Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Vicariance'
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Kodandaramaiah, Ullasa. "The dispersal-vicariance pendulum and butterfly biogeography /." Stockholm : Department of zoology, Stockholm university, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-29505.
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Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Stockholms universitet, 2009.At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 3: Manuscript. Paper 4: In press. Paper 5: In press. Härtill 5 uppsatser.
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Kendil, Nadia. "Le thérapeute algérien face au trauma : burnout et apprentissage vicariant." Thesis, Metz, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010METZ013L.
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Nous nous sommes proposé d’étudier la constitution d’un épuisement professionnel (burnout) chez une population de 105 thérapeutes algériens (psychiatres et psychologues) étant intervenus auprès des victimes des événements tragiques qui ont frappé l’Algérie dans les années 1990, 2001 et 2003, à savoir une vague d’attentats terroristes, l’inondation de Bab el Oued et le séisme de Boumerdès. Notre hypothèse de départ était étayée par le fait que thérapeutes et patients, relevant du même contexte psychosocial, avaient été les uns et les autres psychologiquement perturbés par ces événements et que, pour les thérapeutes, l’écoute empathique des récits d’horreur racontés par leurs patients pouvait exercer un effet de traumatisation vicariante, source de trauma secondaire et d’installation plus rapide d’un épuisement professionnel. Pour explorer l’expérience vécue de ces thérapeutes, nous leur avons fait passer un questionnaire de 28 items, précisé et complété d’une façon anonyme; et nous avons recherché chez eux d’une part l’existence d’un état de stress post-traumatique en nous référant aux critères cliniques du DSM-IV-TR, et d’autre part l’existence d’un burnout par application du Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI). Nous avons croisé nos résultats avec le sexe, l’âge, la profession et l’ancienneté dans la profession ; et aussi en opposant les deux sous-populations de thérapeutes : ceux qui avaient été directement exposés à un événement potentiellement traumatisant, et ceux qui ne l’avaient pas été. Les résultats ont montré que la presque totalité de ces thérapeutes intervenants remplit les critères A et B du DSM-IV-TR (PTSD).Cela laisse sous entendre que vivre - directement ou indirectement - un traumatisme en Algérie, quels que soient sa violence et les vécus d’horreur et d’impuissance qu’il engendre, est susceptible de faire naître ensuite des symptômes d’intrusion. Par contre, les attitudes d’évitement et les manifestations neurovégétatives (critères C et D du DSM-IV-TR) n’étaient présentes que pour certains, représentant les conséquences de leur détresse, sans constituer pour autant la totalité de cette détresse et des autres aspects éprouvants du vécu. Ces tableaux sémiologiques laissent transparaître un accomplissement personnel plus faible du thérapeute à l’égard de son travail, voire le développement en cours d’un état d’épuisement professionnel. Les réponses au questionnaire montrent aussi que l’auto insatisfaction, le désir de donner plus et la crainte de « mal faire » en temps de crise ont été au centre des préoccupations des thérapeutes algériens. Aucun des critères de sexe, de profession, d’âge et d’expérience professionnelle n’est significativement corrélé avec la vulnérabilité du thérapeute confronté à des visions d’horreur ou des images tragiques sur le terrain ; ni corrélé avec les résultats obtenus à l’inventaire de burnout de Maslach. Il en est autrement pour les éventuelles décharges émotives que les thérapeutes ont pu manifester lors de leurs interventions auprès des traumatisés ; ces décharges émotives sont plus le fait des femmes que des hommes. Par ailleurs, la vulnérabilité à l’impact du trauma trouve ses assises dans la personnalité de chacun, et dans les expériences antérieures de chaque personne. Avoir vécu directement le terrorisme, les catastrophes naturelles ou d’autres événements potentiellement traumatisants ainsi que les autres traumatismes collectifs, ne favorise pas l’épuisement émotionnel, ni l’autoévaluation négative à travers la réduction de l’accomplissement personnel dans l’intervention du thérapeute. Par ailleurs, les thérapeutes qui n’ont personnellement vécu que les catastrophes naturelles semblent avoir moins tendance à réagir par le cynisme dans leur relation au patient, ou par la déshumanisation : le fait de partager le même contexte psychosocial avec leurs semblables les inciterait à faire preuve de plus de compassion. Il semble évident que le thérapeute algérien a fait de son mieux pour offrir le meilleur de lui, au détriment de son propre vécu. Il ne s’est pas permis de « lâcher », compte tenu de son statut de soignant. Il avait aussi conscience de contribuer à la reconstruction de toute une génération, à travers l’écoute empathique et le bon geste offerts aux victimesWe decided to study the development of burnout in a group of 105 Algerian therapists (psychiatrists and psychologists) who treated victims of various tragic events that happened in Algeria during the 1990s, in 2001 and in 2003, namely several terrorist attacks, the Boumerdès earthquake, and the flood of Bab-el-Oued. Our initial hypothesis was supported by the fact that therapists and patients coming from the same psycho-social context were both affected psychologically by those events, and that for the therapists, listening empathetically to the horror stories told by their patients could create a vicarious trauma, which is a source of secondary trauma and a factor favorable to a faster occurrence of burnout.In order to investigate the experiences lived by those therapists, we presented them with a 28-question survey to be answered anonymously. We looked for the presence of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) using clinical criteria referenced in the DSM-IV-TR and the presence of a burnout according to the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI). We cross-examined our results with the sex, age, profession and seniority level and by comparing two sub-groups of therapists: those who had been directly exposed to a potentially traumatic event and those who had not. The results demonstrated that almost all the therapists met criteria A and B of the DSM-IV-TR (PTSD). This implies that experiencing – directly or indirectly – a trauma in Algeria, irrelevantly of the violence, the horror and the feelings of helplessness experienced, is likely to lead to symptoms of intrusion. On the other hand, attitudes of avoidance and neuro-vegetative manifestations (criteria C and D of the DSM-IV-TR) were only present for some, representing the result of their distress without however constituting the totality of this distress and the other trying aspects of their experience. These tables of symptoms show a weaker self-fulfillment regarding work and possibly the initial stage of burnout. The survey answers also show that self-dissatisfaction, the desire to give more, and the fear of failure in times of crisis were the main source of anxiety for the Algerian therapists.Criteria such as sex, profession, age and seniority do not correlate significantly with the vulnerability of the therapists exposed to horrific or tragic scenes in the field, nor do they correlate with the results obtained from the MBI. We cannot say the same of the possible emotional releases that the therapists may have expressed while intervening with their traumatized patients: those emotional releases are more present for women than men. In other respects, the vulnerability caused by the trauma is rooted in one’s personality and past experiences. Having directly experienced terrorism, natural catastrophes or other potentially traumatizing events as well as the other mass traumas, does not favor the burnout or the negative self-evaluation through diminished self-accomplishment during the therapists’ interventions. In other respects, therapists who have personally experienced natural catastrophes only seem to be less likely to react by dehumanizing the patient-therapist relationship; sharing the same psycho-social context with their fellow citizens would invite them to show more compassion. It seems obvious that the Algerian therapists did all they could to offer the best of themselves, at the expense of their own experience. They did not allow themselves to give up because of their practitioners’ status. They also found important to contribute to the rebuilding of an entire generation through their empathetic listening and good deeds offered to the victims
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Charvin, Heidi. "Vicariance des comportements moteurs : approche différentielle et développementale." Grenoble 2, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996GRE29007.
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La vicariance definit plusieurs processus dont dispose un meme individu et pouvant s'interchanger. Une meme tache peut etre effectuee selon differentes strategies. Cette forme particuliere de differences individuelles (intraindividuelle et interindividuelle) est mise en evidence dans le comportement moteur, a un niveau macrostructurel (differentes strategie s d'action) et a un niveau microstructurel (differentes coordibations intersegmentaires). Ce dernier point remet en question la definition de pattern moteur. Une approche developpementale permet d'identifier les contraintes situationnel les (en terme de degres de liberte et de similarites d'agffordances) comme determinantes dans l'expression de la vicarianceVicariance phenomenon is described as many processes present in the same subject and interchangeable. A same task may be executed by different strategies. These particular individual differencies (intra-subject and between subjects) are brought to the fore in motor behavior, at macrostructural stage (different motor strategies) and microstructural stage (different intersegmental coordinations). This last point questions motor pattern definition. A developmental approach allows the identification of situational constraints (degrees of freedom and affordances similarities) as determinant in vicariance expression
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Cunningham, Michael. "Vicariance, speciation and diversity in Australopapuan rainforest frogs /." [St. Lucia, Qld.], 2001. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe16280.pdf.
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Gooder, Stephen John. "A phylogenetic and vicariance analysis of some African forest mammals." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.359167.
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Marchais, Régine. "Speciation et vicariance chez les larroussius du groupe perniciosus (diptera : psychodidae)." Reims, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992REIMP202.
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Bidaud, Samuel. "La vicariance en français et dans les langues romanes : (italien, espagnol, portugais)." Thesis, Dijon, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014DIJOL008.
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Le concept linguistique de vicariance n’a jamais été délimité précisément. Le but de cette thèse est donc d’une part de définir une notion de linguistique générale, et d’autre part d’étudier les principaux mots vicariants du français, de l’italien, de l’espagnol et du portugais. Nous verrons que les mots vicariants se caractérisent par leur incomplétude, par leur sémantisme abstrait et par le fait d’être sémantiquement neutres par rapport à leur antécédent. Nous étudierons dans cette perspective le verbe faire, le que vicariant, les pronoms relatifs et interrogatifs, chose, truc, machin et bidule, les pronoms personnels de troisième personne, les pronoms y et en, les pronoms démonstratifs et tous et tout, et, à chaque fois, leurs équivalents italiens, espagnols et portugais. Notre approche se fondera essentiellement sur la psychomécanique du langage de Gustave Guillaume, qui présente l’avantage d’être une linguistique intégrale, puisqu’elle prend en compte aussi bien la langue que la transition de cette dernière au discours. La psychomécanique du langage postule que le sens correspond à un mouvement de pensée, et c’est ce mouvement de pensée que nous essaierons de reconstruire pour chacun des mots vicariants que nous avons énumérésThe linguistic concept of vicariancy has never been defined precisely. The purpose of this thesis is therefore on the one hand to determine a notion of general linguistics, and on the other hand to study the main vicariant words in French, Italian, Spanish and Portuguese. We will see that vicariant words can be characterized by their incompleteness, by their abstract semantism and by the fact of being semantically neutral with regard to their antecedent. We will study from this point of view the verb faire, the que vicariant, the relative and interrogative pronouns, chose, truc, machin and bidule, the third-person pronouns, the pronouns y and en, the demonstrative pronouns and tous and tout, and, each time, their Italian, Spanish and Portuguese equivalents. Our approach is essentially based on Gustave Guillaume’s psychomecanics of language, which has the advantage of being a complete linguistics, since it considers the langue as well as the transition from this one to the discours. The psychomecanics of language postulates that the sense can be described as a movement of thought, and we will try to reconstruct this movement of thought for each one of the vicariant words we have enumerated.The linguistic concept of vicariancy has never been defined precisely. The purpose of this thesis is therefore on the one hand to determine a notion of general linguistics, and on the other hand to study the main vicariant words in French, Italian, Spanish and Portuguese. We will see that vicariant words can be characterized by their incompleteness, by their abstract semantism and by the fact of being semantically neutral with regard to their antecedent. We will study from this point of view the verb faire, the que vicariant, the relative and interrogative pronouns, chose, truc, machin and bidule, the third-person pronouns, the pronouns y and en, the demonstrative pronouns and tous and tout, and, each time, their Italian, Spanish and Portuguese equivalents. Our approach is essentially based on Gustave Guillaume’s psychomecanics of language, which has the advantage of being a complete linguistics, since it considers the langue as well as the transition from this one to the discours. The psychomecanics of language postulates that the sense can be described as a movement of thought, and we will try to reconstruct this movement of thought for each one of the vicariant words we have enumerated
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Huhndorf, Michael H. Loew Sabine Susanne. "Phylogeography and molecular phylogenetics of East African rodents assessing the role of vicariance /." Normal, Ill. : Illinois State University, 2007. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?index=0&did=1432808091&SrchMode=2&sid=7&Fmt=2&VInst=PROD&VType=PQD&RQT=309&VName=PQD&TS=1216229896&clientId=43838.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Illinois State University, 2007.Title from title page screen, viewed on July 16, 2008. Dissertation Committee: Sabine S. Loew (chair), Angelo P. Capparella, William L. Perry, John M. Bates, Julian C. Kerbis Peterhans. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 89-99) and abstract. Also available in print.
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Fourcher, Gérard. "Phénoménologie de l'abandon." Paris 10, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA100064.
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L'abandon défini comme forme majeure de délaissement et de rejet de l'enfant par ses parents ouvre à un champ spécifique et original de reconstruction du lien social s'ordonnant autour de la seconde famille et du "travail social". La famille de suppléance et les travailleurs sociaux sont les médiateurs entre la famille originaire, incestueuse et violente-incapable de création psychique- et la quête de reconnaissance sociale dont l'État est le garant. Cette fonction de délégation effectue la mission de vicariance, qui vise à réconcilier la loi de la famille et la loi de la cité, autour de la personnalisation de l'enfant : sa visée est sublimatoire. Cette visée s'enracine dans la culpabilité et la rivalité, lesquelles laissent entre- voir leur versant mortifère et symptomatique lors de l'altération, jamais éloignée, du travail de vicariance. Mais la culpabilité et la rivalité sont en dehors du cadre transférentiel de type thérapeutique et se manifestent comme voilées: en effet, leur liaison à la parentalité de suppléance et leur insertion dans le socio-politique font écran au symptôme. Ainsi l'expérience de la vicariance se noue-t-elle à la genèse des catégories qui en ordonnent l'émergence dans le champ social et culturel ; ces catégories sont l'artificialité du lien parental et l'éducation publique. Nous avons alors affaire à une phénoménologie et pas seulement a une clinique psychopathologique. La prise de conscience collective de l'abandon et de la reconstruction du lien social se caractérise dans deux figures : la vicariance nourricière et la vicariance adoptive. S’agissant de la première, le rapport à la puissance publique intéresse bien un type d'universalité mais la sublimation qui s'y découvre laisse voir son incomplétude à travers les traits narcissiques qu'elle partage avec la perversion ; dans la seconde, l'État se dessaisit de son pouvoir et la famille va recouvrer le statut général de la famille de base. Cette analyse montre une correspondance entre un processus de socialisation et l'organisation psychologique. Cette mise au jour d'une stratification des couches de sociabilité et de leurs mutations peut contribuer à une anthropologie de certains changements culturels et à un éclairage du sens de l'action dans le domaine considéréAbandonment is viewed as a major kind of helplessness and child's rejection by parents, opening a specific and original field to rebuilding of social link. The reconstruction is centered in the second family myth and social working. Substitute family and social workers are mediators between the first family which is incestuous and violent -unable to create psychically- and the quest for a state-guaranteed social acknowledgment. Such a delegation realises a vicarious mission, the goal of which being to reconcile the family law and the city law, about a child's personalization: it is a sublimatory aim. It takes root in guilt and rivalry; but the deadly and symptomatic side of them may be perceived when vicarious action is likely to spoil. As a rule guilt and rivalry are appearing outside a therapeutic and transference settle, since they are displaying as veiled through new substitute parenthood and social organisation so as to screen their own pathologic features. Thus the matter consists of binding such an experience of vicarious action to the genesis of categories that frame and organize it in the social field. Therefore that connection deals with phenomenology and not only with clinical psychopathology. Those categories are the following: artificial parental link and public education. This collective awareness of abandonment and rebuilding of social link is typified in two shapes: firstly vicarious foster working, secondly vicarious adoptive action. The former shows a relation to state power regarding an actual kind of universality; but that sublimation most often finds out an incompleteness through its common and narcissic features with perversion. The latter reveals how the state is giving up its own power and how the adoptive family may recover the common status of basic family. So this analysis brings to light a correspondence between a process of socialization and a psychological organization. Showing sociability strata and their mutations may contribute to an anthropology of some cultural changes and enlighten the practitioner's behaviour as well as ethics
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Carre, Alain. "Vicariance et pertinence chez le sourd : saisie comparée de la musique et du langage." Rennes 2, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990REN20014.
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Le déficit sensoriel auditif conduit le sourd à des difficultés de compréhension et de communication dans un monde où dominent, avec l'image, les mots. Parmi les informations sonores dont dispose le cerveau du sourd, les mieux transmises, même en cas de déficit très grave, sont : les sons musicaux, puis la voix chantée, ensuite la voix parlée, enfin les bruits qui sont les plus difficilement perçus. En matière de langage, le cerveau de l'entendant, comme celui du sourd, s'appuie d'abord sur les éléments musicaux de la parole pour analyser toute séquence qui lui parvient : l'intonation, les accents, le rythme et le timbre, qui cons titubent les éléments prosodiques de la langue, sont en réalité des traits pertinents dans l'analyse que le cerveau fait de la matière verbale en permettant d'identifier et d'opposer les sons de la parole. La première partie présente le sourd dans tous ses états : perceptif, psychologique, linguistique. . . La seconde partie traite du son en linguistique et en musique, et des rapports analogiques de la musique et du langage. La troisième partie développe les aspects cliniques en présentant des propositions pédagogiques originales issues de la recherche et de la clinique auprès des enfants sourds. L'ensemble de la présentation est doté de documents-audiofaisant entendre notamment ce qu'un sourd perçoit,-vidéo montrant des bébés, des enfants, des adolescents et des adultes sourds en situations musicale et linguistique. Etre sourd et faire de la musique constituait un paradoxe. Le paradoxe est à présent caduqueAuditory deficiency leads to problems of understanding and communication for the deaf in a world dominated by visual images and words. Out of the range of sounds which e deaf person can perceive, those best conducted even in cases of severe deficiency, are : musical sounds, then the singing voice, the spoken voice, and finally noises which are the most difficult to perceive. As far as language is concerned, a hearing person's brain like that of the deaf, relies first of all on the musical elements of words in order to analyse any given sequence : intonation, inflection, rhythm and timbre, which make um the prosodic elements of language. These are in fact relevant features which the brain discerns when analysing verbal material, allowing it to identify and distinguish sounds from words. The first section treats all aspects of the deaf person. This includes : perceptive, psychological and linguistic aspects among others. The second section deals with sound in language and in music, and with analogies between music and language. The third section develops the clinical aspects, setting out new pedagogical proposals stemming from research and observation of deaf children. The study as a whole includes audio and video recording. -audio: to allow us to hear what the deaf can perceive video: showing deaf babies, children, adolescents and adults in musical and linguistic situations. Being deaf and practising music used to be considered parodixal
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Ikeda, Hajime. "Vicariance history and adaptive evolution in the Japanese alpine plants elucidated by phylogeographic studies." Kyoto University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/120452.
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Kyoto University (京都大学)0048
新制・課程博士
博士(人間・環境学)
甲第15486号
人博第516号
新制||人||125(附属図書館)
21||人博||516(吉田南総合図書館)
27964
京都大学大学院人間・環境学研究科相関環境学専攻
(主査)准教授 瀬戸口 浩彰, 教授 松井 正文, 教授 加藤 眞, 准教授 市岡 孝朗
学位規則第4条第1項該当
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Lee, Jared Benjamin. "Biogeography of the Livebearing Fish Poecilia gillii in Costa Rica: Are Phylogeographic Breaks Congruent with Fish Community Boundaries?" BYU ScholarsArchive, 2009. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/1768.
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One of the original goals of phylogeography was to use genetic data to identify historical events that might contribute to breaks among biotic communities. In this study, we examine the phylogeography of a common livebearing fish (Poecilia gillii) from Costa Rica. Our goal was to see if phylogeographic breaks in this species were congruent with previously-defined boundaries among four fish community provinces. We hypothesized that if abiotic factors influence both community boundaries and genetic structuring in P. gillii then we would find four monophyletic clades within our focal species that were geographically separated along community boundary lines. Similarly, we expected to find most of the genetic variation in P. gillii partitioned among these four geographic regions. We generated DNA sequence data (mitochondrial cyt b and nuclear S7 small ribosomal subunit) for 260 individuals from 42 populations distributed across Costa Rica. We analyzed these data using phylogenetic (parsimony and likelihood) and coalescent approaches to estimate phylogenetic relationships among haplotypes, patterns of gene flow, and effective population size. Contrary to our expectations, we did not find four monophyletic groups that mapped cleanly to our geographic community provinces. However, one of our clades was restricted to a single province, suggesting that common earth history events could be responsible for both genetic structuring in P. gillii and fish community composition in this area. However, our results show a complex pattern of gene flow throughout other regions in Costa Rica where genetic structuring is not governed by community province boundaries.
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Torres, Jiménez María Fernanda. "Effects of Andean geographic dynamics on the population history of Tococa-associated Azteca ants." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/33066.
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Myrmecophytic plant species form associations where the ant colony inhabits structures in the plant and offers protection against herbivory in exchange for food and shelter. Widely distributed across the tropics, myrmecophytic mutualisms are particularly diverse in the Neotropics, a region characterized by the rapid and recent uplift of the Andean mountain range. It has been suggested that the abrupt change in terrain triggered the emergence of new niches, new barriers to gene ow and speciation. Studying ant-plant associations in the Neotropics not only provides insight into how associations evolve in time but also the impact that external factors, such as geographic changes, have in the evolution of mutualisms. Because of its wide distribution on both sides of the Andes, The Tococa guianensis- Azteca system is useful to explore the effects the Andean uplift had on the evolution of mutualisms. This thesis aims to 1. Identify the ants associating with T. guianensis and the lineages of ants and plants involved in the mutualisms in different populations on both sides of the Andes, 2. generate genomic data for both ants and plants to increase sampling of loci, and 3. estimate and calibrate the species trees to compare patterns of phylogenetics and temporal congruence between ants, plants and the Andean uplift. Most ant-plant studies focus on only one partner or study both partners by using already collected data for one of them. This project is the first study inferring the evolutionary history of both partners associated at that point in time and across a large area. This thesis identifies two main Azteca lineages associated with T. guianensis, each one distributed on different sides of the Andes. It addresses the monophyly of T. guianensis (and related species) and why such monophyly cannot be confirmed. Results show how both plants and ants were geographically structured congruent with timing of a split of populations coinciding with the Andean uplift. Moreover, four plants and fifteen ant genomes were assembled and used to estimate gene and species trees. For Tococa, candidate markers were selected for future resolution of the plant's phylogeny. Different histories but similar divergence times between ants and plants suggest that the mutualism has evolved in response to geographic changes rather than through codiversication, but that the mutualism persists thanks to the availability of the host. The information generated during this study provides the basis to understand the evolution of mutualisms, the genomic features of ants and plants and opens the possibility for Tococa and Azteca to become a model system.
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Fuchs, Jérôme. "Biogéographie comparée des oiseaux forestiers de l'Ancien Monde : phylogénie et datation moléculaire." Paris 6, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA066363.
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Macé, Matthias. "Le dauphin bleu et blanc (Stenella coeruleoalba) en Méditerranée : de la vicariance à l'épisode à Morbillivirus." Toulouse 3, 2009. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/1633/.
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Le Dauphin bleu et blanc est l'espèce de Cétacé majoritaire en Méditerranée. L'espèce a subi une épizootie sévère à Morbillivirus en 1990-91 en Méditerranée uniquement. L'objectif de ce travail était d'étudier l'histoire évolutive de cette espèce en Méditerranée et d'essayer de la lier à cet épisode infectieux. Pour cela, des marqueurs mitochondriaux (séquence de la région de contrôle), microsatellites, du chromosome Y (amélogénine) et du Complexe Majeur d'Histocompatbilité (DRB) ont été étudiés. Dans un premier temps, l'analyse phylogénique de l'amélogénine comparée au sein des Cétartiodactyla a permis de montrer l'existence d'une synapomorphie (insertion) pouvant être utilisée à la fois en biologie évolutive et pour le sexage. Dans un deuxième temps, la variabilité et de la région de contrôle et des microsatellites a été étudiée par statistique fréquentiste (F-statistiques) et bayésienne :coefficients individuels de mélange - admixture coefficients, flux de gènes entre groupes, estimation des temps de coalescence des divers clades avec et sans horloge moléculaire. Il en ressort en particulier que deux groupes fortement différenciés coexistent en Méditerranée. La divergence de ces groupes est ancienne (Miocène) et pourrait être due à une divergence allopatrique dont l'événement vicariant serait l'isolement de la Méditerranée lors de la Crise de Salinité du Messinien. Finalement, le DRB a été étudié ce qui constitue une première dans cette espèce sachant que cette molécule a fait l'objet de peu de travaux chez les Cétacés. Cette étude apporte des éléments descriptifs en termes de diversité et de profils de sélection. Le DRB s'avère finalement plus variable qu'initialement décrit dans diverses espèces de Mammifères marins. Ce travail ouvre à la fois des perspectives quant aux mécanismes endogènes et exogènes permettant la coexistence sympatrique de populations/sous-espèces et en termes de médecine évolutive (susceptibilité accrue à des pathogènes). Le Dauphin bleu et blanc pourrait en conséquence s'avérer un bon modèle pour étudier les rapports entre évolution et pathologieThe Striped dolphin is the most prominent Cetacean species in the Mediterranean. This species undertook a severe Morbillivirus episode in 1990-1991 and which occured in the mediterranean only. The objective of this work was to study evolutionary history of this species in the Mediterranean and to assess whether it could correlate with the infectious episode. For that purpose, mitochondrial, microsatellites, Y chromosome (amelogenin) and MHC (DRB) markers have been studies. It a first step, phylogenetic analysis of amelogenin as considered from within Cetardiodactyla showed the existence of a synapomorphy (insertion event) that may be used for evolutionary studies and sexing purposes. In a second step, variability of mitochondrial control region sequence and some microsatellites has been assessed using frequentist and bayesian methods (F-statitics, admixture coefficients, gene flow estimations and time of coalescence). We could particularly delineate two well-defined groups coexisting within the Mediterranean. The divergence of these two groups seems old (Miocen) and could be the result of an allopatric divergence provoked by a vicariant event : the Messinian Salinity Crisis. Finally, DRB has been studied for the first time in this species. This study brings descriptive elements in terms of diversity and selection profiles. DRB seems more variable than initially described in other marine mammals species. This work opens perspectives regarding both endogenous and exogenous mechanisms allowing sympatric coexistence of populations/subspecies and in terms of evolutionary medicine (increased susceptibility to pathogens). The stripes dolphin could therefore prove to be a good model for studying interplays between, evolution and disease
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Pessoa, Rodrigo Oliveira. "Sistemática e biogeografia histórica da família Conopophagidae (Aves: Passeriformes): especiação nas florestas da América do Sul." Universidade de São Paulo, 2008. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/41/41131/tde-05032008-135953/.
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Na presente Tese foram usados métodos de inferência filogenética e de filogeografia buscando identificar os processos históricos de diversificação do gênero Conopophaga na América do Sul, em especial na Mata Atlântica. O monofiletismo do gênero e a estrutura filogeográfica das espécies distribuídas no sudeste da Mata Atlântica (Conopophaga lineata e C. melanops), foram testados utilizando seqüências de DNA mitocondrial. Para a filogenia foram utilizadas duas matrizes, sendo uma de 2270 pb (941 pb da subunidade 2 da NADH desidrogenase (ND2), 343 pb do ND3 e 986 pb do citocromo b) e outra de 878 pb (461 pb do ND2 e 417 pb do cit b). Nas análises de filogeografia de C. lineata e C. melanops foram utilizadas seqüências da região controladora de 472 pb e 439 pb, respectivamente. Os resultados demonstraram que o gênero Conopophaga é monofilético e que provavelmente uma rápida radiação ocorreu nesse gênero depois da especiação de C. melanogaster e de C. melanops. Dessa radiação, foram recuperados dois grupos: (1) Um grupo que se distribui somente na Amazônia e mantém a característica ancestral da coloração negra da mandíbula e (2) um grupo distribuindo-se na Amazônia e também na Mata Atlântica e que possui a mandíbula branca. Nesse último grupo, C. l. cearae não se agrupou com C. lineata, demonstrando que essa espécie não é uma espécie monofilética. A relação entre as espécies que apresentam a mandíbula branca parece indicar a ocorrência de uma conexão entre o leste da Amazônia e a Mata Atlântica no passado. O estudo filogeográfico de C. lineata revelou a existência de possíveis eventos de vicariância: (1) na região compreendida pelo Vale do Rio Paraíba do Sul e (2) à oeste de São Paulo e Paraná, separando as populações mais ao sul. Apesar de as inferências filogenéticas realizadas em C. melanops e C. lineata não serem totalmente concordantes, é possível que exista um padrão de vicariância nessa região. Concluindo, a ocorrência desses eventos vicariantes, tais como eventos geológicos e ciclos de alterações climáticas tenham influenciado na diversificação da família Conopophagidae. Além disso, eventos de dispersão e/ou seleção também podem auxiliar no entendimento da história biogeográfica do grupo, bem como de outros grupos na América do Sul.In order to identify the historical processes of diversification of the gender textitConopophaga in South America, especially in the Atlantic forest, methods of phylogenetic and phylogeography inference were used in the present thesis. The genus phylogeny and the phylogeographic structure of two species ( textitConopophaga lineata and textitC. melanops) which occurs in the Southeast of the Atlantic forest were tested using sequences of mithocondrial DNA. Two matrixes were used to perform the phylogenetic analyses. The first one comprising 2270 bp (941 bp of ND2, 343 bp of ND3 and 986 bp of cytochrome b) and the second one comprising of 878 bp (461 bp of ND2 and 417 bp of cytochrome b). The phylogeography analyses of textitC. lineata and textitC. melanops were done using sequences from the control region consisting of 472 bp and 439 bp, respectively. The results demonstrated that the genus textitConopophaga is monophyletic and probably after textitC. melanogaster and textitC. melanops speciation, a rapid diversification had occurred in this genus. Following this event two distinct groups were recovered: (1) a group distributed in Amazonian, which maintains the ancestral characteristic of black jaw and (2) a group possessing white jaw occurring in the Amazonian and also in the Atlantic forest. In the last group, the subspecies C. l. cearae did not grouped with textitC. lineata demonstrating that this species is not monophyletic. Moreover, the distribution pattern of species presenting white jaw indicates a plausible a connection between the east of the Amazonian and the Atlantic forest in the past. The phylogeographic study of textitC. lineata revealed the existence of possible vicariant events: (1) in the area of Vale do Rio Paraíba do Sul and (2) in the west of São Paulo and Paraná, separating the southern south populations. Although the phylogeographic structure observed in textitC. melanops and in textitC. lineata are not in total agreement, the occurrence of vicariant events still remains as a possible explanation for the phylogeographic patterns in this region. Finally, the occurrence of these vicariant events like, geological events and climatic oscilations, may have influenced the diversification of the family Conopophagidae. Moreover, dispersion events and/or selection should also be considered for the understanding of biogeographic history of this group and also other ones in South America.
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Malusa, James Rudolph. "The phylogeny and water relations of pinyon pines in relation to the vicariance biogeography of the American southwest." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/191149.
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Axelrod (1958) suggested that the late Tertiary shift in regional climate -- the elimination of summer rains -- had a profound influence on the evolution of biotic provinces in the American southwest. In particular, the taxa endemic to biotic provinces characterized by summer drought, e.g., the Mojave Desert, should be derived from ancestors that likely inhabited regions of summer rain, e.g., the Chihuahuan Desert. Further, the derived features of summer-drought taxa should be related to water stress. I examined Axelrod's thesis, using a combination of phylogenetic systematics, physiological ecology, and vicariance biogeography. The first chapter is a cladistic study of the pinyon pines, 13 taxa of small trees that range from the summer-wet regions of Mexico to the summer drought regions of Nevada and California. A parsimony analysis using twenty morphological characters showed that the most recently derived pinyons are from regions of summer drought. The "summer-drought" taxa are characterized by relatively few needles per fascicle. Because fewer needles per fascicle results in a reduction in the needle surface-to-volume ratio, Haller (1965) hypothesized that fewer needles in pines is an adaptation to reduce transpirational water loss. The second chapter reports on a two year study of the xylem pressure potentials of single- and double-needled fascicles of hybrid pinyons in central Arizona. The results showed no significant differences between single- and double-needles. I concluded that either needle morphology does not effect water relations, or that the relatively high precipitation during the study did not allow significant water stress to occur. The third chapter uses the methods of vicariance biogeography to search for a common pattern of relationship between southwestern biotic provinces, as indicated by the relationships of their endemic taxa. Using a biogeographic parsimony analysis, I compared the area cladograms of six taxa -- junipers, pinyon pines, the composite Palafoxia, hedgehog cactus, desert tortoises, and gecko lizards. The most parsimonious area cladogram supports Axelrod's (1958) hypothesis, but also shows that some taxa, notably the junipers, support other patterns of area relationships, e.g., summer-drought primitive. I suggest that there is no single pattern of area relationships because of the effects of the Pleistocene (including dispersal and extinction) and vicariance events other than the Tertiary climatic change, e.g., the separation of the Baja peninsula from mainland Mexico during the Miocene.
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Byrne, Lisa. "A Phylogenetic Assessment of Flatfish (Order Pleuronectiformes) Intrarelationships Based on Molecular Evidence." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/37609.
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The fish order Pleuronectiformes (flatfishes) include over 800 fish species, and are generally considered to be monophyletic. Phylogenetic relationships within the order remain largely unresolved, particularly for the Paralichthyidae, a very poorly defined family. In addition to the lack of consensus on intrarelationships within this order, flatfish diversification patterns are still poorly understood. Here we want to test the hypothesis that (i) a densely sampled phylogenetic tree will help to unravel the phylogenetic relationships within flatfish, and (ii) that the formation of the Isthmus of Panama has played a role in the diversification of flatfish, following their distribution in both oceans, Atlantic and Pacific. Maximum likelihood and Bayesian analyzes were performed on a dataset consisting of nine mitochondrial and nuclear loci on a set of 309 flatfish species. The heterogeneity of substitution rates, known to cause phylogenetic errors in large multigene alignments, can be corrected by data partitioning, or by using heterogeneous site models. Very few studies have compared the effects of using these approaches. We present a robust phylogenetic tree with different heterogeneous and well-supported models, and the intraordinal relationships of flatfish are discussed in light of these results. We present evidence for three new suborders within the flatfishes. The monophyletic status of most families is corroborated. The family Paralichthyidae and the family Poecilopsettidae were found to be polyphyletic. Heterogeneous models have not been able to solve the deeper relationships between flatfish. We also show that flatfish diversification occurred in a few families in at least two stages, related to distinct geological events.
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Meijaard, Erik, and emeijaard@tnc org. "Solving Mammalian Riddles." The Australian National University. Faculty of Arts, 2004. http://thesis.anu.edu.au./public/adt-ANU20050924.221423.
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Since the mid 19th century, the biogeography of island South-East Asia has been the subject of much study. Early researchers explained many of the species distribution patterns by the rise and fall of sea levels and land. This and the work of other researchers culminated in a theory that emphasized the role of Pleistocene sea level low stands in species evolution. With the advent of newly developed molecular techniques, however, it became clear that many species divergence events had taken place before the Pleistocene and a biogeographical theory focusing on Pleistocene sea level changes was inadequate. In this research, I have developed a new biogeographic model that explains present-day distribution patterns and evolutionary relationships between species. I use this new model to explain 10 ‘mammalian riddles’, i.e. evolutionary or distribution patterns in selected mammal species groups that could not be explained with the existing theories. I developed the new model by analyzing the geological literature for this region, and by mapping palaeogeographical and palaeoenvironmental changes for the last 20 million years. In addition I compiled information on the palaeontological record for the region and on divergence times between taxa using a molecular clock assumption. These phylogenetic data were compared with the palaeomaps to assess whether particular divergence events could be correlated with certain palaeogeographical or palaeoenvironmental changes. The combination of these two information sources has resulted in a much-improved understanding of mammalian evolution in island SE Asia. Using this model it is now possible to relate important palaeoenvironmental events, such as the Late Miocene cooling, an Early–Middle Pliocene highstand, or the emergence and submergence of a land bridge between the Malay Peninsula and Java to evolutionary changes in species. I test the accuracy of the new model by analysing the relationships within several mammal groups using craniometric and molecular analysis. The observed relationships and deduced timing of divergence between taxa could in many cases be explained by the model, which indicates that it is relatively accurate. In addition, with the new model I have been able to find solutions to most mammalian riddles, although these results require further testing. Overall, I therefore believe I have made a significant contribution to the biogeographical understanding of island SE Asia.
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Jones, Carissa Poole. "Phylogeography of the Livebearer Xenophallus umbratilis (Teleostei: Poeciliidae): Glacial Cycles and Sea Level Change Predict Diversification of a Freshwater Tropical Fish." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2007. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/1565.
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The biogeography of Central America is considered a classical case study in understanding the impact of vicariant events on patterns of biotic dispersal. While many biogeographers have focused on community composition and geographic limits of species at broad scales across Central America, much less work has focused on post-colonization diversification patterns at finer scales. The livebearing freshwater fish Xenophallus umbratilis presents an ideal system for determining the impact of recent earth history events on biodiversity in northern Costa Rica. Here, we test the hypothesis that marine inundation of the San Carlos and Northern Limón basins during the Miocene has caused genetic fragmentation among X. umbratilis populations, despite contemporary freshwater connections across this region. To test this idea, we collected mitochondrial (cytb) and nuclear (Xmrk-2) DNA sequence data from up to 162 individuals taken from 27 localities across northern Costa Rica. We employed a variety of analytical approaches, including: maximum parsimony (MP) and maximum likelihood (ML), analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA), nested clade phylogeographic analysis (NCPA), and demographic analysis of population size through time. We found four major clades within X. umbratilis, each geographically isolated with no shared haplotypes across drainages. Oddly, clades that occupy adjacent drainages are not always sister taxa in the phylogeny, suggesting that colonization in this species is more complex than a simple model of isolation by distance. All our results are consistent with the hypothesis that changes in sea level associated with glacial eustatic cycles have had an important effect in shaping diversification patterns in this species.
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Da, Silva Éric. "Sociabilité à l'école élémentaire et conduites interpersonnelles en situation de co-résolution de problèmes entre pairs : une approche différentielle des interactions sociocognitives entre enfants." Paris 5, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000PA05H034.
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Ce travail se situe dans le prolongement des recherches qui ont souligné l'importance des interactions entre enfants dans le développement cognitif il examine des propositions récentes concernant l'existence de prérequis sociaux à une activité collaborative efficace. Précisément, il s'est agi d'étudier la relation entre certaines habiletés de fonctionnement social à l'égard des pairs et les conduites interpersonnelles observées au cours d'une résolution de problèmes en interaction. L’originalité de la démarche est d'avoir confronté les connaissances issues de deux courants de recherches de la psychologie développementale : le courant de psychologie sociale génétique et l'approche sociométrique des interactions entre pairs. Nous attendions que des dyades composées d'enfants sociables d'une part, et d'enfants peu sociables d'autre part, développent des modes interpersonnels de résolution différents, vicariants, et conformes au fonctionnement social des sujets rassembles. Deux études complémentaires ont examiné l'activité de sujets en interaction libre (expérience 1) et tutorielle (expérience 2). Les résultats indiquent que le contrôle conjoint de cette activité est mieux mis en œuvre par les partenaires sociables, compares aux pairs peu sociables. Chez ces derniers, lorsque la consigne adressée aux sujets ne spécifie pas les rôles et les statuts respectifs, on enregistre des tentatives de contrôle personnel de la résolution, au moyen de conduites agonistiques significatives. En prenant en compte certaines caractéristiques personnelles des participants, l'ensemble du travail vise à justifier la pertinence d'une approche différentielle des interactions sociocognitives entre enfants, en complément des perspectives généralistes disponibles.
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Censullo, Shaolin Meliora. "Did Alternating Dispersal and Vicariance Contribute to Increased Biodiversification During the Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event?: A Phylogenetic Test Using Brachiopods." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1586947231228706.
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Douglas, M. R., M. A. Davis, M. Amarello, J. J. Smith, G. W. Schuett, H. W. Herrmann, A. T. Holycross, and M. E. Douglas. "Anthropogenic impacts drive niche and conservation metrics of a cryptic rattlesnake on the Colorado Plateau of western North America." ROYAL SOC, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/617208.
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Ecosystems transition quickly in the Anthropocene, whereas biodiversity adapts more slowly. Here we simulated a shifting woodland ecosystem on the Colorado Plateau of western North America by using as its proxy over space and time the fundamental niche of the Arizona black rattlesnake (Crotalus cerberus). We found an expansive (= end-of-Pleistocene) range that contracted sharply (= present), but is blocked topographically by Grand Canyon/Colorado River as it shifts predictably northwestward under moderate climate change (= 2080). Vulnerability to contemporary wildfire was quantified from available records, with forested area reduced more than 27% over 13 years. Both 'ecosystem metrics' underscore how climate and wildfire are rapidly converting the Plateau ecosystem into novel habitat. To gauge potential effects on C. cerberus, we derived a series of relevant 'conservation metrics' (i.e. genetic variability, dispersal capacity, effective population size) by sequencing 118 individuals across 846 bp of mitochondrial (mt)DNA-ATPase8/6. We identified five significantly different clades (net sequence divergence = 2.2%) isolated by drainage/topography, with low dispersal (F-ST = 0.82) and small sizes (2N(ef) = 5.2). Our compiled metrics (i.e. small-populations, topographic-isolation, low-dispersal versus conserved-niche, vulnerable-ecosystem, dispersal barriers) underscore the susceptibility of this woodland specialist to a climate and wildfire tandem. We offer adaptive management scenarios that may counterbalance these metrics and avoid the extirpation of this and other highly specialized, relictual woodland clades.
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Mulcahy, Daniel G. "Historical Biogeography of North American Nightsnakes and Their Relationships Among the Dipsadines: Evidence For Vicariance Associated With Miocene Formations of Northwestern Mexico." DigitalCommons@USU, 2006. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/2107.
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I used a Hierarchical approach to study historical biogeography in a group of colubrid snakes found in western North America. I combined small regions of mtDNA sequence data from a large number of individuals, with complete mt-genomic data. First, I investigated the relationships among leptodeirines-a presumed subgroup of dipsadines includeng nightsnakes (Pseudoleptodeira, Eridiphas, and Hypsiglena) - using ~1.5 Kb of data (cob and nad4). The relationships differed among parsimony, likelihood, and bayesian analyses. All analyses supported the monophyly of the nightsnakes; however, none supported the monophyly of the leptodeirines. Instead, these data supported a new hypothesis that the dipsadines were ancestrally rear-fanged and preyed on small vertabrates (frogs and lizards), such as the nightsnakes, while the more derived lineages have modified anterior maxillary dentition and prey strictly on invertabrates.
Secondly, using an evolutionary species concept, I test species-subspecies boundaries in the wide-ranging hypsiglena, which has over 17 forms described, by collecting ~800 bp of sequence data (nad4 and tRNA) from ~ 175 individuals. Six major clades, concordant with geography, were recognized as species: Chihuahuan Destert (H. jani); central-western Mexico (H. torquata); upland Jalisco (H. Affinis); central California-Cape of Baja ("Coast," H. ochrorhyncha); Sonoran, Mojave, and Great Basin deserts ("Desert" H. chlorophaea), and an undescribed form from the Sonoran-Chihuahuan desert transition zone ("cochise"). The relationships among the major clades were not well resolved.
Lastly, I collected complete mt-genome sequence data from 15 individuals including Eridiphas, Pseudoleptodeira, each of the major clades of Hypsiglena, and Sibon and Imantodes. All combined genomic-level analyses contained overwhelming support for a single phylogeny. These data, in conjunction with the phylogeographic data, supported my hypothesis that vicariance associated with the Miocene seperation of the Cape of Baja from mainland Mexico formed the Baja endemic Eridiphas, followed by subsequent range expansion and dispersal of Hypsiglena onto the northern portion of the peninsula and an even later vicariance event associated with the northern inundation of the gulf of California during the Pliocene. Hysiglena later dispersed down the Baja California Peninsula, coming into secondary contact with Eridiphas, forming a ring-like distribution around the Gulf of California.
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Chassouant, Nathalie. "Perturbation des référentiels d'orientation spatiale et effets d'inclinaison corporelle : vers une nouvelle analyse des causes de l'effet-Aubert." Université Pierre Mendès France (Grenoble ; 1990-2015), 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994GRE29038.
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Ces travaux proposent une nouvelle approche a un phenomene deja ancien. L'effet-aubert. On nomme ainsi la tendance qu'ont des personnes inclinees a basculer la verticala subjective en direction de leur inclinaison corporelle. La litterature montre qu'aucune des hypotheses proposees quant a l'origine de ce phenomene n'est a meme d'en expliquer tous les aspects. Dans le cadre theorique de la vicariance des processus perceptifs en jeu dans l'orientation spatiale, une nouvelle hypothese est proposee considerant l'effet-aubert comme le temoin d'un processus de substitution interreferentiels. L'apparition de l'effetaubert serait due a l'abandon des references d'orientation exocentrees, biaisees ou inexistantes, au profit de l'axe egocentre (axe z). Differentes experiences ont ete realisees mettant en jeu des perturbations visuelles combinees ou non a des perturbations gravito-inertielles. Le repli sur l'axe corporel est objective par une inclinaison cephalique inferieure a celle declenchant habituellement un effet-aubert. Trois resultats principaux se font jour. Premierement une perturbation gravito-inertielle est a meme de declencher un effet-aubert en l'absence de references visuelles d'orientation, pour des degres d'inclinaisons ou il n'est pas cense apparaitre. Deuxiemement cet effet est tres attenue et peut meme disparaitre en presence de references visuelles pertinentes. Enfin, une perturbation visuelle suffit a declencher un effet-aubert qui se trouve amplifie encore par la presence d'une perturbation gravtoinertielle. Ces recherches permettent de conclure que la perturbation de l'un des deux principaux referentiels exocentres impliques dans l'orientation spatiale incite les individus a abandonner ce systeme de reference au profit de leur axe corporel. Ce fait peut etre considere comme le temoin d'un processus de substitution interreferentiels, ce qui laisse penser que l'effet-aubert pourrait bien etre un phenomene psychologique de centration sur l'axe z declenche par l'abandon de referentiels biaisesThese works propose a new approach to an old phenomenom : the aubert-effect, wich is the tendancy for tilted people to adjust the subjective vertical in direction of their body axis. A study of the litterature shows that none of the explan to this phenomenom can really explain it in totality. Based on the vicarious processes theory a new hypothesis is propos considering the aubert-effect as a exemple of a proces of substitution between the orientation references. The aubert-ef should result of the abandon of biased or inexistant exocentred orientation references, for the body axis (z). Three experiences have been realized utilising visual and or gravito-inertial biases. Withdrawal on the postural axis is objectived by a head tilt less important that the one which habitually trigger an aubert-effect. Three main results appe first a gravito-inertial bias can release an aubert-effect even for degres of tilt where this effect couldn't appears. S this effect is very attenuated and could even disapeared vhen visual cues are present and non-biased. Third, a visual bi enough for trigger the aubert-effect which is increased by a gravito-inertial bias. These studies allow to conclude that the perturbation of one of the two principal references implied in spatial orientat incite people to abandon this reference system to their body axis. This could be considered as an evidence for a referen substitution process, and allow to consider the aubert-effect as a psychological phenomenom of z axis centring trigger b the abandon of perturbated references
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Trama, Giuliana. "Lecture et lexique : intercompréhension et L2." Thesis, Paris 10, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PA100148.
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Cette recherche aborde lecture et lexique en L1 et en L2, les difficultés de compréhension dans la didactique des langues étrangères en relation avec l’intercompréhension (I.C.) entre langues parentes. Les études sur la lecture en L2 ont montré que la maîtrise en L1 n’implique pas automatiquement la transmission des stratégies de la L1 à la L2. A partir de l’observation de l’atelier d’I.C. avec la méthode EuRom5-Lire et comprendre cinq langues romanes : português, español, català, italiano, français (2011) nous nous sommes demandés : Comment aider les apprenants à surmonter les difficultés de compréhension ? Quelle est la fonction de la transparence lexicale, des faux amis et de l’inférence en L2 et en I.C.? La transposition (qui est une sorte de traduction orale en L1 des articles) et le think aloud (l’apprenant dit ce qu’il pense à voix haute) nous ont montré de quelle manière résoudre des blocages lexicaux. De l’analyse des enregistrements audio et vidéo de l’atelier, des questionnaires pré et post lecture et des réflexions métalinguistiques ressort que si les apprenants suivent les phases d’une méthodologie de lecture qui les éloigne du décodage mot à mot, ils exploitent les stratégies du bon lecteur en L1 (esquive de la difficulté, saisie globale, inférence, contexte) tout en lisant en L2, L3, L4, L5. Pour résoudre les difficultés lexicales, ils se servent, entre autres, de la transparence lexicale, de la segmentation des mots, des combinaisons lexicales et du code phonologique. En conclusion nous avons identifié quelles pratiques de l’I.C. sont à retenir pour mieux accompagner les apprenants dans la compréhension écrite en L2This thesis analyses reading and vocabulary in L1 and L2, the difficulties of comprehension in foreign languages didactic in relation to intercomprehension (I.C.) among languages of the same origin. Studies on second language reading show that skills in first language don’t involve automatically transmission of strategies from first to second language. From the observation of the workshop of I.C. with the textbook EuRom5-Lire et comprendre cinq langues romanes: português, español, català, italiano, français (2011), we asked ourselves : “How can we help learners to overcome the difficulties of comprehension? Which is the function of : interlinguistic transparency, false friends, and inference in second language and in I.C.? Transposition (a sort of translation in the first language of articles) and think aloud (learner say what he thinks aloud) showed us how to solve lexical blocks. In analysing audio and video recordings of the workshop, some questionnaires pre and post reading and some metalinguistic remarks, it comes out that if learners follow the phases of a methodology of reading that gets away from decoding word by word, they exploit strategies of good reader in first language (dodging difficulties, global data acquisition, inference, context) while reading in L2, L3, L4 and L5. To solve lexical difficulties, they use, among others interlinguistic transparency, segmentation of words, lexical combinations, and phonological code. In conclusion we identified the practices of I.C. which can be held to support better readers in second language comprehension
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Gelang, Magnus. "Babblers, Biogeography and Bayesian Reasoning." Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Zoologiska institutionen, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-71321.
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In this thesis, I try to proceed one step further towards an understanding of the biogeographic processes forming the distribution patterns of organisms that we see today. Babblers and warblers are diverse groups of passerines that are phylogenetically intermixed with other groups in the superfamily Sylvioidea. First, the gross phylogeny of the babblers and associated groups was estimated. Five major lineages of a well-supported monophyletic babbler radiation were recovered, and we proposed a new classification at family and subfamily level. Further, the genus Pnoepyga was excluded from Timaliidae, and we proposed the new family Pnoepygidae fam. nov. Second, the systematic position was investigated for the Albertine Rift taxon Hemitesia neumanni, which was found to be nested within the almost entirely Asian family Cettidae, and possible biogeographical scenarios were discussed. We concluded that the most plausible explanation involved late Miocene vicariance in combination with local extinctions. Third, the historical biogeography of a Leiothrichinae subclade, the Turdoides babblers and allies, was inferred. We concluded that the Middle East region probably played an important role in the early history of this clade, followed by local extinctions in this region. Fourth, a Bayesian method to reconstruct the historical biogeography under an event-based model was proposed, where the total biogeographic histories are sampled from its posterior probability distribution using Markov chains. In conclusion, I believe that, especially with more sophisticated methods available, we will see an increasing number of studies inferring biogeographic histories that lead to distribution patterns built up by a combination of dispersals and vicariance, but where these distributions have been extensively reshaped, or litterally demolished, by local extinctions. Therefore, my answer to the frequently asked question dispersal or vicariance? is both, but not the least: extinctions.At the time of the doctoral defence the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows; Papers 3 and 4: Manuscripts
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Smith, Ashley D. "Intraspecific Phylogeography of Graptemys ouachitensis." Ohio : Ohio University, 2008. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ohiou1213565776.
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Plouviez, Sophie. "Phylogéographie comparée des espèces hydrothermales de la dorsale du Pacifique oriental." Paris 6, 2009. http://hal.upmc.fr/tel-01110563v1.
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L’histoire démographique des espèces hydrothermales profondes et leurs échanges génétiques le long de la dorsale du Pacifique oriental ont été analysés en combinant des approches classiques d’analyses de fréquences alléliques entre populations avec des méthodes d’analyse plus récentes basées sur la théorie de la coalescence. Une approche de phylogéographie comparée sur sept espèces (un bivalve, trois gastéropodes, trois polychètes), réalisée sur le gène mitochondrial Cytochrome Oxydase I, a permis de révéler une barrière aux flux de gènes, commune à toutes les espèces entre le Nord et le Sud EPR datant d’environ 1,3 Ma et probablement liée à la formation de failles transformantes entre 0°-7°25’N. Cette séparation de faune s’est accompagnée d’une expansion démographique généralisée plus récente (< 0,5 Ma) au Sud. Une approche multi-locus a ensuite été effectuée sur trois taxons cibles aux traits d’histoire de vie contrastés : le polychète A. Pompejana, le bivalve B. Thermophilus et le gastéropode L. Elevatus (comprenant deux espèces cryptiques). Cette approche a permis de confirmer les résultats obtenus par l’approche multi-spécifique. L’hybridation entre lignées divergentes, détectée chez ces trois taxons, suggère une semi-perméabilité de la barrière aux flux de gènes. L’étendue de la zone de contact secondaire dépend du taxon considéré selon ses traits d’histoire de vie, et des forces de sélection agissant au locus considéré. Les patrons de distributions phylogéographique et biogéographique mis en évidence sur les espèces et les communautés s’accordent pour séparer la dorsale du Pacifique oriental en deux provinces biogéographiques différentes de part et d’autre de l’Equateur
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Maguire, Kaitlin Clare. "Paleobiogeography of Miocene to Pliocene Equinae of North America a phylogenetic biogeographic and niche modeling approach /." Ohio : Ohio University, 2008. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ohiou1212778747.
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Nguembock, Billy. "Etude phylogénétique et biogéographique de l'avifaune forestière des montagnes de l'Ouest du Cameroun." Paris 6, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA066492.
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Plusieurs hypothèses de l’origine des taxons camerounais ainsi que de leur distribution ont été formulées sur la base de la systématique traditionnelle. Ces données font état principalement de quatre grandes situations biogéographiques des passereaux des montagnes de l’Ouest du Cameroun. Toutefois, les relations phylogénétiques de ces passereaux ainsi que leur répartition dans divers lieux n’ont pas encore fait l’objet d’analyses phylogénétique et biogéographique indispensables à toute tentative d’interprétation historique de leur origine ainsi que de leur distribution. Afin d’examiner ces questions, plusieurs marqueurs des génomes mitochondrial (ATPase 6, ND2 et ND3) et nucléaire (intron 2 de la myoglobine, intron 5 du β-fibrinogène, intron 5 de la Transforming Growth Factor-β2, intron 15 de la Brahma Protein et c-mos. ) des taxons de sept familles de passereaux de l’avifaune forestière de ces montagnes ont été séquencés et les séquences ont été soumises aux différentes méthodes d’analyse phylogénétique (MP, ML et BI), aux méthodes classiques d’analyse populationnelle ainsi qu’aux méthodes de datations moléculaires relâchant l’hypothèse d’horloge. Les analyses phylogénétiques effectuées ont ainsi permis de résoudre ou de clarifier les relations phylogénétiques de plusieurs passereaux de ces montagnes particulièrement celles des taxons endémiques (Urolais epichlora, Poliolais lopezi, Laniarius atroflavus, Cyanomitra oritis, Arizelocichla montanus) ; elles ont même dans certains cas donné lieu à de nouvelles classifications. Par ailleurs, il ressort des analyses populationnelles et de datations moléculaires que la relation étroite entre l’avifaune de ces montagnes avec celle des montagnes du bloc est africain n’est pas due à une simple distribution aléatoire mais elle est bien la résultante d’une évolution historique. Ainsi, l’examen de plusieurs taxons sédentaires partagés entre ces montagnes (Linurgus olivaceus, Cyanomitra et Elminia) suggère que la vicariance demeure l’hypothèse principale dans la répartition de ces avifaunes. La vicariance se situe principalement à la période Tertiaire car les éruptions volcaniques dans l’écorégion de l’« Albertine Rift Montane Forests » ne commencent pas avant le Miocène supérieur (12 Ma) et le volcanisme ayant aussi affecté le principal bloc forestier Guinéo congolais ne débute pas avant le Néogène. Les temps de divergence obtenus pour ces cas étudiés suggèrent que le volcanisme serait le principal facteur de vicariance au sein de ces montagnes. D’autre part, les événements géologiques ayant séparé ces blocs créent les conditions d’un isolement reproducteur qui a suscité dans le cas des populations de Linurgus olivaceus une nouvelle classification mais ces événements font aussi de ces montagnes des « centres de spéciation ».
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Boutin, Claude. "Biogéographie historique des crustacés malacostracés stygobies du Maroc." Lyon 1, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993LYO10183.
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L'origine et l'histoire evolutive de 11 familles de crustaces malacostraces stygobies dulcaquicoles du maroc sont reconstituees dans le cadre de la biogeographie historique, discipline qui utilise la phylogenie et la distribution des especes et la geologie historique. Les relations phylogenetiques revelees par l'analyse cladistique sont presentees pour les amphipodes metacrangonyctides et pseudoniphargides, et les isopodes cirolanides et microparasellides. Dix des 11 groupes ont une origine marine. Le modele biphase de colonisation et d'evolution permet de comprendre les etapes de leur entree dans les eaux souterraines, ainsi que leur evolution par vicariance lors des regressions marines. A differentes echelles du temps et de l'espace, divers evenements geologiques ont pu determiner la multiplication des lignees et des especes par vicariance: regressions marines mesozoiques et cenozoiques pour les groupes thalassoides, tectonique des plaques separant les ancetres africains et americains (amphipodes hadzioides, syncarides, thermosbaenaces), orogenese atlasique ou rifaine et creusement des vallees qui ont conduit aux especes endemiques actuelles. Les especes aux caracteres plesiomorphes les plus nombreux proviennent des regressions les plus anciennes et vice versa. La congruence entre l'histoire evolutive et biogeographique des metacrangonyctidae et des cirolanidae constitue un test de fiabilite de nos hypotheses. L'evolution est plus rapide dans le milieu interstitiel littoral que dans le milieu interstitiel continental. Pendant une meme periode l'evolution est plus rapide dans certains groupes (bogidiellidae) que dans d'autres (monodellidae). Les malacostraces stygobies dont l'histoire biogeographique est connue peuvent servir aux geologues, comme marqueurs de paleorivages, ou comme temoins permettant de dater l'emission d'une ile ou d'une region continentale
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Zurita, Julio. "Styles cognitifs et processus d'acquisition des connaissances spatiales dans des environnements cartographiques : encodage et traitement de l'information en mémoire de travail, construction des représentations et des référentiels au cours de la localisation et l'orientation spatiale." Montpellier 3, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002MON30040.
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Le style cognitif (stratégies globale vs analytique) des sujets est influencé par les performances de traitement de l'information phonologique et de l'information visuo-spatiale (MT). Il en est de même pour la construction des représentations spatiales, autant sur l'apprentissage d'un parcours sur un plan complexe que sur un plan simple indicé. Dès que certains indices (sémantiques et iconiques) sur ces plans sont supprimés, ces différences de traitement de l'information spatiale sont homogènes quelle que soit la stratégie des sujets. C'est ce qui permet d'en conclure que la différence de performance ne résulte pas uniquement du mode d'appréhension perceptif caractérisant le style cognitif des sujets, car elle dépend aussi de la complexité et de la nature des informations à traiter. Par ailleurs, ce traitement serait aussi influencé par la charge mentale occasionnée par le nombre d'information des plans, ainsi que par le phénomène de vicariance mis en évidence entre stratégiesThe cognitive style (global vs analytical strategies) of the subjects is influenced by the performances of phonological data processing and visuo-spatial information (WM). The same is true of construction of spatial representations in route processing on both complex and simple indication levels. As soon as certain indices (semantic and iconic) are removed from these routes, the differences in spatial data processing are homogeneous whatever the strategy adopted by the subjects. It is thus possible to conclude that the difference in performance does not result solely from the perceptive mode of acquisition characterizing the cognitive style of the subjects, but also depends on the complexity and nature of the information to be processed. In addition, processing would be influenced by the mental load caused by the amount of information contained in the maps, as well as by the phenomenon of vicariance observed between strategies
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Vidal, Junior João de Deus. "Biogeografia do gênero Rauvolfia L. (Apocynaceae, Rauvolfioideae)." Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2014. https://repositorio.ufscar.br/handle/ufscar/8355.
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Rauvolfia L. is a pantropical genus with 70 species distributed throughout America, Africa and Asia, also being present in several remote islands like Hawaii and French Polynesia. Although having an estimated age of 34 million years, the genus has a wide distribution as a result of its remarkable dispersal capacity, given its distribution associated with water bodies and the fact that its fruits are a food source for many bird species, placing Rauvolfia as a highly interesting group for biogeographical studies. Based on this, we produced distribution maps for the 70 species of the genus from occurrence data obtained from herbarium sheets and revision articles, which were digitalized and georeferenced. Species with similar distribution patterns were grouped and their maps were produced and compared with maps of topography and hydrography. We analyzed this distribution together with the most recent phylogenetic hypothesis for the group to infer the distribution of ancestral nodes and to identify barriers in the distribution among sister groups. The phylogeny used was based on chloroplast markers, while divergence timing was estimated by molecular clock, calculated for the whole tribe Vinceae Duby in a parallel study. Softwares S-DIVA and VIP were used for biogeographical reconstructions, which were interpreted within the context of current biogeographical hypotheses. The genus Rauvolfia is mainly limited by climatic and geographic factors. Moreover, while some vicariance episodes were identified, much of the patterns observed for Rauvolfia present distribution were attributed to long-distance dispersal events, reinforcing the role of dispersal in current discussions about angiosperm biogeography.
Rauvolfia L. é um gênero pantropical, composto por 70 espécies distribuídas ao longo de América, África e Ásia, além de estar presente em diversas ilhas remotas como Havaí e Polinésia Francesa. Apesar de possuir uma idade estimada em 34 milhões de anos, o gênero apresenta uma distribuição ampla resultante de uma notável capacidade de dispersão, atribuída a sua distribuição associada a corpos d’água e ao fato de seus frutos serem uma fonte de alimentos para muitas espécies de pássaros, situando Rauvolfia como um grupo altamente interessante para estudos biogeográficos. Partindo deste princípio, nós produzimos mapas de distribuição para as 70 espécies do gênero a partir de dados de ocorrência obtidos de etiquetas de pranchas de herbários e de trabalhos de revisão, que foram digitalizados e georreferenciados. As espécies com padrões similares de distribuição foram agrupadas e seus mapas foram produzidos e comparados com mapas de relevo e hidrografia. Analisou-se então esta distribuição em conjunto com a mais recente hipótese filogenética para o grupo para se inferir a distribuição dos ramos ancestrais e localizar barreiras na distribuição de táxons irmãos. A filogenia utilizada foi baseada em marcadores cloroplastidiais, enquanto a datação foi estimada através de relógio molecular, inferida para toda a tribo Vinceae Duby em um estudo paralelo. Foram utilizados os softwares S-DIVA e VIP para as reconstruções biogeográficas, que foram interpretadas dentro do contexto de hipóteses biogeográficas atuais. O gênero Rauvolfia se apresentou delimitado principalmente por fatores climáticos e geográficos. Além disso, apesar da identificação de alguns episódios de vicariância, grande parte dos padrões observados para a distribuição atual de Rauvolfia foi atribuído a eventos de dispersão a longas distâncias, reforçando o papel desses eventos nas atuais discussões sobre biogeografia de Angiospermas.
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Benabid, Myriam. "Les modes informels d’apprentissage numérique : le cas des travailleurs du savoir." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PSLED010/document.
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Cette thèse examine une réalité managériale où le développement des apprenants est opérationnel et autosuffisant grâce à des modes informels d'apprentissage numérique renforcés par un monde interconnecté croissant. Nous proposons d’analyser cette réalité auprès de ceux qui ont pour fonction de créer, diffuser ou vendre des connaissances : les travailleurs du savoir.Notre cadre théorique s’appuie sur les travaux de Bandura (1962) autour de l’apprentissage vicariant, qui se construit à partir et avec les autres. L’analyse fait émerger quatre pratiques que nous qualifions d’« anthropocentrées ». Nous expliquons les conditions d’un tel apprentissage en mobilisant le prisme de l’apprenance, suggérant des facteurs de recours. Enfin, nous interrogeons le lien entre pratiques et facteurs afin de mettre en évidence des modes informels d’apprentissage numériques. Nous mettons en avant quatre modes évoquant les célèbres personnages de Goscinny et Uderzo, les modes :Astérix, consistant à mobiliser toutes les ressources nécessaires pour répondre à une ambition précise ;Idéfix, illustre pour l’apprenant une mise à jour réactive afin s’ajuster aux évolutions ;Obélix, est mis en œuvre pour répondre efficacement au bon besoin, au bon moment ;Panoramix, révèle les créations et diffusions de contenus.Notre travail enrichi les modèles existants de l’apprentissage vicariant et de l’apprenance, au sein de leur spécificité numérique. L’identification de ces quatre modes par les organisations s’associe d’un accompagnement adéquatThis doctoral work examines the learning experience as an operational and self-sufficient development through informal paths of digital learning reinforced by an increasing interconnected world. We purpose an analysis with those whose function is to create, disseminate or sell knowledge : the knowledge workers.Our theoretical framework is inspired by Bandura (1962), which provides a reading grid of vicarious learning, i.e. learning from others. First, our analysis identifies four informal learning practices that we describe as "anthropocentric". Second, we explain the conditions of such learning by mobilizing the prism of “apprenance” which allows us to identify the factors favoring the use of these practices .Finally, we question the link between practices and factors in order to highlight informal modes of digital learning. We put forward four paths evoking the famous characters of Goscinny and Uderzo :Asterix mobilizes all the necessary resources to meet a specific ambition ;Idéfix updates his knowledge in reaction to changes ;Obelix responds effectively to the right need, at the right time ;Panoramix, reveals the creation and the diffusion of contents.Our work enriches and refines existing models of vicarious learning and “apprenance” with the specificity of the symbolic world.This distinction of four paths allows organizations to better distinguish learner profiles among collaborators as well as the appropriate support methods in their learning
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Gouia, Mouna. "Proposition d’une approche d’apprentissage de la foule au sein des plateformes Crowdsourcing (Cas d’une plateforme de Backlinks)." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AIXM4349.
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Cette thèse se situe dans un axe novateur de recherches en ingénierie et en management des systèmes d’information, elle articule à la fois les aspects de quatre domaines de recherche issus de l’Informatique, des Sciences des Systèmes d’information et des Sciences Humaines et des aspects pratiques liées aux entreprises du Web 2.0. Le «Crowdsourcing», comme son nom l’indique, désigne l’approvisionnement par la foule; Les études et les recherches sur cette thèse se font rares mais celles qui existent confirment l’intérêt managérial des plateformes de Crowdsourcing, grâce à leur rôle incontestable dans la création de valeur. Néanmoins, la foule est composée de groupe d’amateurs hétérogènes, c’est pour cela qu’elle représente aussi une source d’incompétence. Dans ce cadre, notre hypothèse opérationnelle pose que l’apprentissage de la foule stimule la création de valeur dans les plateformes Crowdsourcing. Ainsi, notre travail est, principalement organisé autour de la conception et l’élaboration d’un outil pour l’apprentissage de la foule au sein des plateformes de Crowdsourcing. Ce travail est de nature complexe et relève à la fois d’un travail de recherche et d’une pratique d’ingénierie. C’est pour cela que nous optons pour une démarche constructiviste exploratoire de type qualitative moyennant la méthode de recherche ingénierique qui vise à définir et à concevoir une approche d’apprentissage adaptée aux plateformes de Crowdsourcing et à l’implémenter par la suite au sein d’une plateforme Crowdsourcing de test spécialisée dans les Backlinks. Des expérimentations basées sur des entretiens semi-directifs viendront, à la fin de ce travail, confirmer ou infirmer nos hypothèsesThis thesis is situated in an innovative line of research in engineering and management information systems, it articulates both the aspects of four disciplines of research in the Computer Science, Information Systems, Human Sciences and practical aspects related to Web 2.0 companies. The "Crowdsourcing" as its name suggests, refers to the sourcing by the crowd, studies and research on this topic are infrequent but those that exist confirm the managerial interest of Crowdsourcing platforms, thanks to their undeniable role in value creation. Nevertheless, the crowd is composed of heterogeneous group of amateurs that is why it is also a source of incompetence. Our operating hypothesis posits that learning the crowd stimulates the creation of value in the Crowdsourcing platforms. Thus, our work is mainly organized around the design and development of a tool for learning the crowd in Crowdsourcing platforms. This work is complex and involves both a research work and practical engineering. That is why we choose an exploratory qualitative constructivist approach and an ingénierique research method to define and develop a suitable approach of learning adapted to the Crowdsourcing platforms and implement it thereafter within our test Crowdsourcing platform specializes in Backlinking. Experiments based on semi-structured interviews will, confirm or deny our hypotheses
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Stelbrink, Björn. "A biogeographic view on Southeast Asia's history." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Lebenswissenschaftliche Fakultät, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/17094.
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Das tropische Südostasien, und besonders der Indo-Australische Archipel, ist bekannt für seine bemerkenswerte floristische und faunistische Diversität, besonders konzentriert in vier der identifizierten Biodiversitäts-Hotspots (Indochina, Sundaland, die Philippinen und Wallacea). In dieser Arbeit wird die biogeographische Geschichte Südostasiens beleuchtet, um Regionen mit einer erhöhten Biodiversität zu identifizieren und zu testen, ob dies mit Diversifikationen innerhalb der Region und Einwanderungen und/oder Auswanderungen korreliert und ob sich diese Faktoren über die Zeit hinweg ausgleichen. Ein besonderer Augenmerk wird auf Sulawesi und seine besondere Fauna gelegt, um zu testen, ob ein Ursprung durch Vikarianz für verschiedene Tiergruppen plausibel erscheint und wann Diversifikationen innerhalb der Fisch- und Schnecken-Radiationen im Malili-Seensystem begannen. Dabei wird auf Meta-Analysen und mehrere Disziplinen zurückgegriffen für eine integrative biogeographische Geschichte Südoastasiens und seiner Fauna, indem molekulare Uhr-Analysen, Berechnungen zur Ermittlung des Ursprungsortes mit tektonischen, paläogeographischen und klimatischen Rekonstruktionen verbunden werden, um potentielle Ursachen für die heutige Verbreitung zu finden.Tropical Southeast Asia, and particularly the Indo-Australian Archipelago, is known for its tremendous floral and faunal biodiversity, mainly accumulated in four of the world’s biodiversity hotspots identified (Indochina, Sundaland, the Philippines, and Wallacea). Here, Southeast Asia’s biogeographic history is examined to identify areas being characterized by high levels of biodiversity (number of lineages, species richness) through time and to test whether the respective biota is mainly due to in situ diversification, immigration and/or emigration, or equilibrium dynamics. Moreover, this thesis focuses particularly on Sulawesi and its peculiar fauna to test if a vicariant origin appears plausible for certain groups and when the remarkable fish and snail radiations found in the Malili Lakes system started to diversify. To achieve this, meta-analytical and multi-disciplinary approaches are considered for an integrative historical biogeographic history of Southeast Asia and its biota by using molecular clock analyses and ancestral area estimations together with tectonic, palaeogeographic and climatic reconstructions to reveal potential causes for present-day distribution.
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Bosone, Lucia. "La persuasion par expérience vicariante : modélisation expérimentale de l'influence des messages de promotion de la santé." Thesis, Lyon 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LYO20042/document.
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L’objectif de cette thèse est d’explorer les effets persuasifs de la formulation des communications de santé et les processus psychologiques qui les sous-tendent sur l’intention de suivre une recommandation de santé. Ainsi, nous nous proposons d’expliquer les raisons de l’influence persuasive de la présentation d’un individu modèle dans des campagnes de promotion de la santé. Nous avons mené 9 études expérimentales (1221 participants au total) dont les résultats mettent en exergue des schémas d’explication de l’impact de l’exposition à un individu modèle en tant que stratégie sociale de motivation. Nos données défendent la thèse selon laquelle les individus modèles positifs ou négatifs activent une orientation motivationnelle respectivement en promotion ou en prévention, qui fait varier l’effet du cadrage d’un message de santé : un modèle est plus motivant lorsqu’il est cohérent avec l’orientation motivationnelle cadrée dans un message. Un Autrui positif engendre une hausse de l’intention des individus à suivre une recommandation de santé dès lors qu’elle est préconisée avec un message cadré en promotion, se focalisant sur l’accomplissement. A contrario, un Autrui négatif engendre une hausse de l’intention des individus lorsque le comportement cible est recommandé avec un message cadré en prévention, se focalisant sur la protection. Nous définissons ce phénomène cohérence motivationnelle par individu modèle, et nous expliquons ses effets à l’aide de deux modèles causaux. Le premier modèle démontre que l’effet de la cohérence motivationnelle sur l’intention de suivre une recommandation de prévention (i.e. adopter une alimentation équilibrée) est médiatisé par les dimensions d’efficacité et d’auto-efficacité comportementale. Le deuxième modèle, expliquant l’effet de la cohérence motivationnelle sur l’intention de suivre une recommandation de dépistage (i.e. faire le test de dépistage du cholestérol), démontre que cet effet est médiatisé par les dimensions d’auto-efficacité comportementale et d’auto-efficacité de la gestion des conséquences. En se positionnant dans le cadre des recherches sur l’influence sociale et la persuasion, cette thèse apporte des réflexions théoriques concernant le rôle de l’exposition à un Autrui en tant que force motivationnelle, et ainsi la régulation sociale du fonctionnement cognitif amenant les personnes à s’engager dans des comportements d’amélioration de la santéThe goal of the present research is to explore the persuasive effect of the framing of health communications on the intention to follow the promoted recommendation, and to understand the psychological processes underlying such effects. More precisely, we aim to explain the persuasive effect of presenting a role model in health-promotional campaigns. We carried out 9 experimental studies (for a total of 1221 participants), which led to an explanatory model of the impact of exposure to role models as a social source of motivation. Our findings show that positive or negative role models temporarily prime the individuals’ regulatory focus on respectively promotion or prevention, altering the effects of message framing: a role model is more motivating when it fits the regulatory framing of the message. A positive role model, which primes a promotion focus, increases individuals’ intention to engage in health behaviours when these are recommended by a promotion-framed message focusing on accomplishment. Correspondingly, a negative model, which primes a prevention focus, motivates individuals when the health behaviours are recommended in a prevention-framed message focusing on safety. We name this phenomenon regulatory fit by vicarious experience, and we explain its effects by validating two causal models. We show that the effect of regulatory fit by vicarious experience on the intention to engage in a preventive behaviour (i.e. a healthy diet) is mediated by the perceived response-efficacy and behavioural self-efficacy (first causal model). On the other hand, its effect on the intention to engage in a detection behaviour (i.e. a cholesterol screening) is mediated by the perceived behavioural self-efficacy and coping self-efficacy (second causal model). Rooted in the field of social influence and persuasion, the present research offers theoretical and innovative insights into the role of exposure to a role model as a motivational force, as well as the social regulation of the cognitive processes leading individuals to engage in health behaviours
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Lowden, Pamela. "The vicariate of solidarity : moral opposition to authoritarian rule in Chile 1973-1990." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.359580.
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Krosch, Matthew Neil. "Evolutionary biology of Gondwanan non-biting midges (Diptera: Chironomidae)." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2010. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/41749/1/Matthew_Krosch_Thesis.pdf.
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The potential restriction to effective dispersal and gene flow caused by habitat fragmentation can apply to multiple levels of evolutionary scale; from the fragmentation of ancient supercontinents driving diversification and speciation on disjunct landmasses, to the isolation of proximate populations as a result of their inability to cross intervening unsuitable habitat. Investigating the role of habitat fragmentation in driving diversity within and among taxa can thus include inferences of phylogenetic relationships among taxa, assessments of intraspecific phylogeographic structure and analyses of gene flow among neighbouring populations. The proposed Gondwanan clade within the chironomid (non-biting midge) subfamily Orthocladiinae (Diptera: Chironomidae) represents a model system for investigating the role that population fragmentation and isolation has played at different evolutionary scales. A pilot study by Krosch et al (2009) indentified several highly divergent lineages restricted to ancient rainforest refugia and limited gene flow among proximate sites within a refuge for one member of this clade, Echinocladius martini Cranston. This study provided a framework for investigating the evolutionary history of this taxon and its relatives more thoroughly. Populations of E. martini were sampled in the Paluma bioregion of northeast Queensland to investigate patterns of fine-scale within- and among-stream dispersal and gene flow within a refuge more rigorously. Data was incorporated from Krosch et al (2009) and additional sites were sampled up- and downstream of the original sites. Analyses of genetic structure revealed strong natal site fidelity and high genetic structure among geographically proximate streams. Little evidence was found for regular headwater exchange among upstream sites, but there was distinct evidence for rare adult flight among sites on separate stream reaches. Overall, however, the distribution of shared haplotypes implied that both larval and adult dispersal was largely limited to the natal stream channel. Patterns of regional phylogeographic structure were examined in two related austral orthoclad taxa – Naonella forsythi Boothroyd from New Zealand and Ferringtonia patagonica Sæther and Andersen from southern South America – to provide a comparison with patterns revealed in their close relative E. martini. Both taxa inhabit tectonically active areas of the southern hemisphere that have also experienced several glaciation events throughout the Plio-Pleistocene that are thought to have affected population structure dramatically in many taxa. Four highly divergent lineages estimated to have diverged since the late Miocene were revealed in each taxon, mirroring patterns in E. martini; however, there was no evidence for local geographical endemism, implying substantial range expansion post-diversification. The differences in pattern evident among the three related taxa were suggested to have been influenced by variation in the responses of closed forest habitat to climatic fluctuations during interglacial periods across the three landmasses. Phylogeographic structure in E. martini was resolved at a continental scale by expanding upon the sampling design of Krosch et al (2009) to encompass populations in southeast Queensland, New South Wales and Victoria. Patterns of phylogeographic structure were consistent with expectations and several previously unrecognised lineages were revealed from central- and southern Australia that were geographically endemic to closed forest refugia. Estimated divergence times were congruent with the timing of Plio-Pleistocene rainforest contractions across the east coast of Australia. This suggested that dispersal and gene flow of E. martini among isolated refugia was highly restricted and that this taxon was susceptible to the impacts of habitat change. Broader phylogenetic relationships among taxa considered to be members of this Gondwanan orthoclad group were resolved in order to test expected patterns of evolutionary affinities across the austral continents. The inferred phylogeny and estimated divergence times did not accord with expected patterns based on the geological sequence of break-up of the Gondwanan supercontinent and implied instead several transoceanic dispersal events post-vicariance. Difficulties in appropriate taxonomic sampling and accurate calibration of molecular phylogenies notwithstanding, the sampling regime implemented in the current study has been the most intensive yet performed for austral members of the Orthocladiinae and unsurprisingly has revealed both novel taxa and phylogenetic relationships within and among described genera. Several novel associations between life stages are made here for both described and previously unknown taxa. Investigating evolutionary relationships within and among members of this clade of proposed Gondwanan orthoclad taxa has demonstrated that a complex interaction between historical population fragmentation and dispersal at several levels of evolutionary scale has been important in driving diversification in this group. While interruptions to migration, colonisation and gene flow driven by population fragmentation have clearly contributed to the development and maintenance of much of the diversity present in this group, long-distance dispersal has also played a role in influencing diversification of continental biotas and facilitating gene flow among disjunct populations.
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Robert, Mylène. "Impact du travail psychothérapeutique auprès de personnes traumatisées : Exploration de la réalité des psychologues québécois." Thèse, Université de Sherbrooke, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/5908.
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Les psychologues travaillant avec une clientèle qui a vécu des traumatismes sont susceptibles d’expérimenter de la fatigue de compassion (FC) associée à leur travail thérapeutique, mais peuvent également en tirer des aspects positifs tels que la satisfaction de compassion (SC) et la croissance post-traumatique vicariante (CPTV). L’ensemble de ces phénomènes est très peu exploré chez la population spécifique des psychologues, particulièrement au Québec. De plus, certains facteurs tels que le genre du psychologue ou le type de traumatisme traité semblent avoir une influence sur le développement de la FC, de la SC et de la CPTV, mais l’influence de ces variables a reçu peu de validation empirique dans l’étude de ces phénomènes. La présente étude exploratoire visait donc à évaluer les niveaux de FC, de SC et de CPTV chez les psychologues québécois travaillant avec des personnes traumatisées et à vérifier la variation de ces niveaux en fonction de variables indépendantes telles que le genre du psychologue, son âge, ses années d'expérience, son niveau de formation, le recours à la supervision, la proportion de patients traumatisés, le type de traumatisme traité, l'histoire traumatique personnelle du psychologue, l’orientation professionnelle ainsi que la formation spécifique au traitement du trauma. Un questionnaire sociodémographique, le Professionnal Quality of Life (ProQOL-V) ainsi que le Posttraumatic Growth Inventory (PTGI) ont été administrés à 54 psychologues québécois travaillant avec des personnes traumatisées afin de mesurer le niveau de FC, de SC et de CPTV. Les associations entre les variables indépendantes et la FC, la SC et la CPTV ont été mesurées par des tests t, des ANOVA ainsi que des analyses de régression. Les niveaux de FC et de SC chez les psychologues québécois de l’échantillon sont comparables aux études recensées auprès de psychologues d’autres populations, alors que le niveau de CPTV se situe légèrement en dessous du niveau recensé dans une étude comparable. Les facteurs importants qui sont associés à des niveaux plus élevés de CPTV sont la présence d’une histoire traumatique personnelle, le travail dans le réseau public (versus en cabinet privé) ainsi que le fait de ne pas avoir reçu de formation spécifique au traitement du trouble de stress post-traumatique. Quant à la SC, les facteurs importants qui sont associés à un niveau plus élevé sont un âge plus élevé, plus d’années d’expérience, moins de patients traités pour un trauma relié à la maladie et moins d’heures de supervision par mois. Finalement, une seule variable est clairement identifiée comme significative pour la modulation de la FC, soit le taux de patients traumatisés traités par le psychologue. Cependant, la faible puissance statistique résultant du petit échantillon laisse présager que d’autres variables pourraient être significativement en lien avec les niveaux de CPTV, de SC et de FC, mais cela ne pourra être confirmé ou infirmé que par des recherches futures menées auprès d’un échantillon plus large. Des recommandations au niveau de la prévention, de la sensibilisation et de la psychoéducation peuvent être tirées de cette recherche.
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Zalila, Selma. "Étude de l'influence de la publicité écologique sur les attitudes à travers la théorie de l'apprentissage vicariant." Paris 1, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA010031.
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Nos travaux portent sur un sujet encore peu étudié en marketing s'inscrivant dans le cadre des théories de la persuasion publicitaire: l'apprentissage vicariant. Nous abordons la question selon une approche pionnière visant à expliquer ce domaine d'étude. Nous avons entrepris de l'étudier dans le cadre de la communication écologique se rapportant au problème de la micropollution. Nos travaux comportent une approche empirique mettant en oeuvre des expérimentations sur échantillons d'individus. Ils portent sur les thèmes d'étude suivants constituant le corps de la recherche : - étude de la position occupée par la théorie de l'apprentissage vicariant au sein du cadre conceptuel des théories de la persuasion publicitaire; - définition des différents types de messages publicitaires écologiques selon le paradigme de persuasion qu'ils mettent en oeuvre; - étude de l'influence des publicités écologiques sur les attitudes: comparaison de l'efficacité des publicités visuelles vicariantes versus celle des publicités verbales explicatives, et étude de leur complémentarité différée; - identification des profils sociodémographiques et des profils de la personnalité (locus of control) des différents groupes de sensibilité écologique; - essai de modélisation du processus de l'apprentissage vicariant intégrant les causes (stimuli publicitaires), les variables médiatrices (attentes) et les différents facteurs d'influence (caractéristiques personnelles) des réactions (attitudes) du consommateur face à la publicité écologique. Nous tentons ainsi de clarifier la cohérence qui lie l'ensemble de ces variables dans une approche globale et intégrative. Les résultats de nos travaux suggèrent l'importance que revêt l'apprentissage vicariant en tant que source efficace de persuasion publicitaire, notamment en matière écologique. Ils devraient encourager le développement de recherches futures portant sur ce sujetOur work deals with a subject that has received little attention in the past in marketing and is part of the theories of persuasion: vicarious learning. We take a pioneering approach whose aim is to shed light on this original field of study. We have resolved to investigate it in the framework of ecological communication referring to micropollution problem. Our study includes an empirical approach and relies on experimentation. Our research proceeds in several phases and investigates the following main topics: - study of vicarious learning theory position in the conceptual framework of the theories of ad persuasion; - definition of the different ecological ad messages types according to the paradigm of persuasion they operate; - study of the effect of ecological ads on attitudes: comparison of the effectiveness of visual vicarious ads versus verbal explanatory ads, and study of their delayed complementary effect; - identification of the sociodemographic and personality (locus of control) profiles of the different groups of ecological concern; - modelling attempt of the vicarious learning process integrating the advertising stimuli, the mediating variables (expectations) and the factors (personal characteristics) that influence the consumer and determine his reactions (attitudes) to the ecological advertising. We attempt thereby to shed light on the interrelationship between these variables as part of a global, integrated approach. Our preliminary findings highlight the importance of vicarious learning as an efficient source of commercial persuasion, particularly in the ecological field; this should, in turn, encourage further research on this subject which remains, to some extent, unexplored in marketing
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Barros, Lucas Caetano de. "Diferenciação vicariante recente de Oligosarcus argenteus Günther, 1864 e Oligosarcus solitarius Menezes, 1987 nas bacias dos rios Doce e São Francisco, Minas Gerais, Brasil." Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 2012. http://locus.ufv.br/handle/123456789/2260.
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Previous issue date: 2012-04-27The Rio Doce Basin is a coastal drainage isolated from the São Francisco Basin by the Serra do Espinhaço Mountains. Of this basin s 77 known native species, 37 are considered endangered with one of them, Oligosarcus solitarius Menezes 1978, being the only species endemic to the Quaternary lakes. Its sister species, Oligosarcus argenteus Günther, 1864, occurs in the same basin but is restricted to the main channel and tributaries headwaters. The present work aims to determine the specific status of Oligosarcus in the Doce River Basin and included 21 populations from the Doce River Basin and one from the upper Das Velhas River in the São Francisco Basin. This study used morphological, cytogenetic and molecular techniques. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) indicated three groups of populations: one restricted to the headwaters of the Das Velhas River, a second that occurs in the main channel of the headwaters of the Doce River, and a third occurring in the Quaternary lakes. Cytogenetic data (conventional stain, Ag-NOR and C-banding, fluorochromes, FISH, and microsatellite markings) partially corroborated the hypothesis of two groups geographically corresponding to the locals of occurrence of O. solitarius and O. argenteus in the Rio Doce Basin, but also indicated high levels of chromosomal differentiation within each group. The chromosomal variation was similar to that observed in other species of this genus. Molecular data confirmed that the speciation of the two species was recent. Considered together, the data confirmed the occurrence of differentiated but closely related populations in the Quaternary lake system and the existence of two more species in the headwaters of the Das Velhas and Doce Rivers, suggesting the need to re-evaluate the material type collected by Günther in 1861. Considering that the highest degree of chromosomal variation in O. solitarius occurred in the last 14,000 - 3,365 years, we concluded that these sister species present the highest rate of chromosomal evolution in Neotropical fish.
A bacia do rio Doce é uma drenagem costeira e está isolada da bacia do São Francisco pela Serra do Espinhaço. Das 77 espécies nativas conhecidas para a bacia, 37 são consideradas ameaçadas de extinção, sendo Oligosarcus solitarius Menezes 1978 a única espécie endêmica neste sistema de lagoas quaternárias. Sua espécie-irmã, O. argenteus Günther, 1864, ocorre na mesma bacia, mas é restrita à calha e às cabeceiras de tributários. O presente trabalho visa a determinação do status específico das populações de Oligosarcus, a partir da análise de 21 populações da bacia do rio Doce e uma população de Oligosarcus da cabeceira do rio Das Velhas, na bacia do rio São Francisco. A abordagem incluiu o uso de técnicas morfológicas, citogenéticas e moleculares. A análise de componente principal (PCA) indicou a existência de três grupos de populações: a restrita à cabeceira do rio Das Velhas, a que ocorre na calha e cabeceiras do rio Doce e as populações das lagoas quaternárias. Os dados citogenéticos (coloração convencional, Ag-NOR, bandamento C, fluorocromos e FISH e marcador de microssatélite) corroboraram parcialmente a hipótese da existência de dois grandes grupos que correspondem geograficamente aos locais de ocorrência de O. solitarius e O. argenteus na bacia do rio Doce, mas indicaram também altos níveis de diferenciação cromossômica dentro de cada grupo. Os padrões de variação cromossômica assemelharam-se aos indicados para outras espécies do mesmo gênero. Os dados moleculares confirmaram que a especiação das duas espécies foi recente. Considerados em conjunto, os dados confirmam a ocorrência de populações diferenciadas e estreitamente aparentadas no sistema de lagoas quaternárias e a existência de mais duas espécies na cabeceira do rio Das Velhas e do rio Doce e sugerem a necessidade de reavaliação do material tipo coletado por Günther em 1861. Considerando que o alto grau de variação cromossômica de O. solitarius ocorreu nos últimos 14.000 - 3.365 anos, conclui-se que estas espécies-irmãs apresentam a mais alta taxa de evolução cromossômica dos peixes neotropicais.
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K'Ogacho, Andrew Okeyo. "Facilitating a congregation's change and restructuring an appreciative inquiry approach /." Chicago, IL : Catholic Theological Union at Chicago, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.2986/tren.033-0857.
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Torres, Daniel André Gonçalves. "Feasibility of near infrared spectroscopy in stroke patients." Master's thesis, Universidade da Beira Interior, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.6/1067.
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Introduction
Stroke is the main cause of death in Portugal. It is a severe pathology with a sudden
onset and with a very high demand in both time and money from the families of the affected
patients and from health organizations and social services. Inexpensive and practical
diagnostic tools that will assist in early detection and treatment are the source of numerous
studies.
The physiology behind a stroke is a sudden ischemic event in the brain. Near infrared
spectroscopy (NIRS) is a non-invasive mean of measuring cerebral perfusion in real time. Due
to its rapid and recent development few data exists about its applicability. Since NIRS detects
oxygen levels that are supposedly low due to oligemia in infarcted areas, our study tried to
ascertain the significance of NIRS measurements in stroke patients.
Objectives
-Determine which systemic factors influence rSO2 values.
-Determine NIRS viability in diagnosing and monitoring stroke patients by comparing
their values with those of healthy individuals using the reference value of 60 rSO2.
-Determine if NIRS is capable of influencing therapeutical changes in those monitored.
Methodology
This is a prospective study where we used NIRS EQUANOX® technology with 4 sensors:
2 Frontal 2 supra-auricular to compare cerebral oxygen values of rSO2 in a control sample of
60 healthy persons from two retirement homes from the geographical area of Covilhã,
Portugal and compared them with 128 stroke patients hospitalized in the Centro Hospitalar
Cova da Beira (CHCB). We also collected data consisting of: risk factors, imagiological studies
and vital signs. The hospitalized patients were monitored twice on the first day and then once
daily during the following four consecutive days for a total of five days.
The results were analyzed using SPSS ® software - version 17 for Windows ® and were
considered significant at p < 0.05. We resorted to the tests of independence Chi-square and
Mann Whitney U to analyze the relationships between variables.
Results
Our study revealed that the hospitalized stroke patients had higher rSO2 values than
healthy individuals from retirement homes, and that these higher values decreased along the
week they were hospitalized. We also found that the lesion side diagnosed by CT scan had higher rSO2 values than the contralateral healthy side. We did not find any association
between: stroke risk factors and rSO2 readings, use of thrombolysis and rSO2 measurements,
the imagiological exams and rSO2 readings (CT, TU and CU) and no association between age or
gender with rSO2 levels.
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Dechoum, Michele de Sa. "Crescimento inicial, alocação de recursos e fotossintese em plantulas das especies vicariantes : Hymenaea courbaril var stilbocarpa (Hayne) Lee & Lang. (jatoba) e Hymenaea stigonocarpa Mart. (jatoba-do-cerrado) (Leguminosae - Caesalpinioideae)." [s.n.], 2004. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/315321.
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Orientadores: Marcos Silveira Buckeridge, Paulo Eugenio OliveiraDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia
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Resumo: Em grande parte dos trópicos, a vegetação é composta por um mosaico de áreas de savanas e de florestas. De acordo com muitos pesquisadores, a distribuição atual de formações florestais e savânicas é resultado de alterações climáticas que ocorreram durante o Pleistoceno e o início do Holoceno e que ocasionaram grandes mudanças na cobertura vegetacional e na distribuição de espécies vegetais. Na maioria dos casos, apesar das formações savânicas e florestais serem contíguas, sem barreiras ecológicas definidas entre suas populações, há poucas trocas de elementos florísticos entre as duas formações. Há, entretanto, diversos gêneros de plantas que apresentam espécies de mata e espécies de cerrado, que são muito afins, chamadas de espécies vicariantes. Acreditase que as diferenças ecológicas e fisiológicas existentes entre espécies florestais e savânicas determinem a distribuição destes dois grupos de plantas, tendo um importante papel na dinâmica do limite savana-floresta. Dessa forma, fica evidente que estudos comparativos sobre espécies vicariantes constituem excelente oportunidade de se detectar diferenças ecológicas entre matas e cerrados. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi compreender as diferenças relacionadas à adaptação e estabelecimento de plântulas das espécies vicariantes Hymenaea courbaril var. stilbocarpa (Hayne) Lee & Lang. e H. stigonocarpa Mart., nos seus respectivos ambientes naturais, utilizando-se parâmetros de fotossíntese e de crescimento. Para tanto, foram realizados experimentos sob diferentes intensidades luminosas e em diferentes substratos, em condições naturais e conhecidas e, parcialmente, controladas. Com os resultados obtidos nos experimentos realizados, pôde-se identificar diferenças entre as duas espécies estudadas ligadas à disponibilidade de água e, principalmente, à luz, resultantes da adaptação das plântulas aos seus respectivos ambientes. No início do desenvolvimento, a espécie de mata investiu no crescimento da parte aérea e foi mais tolerante à sombra e menos tolerante à luz, enquanto a espécie de cerrado investiu na parte subterrânea e foi mais tolerante à luz e menos tolerante à sombra. As plântulas de H. stigonocarpa parecem apresentar uma plasticidade menor em relação a H. courbaril var stilbocarpa e, como consequencia, uma baixa capacidade de ocupação de novos ambientes. Postula-se no presente trabalho que a espécie Hymenaea courbaril tenha originado a espécie H. stigonocarpa, que é exclusiva dos cerrados brasileiros
Abstract: Some parts of the tropical regions are composed of a mosaic of savannah and forest areas. The actual distribution of forest and savannah formations is thought to be a result of climatic alterations that occurred during the Pleistocene. They began in the Holocene and led to great changes in vegetation covering and plant species distribution. Although savannah and forest formations are contiguous and there are no ecological barriers between their populations, there is limited exchange of floristic elements between these two biomes. Nevertheless, there are many plant genera present in the forest and savannah, which present very similar species. They are called congeneric species. It is thought that ecological and physiological differences between forest and savannah species determine the distribution of congeneric pairs, having some importance for the dynamics of the borders between forest and savannah. Thus, comparative studies on the ecophysiology of congeneric species represent an important contribution for the detection of ecological differences between forests and savannas. The purpose of this work was to investigate the differences related to ecophysiological aspects of the establishment of seedlings of the congeneric species Hymenaea courbaril var. stilbocarpa (Hayne) Lee & Lang. and H. stigonocarpa Mart. Our approach was based on measurements of growing patterns and photosynthesis. Experiments were made under different light intensities and different types of soil, under natural and partially controlled conditions. On the basis of these experiments, it was possible to identify different behaviours of the two studied species regarding water availability and light responses. In the beginning of development, the forest species invested on shoot growth and it was also more tolerant to shadow, whereas the savannah species invested more on root growth, being more tolerant to light and less tolerant to shadow. Whereas H. Stigonocarpa did not survive under the dark understorey of the forest, H. courbaril survived in the savannah at least for the experimental period, suggesting that seedlings of the former species seem to show a lower plasticity for physiological responses in comparison with H. courbaril. As a consequence, H. stigonocarpa is probably less capable to occupy new environments. This work postulates that, on the basis of the ecophysiological behaviour, the species Hymenaea courbaril has probably originated H. stigonocarpa, which is exclusively found in the Brazilian savannas
Mestrado
Biologia Vegetal
Mestre em Biologia Vegetal
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Alexe, Letitia. "La fatigue de compassion : impact d'une formation préventive chez les intervenants travaillant auprès des réfugiés." Thèse, Université de Sherbrooke, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/11314.
Full textAbstract:
Les intervenants travaillant avec une clientèle d’immigrants et de réfugiés ayant vécu des traumatismes sont susceptibles de développer des symptômes de Fatigue de compassion. La Fatigue de compassion est un état de stress et d’épuisement émotionnel qu’un intervenant peut ressentir à la suite de l’exposition indirecte aux expériences traumatiques de son client. Ce phénomène peut avoir des répercussions négatives sur le professionnel, sur l’alliance thérapeutique et sur le milieu de travail. Dans la pratique, de nombreuses interventions sont mises sur pied pour prévenir ou traiter la fatigue de compassion. Cette abondance témoigne d’un besoin réel et grandissant des intervenants travaillant auprès d’une clientèle traumatisée. Cependant, celles-ci font rarement l’objet d’évaluations pour en mesurer l’efficacité et on connaît encore peu les composantes à considérer dans la prévention et le traitement de la fatigue de compassion. De plus, peu d’interventions sont mises sur pied spécifiquement pour les intervenants travaillant auprès de réfugiés et d’immigrants ayant vécu des traumatismes liés à la guerre et à la violence. Compte tenu des défis particuliers que l’intervention auprès de cette clientèle comporte, les risques de développer des manifestations de Fatigue de compassion peuvent être plus élevés. La présente étude vise donc d’une part à améliorer les connaissances en lien avec le vécu subjectif des intervenants qui travaillent auprès de cette clientèle, et ce, en portant une attention particulière aux manifestations de Fatigue de compassion. D’une autre part, l’étude vise à évaluer les retombées d’une formation préventive sur les manifestations de Fatigue de compassion chez les intervenants qui œuvrent auprès de cette clientèle.
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Mani, Philippe Jacques. "Le chef d'établissement public d'enseignement secondaire général au Cameroun à l'ère des mutations socio-économiques et politiques." Thesis, Lyon 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LYO20144.
Full textAbstract:
L'administration des structures du système éducatif camerounais en l’occurrence les établissements publics d’enseignement secondaire général obéit, dans son fonctionnement, à la logique bureaucratique. Elle correspond dans son organisation à une forme pyramidale propre à un État centralisé où tout est régenté par le sommet. Le pouvoir discrétionnaire y joue un rôle indéniable dans le choix des responsables. Malgré les évolutions que connait le pays, le pilotage des lycées et C.E.S. reste indissociable de cette approche managériale. Pourtant, son obsolescence semble prononcée à cause de l’option d’une structuration politique décentralisée. En effet, si la décentralisation et ses adjuvants requièrent des citoyens professionnels, ils revendiquent aussi des responsables aux compétences avérées. Nous suggérons, à propos des chefs d’établissement susmentionnés, le passage de la fonction à la profession. La professionnalisation qui est le présupposé de cet itinéraire ne saurait s’identifier à une simple prescription institutionnelle fondée sur une normalisation des pratiques du fait d’un référentiel de compétences. La conduite de ce travail de recherche a nécessité le recours aux outils méthodologiques essentiellement qualitatifs ainsi qu’aux sociologies de l’action et de la construction. La première, dans la dimension que défend Michel Crozier, nous offre les éléments d’analyse mais aussi des méthodes et des concepts favorisant la compréhension des jeux d’acteurs. La seconde, dans une perspective d’évolution de la fonction, grâce aux travaux de Richard Wittorski, vise l’implication de tous les acteurs notamment ceux jouissant des « compétences incorporées » pour une émergence des savoirs réels de la profession. Cette recherche a établi les différents gains qu’un tel processus peut procurer à toute la communauté éducativeThe management of schools in Cameroon’s educational system, notably government schools in the general secondary education, follows the bureaucratic logic pertaining to its functioning. This system is organized as a pyramid typical of that of a centralized system of governance which is a top-to-bottom approach. Discretional power plays an undeniable role in the appointment of officials. Despite the country’s evolution, the running of lycées and colleges remains intertwined to this management approach. And yet, its obsolete nature is glaring given the choice of a decentralized political structure. In fact, if the process of decentralization and all its accessories demand professional citizens, they also aspire to officials with established competences. In the case of these aforementioned school directors, we suggest a move from a position to a profession. Professionalization which is a prerequisite for this career path could not be limited to a mere institutional prescription based on the normalization of practises given a competences framework of reference. This research work required the use of mainly qualitative methodological tools as well as sociological action and construction tools. The first of them, in the dimension backed by Michel Crozier, provided us with analytical components as well as methods and concepts which will enhance the understanding of actors’ roles. The second one which is in line with an evolution in the position and gets its grounds from Richard Wittorski’s publications did target the involvement of all actors, especially those benefiting from ‘incorporated competences’. This study has portrayed the various benefits that such a process can bring to the entire educational community
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Ybazeta, Gustavo. "Moleculary Systematics and Biogeography of the Galaxidae." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1807/65494.
Full textAbstract:
To test competing hypotheses about the relative roles of vicariance and dispersal in the freshwater fishes in Galaxiidae, a phylogenetic framework and a time scale for species divergence were estimated using mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequences. Relaxed clock dating revealed that the Galaxiidae originated in Gondwana in the late Cretaceous and thus vicariance cannot be ruled out for the two basal lineages, Galaxiella and Brachygalaxias. These two lineages are ancient relicts that rafted to their present distributions or were fragmented by the separation of Australia from South America via Antarctica. The opening of the Drake passage between South America and Antarctica initiated the proto-Antarctic Circumpolar Current (pACC) and counter-clockwise circulation in the South Atlantic, on which marine stage ancestors could have dispersed to South Africa and New Zealand via Australia during the late Eocene. Thus dispersal explains the disjunct distribution of the clade comprised of G. platei, G. zebratus and Neochanna spp. in South America, South Africa, and Australasia. The narrowing of the Drake passage and collapse of the pACC from about 24-14 Mya likely prevented further contact between South America and South Africa. Tectonic events around the globe produced an anomalous warming event, which along with the uplift of New Zealand provided empty niches and promoted the radiation of Galaxias. Most of the speciation in the other clades occurred during this time. When the Antarctic Circumpolar Current was reactivated at the end of the Mid-Miocene Climatic Optimum (MMCO) about 15–14 Mya, it provided a marine conveyor belt for the dispersal of the ancestor of Galaxias maculatus from Australia to South America, and later to Australia and New Zealand. The integration of divergence times estimated on the phylogeny with ancestral area reconstruction supports an origin in Gondwana and subsequent oceanic dispersal as the explanation for the distribution of the Galaxiidae across the southern continents.
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Guarnizo, Carlos Enrique. "Effect of topography on genetic divergence and phenotypic traits in tropical frogs." Thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/ETD-UT-2011-08-3726.
Full textAbstract:
Complex interactions between topographic heterogeneity and steep
gradients in climate and environmental conditions are commonly assumed to
promote biotic diversification. Using tropical frogs as a model, I investigate the
nature of these interactions that disrupt migration between populations, causing
genetic divergence and speciation. I determine the role of several putative factors
that affect gene flow (Euclidean distances, Least Cost Path (LCP) distances,
topographic complexity, and elevation difference) and promote genetic structure
(FST) between populations of three tropical Andean frog species. Moreover, I
investigate, from an intraspecific perspective, whether montane frog species
display on average larger genetic distances per kilometer relative to lowland
species. Finally, I test if recent genetic divergence caused by topographic
barriers to gene flow is paralleled by independent character systems such as
acoustics and morphological traits in the high Andean frog Dendropsophus
labialis.
Even though the effect of geographic features on migration (and
conversely, FST) was species-specific, LCP and Euclidean distances had the strongest effect on migration rate. Topographic complexity also reduced
migration rate whereas elevation difference did not have an effect. I found that
indeed highland species show larger genetic distances per kilometer between
haplotypes than do lowland species. Also, genetic divergence is strongly
associated with topographic heterogeneity, which is an intrinsic characteristic of
montane regions. Finally, I found that acoustic variation in D. labialis diverges
according to genealogical history, but external morphology does not follow this
relationship. Stochastic processes due to genetic drift appear to be a better
explanatory mechanism for the divergence in calls than adaptive variation. The
strong and congruent divergence observed in acoustic and genetic characters
indicates that these two groups correspond to morphologically cryptic parapatric
species.
Overall, the results of this study suggest some of the mechanisms that
allow tropical mountains to promote intraspecific genetic divergence. The
combined effect of ridges (promoting allopatric differentiation) and environmental
gradients across elevation (promoting parapatric differentiation) are effective
forces that are present mostly in highland biomes. Unfortunately, such biomes
are critically threatened by habitat destruction and climate change, possibly more
than any other biome on earth.text