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Journal articles on the topic 'Vicariance'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 29 January 2023

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1

Kodandaramaiah, Ullasa. "Tectonic calibrations in molecular dating." Current Zoology 57, no. 1 (February 1, 2011): 116–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/czoolo/57.1.116.

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Abstract Molecular dating techniques require the use of calibrations, which are usually fossil or geological vicariance-based. Fossil calibrations have been criticised because they result only in minimum age estimates. Based on a historical biogeographic perspective, I suggest that vicariance-based calibrations are more dangerous. Almost all analytical methods in historical biogeography are strongly biased towards inferring vicariance, hence vicariance identified through such methods is unreliable. Other studies, especially of groups found on Gondwanan fragments, have simply assumed vicariance. Although it was previously believed that vicariance was the predominant mode of speciation, mounting evidence now indicates that speciation by dispersal is common, dominating vicariance in several groups. Moreover, the possibility of speciation having occurred before the said geological event cannot be precluded. Thus, geological calibrations can under- or overestimate times, whereas fossil calibrations always result in minimum estimates. Another major drawback of vicariant calibrations is the problem of circular reasoning when the resulting estimates are used to infer ages of biogeographic events. I argue that fossil-based dating is a superior alternative to vicariance, primarily because the strongest assumption in the latter, that speciation was caused by the said geological process, is more often than not the most tenuous. When authors prefer to use a combination of fossil and vicariant calibrations, one suggestion is to report results both with and without inclusion of the geological constraints. Relying solely on vicariant calibrations should be strictly avoided.

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2

Ponniah, Mark, and Jane M. Hughes. "The evolution of Queensland spiny mountain crayfish of the genus Euastacus. II. Investigating simultaneous vicariance with intraspecific genetic data." Marine and Freshwater Research 57, no. 3 (2006): 349. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf05172.

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Phylogenetic evidence suggested that the Queensland Euastacus diversified through ‘simultaneous vicariance’, where the range of a widespread ancestral Euastacus receded to tops of mountains with the Pliocene warming of the continent and subsequent isolation lead to speciation. Implicit in the simultaneous vicariance hypothesis are three postulates on ancestral history: (1) warm temperatures were effective barriers to ancestral gene flow; (2) the ancestral Euastacus had an extensive contiguous distribution; and (3) there was a single vicariant event associated with Pliocene warming. It is argued that if there was interspecific diversification due to simultaneous vicariance then, within extant species, there are three predictions on current population structure. First, lowland areas, even those connected by streams, would be barriers to contemporary dispersal. Second, there would be contemporary dispersal between catchments covered by mesic rainforests. Third, there would have been recent Pleistocene intraspecific vicariant events. The population structure of E. robertsi, E. fleckeri, E. hystricosus and E. sulcatus was investigated with mtDNA and allozymes and it was found that the intraspecific data were consistent with these predictions. Furthermore, the Euastacus underwent limited range expansions during the cooler Pleistocene glacial cycles, and it is hypothesised that during cooler glacial periods, lowlands were still effective barriers to dispersal because of increased Pleistocene aridity.

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3

Nelson, Gareth. "Hawaiian vicariance." Journal of Biogeography 33, no. 12 (December 2006): 2154–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2699.2006.01629.x.

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4

Wiley, E. O. "Vicariance Biogeography." Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 19, no. 1 (November 1988): 513–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.es.19.110188.002501.

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5

Briggs, John C. "Antitropicality and Vicariance." Systematic Zoology 36, no. 2 (June 1987): 206. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2413269.

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6

Cowman, Peter F., and David R. Bellwood. "Vicariance across major marine biogeographic barriers: temporal concordance and the relative intensity of hard versus soft barriers." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 280, no. 1768 (October 7, 2013): 20131541. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2013.1541.

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The marine tropics contain five major biogeographic regions (East Pacific, Atlantic, Indian Ocean, Indo-Australian Archipelago (IAA) and Central Pacific). These regions are separated by both hard and soft barriers. Reconstructing ancestral vicariance, we evaluate the extent of temporal concordance in vicariance events across three major barriers (Terminal Tethyan Event (TTE), Isthmus of Panama (IOP), East Pacific Barrier, EPB) and two incomplete barriers (either side of the IAA) for the Labridae, Pomacentridae and Chaetodontidae. We found a marked lack of temporal congruence within and among the three fish families in vicariance events associated with the EPB, TTE and IOP. Vicariance across hard barriers separating the Atlantic and Indo-Pacific (TTE, IOP) is temporally diffuse, with many vicariance events preceding barrier formation. In marked contrast, soft barriers either side of the IAA hotspot support tightly concordant vicariance events (2.5 Myr on Indian Ocean side; 6 Myr on Central Pacific side). Temporal concordance in vicariance points to large-scale temporally restricted gene flow during the Late Miocene and Pliocene. Despite different and often complex histories, both hard and soft barriers have comparably strong effects on the evolution of coral reef taxa.

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7

Buck, William R. "Biogeography of the Greater Antillean Mosses." Bryophyte Diversity and Evolution 2, no. 1 (June 30, 1990): 33–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/bde.2.1.3.

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The distinctions between dispersal and vicariance are discussed and shown how they relate to geological history. Postulated theories on the tectonic origins and history of the Greater Antilles are reviewed, as well as possible climatic events that would affect biogeography. Numerous zoological examples are presented to argue both dispersalist and vicariance viewpoints. It is proposed that the modern moss flora of the Greater Antilles is best explained primarily by dispersal events. Post-vicariant events, such as Pleistocene climate changes, would have extirpated the vast majority of mosses from the islands and even among those taxa that survived, disperal by the same taxa would have obscured their origins. It is assumed that many of the North American elements in the high elevations of Hispaniola are a result of invasions during the Pleistocene. The Andean elements are considered relatively recent dispersally derived taxa that have successfully colonized the Antilles because of ecologically compatible habitats.

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8

Lieberman, Bruce S., and Niles Eldredge. "Trilobite biogeography in the Middle Devonian: geological processes and analytical methods." Paleobiology 22, no. 1 (1996): 66–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s009483730001602x.

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Phylogenetic patterns of trilobite clades were used to deduce biogeographic patterns during the Middle Devonian, a time of active plate collision between North America (Laurentia) and other plates, coincident with several major episodes of sea-level rise and fall. The mapping of biogeographic states onto phylogenies for asteropyginid and proetid trilobites indicated that during their history these trilobite clades often shifted the areas they occupied, and also underwent vicariant differentiation, followed by range expansion, followed by subsequent vicariance. Biogeographic patterns in these individual phylogenies were evaluated and synthesized using a modified version of Brooks Parsimony Analysis, which is discussed. This method makes it possible using cladistic methods to distinguish between episodes of vicariance and episodes of dispersal. Two types of dispersal are recognized herein: (1) the individualistic responses of certain taxa in a single clade that cannot be generalized, i.e., traditional ad hoc dispersal, and (2) those patterns of congruent range expansion that are replicated across several clades. The latter are not treated as true dispersal, expansion of a taxon's range over a barrier accompanied by diversification, but rather as a result of the temporary removal of barriers to marine taxa, due either to relative sea-level rise or to the collision of formerly disjunct plates. These are interpreted as changes in the structure of areas, and this type of dispersal is referred to as geo-dispersal. Geo-dispersal was found to have occurred in the Middle Devonian trilobite fauna of Eastern North America.Biogeographic analysis indicated that Eastern North America is a strongly supported area, with the Appalachian and Michigan Basins as sister areas. Armorica and the Canadian Arctic are also sister areas. Congruence was found between area cladograms produced by vicariance and dispersal analyses for Middle Devonian trilobites, suggesting that in some cases the geological processes governing vicariance, such as sea-level changes, were the same as those that caused dispersal.

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9

ROGGERO, ANGELA, ROISIN STANBROOK, JEAN-FRANÇOIS JOSSO, ENRICO BARBERO, and CLAUDIA PALESTRINI. "Phylogenetic relationships of Epidrepanus within the subtribe Drepanocerina (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae: Oniticellini), with the description of two new species." Zootaxa 4320, no. 1 (September 14, 2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4320.1.1.

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Two new Drepanocerina (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae: Oniticellini) species were recently found among samples from Malawi and Kenya, and are here described as Epidrepanus nyika new species and Epidrepanus kenyensis new species. Previously, the Afrotropical genus Epidrepanus Roggero, Barbero & Palestrini, 2015 was known only for three species: Epidrepanus caelatus (Gerstaecker, 1871), E. pulvinarius (Balthasar, 1963), and E. schimperi (Janssens, 1953). Morphological features (head, pronotum, elytra, epipharynx, and hindwing) were analysed using geometric morphometrics, whose results confirmed that the two new species are closely related to the known Epidrepanus species. A combined phylogenetic approach with TNT software was used to evaluate the phylogenetic relationships within Drepanocerina, corroborating the taxonomic position of Epidrepanus as a well-differentiated taxon. The phylogenetic results were integrated with the distribution data, and then processed with dispersal-vicariance analysis using RASP (Reconstruct Ancestral State in Phylogenies), while the speciation mechanisms were highlighted using VIP (Vicariance Inference Program). Both biogeographical analyses confirmed that the central East Africa area was the ancestral area of Epidrepanus. The genus was then interested by two basal vicariant and subsequent multiple dispersal events, leading to the present-day distribution.

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10

Pariselle, Antoine, Walter A. Boeger, Jos Snoeks, Charles F. Bilong Bilong, Serge Morand, and Maarten P. M. Vanhove. "The Monogenean Parasite Fauna of Cichlids: A Potential Tool for Host Biogeography." International Journal of Evolutionary Biology 2011 (August 13, 2011): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4061/2011/471480.

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We discuss geographical distribution and phylogeny of Dactylogyridea (Monogenea) parasitizing Cichlidae to elucidate their hosts' history. Although mesoparasitic Monogenea (Enterogyrus spp.) show typical vicariant distribution, ectoparasitic representatives from different continents are not considered sister taxa, hence their distribution cannot result from vicariance alone. Because of the close host-parasite relationship, this might indicate that present-day cichlid distribution may also reflect dispersal through coastal or brackish waters. Loss of ectoparasites during transoceanic migration, followed by lateral transfer from other fish families might explain extant host-parasite associations. Because of its mesoparasitic nature, hence not subject to salinity variations of the host's environment, Enterogyrus could have survived marine migrations, intolerable for ectoparasites. Host-switches and salinity transitions may be invoked to explain the pattern revealed by a preliminary morphological phylogeny of monogenean genera from Cichlidae and other selected Monogenea genera, rendering the parasite distribution explicable under both vicariance and dispersal. Testable hypotheses are put forward in this parasitological approach to cichlid biogeography. Along with more comprehensive in-depth morphological phylogeny, comparison with molecular data, clarifying dactylogyridean evolution on different continents and from various fish families, and providing temporal information on host-parasite history, are needed to discriminate between the possible scenarios.

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11

Wildish, David J., and John H. McDonald. "Possible causes of amphi-Atlantic distribution of Orchestia gammarellus (Pallas, 1776) (Crustacea, Amphipoda, Talitridae) in the North Atlantic: a review." Zoosystematics and Evolution 99, no. 1 (January 9, 2023): 55–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zse.99.95980.

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Hypotheses concerning the modern distribution of Orchestia gammarellus (Crustacea, Amphipoda, Talitridae) and its causes in the North Atlantic are discussed. The synanthropic dispersal hypothesis of Henzler and Ingólfsson (2008) considers O. gammarellus as originating on the eastern shore of the North Atlantic and being transported by humans to Iceland and the western Atlantic shore (Newfoundland and the Maritime Provinces of Canada). The Eocene and natural dispersal hypothesis of Myers and Lowry (2020) proposes a geologically earlier origin of O. gammarellus when the west and east shores of the North Atlantic were still connected. Present day amphi-Atlantic distribution was explained by vicariance, with the vicariant event causing separation of O. gammarellus being continental drift drawing apart the west and east shores of the North Atlantic. A post-glacial natural dispersal hypothesis proposed herein, involves transport on ice floes or in driftwood from European shores to Iceland and the Atlantic Provinces of Canada. The small genetic distances amongst populations found by Henzler and Ingólfsson (2008) at the COI gene are inconsistent with the Eocene vicariance hypothesis. On evolutionary grounds, we question Myers and Lowry’s (2020) designation of the Icelandic and Canadian populations as a new species of Orchestia. Existing molecular and morphological data are insufficient to distinguish between human-aided dispersal and natural rafting.

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12

Wiley, E. O. "Parsimony Analysis and Vicariance Biogeography." Systematic Zoology 37, no. 3 (September 1988): 271. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2992373.

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13

Stott, Philip, and J. D. Sauer. "Story-Telling Vindicated, Vicariance Vanquished." Journal of Biogeography 16, no. 3 (May 1989): 299. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2845268.

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14

Wiley, E. O. "Parsimony Analysis and Vicariance Biogeography." Systematic Biology 37, no. 3 (September 1, 1988): 271–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/37.3.271.

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15

de Queiroz, Alan. "Jurassic primates, immobile ducks and other oddities: a reply to Heads’ review of The Monkey’s Voyage." Australian Systematic Botany 29, no. 6 (2016): 403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb16021.

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In The Monkey’s Voyage, I focused on the issue of disjunct distributions, and, in particular, on the burgeoning support from molecular-dating studies for long-distance dispersal over vicariance as the most reasonable explanation for many (but by no means all) distributions broken up by oceans. Michael Heads’ assessment of the book is founded on his long-standing belief, following Croizat, that long-distance dispersal is an insignificant process and, therefore, that disjunctions are virtually always attributable to vicariance. In holding to these notions, Heads offered a series of unsound arguments. In particular, to preserve an ‘all-vicariance’ perspective, he presented a distorted view of the nature of long-distance dispersal, misrepresented current applications of fossil calibrations in molecular-dating studies, ignored methodological biases in such studies that often favour vicariance hypotheses, repeatedly invoked irrelevant geological reconstructions, and, most strikingly, showed a cavalier approach to evolutionary timelines by pushing the origins of many groups back to unreasonably ancient ages. The result was a succession of implausible histories for particular taxa and areas, including the notions that the Hawaiian biota is almost entirely derived from ancient (often Mesozoic) central Pacific metapopulations, that the disjunctions of extremely mobile organisms such as ducks rarely, if ever, result from long-distance dispersal, and that primates were widespread 120 million years before their first appearance in the fossil record. In contrast to Heads’ perspective, a central message of The Monkey’s Voyage is that explanations for disjunct distributions should be evaluated on the basis of diverse kinds of evidence, without strong a priori assumptions about the relative likelihoods of long-distance dispersal and vicariance.

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16

Swenson, Ulf, J. Christopher Havran, Jérôme Munzinger, Stephen Mcloughlin, and Stephan Nylinder. "Metapopulation Vicariance, Age of Island Taxa and Dispersal: A Case Study Using the Pacific Plant Genus Planchonella (Sapotaceae)." Systematic Biology 68, no. 6 (April 23, 2019): 1020–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/syz025.

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Abstract Oceanic islands originate from volcanism or tectonic activity without connections to continental landmasses, are colonized by organisms, and eventually vanish due to erosion and subsidence. Colonization of oceanic islands occurs through long-distance dispersals (LDDs) or metapopulation vicariance, the latter resulting in lineages being older than the islands they inhabit. If metapopulation vicariance is valid, island ages cannot be reliably used to provide maximum age constraints for molecular dating. We explore the relationships between the ages of members of a widespread plant genus (Planchonella, Sapotaceae) and their host islands across the Pacific to test various assumptions of dispersal and metapopulation vicariance. We sampled three nuclear DNA markers from 156 accessions representing some 100 Sapotaceae taxa, and analyzed these in BEAST with a relaxed clock to estimate divergence times and with a phylogeographic diffusion model to estimate range expansions over time. The phylogeny was calibrated with a secondary point (the root) and fossils from New Zealand. The dated phylogeny reveals that the ages of Planchonella species are, in most cases, consistent with the ages of the islands they inhabit. Planchonella is inferred to have originated in the Sahul Shelf region, to which it back-dispersed multiple times. Fiji has been an important source for range expansion in the Pacific for the past 23 myr. Our analyses reject metapopulation vicariance in all cases tested, including between oceanic islands, evolution of an endemic Fiji–Vanuatu flora, and westward rollback vicariance between Vanuatu and the Loyalty Islands. Repeated dispersal is the only mechanism able to explain the empirical data. The longest (8900 km) identified dispersal is between Palau in the Pacific and the Seychelles in the Indian Ocean, estimated at 2.2 Ma (0.4–4.8 Ma). The first split in a Hawaiian lineage (P. sandwicensis) matches the age of Necker Island (11.0 Ma), when its ancestor diverged into two species that are distinguished by purple and yellow fruits. Subsequent establishment across the Hawaiian archipelago supports, in part, progression rule colonization. In summary, we found no explanatory power in metapopulation vicariance and conclude that Planchonella has expanded its range across the Pacific by LDD. We contend that this will be seen in many other groups when analyzed in detail.

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17

Rodriguez-Muñoz, Erika, Camilo Montes, Fernando J. M. Rojas-Runjaic, and Andrew J. Crawford. "Synthesis of geological data and comparative phylogeography of lowland tetrapods suggests recent dispersal through lowland portals crossing the Eastern Andean Cordillera." PeerJ 10 (July 13, 2022): e13186. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.13186.

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Vicariance is the simplest explanation for divergence between sister lineages separated by a potential barrier, and the northern Andes would seem to provide an ideal example of a vicariant driver of divergence. We evaluated the potential role of the uplift of the Eastern Cordillera (EC) of the Colombian Andes and the Mérida Andes (MA) of Venezuela as drivers of vicariance between lowland populations co-distributed on both flanks. We synthesized published geological data and provided a new reconstruction showing that the EC-MA grew from north to south, reaching significant heights and separating drainages and changing sediment composition by 38–33 million years ago (Ma). A few lowland passes across the EC-MA may have reached their current heights (~1,900 m a.s.l.) at 3–5 Ma. We created a comparative phylogeographic data set for 37 lineages of lowland tetrapods. Based on molecular phylogenetic analyses, most divergences between sister populations or species across the EC-MA occurred during Pliocene and the Quaternary and a few during the latest Miocene, and coalescent simulations rejected synchronous divergence for most groups. Divergence times were on average slightly but significantly more recent in homeotherms relative to poikilotherms. Because divergence ages are mostly too recent relative to the geological history and too asynchronous relative to each other, divergence across the northern Andes may be better explained by organism-environment interactions concomitant with climate oscillations during the Pleistocene, and/or dispersal across portals through the Andes.

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18

Bidaud, Samuel. "Sur la notion linguistique de vicariance." Onomázein Revista de lingüística, filología y traducción 28 (December 5, 2013): 29–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.7764/onomazein.28.12.

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19

Kato, Masahiro. "Biogeography of Ferns: Dispersal and Vicariance." Journal of Biogeography 20, no. 3 (May 1993): 265. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2845634.

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20

Bocxlaer, Ines Van, Kim Roelants, S. D. Biju, J. Nagaraju, and Franky Bossuyt. "Late Cretaceous Vicariance in Gondwanan Amphibians." PLoS ONE 1, no. 1 (December 20, 2006): e74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0000074.

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21

Ebach, Malte C., and David M. Williams. "Systematics and Biogeography: Cladistics and Vicariance." Systematic Biology 59, no. 5 (October 1, 2010): 612–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/syq050.

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22

Cracraft, Joel. "Vicariance Biogeography: Theory, Methods, and Applications." Systematic Biology 37, no. 3 (September 1, 1988): 219–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/37.3.219.

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23

Turner, H. "Sapindaceae and the biogeography of eastern Australia." Australian Systematic Botany 9, no. 2 (1996): 127. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb9960133.

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The biogeographic relations within eastern Australia and of this region to surrounding areas in New Guinea, West Malesia and the western Pacific are analysed using eight monophyletic groups of Sapindaceae. The results show that areas within eastern Australia are related (Cape York (Atherton Plateau + South East Queensland)), confirming similar results obtained by revious authors. The relationship between eastern Australia and surrounding areas is shown to be complex, involving both vicariance and dispersal events. There are at least two patterns connecting Australia to the West Pacific: an old vicariance (or dispersal) pattern involving the eastern end of the Inner Melanesian Arc and a more recent dispersal pattern via New Guinea involving the Outer Melanesian Arc. West Malesia is also probably connected to eastern Australia by numerous dispersal events via New Guinea. At least two patterns relate eastern Australia to New Guinea: an old vicariance pattern and a younger dispersal pattern from New Guinea back to Australia. These results are compared briefly with those obtained in earlier studies.

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24

Friedman, Matt, Benjamin P. Keck, Alex Dornburg, Ron I. Eytan, Christopher H. Martin, C. Darrin Hulsey, Peter C. Wainwright, and Thomas J. Near. "Molecular and fossil evidence place the origin of cichlid fishes long after Gondwanan rifting." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 280, no. 1770 (November 7, 2013): 20131733. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2013.1733.

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Cichlid fishes are a key model system in the study of adaptive radiation, speciation and evolutionary developmental biology. More than 1600 cichlid species inhabit freshwater and marginal marine environments across several southern landmasses. This distributional pattern, combined with parallels between cichlid phylogeny and sequences of Mesozoic continental rifting, has led to the widely accepted hypothesis that cichlids are an ancient group whose major biogeographic patterns arose from Gondwanan vicariance. Although the Early Cretaceous ( ca 135 Ma) divergence of living cichlids demanded by the vicariance model now represents a key calibration for teleost molecular clocks, this putative split pre-dates the oldest cichlid fossils by nearly 90 Myr. Here, we provide independent palaeontological and relaxed-molecular-clock estimates for the time of cichlid origin that collectively reject the antiquity of the group required by the Gondwanan vicariance scenario. The distribution of cichlid fossil horizons, the age of stratigraphically consistent outgroup lineages to cichlids and relaxed-clock analysis of a DNA sequence dataset consisting of 10 nuclear genes all deliver overlapping estimates for crown cichlid origin centred on the Palaeocene ( ca 65–57 Ma), substantially post-dating the tectonic fragmentation of Gondwana. Our results provide a revised macroevolutionary time scale for cichlids, imply a role for dispersal in generating the observed geographical distribution of this important model clade and add to a growing debate that questions the dominance of the vicariance paradigm of historical biogeography.

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25

Leaché, Adam D., Sarah C. Crews, and Michael J. Hickerson. "Two waves of diversification in mammals and reptiles of Baja California revealed by hierarchical Bayesian analysis." Biology Letters 3, no. 6 (August 14, 2007): 646–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2007.0368.

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Many species inhabiting the Peninsular Desert of Baja California demonstrate a phylogeographic break at the mid-peninsula, and previous researchers have attributed this shared pattern to a single vicariant event, a mid-peninsular seaway. However, previous studies have not explicitly considered the inherent stochasticity associated with the gene-tree coalescence for species preceding the time of the putative mid-peninsular divergence. We use a Bayesian analysis of a hierarchical model to test for simultaneous vicariance across co-distributed sister lineages sharing a genealogical break at the mid-peninsula. This Bayesian method is advantageous over traditional phylogenetic interpretations of biogeography because it considers the genetic variance associated with the coalescent and mutational processes, as well as the among-lineage demographic differences that affect gene-tree coalescent patterns. Mitochondrial DNA data from six small mammals and six squamate reptiles do not support the perception of a shared vicariant history among lineages exhibiting a north–south divergence at the mid-peninsula, and instead support two events differentially structuring genetic diversity in this region.

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26

Heads, Michael. "Metapopulation vicariance in the Pacific genus Coprosma (Rubiaceae) and its Gondwanan relatives." Australian Systematic Botany 30, no. 6 (2017): 422. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb16047.

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Coprosma is perhaps the most ubiquitous plant genus in New Zealand. It belongs to the tribe Anthospermeae, which is distinctive in the family Rubiaceae through its small, simple, wind-pollinated flowers and its southern hemisphere distribution. The tribe comprises four main clades found respectively in South Africa, Africa, Australia and the Pacific. The high level of allopatry among the four subtribes is attributed here to their origin by vicariance. The Pacific clade, subtribe Coprosminae, is widespread around the margins of the South Pacific and also occurs on most of the high islands. Distributions of the main clades in the subtribe are mapped here and are shown to be repeated in other groups. The distribution patterns also coincide with features of regional geology. Large-scale volcanism has persisted in the central Pacific region since at least the Jurassic. At that time, the oldest of the Pacific large igneous provinces, the Shatsky Rise, began to be erupted in the region now occupied by French Polynesia. Large-scale volcanism in the central Pacific continued through the Cretaceous and the Cenozoic. The sustained volcanism, along with details of the clade distributions, both suggest that the Coprosminae have persisted in the central Pacific by survival of metapopulations on individually ephemeral islands. It is also likely that vicariance of metapopulations has taken place, mediated by processes such as the subsidence of the Pacific seafloor by thousands of metres, and rifting of active arcs by transform faults. It is sometimes argued that a vicariance origin is unlikely for groups on young, oceanic islands that have never been connected by continuous land, but metapopulation vicariance does not require physical contact between islands.

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27

White, Brian N. "Antitropicality and Vicariance: A Reply to Briggs." Systematic Zoology 38, no. 1 (March 1989): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2992439.

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28

Colinvaux, Paul A. "A New Vicariance Model for Amazonian Endemics." Global Ecology and Biogeography Letters 7, no. 2 (March 1998): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2997812.

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29

Satabie, B. "Biosystematique et vicariance dans la flore camerounaise." Bulletin du Jardin botanique national de Belgique / Bulletin van de National Plantentuin van België 63, no. 1/2 (July 31, 1994): 125. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3668473.

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30

Toussaint, Emmanuel F. A., Martin Fikáček, and Andrew E. Z. Short. "India-Madagascar vicariance explains cascade beetle biogeography." Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 118, no. 4 (February 23, 2016): 982–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bij.12791.

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31

van der Spoel, S. "A hypothesis on Mesozoic vicariance in Hydromedusae." Journal of Plankton Research 18, no. 4 (1996): 615–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/plankt/18.4.615.

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32

White, B. N. "Antitropicality and Vicariance: A Reply to Briggs." Systematic Biology 38, no. 1 (March 1, 1989): 77–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/38.1.77.

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White, Brian N. "Vicariance biogeography of the open-ocean Pacific." Progress in Oceanography 34, no. 2-3 (January 1994): 257–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0079-6611(94)90012-4.

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34

Danielopol, D. L., P. Marmonier, A. J. Boulton, and G. Bonaduce. "World subterranean ostracod biogeography: dispersal or vicariance." Hydrobiologia 287, no. 1 (July 1994): 119–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00006901.

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Hausdorf, Bernhard, and Christian Hennig. "Does vicariance shape biotas? Biogeographical tests of the vicariance model in the north-west European land snail fauna." Journal of Biogeography 31, no. 11 (November 2004): 1751–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2699.2004.01090.x.

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Jovanovic, V., and Dragana Cvetkovic. "Implications of rbcL phylogeny for historical biogeography of genus Mercurialis L.: Estimating age and center of origin." Archives of Biological Sciences 62, no. 3 (2010): 603–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/abs1003603j.

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The aim of this study was to address questions concerning the historical biogeography of the genus Mercurialis in the subfamily Acalyphoideae. Applying a molecular clock to obtained rbcL phylogeny, we estimated the minimal age of divergence of genus Mercurialis to ~65-66 Ma, placing it at the Cretaceous/Paleogene boundary. We used ancestral area analysis and dispersal-vicariance analysis to infer the center of origin of the genus. Contrary to previous hypothesis, our results show that Mercurialis originated in Indomalaya and migrated westward, while the Mediterranean area was most probably the center of ecological diversification and further speciation. Evolutionary events of vicariance and dispersals were reconstructed in a proposed scenario of divergence of Mercurialis within Acalyphoideae. .

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SÆTHER, OLE A., and EMMANUEL ADEOYE OYEWO. "Keys, phylogenies and biogeography of Polypedilum subgenus Uresipedilum Oyewo et Saeher (Diptera, Chironomidae)." Zootaxa 1806, no. 1 (June 20, 2008): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1806.1.1.

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Keys to the males of the 48 known species of the subgenus Uresipedilum Oyewo et Sæther of Polypedilum Kieffer, and of the known pupae and larvae are presented. P. (U.) chubetudeeum Sasa et Suzuki is regarded as a synonym of P. (U.) aviceps Townes. Parsimony analyses show that the subgenus can be divided into four tentative main groups: the cultellatum group, the pedatum group, the albicorpum group, and the convictum group. Brooks parsimony analyses (BPA) and Bremer estimate was used to assess the geographic co-evolution and make comparisons with other subgenera. Dispersal via a Beringian connection between East Asia and the Nearctic Region is clear with further dispersal south to Guatemala and Peru more tenuous. There also are indications of connections between the Afrotropical region, South and East Asia, Australia and New Zealand. This may be direct dispersal by mean of floating detritus rather than Gondwanian vicariance as Polypedilum is common on several oceanic islands. The same distribution patterns are apparent in other subgenera as well as in other basal Chironomini. However, while there are no clear indication of vicariance between the Neotropical and Afrotropical regions in Uresipedilum such vicariance is evident in the subgenera Tripodura Townes and Cerobregma Oyewo et Sæther as well as in Nilothauma Kieffer.

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Riginos, Cynthia. "CRYPTIC VICARIANCE IN GULF OF CALIFORNIA FISHES PARALLELS VICARIANT PATTERNS FOUND IN BAJA CALIFORNIA MAMMALS AND REPTILES." Evolution 59, no. 12 (December 2005): 2678–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0014-3820.2005.tb00979.x.

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Riginos, Cynthia. "CRYPTIC VICARIANCE IN GULF OF CALIFORNIA FISHES PARALLELS VICARIANT PATTERNS FOUND IN BAJA CALIFORNIA MAMMALS AND REPTILES." Evolution 59, no. 12 (2005): 2678. http://dx.doi.org/10.1554/05-257.1.

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SERBINA, LILIYA, and DANIEL BURCKHARDT. "Systematics, biogeography and host-plant relationships of the Neotropical jumping plant-louse genus Russelliana (Hemiptera: Psylloidea)." Zootaxa 4266, no. 1 (May 12, 2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4266.1.1.

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The Neotropical genus Russelliana (Psyllidae: Aphalaroidinae) is revised and its phylogenetic, host-plant and biogeographical relationships are discussed. Twenty-four species are described as new, bringing the number of known species to 43. An identification key is provided for the adults. A phylogenetic analysis of 26 morphological characters resulted in 54 most parsimonious trees. The consensus tree is well resolved at the base but poorly at the crown. Most Russelliana species are monophagous or oligophagous with the exception of R. solanicola which is polyphagous. With eight plant families, the host range of Russelliana is broader than that of other aphalaroidine genera. The hosts for 29 species are confirmed, those for 12 species are suggested based on phylogenetic relationships. The species associated with Asteraceae (4 spp.) and most of the Fabaceae-feeders (12 spp.) form each a monophyletic group, those associated with Verbenaceae (5 spp.) are paraphyletic and those with Solanaceae are polyphyletic (16 spp.). The two species associated with Rosaceae are not closely related. These patterns suggest repeated host shifts. Whether there is cospeciation in some groups cannot be judged as neither psyllid nor host phylogenies are sufficiently resolved. The world psylloid fauna comprises relatively few species associated with Solanaceae. The number of 16 Russelliana species with confirmed or likely solanaceous hosts is, therefore, surprising and important in view of the potential pest status of some Russelliana spp. The genus is restricted to temperate and subtropical South America (Argentina, Bolivia, Southern Brazil, Chile, Peru and Uruguay). Most species are known from the Western Andean part of the continent. Only four species are currently known from Eastern South America. The cladogram suggests that geographical vicariance may account for at least part of the observed species richness, as five vicariant events were detected for Russelliana. A better resolution of the cladogram may reveal more cases of geographical vicariance.

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Hazzi, Nicolas A., Daniele Polotow, Antonio D. Brescovit, Ranulfo González-Obando, and Miguel Simó. "Systematics and biogeography of Spinoctenus, a new genus of wandering spider from Colombia (Ctenidae)." Invertebrate Systematics 32, no. 1 (2018): 111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/is17022.

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Among ctenid spiders, ctenines comprise the most diverse subfamily. In this study, a new genus of Cteninae, Spinoctenus, is proposed to include the type species S. yotoco, sp. nov. Ten new species are also described: S. escalerete, S. pericos, S. eberhardi, S. spinosus, S. stephaniae, S. nambi, S. florezi, S. tequendama, S. chocoensis and S. flammigerus. Results of the parsimony and Bayesian phylogenetic analyses using morphological and behavioural characters indicate the monophyly of this genus, closely related to Phoneutria Perty, 1883 and Ctenus Walckenaer, 1805. This genus can be distinguished from the remaining Ctenidae by three unambiguous synapomorphies: embolus with folded process, tegulum with median process, and RTA curved internally close to the cymbium. A dispersal-vicariance biogeographical analysis of the genus in the Andean and Chocó regions indicates the origin of Spinoctenus in the Western and Central Andean Cordilleras. From this region, three events of dispersal occurred to the other regions (one to the Chocó and two to the Eastern Cordillera), which were subsequently followed by three events of vicariance, suggesting that dispersal and vicariance were equally important in shaping the current distribution patterns of Spinoctenus species. The discovery of this new genus containing a large number of new species in the Andean and Chocó regions highlights the current poor knowledge of the Colombian biodiversity. http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:A7DA044C-8A59-4FAE-8F3B-00D3D2498820

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Grehan, John R. "Biogeographic relationships between Macaronesia and the Americas." Australian Systematic Botany 29, no. 6 (2016): 447. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb16051.

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A vicariance model is presented for the origin of Macaronesian endemics and their allopatric American relatives. Trans-Atlantic relationships are identified for 21 taxa in which an endemicMacaronesian clade either has a sister group in the New World or is part of a larger monophyletic group that includes representatives in the New World. Historical implications of this pattern are discussed in relation to current tectonic and geological models for the Central Atlantic and theMacaronesian Islands. The proposed vicariance model identifies a local origin for theMacaronesian endemics from ancestral distributions that already encompassed ancestralMacaronesia and parts of the New and Old World before formation of the Atlantic. The present-day existence of Macaronesian endemics is attributed to sequential colonisation of newly formed islands within the Atlantic from Mesozoic time.

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Vidal, Nicolas, Julie Marin, Marina Morini, Steve Donnellan, William R. Branch, Richard Thomas, Miguel Vences, Addison Wynn, Corinne Cruaud, and S. Blair Hedges. "Blindsnake evolutionary tree reveals long history on Gondwana." Biology Letters 6, no. 4 (March 31, 2010): 558–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2010.0220.

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Worm-like snakes (scolecophidians) are small, burrowing species with reduced vision. Although largely neglected in vertebrate research, knowledge of their biogeographical history is crucial for evaluating hypotheses of snake origins. We constructed a molecular dataset for scolecophidians with detailed sampling within the largest family, Typhlopidae (blindsnakes). Our results demonstrate that scolecophidians have had a long Gondwanan history, and that their initial diversification followed a vicariant event: the separation of East and West Gondwana approximately 150 Ma. We find that the earliest blindsnake lineages, representing two new families described here, were distributed on the palaeolandmass of India+Madagascar named here as Indigascar. Their later evolution out of Indigascar involved vicariance and several oceanic dispersal events, including a westward transatlantic one, unexpected for burrowing animals. The exceptional diversification of scolecophidians in the Cenozoic was probably linked to a parallel radiation of prey (ants and termites) as well as increased isolation of populations facilitated by their fossorial habits.

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LINDER, H. P. "Vicariance, climate change, anatomy and phylogeny of Restionaceae." Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 134, no. 1-2 (September 2000): 159–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.2000.tb02349.x.

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Wanntorp, Livia, and Hans-Erik Wanntorp. "The biogeography of Gunnera L.: vicariance and dispersal." Journal of Biogeography 30, no. 7 (June 24, 2003): 979–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2699.2003.00895.x.

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Domínguez, M. Cecilia, Federico A. Agrain, Gustavo E. Flores, and Sergio A. Roig-Juñent. "Vicariance events shaping Southern South American insect distributions." Zoologica Scripta 45, no. 5 (January 25, 2016): 504–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/zsc.12167.

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Krebes, L., M. Blank, K. Jürss, M. L. Zettler, and R. Bastrop. "Glacial-driven vicariance in the amphipod Gammarus duebeni." Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 54, no. 2 (February 2010): 372–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2009.07.034.

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Hembree, Daniel I. "Amphisbaenian paleobiogeography: Evidence of vicariance and geodispersal patterns." Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 235, no. 4 (June 2006): 340–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2005.11.006.

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HICKERSON, M. J., G. DOLMAN, and C. MORITZ. "Comparative phylogeographic summary statistics for testing simultaneous vicariance." Molecular Ecology 15, no. 1 (November 22, 2005): 209–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294x.2005.02718.x.

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Ledevin, Ronan, Pascale Chevret, Zeycan Helvaci, Johan R. Michaux, and Sabrina Renaud. "Bank Voles in Southern Eurasia: Vicariance and Adaptation." Journal of Mammalian Evolution 25, no. 1 (December 10, 2016): 119–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10914-016-9368-3.

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