureau du Haut Représentant et l’ambassade américaine. Au Kosovo, les initiatives de réglementation de la presse kosovare menées par l’OSCE et l’ONU ont été vivement critiquées par des ONG de défense de la presse qui les associaient à de la censure. Comment expliquer ces débats qui dévoilent différentes philosophies d’intervention en matière de réforme des médias? En procédant à une étude des théories normatives de la presse et de la littérature spécialisée, nous avons élaboré deux idéaux-types : l’« approche américaine » et l’« approche ouest-européenne ». Les caractéristiques de ces deux concepts idéal-typiques nous ont permis d’analyser les données recueillies durant notre recherche, incluant 50 entrevues, dont plusieurs avec des acteurs diplomatiques qui ont été au cœur de ces processus de réforme. Ce faisant, nous avons construit quatre propositions qui dévoilent les principales conclusions avancées dans cette thèse. Nous suggérons notamment que les approches des acteurs impliqués dans les processus de réforme des médias en Bosnie et au Kosovo peuvent être éclairées par certaines normes dominantes des environnements médiatiques aux États-Unis et en Europe de l’Ouest, ce qui permet une meilleure compréhension de leurs débats et leurs divergences.
During the interventions that followed the conflicts in Bosnia and Herzegovina (1992-1995) and in Kosovo (1998-1999), important resources were engaged by international organizations to reform the Bosnian and Kosovan media space. These reforms were aimed at the depoliticization of the media environment through the establishment of media regulatory bodies and the transformation of the broadcasting sector, which had caused concern due to the presence of propagandist media that were inciting ethnic and religious hatred. Media regulatory and broadcasting reforms implemented in Bosnia and Kosovo required significant investments. Most interestingly, these reforms caused heated debates that revealed significant differences of view among the actors involved. In Bosnia, for instance, the development of a law targeting the public broadcasting system generated a sometimes acrimonious debate between the Office of the High Representative in Bosnia and the American embassy. In Kosovo, initiatives to regulate the media by the OSCE mission and the United Nations were vigorously criticized by NGOs defending freedom of the press, arguing that such measures amounted to censoring of the media. How can we explain these debates, which reveal different intervention philosophies with regards to media reforms? In light of an analysis of the normative theories of the press and of the relevant scientific literature, we have developed two ideal-types: the “American approach” and the “West-European approach”. These two concepts facilitated the analysis of the data collected during this doctoral research. The data included the information gathered from fifty interviews, many of which were conducted with policy makers and diplomats that played a key role in these reforms. The data collection and analysis, achieved through an iterative process, allowed us to develop four propositions, which reveal the main findings of this research. We suggest, among other things, that the approaches of the actors involved in the media reform processes in Bosnia and Kosovo can be explained in light of some of the media environments’ dominant norms in the United States and in Western Europe, which clarifies in turn the different perspectives of these actors and the debates that resulted.
During the interventions that followed the conflicts in Bosnia and Herzegovina (1992-1995) and in Kosovo (1998-1999), important resources were engaged by international organizations to reform the Bosnian and Kosovan media space. These reforms were aimed at the depoliticization of the media environment through the establishment of media regulatory bodies and the transformation of the broadcasting sector, which had caused concern due to the presence of propagandist media that were inciting ethnic and religious hatred. Media regulatory and broadcasting reforms implemented in Bosnia and Kosovo required significant investments. Most interestingly, these reforms caused heated debates that revealed significant differences of view among the actors involved. In Bosnia, for instance, the development of a law targeting the public broadcasting system generated a sometimes acrimonious debate between the Office of the High Representative in Bosnia and the American embassy. In Kosovo, initiatives to regulate the media by the OSCE mission and the United Nations were vigorously criticized by NGOs defending freedom of the press, arguing that such measures amounted to censoring of the media. How can we explain these debates, which reveal different intervention philosophies with regards to media reforms? In light of an analysis of the normative theories of the press and of the relevant scientific literature, we have developed two ideal-types: the “American approach” and the “West-European approach”. These two concepts facilitated the analysis of the data collected during this doctoral research. The data included the information gathered from fifty interviews, many of which were conducted with policy makers and diplomats that played a key role in these reforms. The data collection and analysis, achieved through an iterative process, allowed us to develop four propositions, which reveal the main findings of this research. We suggest, among other things, that the approaches of the actors involved in the media reform processes in Bosnia and Kosovo can be explained in light of some of the media environments’ dominant norms in the United States and in Western Europe, which clarifies in turn the different perspectives of these actors and the debates that resulted.
Sorrentino, Paul. "Áp vong - appliquer l'âme : rituels non-médiumniques de possession par les morts dans le nord du Vietnam." Thesis, Paris 5, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA05H015.
Full textIn this thesis, I question the quick development, in the years 2000 in Vietnam, of a new form of possession by the dead, called áp vong (litterally : to affix the soul). One of the specificities of these séances is that the dead are not embodied by the ritual specialist, who only plays a supervizing role, but by a client, through whom other members of the family will consult their dead relatives. After a presentation of the context of ideas and practices in which these rituals appeared (person-realted reprentations, soteriological conceptions, other practices of possession), I attempt to understand the place they take in contemporary Vietnamese society, which is characterized by a deep transformation of the relation between the living and the dead related to the trauma of war. This leads me to analyze the political aspects of this ritual innovation : the dazzling popularization of áp vong séances mainly took place in « research centers » created by Vietnamese intellectuals acting as promoters of these practices, facing a central power taken between its will to eradicate « superstitions » and its duty to take charge of the memory of the victims of the war. Finally, in order to try to understand these rituels, where those who embody the dead are not mediums, nor victims of spirit afflictions, and where one can constantly witness the making and the un-making of possession (special attention is payed to to séances that « don't work »), I build a constructivist approach aiming at reading possession around the possessed subject rather than inside him. From there, I propose to consider possession as a test (épreuve), in the sense that French pragmatic sociology gave to this notion : a negociated qualification of reality, which in this case deals with the attribution of an agency (that of a dead) to a body (that of the possessed subject)
Laroche, Loïc. "Le Monde et les États-Unis de 1944 à nos jours." Thesis, Paris 1, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PA01H023/document.
Full textThe newspaper «Le Monde» gives testimony, and is almost an actor, of the French Republic and its relations to foreign partners, the most important and influential of which is the United States of America. On one hand we will look into the image given by this country throughout « Le Monde »’s articles. We will consider how the United States are being covered, the way they relate to the rest of the world, the way their economy is valued, their level of development, the description of their society and their people, the image given by their democracy and their power. On the other hand we will watch the acquaintances between the United States and « Le Monde »’s editorial staff in a broad way, that is journalists and directors, from its foundation along the seventy following years and the various US administrations, which will show how the successive directors of the newspaper and the main journalists have had a genuine knowledge and esteem for this country. We will also learn the way America is covered through the designing of the newspaper. We will see how the editorial staff and the american authorities intermate, the way the latter greet and convey informations in an attempt to influence, openly or not, «Le Monde»’s protagonists ans beyond this, how the directors of the newspaper are inspired by the United States and the american press. Last but not least, we will look into the editorial line «Le Monde» choses to refer to the United States. Three major periods will emerge, the first one of which corresponds to Hubert Beuve-Méry’s management with a longlasting concern ever since for financial and editorial independance. His successors will try to keep on with his heritage while America is dividing the editorial staff. After the fall of the Berlin wall the new generation will modify the vision « Le Monde » had of America whereas the digital technologies start revolutionizing the media
Saint, Georges Marie-Eve. "Le traitement journalistique des crises politiques et des catastrophes naturelles : (les cas de la RdCongo et du Rwanda ; d’Haïti et du Japon)." Thesis, Paris 2, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA020007.
Full textHow does media coverage contribute to build History, when it faces Human atrocities and huge natural disasters? What keys to understanding can be found in the recollection of such events? The journalist’s position on these unstable fields is untenable. He is stuck in a permanent crisis that he can only watch as a contemporary witness. And, because records are not always held, traces are randomly available. My objective is to dissect what we may call the media spiral. Through an in-depth but nonetheless selective study of the Medias and their publics, the aim is to find keys to understanding how these major crises are turned into a new History focused on the reporter’s snapshot. Wars, genocides, earthquakes, and tsunami: this backdrop is not subject to the same media coverage depending whether we are in April 1994 or in January 2010. Questioning the approach to crises which are alike, but tear memories variously as the journalistic treatment concerns the Democratic Republic of Congo or Rwanda; decoding what is a breeding ground for ‘miserabilism’ on the one hand, and what arouses the admiration on the other hand, in the way of reporting the events which affect Haiti or Japan; trying to find out why such or such direction is favoured in the coverage of these crises in French-speaking printed press, through the study of Belgian and French titles; comprehending why the Internet rushes the choices and the race for the chaos coverage: here is the basis of this research
Kahhal, Lama. "La constitution de l'événement médiatique dans la presse en ligne américaine, irakienne et saoudienne - L'événement du retrait des troupes américaines d'Irak (2010-2011)." Thesis, Paris 3, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA030074.
Full textThis research studies the formation of the media event particularly in the electronic press, as a support that allows the interaction between journalists, politicians and readers. On one hand, we deal with the configuration of the story of the event in the electronic newspaper, by analyzing how journalists treated and narrated this event. On the other hand, we study how journalists and readers meet through the support of the electronic press which allows them to comment, discuss and delve into debates related to the emerging events. Herein, we study how the American, Iraqi and Saudi electronic press, represented in our corpus by the Los Angeles Times, the Washington Post, Almada, and Alhayat, configured the event of the American withdrawal from Iraq between 2010 and 2011. In addition, we study how the comments of the readers on these electronic newspapers have contributed to the modification or the reconfiguration of the stories told by journalists. The objective of this project is to analyze how media events are organized and formed in the electronic press, and to show how the public can also participate in shaping the media stories through the space designated for readers' comments in electronic newspapers
Carignan, Marie-Ève. "La modification des pratiques journalistiques et du contenu des nouvelles télévisées, du quotidien à la situation de crise : analyse France/Québec." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AIXM1039/document.
Full textThis thesis focuses on the news coverage during abrupt and unexpected events, due to "a very difficult situation, even dangerous, for an individual, an organization, a social body, an economic system or a country" and aims to determine in what journalistic practices and media contents in a crisis situation differ from the ordinary daily practices. The assumption on which this thesis rests is that in a crisis situation, journalistic practices will be affected by emotions, the spur of the moment and the search for exclusivity. Regarding content, there will be saturation of certain issues related to the crisis, while many daily topics will be removed and the risk of errors or inaccuracies will be exacerbated. This doctoral work follows the path of a comparison between France and Quebec, as both countries present a similar language and TV channel structure, which allows us to establish valid comparison bases. To answer the question of the research, a triple methodological strategy was adopted. First are presented the results of semi-structured interviews we made, in the form of professional life stories, with different actors from the information sector. These are followed by the results of a quantitative content analysis of television news which is based on a corpus formed of reports presented during three types of crises in France and in Quebec: "social" crisis, "natural" crises and "mixed" crises. Finally, a content analysis of 1,676 decisions from the jurisprudence of the Quebec Press Council was conducted
Jafary, Maziar. "Étude du livre de Daniel Lerner "The passing of traditional society : modernizing the Middle East" et de sa réception par la communauté scientifique." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/26883.
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