Journal articles: 'Vic)'

1

Cortesi, Paolo, and Michael G. Milgroom. "Genetics of Vegetative Incompatibility inCryphonectria parasitica." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 64, no. 8 (August 1, 1998): 2988–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.64.8.2988-2994.1998.

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ABSTRACT Vegetative incompatibility in the chestnut blight fungus,Cryphonectria parasitica, in Europe is controlled by six unlinked vic loci, each with two alleles. Four previously identified vic loci (vic1, vic2,vic3, and vic4) were polymorphic in European vegetative compatibility (vc) types. Two new loci, vic6 andvic7, also were identified among European vc types. In one cross, vic genes segregated independently at five loci, and 194 progeny were assigned to 32 vc types; none of these loci were linked. A total of 64 vc types were identified from all crosses. All 64 genotypes possible from six vic loci, each with two alleles (26 = 64), were identified and assigned to vc types. Based on our model, vc types v-c 5 and v-c 10, which had been used in previous genetic studies, differ by only five vic genes. Future studies of vc types in C. parasitica can use knowledge of vic genotypes for analysis of population genetic structure based on vic allele frequencies and to determine the effect of each vic gene on virus transmission between vc types.

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2

Cortesi, Paolo, Charles E. McCulloch, Haiyue Song, Haiqun Lin, and Michael G. Milgroom. "Genetic Control of Horizontal Virus Transmission in the Chestnut Blight Fungus, Cryphonectria parasitica." Genetics 159, no. 1 (September 1, 2001): 107–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/159.1.107.

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Abstract Vegetative incompatibility in fungi has long been known to reduce the transmission of viruses between individuals, but the barrier to transmission is incomplete. In replicated laboratory assays, we showed conclusively that the transmission of viruses between individuals of the chestnut blight fungus Cryphonectria parasitica is controlled primarily by vegetative incompatibility (vic) genes. By replicating vic genotypes in independent fungal isolates, we quantified the effect of heteroallelism at each of six vic loci on virus transmission. Transmission occurs with 100% frequency when donor and recipient isolates have the same vic genotypes, but heteroallelism at one or more vic loci generally reduces virus transmission. Transmission was variable among single heteroallelic loci. At the extremes, heteroallelism at vic4 had no effect on virus transmission, but transmission occurred in only 21% of pairings that were heteroallelic at vic2. Intermediate frequencies of transmission were observed when vic3 and vic6 were heteroallelic (76 and 32%, respectively). When vic1, vic2, and vic7 were heteroallelic, the frequency of transmission depended on which alleles were present in the donor and the recipient. The effect of heteroallelism at two vic loci was mostly additive, although small but statistically significant interactions (epistasis) were observed in four pairs of vic loci. A logistic regression model was developed to predict the probability of virus transmission between vic genotypes. Heteroallelism at vic loci, asymmetry, and epistasis were the dominant factors controlling transmission, but host genetic background also was statistically significant, indicating that vic genes alone cannot explain all the variation in virus transmission. Predictions from the logistic regression model were highly correlated to independent transmission tests with field isolates. Our model can be used to estimate horizontal transmission rates as a function of host genetics in natural populations of C. parasitica.

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3

Rádl, Stanislav, and Lenka Kovářová. "Synthesis and antibacterial activity of new 7-substituted fluoroquinolones." Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications 56, no. 11 (1991): 2406–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/cccc19912406.

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Reaction of substituted 3-carboxyquinolone derivatives IIIa, IIIb, IIIc, and IV with 4-pyridone ethylene ketal in pyridine afforded corresponding 7-substituted derivatives VIa, VIb, VIc, and VIIa, respectively. Acidic deprotection of these compounds yielded respective oxo derivatives VId,VIe, VIf, and VIIb which were converted to their oximes If, Ig, Ih, and IIb.

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4

Wielen, R., W. B. Burton, L. Blitz, W. Iwanowska, E. K. Kharadze, G. G. Kuzmin, D. Lynden-Bell, G. Lynga, M. Mayor, and M. Miyamoto. "33. Structure and Dynamics of the Galactic System." Transactions of the International Astronomical Union 19, no. 1 (1985): 397–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0251107x00006441.

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Several authors have contributed to this report: L. Blitz (Section V), W.B. Burton (Sections IIIB and IVB), J. Einasto (Section VII), B. Fuchs (Sections VIC and VID), W. Hermsen (Section VIF), G. Lynga (Sections IIIA and IVA), M. Mayor (Section II), M. Miyamoto (Sections VIB and VIE) and R. Wielen (Sections I, VIA, and editing). The layout of this report follows previous practice. The galactic center is included in Sections IV and V. The references are, as far as possible, coded by their numbers (VV.CCC.NNN) in the bibliography “Astronomy and Astrophysics Abstracts” (AAA). VV identifies the volume of AAA, while CCC.NNN gives the subject category and the serial number within that volume.

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5

Rádl, Stanislav, and Pavel Hradil. "Synthesis of some 1-alkyl-1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-1,7-naphthyridine-3-carboxylic acids." Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications 56, no. 11 (1991): 2420–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/cccc19912420.

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Reaction of substituted 2-aminopyridines IIIa, IIIb, IIIe, and IIIf with ethyl ethoxymethylene malonate provided corresponding pyridylaminomethylenemalonates Va-Vd, respectively. Thermal cyclization of Va, Vc, and Vd yielded substituted ethyl 4-hydroxy-1,7-naphthyridine-3-carboxylates VIa, VIc, and VId. Compounds VIc and VId treated with morpholine gave 8-morpholino derivatives VIe and VIf. These compounds were ethylated to mixtures of N-ethylated (VIIa, VIIb) and O-ethylated products (VIIIa, VIIIb). Compound VIIIb was also prepared from ethyl 4-chloro-6-fluoro-8-morpholino-1,7-naphthyridine-3-carboxylate VIIIc and sodium ethanolate. Esters VIIa and VIIb were hydrolyzed under acidic conditions to the respective acids VIIc and VIId.

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6

Wagner, Christian, Antoine de Saizieu, Hans-Joachim Schönfeld, Markus Kamber, Roland Lange, Charles J. Thompson, and Malcolm G. Page. "Genetic Analysis and Functional Characterization of the Streptococcus pneumoniae vic Operon." Infection and Immunity 70, no. 11 (November 2002): 6121–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.70.11.6121-6128.2002.

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ABSTRACT The vic two-component signal transduction system of Streptococcus pneumoniae is essential for growth. The vic operon comprises three genes encoding the following: VicR, a response regulator of the OmpR family; VicK, its cognate histidine kinase; and VicX, a putative protein sharing 55% identity to the predicted product (YycJ) of an open reading frame in the Bacillus subtilis genome. We show that not only is vic essential for viability but it also influences virulence and competence. A putative transcriptional start site for the vic operon was mapped 16 bp upstream of the ATG codon of vicR. Only one transcript of 2.9 kb, encoding all three genes, was detected by Northern blot analysis. VicK, an atypical PAS domain-containing histidine kinase, can be autophosphorylated in vitro, and VicR functions in vitro as a phospho-acceptor protein. (PAS is an acronym formed from the names of the proteins in which the domains were first recognized: the Drosophila period clock protein [PER], vertebrate aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator [ARNT], and Drosophila single-minded protein [SIM].) PAS domains are commonly involved in sensing intracellular signals such as redox potential, which suggests that the signal for vic might also originate in the cytoplasm. Growth rate, competence, and virulence were monitored in strains with mutations in the vic operon. Overexpression of the histidine kinase, VicK, resulted in decreased virulence, whereas the transformability of a null mutant decreased by 3 orders of magnitude.

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7

Bhat, Sunita. "Synthesis and Antiviral Activity of Acyclic Nucleoside Analogues of 5-Methoxymethyl-6-methyluracil and 4-Alkylamino-5-methoxymethyl-6-methyl-2(1H)-pyrimidinones." Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications 58, no. 12 (1993): 2955–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/cccc19932955.

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The uracil derivatives 1-(2-hydroxyethoxymethyl/allyl/2,3-dihydroxypropyl)-5-methoxymethyl-6-methyluracils (Vb, VIII, XI) and 4-alkylamino-1-(2- hydroxyethoxymethyl/allyl/2,3-dihydroxypropyl)-5-methoxymethyl-6-methyl-2(1H)-pyrimidinone (VIa - VIc, IXa - IXc, XIIa - XIIc) were synthesized from versatile intermediates 1-(2-benzoyloxyethoxymethyl/allyl/2,3-dihydroxypropyl)-4-methoxy-5-methoxymethyl-2(1H)-pyrimidinone (IVa, Vii, X), respectively. The compounds IVb, Vb, VIa - VIc, VIII, IXa - IXc, XIIa - XIIc were evaluated against Ranikhet disease virus (RDV) at the dose of (0.1 μg/ml); compounds VIa, VIb, IXa, XIIb showed 57, 100, 40, 80% inhibition, respectively.

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8

Moskovidn, A. S., and G. V. Ponomarev. "Porphyrins 32.* mass spectrometric study vic-dihydroxy-and vic,vic-tetrahydroxychlorins." Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds 32, no. 1 (January 1996): 38–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01169351.

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9

Rubbini, Michele. "Ciao Vic!" Colorectal Disease 17, no. 10 (September 11, 2015): 839. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/codi.13087.

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10

Gu, Xiaoxiao, and Kristyn S. Masters. "Role of the MAPK/ERK pathway in valvular interstitial cell calcification." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 296, no. 6 (June 2009): H1748—H1757. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00099.2009.

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Much remains to be discovered about the etiology of heart valve disease and the molecular level mechanisms that drive it. The MAPK/ERK pathway influences calcification in many cell types and has been linked to the expression of a contractile phenotype in valvular interstitial cells (VICs). However, a direct correlation between MAPK/ERK pathway activity and VIC calcification has not been previously described. Thus the role of the MAPK pathway in the calcification of VIC cultures was investigated by measuring ERK activation in both calcifying and noncalcifying VIC environments and then, conversely, analyzing the effects of ERK pathway inhibition on VIC calcification and phenotype. Prolonged elevation of phosphorylated ERK-1/2 was found in calcifying VIC cultures, whereas directly blocking phosphorylation of ERK-1/2 resulted in a dramatic decrease in nodule number, nodule size, and total calcified area. Application of the ERK pathway inhibitor was also associated with a dramatic decrease in apoptosis, which may have contributed to the decreased nodule formation obtained via ERK inhibition. Real-time PCR analysis revealed that calcified samples exhibited significantly elevated expression of several myofibroblastic and osteoblastic markers, while ERK inhibition substantially reduced the expression of these markers, often to levels comparable to the noncalcifying control. These data suggest that the MAPK pathway plays an important role in regulating the phenotype and calcification of VICs, wherein sustained pathway activation is associated with increased VIC calcification. These findings may be used to further elucidate the mechanisms of valvular disease and identify potential treatment targets.

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11

Aoki, Toshio, Masayoshi Kawaguchi, Haruko Imaizumi-Anraku, Shoichiro Akao, Shin-ichi Ayabe, and Tomoyoshi Akashi. "Mutants of Lotus japonicus deficient in flavonoid biosynthesis." Journal of Plant Research 134, no. 2 (February 11, 2021): 341–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10265-021-01258-8.

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AbstractSpatiotemporal features of anthocyanin accumulation in a model legume Lotus japonicus (Regel) K.Larsen were elucidated to develop criteria for the genetic analysis of flavonoid biosynthesis. Artificial mutants and wild accessions, with lower anthocyanin accumulation in the stem than the standard wild type (B-129 ‘Gifu’), were obtained by ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) mutagenesis and from a collection of wild-grown variants, respectively. The loci responsible for the green stem of the mutants were named as VIRIDICAULIS (VIC). Genetic and chemical analysis identified two loci, namely, VIC1 and VIC2, required for the production of both anthocyanins and proanthocyanidins (condensed tannins), and two loci, namely, VIC3 and VIC4, required for the steps specific to anthocyanin biosynthesis. A mutation in VIC5 significantly reduced the anthocyanin accumulation. These mutants will serve as a useful system for examining the effects of anthocyanins and proanthocyanidins on the interactions with herbivorous pests, pathogenic microorganisms and nitrogen-fixing symbiotic bacteria, Mesorhizobium loti.

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12

Böhm, Stanislav, Richard Kubík, Jan Němeček, and Josef Kuthan. "Oxidative and Basic Transformations of Some 1-Heteroaryloligophenylpyridinium Salts. Limitations to the Applicability of Ferricyanide Oxidation." Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications 57, no. 8 (1992): 1672–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/cccc19921672.

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Ferricyanide oxidation of 2,3,4,6-tetraphenyl-1-(2'-pyridyl)pyridinium perchlorate (III) gave, in addition to the biheterocyclic product Ib, two pyrrole derivatives IIb and IIc and in some conditions also the diketone IV. Additional pyrrole derivatives, VII and IX, were obtained analogously from the thiazole 2,4,6-triphenylpyridinium salts V and VIb. Alkalysis of the thiazole salts V and VIb and of the imidazole salts VIc and VId using alcoholic KOH afforded the biheterocyclic products XI-XIV. The mechanisms of the conversions involved are discussed.

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13

Kanno, Kaho, Tomohisa Sakaue, Mika Hamaguchi, Kenji Namiguchi, Daisuke Nanba, Jun Aono, Mie Kurata, Junya Masumoto, Shigeki Higashiyama, and Hironori Izutani. "Hypoxic Culture Maintains Cell Growth of the Primary Human Valve Interstitial Cells with Stemness." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 19 (September 29, 2021): 10534. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms221910534.

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The characterization of aortic valve interstitial cells (VICs) cultured under optimal conditions is essential for understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying aortic valve stenosis. Here, we propose 2% hypoxia as an optimum VIC culture condition. Leaflets harvested from patients with aortic valve regurgitation were digested using collagenase and VICs were cultured under the 2% hypoxic condition. A significant increase in VIC growth was observed in 2% hypoxia (hypo-VICs), compared to normoxia (normo-VICs). RNA-sequencing revealed that downregulation of oxidative stress-marker genes (such as superoxide dismutase) and upregulation of cell cycle accelerators (such as cyclins) occurred in hypo-VICs. Accumulation of reactive oxygen species was observed in normo-VICs, indicating that low oxygen tension can avoid oxidative stress with cell-cycle arrest. Further mRNA quantifications revealed significant upregulation of several mesenchymal and hematopoietic progenitor markers, including CD34, in hypo-VICs. The stemness of hypo-VICs was confirmed using osteoblast differentiation assays, indicating that hypoxic culture is beneficial for maintaining growth and stemness, as well as for avoiding senescence via oxidative stress. The availability of hypoxic culture was also demonstrated in the molecular screening using proteomics. Therefore, hypoxic culture can be helpful for the identification of therapeutic targets and the evaluation of VIC molecular functions in vitro.

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14

Bakhite, Etify Abdel-Ghafar. "Synthesis and Reactions of Some New 3-Amino-2-substituted Thieno[2,3-b]quinolines." Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications 57, no. 11 (1992): 2359–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/cccc19922359.

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Reaction of 3-cyano-quinolin-2(1H)-thione (II) with ω-bromoacetophenones gave 3-amino-2-aroyl-thieno[2,3-b]quinolines (IVa-IVd). Whereas, interaction of II with chloroacetanilides yielded the corresponding thioesters Va-Vc which cyclized into 3-amino-2-arylcarbamoylthiene[2,3-b]quinolines (VIa-VIc) on treatment with ethoxide. Compounds VIa-VIc were reacted with nitrous acid, triethyl orthoformate and carbon disulfide to afford the fused polycyclic compounds VIIa-VIIc, VIIIa-VIIIc and IXa-IXc, respectively. Also treatment of IXa-IXc with ethyl iodide gave 3-ethylthio derivatives Xa-Xc. Moreover, refluxing of VIa-VIc with acetic anhydride resulted in the formation of oxazinone XI which recyclized into pyrimidinones XIIIa-XIIIc upon reaction with aromatic amines.

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15

Stevens, Kerrie. "VIC Chapter Report 2018." ANZTLA EJournal, no. 22 (June 4, 2019): 33–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.31046/anztla.v0i22.1476.

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16

Végh, Daniel, Michal Uher, Oľga Rajniaková, Miloslava Dandárová, and Milan Kováč. "Preparation of vic-Mercaptoisopentanols." Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications 58, no. 2 (1993): 404–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/cccc19930404.

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This paper describes the preparation of some mercaptoisopentanols: 2-mercapto-3-methyl-1-butanol (I), 1-mercapto-3-methyl-2-butanol (II), 3-mercapto-3-methyl-2-butanol (III) and the unsaturated analogue of compound I - 2-mercapto-3-methyl-2-buten-1-ol (IV). These compounds belong to the flavonoid group present in food responsible for deterioration of their gustatory properties.

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17

Fedenok, Lidiya G., Igor I. Barabanov, Valentina S. Bashurova, and George A. Bogdanchikov. "Mechanism of the heterocyclization of vic-alkynylanthra- and vic-alkynylnaphthoquinone diazonium salts." Tetrahedron 60, no. 9 (February 2004): 2137–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tet.2003.12.058.

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18

Yi, Wang, Jiang Hanhong, and Xing Pengxiang. "The Research on Second-Order ADRC Algorithm of Using Wind Turbine Virtual Inertia to Participate in Primary Frequency Regulation in a Small Stand-Alone Microgrid." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2018 (2018): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/4752728.

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In order to improve the transient stability of frequency in a small stand-alone microgrid (SSM), this paper takes a SSM composed of a direct-drive permanent magnet synchronous generator (D-PMSG) and a micro gas turbine (MGT) as the background and uses wind turbine generator (WTG) virtual inertia (VI) to participate in the primary (short-term) system frequency regulation. First of all, this paper constructs a grid-connected model composed of a WTG and a MGT, analyzes the WTG virtual inertia frequency regulation mechanism, and explains the principle of proportional-differentiation (PD) virtual inertia control (VIC) and its shortcomings. Secondly, the paper introduces the structure principle of n-order active disturbance rejection control (ADRC) and deduces the design process of second-order ADRC-VIC. Finally, through the simulation and experimental verification, comparing the frequency perturbation of without-VIC, PD-VIC, and ADRC-VIC, it is concluded that PD-VIC and ADRC-VIC both can use the WTG virtual inertia to participate in the primary frequency regulation. The frequency regulation effect of ADRC-VIC is better than PD-VIC, ADRC-VIC can extend the rotor speed recovery time and avoid overshoot, and its frequency fluctuation amplitude and settling time are obviously improved, and ADRC-VIC can effectively avoid the overshoot phenomenon of the MGT output power.

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19

Lee, Ji Sun, Yunmoon Oh, Hyung Sik Kim, and Sungpil Yoon. "Low-Dose Rifabutin Increases Cytotoxicity in Antimitotic-Drug-Treated Resistant Cancer Cells by Exhibiting Strong P-gp-Inhibitory Activity." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 13 (July 2, 2022): 7383. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23137383.

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The cytotoxicity of various antibiotics at low doses in drug-resistant cancer cells was evaluated. Low doses of rifabutin were found to markedly increase the cytotoxicity of various antimitotic drugs, such as vincristine (VIC), to P-glycoprotein (P-gp)-overexpressing antimitotic-drug-resistant KBV20C cells. Rifabutin was also found to exert high levels of P-gp-inhibitory activity at 4 and 24 h posttreatment, suggesting that the cytotoxicity of VIC + rifabutin was mainly due to the direct binding of rifabutin to P-gp and the reduction of VIC efflux by P-gp. The combination of VIC + rifabutin also increased early apoptosis, G2 arrest, and the DNA damaging marker, pH2AX protein. Interestingly, only the combination of VIC + rifabutin induced remarkable levels of cytotoxicity in resistant KBV20C cells, whereas other combinations (VIC + rifampin, VIC + rifapentine, and VIC + rifaximin) induced less cytotoxicity. Such finding suggests that rifabutin specifically increases the cytotoxicity of VIC in KBV20C cells, independent of the toxic effect of the ansamycin antibiotic. Only rifabutin had high P-gp-inhibitory activity, which suggests that its high P-gp-inhibitory activity led to the increased cytotoxicity of VIC + rifabutin. As rifabutin has long been used in the clinic, repositioning this drug for P-gp-overexpressing resistant cancer could increase the availability of treatments for patients with drug-resistant cancer.

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20

Minkes, R. K., T. R. Higuera, G. F. Rogers, E. A. Sheldon, M. A. Langston, and P. J. Kadowitz. "Cardiovascular responses to vasoactive intestinal contractor, a novel endothelin-like peptide." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 259, no. 4 (October 1, 1990): H1152—H1160. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.1990.259.4.h1152.

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Cardiovascular and pulmonary responses to vasoactive intestinal contractor (VIC), an endothelin (ET)-like peptide from the murine gastrointestinal tract, were investigated in the cat. VIC (0.1-1.0 nmol/kg iv) decreased or elicited biphasic changes in arterial pressure (AP) and increased central venous pressure, cardiac output, pulmonary arterial pressure, and left atrial pressure. VIC produced biphasic changes in systemic vascular resistance (SVR) and pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR). VIC increased heart rate (HR) and, at the 1 nmol/kg dose, a secondary decrease was observed. Hexamethonium blocked the changes in HR in response to VIC, whereas the ganglionic blocker, meclofenamate, or glybenclamide had no effect on changes in AP, SVR, and PVR elicited by the peptide. VIC caused small changes in right ventricular contractile force and increased distal aortic and carotid artery blood flow at all doses, with secondary decreases at the higher doses. VIC decreased superior mesenteric artery flow and decreased renal blood flow at the 1 nmol/kg dose. The changes in AP in response to VIC, ET-1, and ET-2 were similar, whereas those elicited by ET-3 and sarafotoxin 6b were similar. The present data show that VIC can produce both vasodilation and vasoconstriction in the systemic vascular bed and biphasic changes in PVR in the cat. These data show that VIC can produce complex cardiovascular responses similar to those elicited by the ET peptides and that these responses are largely independent of autonomic reflexes, release of cyclooxygenase products, and activation of ATP-regulated potassium channels. We conclude that VIC may act as an ET-like peptide.

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Rádl, Stanislav, and Magda Janichová. "Synthesis and Antibacterial Activity of Some 3-Hydroxyquinolones." Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications 57, no. 1 (1992): 188–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/cccc19920188.

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A reductive decarboxylation of 7-chloro-1-ethyl-6-fluoro-1,4-dihydro-4-oxoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid (Id) with sodium borohydride provided the respective 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro derivative Va, which was treated with selenium dioxide to give product of dehydrogenation VIa. 3-Acetyl-1-ethyl-1,4-dihydroquinolin-4-ones VIb and VIc were oxidized with 3-chloroperoxybenzoic acid to the respective 3-hydroxyderivatives IIIa and IIIb. Compound IIIb was benzylated on a hydroxy group at position 3 to corresponding 3-benzyloxy derivative VIf which after prolonged heating with N-methylpiperazine in a sealed tube provided directly 3-hydroxy-7-(4-methyl-1-piperazinyl) derivative IIIc.

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Uchide, Tsuyoshi, Hiromi Masuda, Yun-Sik Lee, Yasushi Makiyama, Youji Mitsui, and Kaname Saida. "Fluctuating Gene Expression and Localized Cellular Distribution of Vasoactive Intestinal Contractor (VIC) in Mouse Uterus." Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry 48, no. 5 (May 2000): 699–707. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002215540004800514.

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SUMMARY To understand the physiological roles of vasoactive intestinal contractor (VIC) and endothelin-2 (ET-2) in the uterus, we examined the expression levels of VIC mRNA by real-time quantitative reverse transcription-linked polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and characterized the cellular distribution of VIC peptide and mRNA by immunostaining and in situ hybridization in mouse uterus. In pregnant mouse uterus, VIC mRNA expression changed considerably between Days 10.5 and 12.5 of pregnancy. The expression levels were significantly ( p<0.05) higher (approximately fivefold) in the later stage of pregnancy (Days 12.5-17.5) than in the earlier stage (Days 7.5-10.5). In nonpregnant uterus, VIC mRNA expression was significantly ( p<0.05) higher (approximately threefold) in proestrus and estrus than in diestrus. Immunohistochemical studies demonstrated the presence of VIC peptide in endometrial epithelial cells, myometrial cells, and vascular smooth muscle cells during the estrous cycle and pregnancy and after parturition. Notably, myometrial cells showed dominant immunostaining in proestrus and estrus, in the later pregnancy stage, and in the early postpartum period, analogous to the expression pattern of VIC mRNA. In situ hybridization confirmed localization of VIC mRNA in myometrial cells. These findings suggest that VIC may play an important role in the function of myometrial cells.

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Hamman, Joseph J., Bart Nijssen, Theodore J. Bohn, Diana R. Gergel, and Yixin Mao. "The Variable Infiltration Capacity model version 5 (VIC-5): infrastructure improvements for new applications and reproducibility." Geoscientific Model Development 11, no. 8 (August 30, 2018): 3481–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-3481-2018.

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Abstract. The Variable Infiltration Capacity (VIC) model is a macroscale semi-distributed hydrologic model. VIC development began in the early 1990s and the model has since been used extensively for basin- to global-scale applications that include hydrologic dataset construction, trend analysis of hydrologic fluxes and states, data evaluation and assimilation, forecasting, coupled climate modeling, and climate change impact assessment. Ongoing operational applications of the VIC model include the University of Washington's drought monitoring and forecasting systems and NASA's Land Data Assimilation System. This paper documents the development of VIC version 5 (VIC-5), which includes a major reconfiguration of the legacy VIC source code to support a wider range of modern hydrologic modeling applications. The VIC source code has been moved to a public GitHub repository to encourage participation by the broader user and developer communities. The reconfiguration has separated the core physics of the model from the driver source code, whereby the latter is responsible for memory allocation, preprocessing and post-processing, and input–output (I–O). VIC-5 includes four drivers that use the same core physics modules, but which allow for different methods for accessing this core to enable different model applications. Finally, VIC-5 is distributed with robust test infrastructure, components of which routinely run during development using cloud-hosted continuous integration. The work described here provides an example to the model development community for extending the life of a legacy model that is being used extensively. The development and release of VIC-5 represents a significant step forward for the VIC user community in terms of support for existing and new model applications, reproducibility, and scientific robustness.

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Uchide, T., H. Masuda, Y. Mitsui, and K. Saida. "Gene expression of vasoactive intestinal contractor/endothelin-2 in ovary, uterus and embryo: comprehensive gene expression profiles of the endothelin ligand-receptor system revealed by semi-quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis in adult mouse tissues and during late embryonic development." Journal of Molecular Endocrinology 22, no. 2 (April 1, 1999): 161–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/jme.0.0220161.

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Vasoactive intestinal contractor (VIC)/endothelin-2 (ET-2) is a 21 amino acid intestinal peptide characterized as a potent vasoactive and intestinal smooth muscle-contracting compound. To investigate the physiological roles of VIC/ET-2 further, we characterized the specificity of VIC gene expression relative to that of other members of the endothelin (ET) ligand-receptor system in adult mouse tissues and during embryonic development. Gene expression of ET-1, ET-3, ETA and ETB was ubiquitous in almost all tissues we examined while gene expression of VIC was localized to certain tissues. A high level of VIC gene expression was observed in ovary and uterus. The gene expression of VIC, relative to that of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, was approximately 2.0%, 0.4%, and 2.3% in ovary, uterus, and intestine respectively, and was approximately 1.6 and 7. 1 times higher than that of ET-1 in ovary and intestine respectively. Thus, VIC may have some physiological role in adult ovary and uterus as well as intestine. In embryonic development, VIC gene expression sharply increased between 11 and 15 days post coitus and decreased after birth, suggesting an involvement in the later stages of embryonic development.

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Islam, Siraj Ul, and Stephen J. Déry. "Evaluating uncertainties in modelling the snow hydrology of the Fraser River Basin, British Columbia, Canada." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 21, no. 3 (March 29, 2017): 1827–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-1827-2017.

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Abstract. This study evaluates predictive uncertainties in the snow hydrology of the Fraser River Basin (FRB) of British Columbia (BC), Canada, using the Variable Infiltration Capacity (VIC) model forced with several high-resolution gridded climate datasets. These datasets include the Canadian Precipitation Analysis and the thin-plate smoothing splines (ANUSPLIN), North American Regional Reanalysis (NARR), University of Washington (UW) and Pacific Climate Impacts Consortium (PCIC) gridded products. Uncertainties are evaluated at different stages of the VIC implementation, starting with the driving datasets, optimization of model parameters, and model calibration during cool and warm phases of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO). The inter-comparison of the forcing datasets (precipitation and air temperature) and their VIC simulations (snow water equivalent – SWE – and runoff) reveals widespread differences over the FRB, especially in mountainous regions. The ANUSPLIN precipitation shows a considerable dry bias in the Rocky Mountains, whereas the NARR winter air temperature is 2 °C warmer than the other datasets over most of the FRB. In the VIC simulations, the elevation-dependent changes in the maximum SWE (maxSWE) are more prominent at higher elevations of the Rocky Mountains, where the PCIC-VIC simulation accumulates too much SWE and ANUSPLIN-VIC yields an underestimation. Additionally, at each elevation range, the day of maxSWE varies from 10 to 20 days between the VIC simulations. The snow melting season begins early in the NARR-VIC simulation, whereas the PCIC-VIC simulation delays the melting, indicating seasonal uncertainty in SWE simulations. When compared with the observed runoff for the Fraser River main stem at Hope, BC, the ANUSPLIN-VIC simulation shows considerable underestimation of runoff throughout the water year owing to reduced precipitation in the ANUSPLIN forcing dataset. The NARR-VIC simulation yields more winter and spring runoff and earlier decline of flows in summer due to a nearly 15-day earlier onset of the FRB springtime snowmelt. Analysis of the parametric uncertainty in the VIC calibration process shows that the choice of the initial parameter range plays a crucial role in defining the model hydrological response for the FRB. Furthermore, the VIC calibration process is biased toward cool and warm phases of the PDO and the choice of proper calibration and validation time periods is important for the experimental setup. Overall the VIC hydrological response is prominently influenced by the uncertainties involved in the forcing datasets rather than those in its parameter optimization and experimental setups.

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Mesqui, Jean. "Mottes féodales du Vic-Bilh." Bulletin Monumental 149, no. 4 (1991): 433. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/bulmo.1991.3304.

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McFrederick, Matthew. "Beckett at the Young Vic." Samuel Beckett Today / Aujourd'hui 29, no. 2 (January 1, 2017): 243–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18757405-02902003.

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28

Buethe, Chris. "Meet Boosun Vic Multaily, Esq." Clearing House: A Journal of Educational Strategies, Issues and Ideas 65, no. 3 (February 1992): 137. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00098655.1992.10114183.

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Aruna, S., R. Kalyanakumar, and V. T. Ramakrishnan. "PHOTOCHEMICAL DEBROMINATION OF vic-DIBROMIDES." Synthetic Communications 31, no. 20 (January 2001): 3125–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1081/scc-100105886.

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30

Orsini, Fulvia, Guido Sello, and G. Bestetti. "Enantiopure vic-amino alcohols and vic-diamines from (1R,2S)-1,2-dihydroxy-1,2-dihydronaphthalene." Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 12, no. 21 (November 2001): 2961–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0957-4166(01)00510-9.

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Dědek, Václav, Igor Linhart, and Milan Kováč. "Addition of primary alcohols to 3-chlorononafluoro-1,5-hexadiene and perfluoro-1,3,5-hexatriene." Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications 50, no. 8 (1985): 1714–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/cccc19851714.

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Sodium alkoxide-catalyzed addition of methanol, ethanol and propanol to 3-chlorononafluoro-1,5-hexadiene (I) proceeds at temperatures -35 °C to 8 °C with allyl rearrangement, affording 1,6-dialkoxy-1,1,2,3,4,4,5,6,6-octafluoro-2,4-hexadiene (V) as the principal product, along with 1,6-dialkoxy-1,2,3,3,4,5,6,6-octafluoro-1,5-diene (VI) and trans-1,6-dialkoxy-1,1,2,3,4,4,5,6,6-nonafluoro-2-hexene (VII). The ethers Va-Vc consist of the cis,trans- and trans,trans-isomers in about 3 : 1 ratio, whereas the ethers VIa-VIc have trans,trans-configuration. Ethers Vc and VIc react with concentrated sulfuric acid to give dipropyl 2,3,4,5-tetrafluoro-2,4-hexadienedioate (IX) and dipropyl 2,3,4,4,5-pentafluoro-2-hexenedioate (X), respectively, whereas the ether VIIc affords a mixture of propyl 6-propyloxy-2,3,4,4,5,6-heptafluoro-2-hexenoate (XI) and ester X. Addition of methanol to perfluoro-1,3,5-hexatriene (II) affords 1,1,2,3,4,5,6,6-octafluoro-1,6-dimethoxy-3-hexene (XIII) as the principal product.

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Boudif, Arezki, Sandrine Gimenez, Bernard Loock, and Michel Momenteau. "vic-Diacrylic ester porphyrins as starting materials for monobenzoporphyrin and opp-dibenzoporphyrin syntheses." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 76, no. 8 (August 1, 1998): 1215–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v98-137.

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Synthesis of a bis(vic-diacrylic ester) porphyrin using the "3+1" methodology is described. A two-step procedure is used to convert the vic-diacrylic ester porphyrin and the bis(vic-diacrylic ester) porphyrin to the monobenzoporphyrin and the opp-dibenzoporphyrin, respectively. Characterization of the compounds by 1H NMR and UV-visible spectroscopies is also discussed.Key words: tripyrrane, diformylpyrrole, vic-diacrylic ester porphyrin, "3+1" synthesis methodology, monobenzoporphyrin, opp-dibenzoporphyrin, photosensitizer.

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Oh, Yunmoon, Jin-Sol Lee, Ji Sun Lee, Jae Hyeon Park, Hyung Sik Kim, and Sungpil Yoon. "JAK2 Inhibitor, Fedratinib, Inhibits P-gp Activity and Co-Treatment Induces Cytotoxicity in Antimitotic Drug-Treated P-gp Overexpressing Resistant KBV20C Cancer Cells." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 9 (April 21, 2022): 4597. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23094597.

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P-glycoprotein (P-gp) overexpression is one of the major mechanisms of multidrug resistance (MDR). Previously, co-treatment with Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) inhibitors sensitized P-gp-overexpressing drug-resistant cancer cells. In this study, we assessed the cytotoxic effects of JAK2 inhibitor, fedratinib, on drug-resistant KBV20C cancer cells. We found that co-treatment with fedratinib at low doses induced cytotoxicity in KBV20C cells treated with vincristine (VIC). However, fedratinib-induced cytotoxicity was little effect on VIC-treated sensitive KB parent cells, suggesting that these effects are specific to resistant cancer cells. Fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS), Western blotting, and annexin V analyses were used to further investigate fedratinib’s mechanism of action in VIC-treated KBV20C cells. We found that fedratinib reduced cell viability, increased G2 arrest, and upregulated apoptosis when used as a co-treatment with VIC. G2 phase arrest and apoptosis in VIC–fedratinib-co-treated cells resulted from the upregulation of p21 and the DNA damaging marker pH2AX. Compared with dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)-treated cells, fedratinib-treated KBV20C cells showed two-fold higher P-gp-inhibitory activity, indicating that VIC–fedratinib sensitization is dependent on the activity of fedratinib. Similar to VIC, fedratinib co-treatment with other antimitotic drugs (i.e., eribulin, vinorelbine, and vinblastine) showed increased cytotoxicity in KBV20C cells. Furthermore, VIC–fedratinib had similar cytotoxic effects to co-treatment with other JAK2 inhibitors (i.e., VIC–CEP-33779 or VIC–NVP-BSK805) at the same dose; similar cytotoxic mechanisms (i.e., early apoptosis) were observed between treatments, suggesting that co-treatment with JAK2 inhibitors is generally cytotoxic to P-gp-overexpressing resistant cancer cells. Given that fedratinib is FDA-approved, our findings support its application in the co-treatment of P-gp-overexpressing cancer patients showing MDR.

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Proenza, Catherine, and Gary Yellen. "Distinct Populations of HCN Pacemaker Channels Produce Voltage-dependent and Voltage-independent Currents." Journal of General Physiology 127, no. 2 (January 30, 2006): 183–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1085/jgp.200509389.

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Hyperpolarization-activated HCN pacemaker channels are critical for the generation of spontaneous activity and the regulation of excitability in the heart and in many types of neurons. These channels produce both a voltage-dependent current (Ih) and a voltage-independent current (Iinst or VIC). In this study, we explored the molecular basis of the voltage-independent current. We found that for the spHCN isoform, VIC averaged ∼4% of the maximum HCN conductance that could be activated by hyperpolarization. Cyclic AMP increased the voltage-independent current in spHCN to ∼8% of maximum. In HCN2, VIC was ∼2% of the maximal current, and was little affected by cAMP. VIC in both spHCN and HCN2 was blocked rapidly both by ZD7288 (an HCN channel blocker that is thought to bind in the conduction pore) and by application of Cd2+ to channels containing an introduced cysteine in the pore (spHCN-464C or HCN2-436C). These results suggest that VIC flows through the main conduction pathway, down the central axis of the protein. We suspected that VIC simply represented a nonzero limiting open probability for HCN channels at positive voltages. Surprisingly, we found instead that the spHCN channels carrying VIC were not in rapid equilibrium with the channels carrying the voltage-dependent current, because they could be blocked independently; a single application of blocker at a depolarized potential essentially eliminated VIC with little change in Ih. Thus, VIC appears to be produced by a distinct population of HCN channels. This voltage-independent current could contribute significantly to the role of HCN channels in neurons and myocytes; VIC flowing through the channels at physiological potentials would tend to promote excitability by accelerating both depolarization and repolarization.

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Lee, Ji Sun, Yunmoon Oh, Jae Hyeon Park, So Young Kyung, Hyung Sik Kim, and Sungpil Yoon. "Terconazole, an Azole Antifungal Drug, Increases Cytotoxicity in Antimitotic Drug-Treated Resistant Cancer Cells with Substrate-Specific P-gp Inhibitory Activity." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 22 (November 9, 2022): 13809. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms232213809.

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Azole antifungal drugs have been shown to enhance the cytotoxicity of antimitotic drugs in P-glycoprotein (P-gp)-overexpressing-resistant cancer cells. Herein, we examined two azole antifungal drugs, terconazole (TCZ) and butoconazole (BTZ), previously unexplored in resistant cancers. We found that both TCZ and BTZ increased cytotoxicity in vincristine (VIC)-treated P-gp-overexpressing drug-resistant KBV20C cancer cells. Following detailed analysis, low-dose VIC + TCZ exerted higher cytotoxicity than co-treatment with VIC + BTZ. Furthermore, we found that VIC + TCZ could increase apoptosis and induce G2 arrest. Additionally, low-dose TCZ could be combined with various antimitotic drugs to increase their cytotoxicity in P-gp-overexpressing antimitotic drug-resistant cancer cells. Moreover, TCZ exhibited P-gp inhibitory activity, suggesting that the inhibitory activity of P-gp plays a role in sensitization afforded by VIC + TCZ co-treatment. We also evaluated the cytotoxicity of 12 azole antifungal drugs at low doses in drug-resistant cancer cells. VIC + TCZ, VIC + itraconazole, and VIC + posaconazole exhibited the strongest cytotoxicity in P-gp-overexpressing KBV20C and MCF-7/ADR-resistant cancer cells. These drugs exerted robust P-gp inhibitory activity, accompanied by calcein-AM substrate efflux. Given that azole antifungal drugs have long been used in clinics, our results, which reposition azole antifungal drugs for treating P-gp-overexpressing-resistant cancer, could be employed to treat patients with drug-resistant cancer rapidly.

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Kim, Daeun, Ram L. Ray, Seokkoo King, and Minha Choi. "Estimation of Land Surface Energy Fluxes using CLM and VIC model." Journal of Wetlands Research 18, no. 2 (May 31, 2016): 166–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.17663/jwr.2016.18.2.166.

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37

Fawzy, Asmaa, Youssef Mobarak, Dina S. Osheba, Mahmoud G. Hemeida, Tomonobu Senjyu, and Mohamed Roshdy. "An Online Archimedes Optimization Algorithm Identifier-Controlled Adaptive Modified Virtual Inertia Control for Microgrids." Energies 15, no. 23 (November 24, 2022): 8884. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15238884.

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Single widespread employment of renewable energy sources (RESs) contributes to the shortage in the inertia of the microgrid (MG). After this, frequency stability may regress as a result of power imbalance or minor load fluctuations. This paper proposes an explicit adaptive modified virtual inertia control (VIC) based on an online Archimedes optimization algorithm (AOA) identifier for MG containing thermal, wind, and solar photovoltaic power plants. The Rung Kutta approach is used to construct the proposed online identifier, which acts as a model of the MG. AOA predicts the coefficients of the online identifier based on the input and output of MG to mimic the frequency deviation of the MG online. AOA estimates online the inertia and damping coefficients of the VIC system with an energy storage device based on online AOA identifier coefficients. The frequency deviation of the MG based on the proposed explicit adaptive modified VIC is compared with the conventional VIC based on fixed parameters and the VIC system based on optimal parameters using AOA offline under mutation in loads, weather-dependent input, and MG parameters using MATLAB/Simulink software. Furthermore, the proposed explicit adaptive modified VIC based on an online AOA identifier is evaluated with the adaptive VIC system based on fuzzy logic control, which adjusts only the inertial gain online. The simulation results demonstrate the capabilities of the proposed explicit adaptive modified VIC to improve the frequency stability and enhance low-inertia islanded MGs with RESs.

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Pandey, Ravindra K., Fuu-Yau Shiau, Meden Isaac, S. Ramaprasad, Thomas J. Dougherty, and Kevin M. Smith. "Substituent effects in tetrapyrrole subunit reactivity and pinacol-pinacolone rearrangements: Vic-dihydroxychlorins and vic-dihydroxybacteriochlorins." Tetrahedron Letters 33, no. 51 (December 1992): 7815–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0040-4039(00)74751-4.

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Basso, Luca, Dario Baldi, Lorenzo Mannelli, Carlo Cavaliere, Marco Salvatore, and Valentina Brancato. "Investigating Dual-Energy CT Post-Contrast Phases for Liver Iron Quantification: A Preliminary Study." Dose-Response 19, no. 2 (April 1, 2021): 155932582110113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/15593258211011359.

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Background and Purpose: Quantification of hepatic virtual iron content (VIC) by using Multidetector Dual Energy Computed Tomography (DECT) has been recently investigated since this technique could offer a good compromise between accuracy and non-invasiveness for liver iron content quantification. The aim of our study is to investigate differences in VIC at different DECT time points (namely baseline and arterial, venous and tardive phases), identifying the most reliable and also exploring the underlying temporal trend of these values. Materials and Methods: Eleven patients who underwent DECT examination and were characterized by low liver fat content were included in this retrospective study. By using the Syngo.via Frontier–DE IronVNC tool, regions of interest (ROI) were placed on the VIC images at 3 hepatic levels, both in left and right liver lobes, at each DECT time point. Friedman’s test followed by Bonferroni-adjusted Wilcoxon signed-rank test for post-hoc analysis was performed to assess differences between DECT timepoints. Page’s L test was performed to test the temporal trend of VIC across the 4 examined timepoints. Results: For both liver lobes, Friedman’s test followed by Bonferroni-adjusted Wilcoxon signed-rank test revealed that VIC values differed significantly when extracted from ROIs placed at the 4 different timepoints. The Page’s L test for multiple comparison revealed a significant growing trend for VIC, from baseline acquisition to the fourth and last time point post-contrast agent injection. Conclusions: The extraction of hepatic VIC in healthy subjects was found to be significantly influenced by the DECT time point chosen for the extrapolation of the VIC values.

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Yuan, Xing. "An experimental seasonal hydrological forecasting system over the Yellow River basin – Part 2: The added value from climate forecast models." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 20, no. 6 (June 22, 2016): 2453–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-2453-2016.

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Abstract. This is the second paper of a two-part series on introducing an experimental seasonal hydrological forecasting system over the Yellow River basin in northern China. While the natural hydrological predictability in terms of initial hydrological conditions (ICs) is investigated in a companion paper, the added value from eight North American Multimodel Ensemble (NMME) climate forecast models with a grand ensemble of 99 members is assessed in this paper, with an implicit consideration of human-induced uncertainty in the hydrological models through a post-processing procedure. The forecast skill in terms of anomaly correlation (AC) for 2 m air temperature and precipitation does not necessarily decrease over leads but is dependent on the target month due to a strong seasonality for the climate over the Yellow River basin. As there is more diversity in the model performance for the temperature forecasts than the precipitation forecasts, the grand NMME ensemble mean forecast has consistently higher skill than the best single model up to 6 months for the temperature but up to 2 months for the precipitation. The NMME climate predictions are downscaled to drive the variable infiltration capacity (VIC) land surface hydrological model and a global routing model regionalized over the Yellow River basin to produce forecasts of soil moisture, runoff and streamflow. And the NMME/VIC forecasts are compared with the Ensemble Streamflow Prediction method (ESP/VIC) through 6-month hindcast experiments for each calendar month during 1982–2010. As verified by the VIC offline simulations, the NMME/VIC is comparable to the ESP/VIC for the soil moisture forecasts, and the former has higher skill than the latter only for the forecasts at long leads and for those initialized in the rainy season. The forecast skill for runoff is lower for both forecast approaches, but the added value from NMME/VIC is more obvious, with an increase of the average AC by 0.08–0.2. To compare with the observed streamflow, both the hindcasts from NMME/VIC and ESP/VIC are post-processed through a linear regression model fitted by using VIC offline-simulated streamflow. The post-processed NMME/VIC reduces the root mean squared error (RMSE) from the post-processed ESP/VIC by 5–15 %. And the reduction occurs mostly during the transition from wet to dry seasons. With the consideration of the uncertainty in the hydrological models, the added value from climate forecast models is decreased especially at short leads, suggesting the necessity of improving the large-scale hydrological models in human-intervened river basins.

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Khurana, Jitender M., Bhaskar M. Kandpal, Gagan Kukreja, and Purnima Sharma. "Stereoselective debromination and selective reduction of vic-dibromides with nickel boride." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 84, no. 8 (August 1, 2006): 1019–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v06-125.

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A simple procedure is reported for the stereoselective debromination of vic-dibromides with nickel boride at ambient temperature. Debromination with concomitant reduction of vic-dibromides to give dihydro products in a one-pot reaction is also reported. α,β-Dibromoketones can also be converted to their corresponding alcohols.Key words: debromination, vic-dibromides, stereoselective, reduction, E-alkenes.

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Oshnoei, Soroush, Mohammadreza Aghamohammadi, Siavash Oshnoei, Arman Oshnoei, and Behnam Mohammadi-Ivatloo. "Provision of Frequency Stability of an Islanded Microgrid Using a Novel Virtual Inertia Control and a Fractional Order Cascade Controller." Energies 14, no. 14 (July 9, 2021): 4152. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14144152.

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Nowadays, the renewable energy sources in microgrids (MGs) have high participation to supply the consumer’s demand. In such MGs, the problems such as the system frequency stability, inertia, and damping reduction are threatened. To overcome this challenge, employing the virtual inertia control (VIC) concept in the MG structure could be considered as a viable solution to improve the system frequency response. Hence, this work proposes a novel modeling for VIC in an islanded MG that provides simultaneous emulation of the primary frequency control, virtual inertia, and damping. To show the efficiency of the proposed technique, a comparison is made between the dynamic performance of the proposed VIC and conventional VIC under different scenarios. The results indicate that the proposed VIC presents superior frequency performance in comparison with conventional VIC. In addition to VIC modeling, a new cascade controller based on three-degrees of freedom and fractional-order controllers (FOCs) is proposed as an MG secondary controller. The effectiveness of the proposed controller is compared to tilt-integral-derivative and FO proportional-integral-derivative controllers. The Squirrel search algorithm is utilized to obtain the optimal coefficients of the controllers. The results demonstrate that the proposed controller improves the MG frequency performance over other controllers. Eventually, the sensitivity analysis is performed to investigate the robustness of the proposed controller in the face of the variations of the parameters.

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El Accaoui, Ramzi N., Sarah T. Gould, Georges P. Hajj, Yi Chu, Melissa K. Davis, Diane C. Kraft, Donald D. Lund, et al. "Aortic valve sclerosis in mice deficient in endothelial nitric oxide synthase." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 306, no. 9 (May 1, 2014): H1302—H1313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00392.2013.

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Risk factors for fibrocalcific aortic valve disease (FCAVD) are associated with systemic decreases in bioavailability of endothelium-derived nitric oxide (EDNO). In patients with bicuspid aortic valve (BAV), vascular expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) is decreased, and eNOS−/− mice have increased prevalence of BAV. The goal of this study was to test the hypotheses that EDNO attenuates profibrotic actions of valve interstitial cells (VICs) in vitro and that EDNO deficiency accelerates development of FCAVD in vivo. As a result of the study, coculture of VICs with aortic valve endothelial cells (vlvECs) significantly decreased VIC activation, a critical early phase of FCAVD. Inhibition of VIC activation by vlvECs was attenuated by NG-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester or indomethacin. Coculture with vlvECs attenuated VIC expression of matrix metalloproteinase-9, which depended on stiffness of the culture matrix. Coculture with vlvECs preferentially inhibited collagen-3, compared with collagen-1, gene expression. BAV occurred in 30% of eNOS−/− mice. At age 6 mo, collagen was increased in both bicuspid and trileaflet eNOS−/− aortic valves, compared with wild-type valves. At 18 mo, total collagen was similar in eNOS−/− and wild-type mice, but collagen-3 was preferentially increased in eNOS−/− mice. Calcification and apoptosis were significantly increased in BAV of eNOS−/− mice at ages 6 and 18 mo. Remarkably, these histological changes were not accompanied by physiologically significant valve stenosis or regurgitation. In conclusion, coculture with vlvECs inhibits specific profibrotic VIC processes. In vivo, eNOS deficiency produces fibrosis in both trileaflet and BAVs but produces calcification only in BAVs.

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Gu, Xiaoxiao, and Kristyn S. Masters. "Role of the Rho pathway in regulating valvular interstitial cell phenotype and nodule formation." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 300, no. 2 (February 2011): H448—H458. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.01178.2009.

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The differentiation of valvular interstitial cells (VICs) to a myofibroblastic or osteoblast-like phenotype is commonly found in calcific valvular stenosis, although the molecular-level mechanisms of this process remain poorly understood. Due to the role of the Rho pathway in various vascular diseases and in the expression of a myofibroblast phenotype, the present study was inspired by the hypothesis that Rho activation is involved in regulating cellular processes related to valve calcification. It was found that increased RhoA and Rho kinase (ROCK) activity was associated with increased nodule formation in VIC cultures in vitro, and intentional induction of RhoA activity led to a further increase in nodules and expression of α-smooth muscle actin. VICs treated with ROCK inhibitors were also examined for nodule formation, proliferation, apoptosis, and expression of myofibroblastic or osteoblastic markers. ROCK inhibition dramatically reduced myofibroblast-regulated nodule formation in VIC cultures, as evidenced by a decrease in nodule number, total nodule area, α-smooth muscle actin-positive stress fibers, apoptosis, and gene expression of myofibroblast-related phenotypic markers. Meanwhile, ROCK inhibition was less effective at reducing nodule formation associated with osteogenic activity. In fact, ROCK inhibition increased the expression of alkaline phosphatase and effected only a modest decrease in nodule number when applied to VIC cultures with higher osteogenic activity. Thus, the Rho pathway possesses a complex role in regulating the VIC phenotype and nodule formation, and it is hoped that further elucidation of these molecular-level events will lead to an improved understanding of valvular disease and identification of potential treatments.

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Voicu, Geanina, Daniela Rebleanu, Cristina Ana Constantinescu, Elena Valeria Fuior, Letitia Ciortan, Ionel Droc, Cristina Mariana Uritu, et al. "Nano-Polyplexes Mediated Transfection of Runx2-shRNA Mitigates the Osteodifferentiation of Human Valvular Interstitial Cells." Pharmaceutics 12, no. 6 (June 2, 2020): 507. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics12060507.

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Calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD) is a progressive disorder that increases in prevalence with age. An important role in aortic valve calcification is played by valvular interstitial cells (VIC), that with age or in pathological conditions acquire an osteoblast-like phenotype that advances the disease. Therefore, pharmacological interventions aiming to stop or reverse the osteoblastic transition of VIC may represent a therapeutic option for CAVD. In this study, we aimed at developing a nanotherapeutic strategy able to prevent the phenotypic switch of human aortic VIC into osteoblast-like cells. We hypothesize that nanocarriers designed for silencing the Runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2) will stop the progress or reverse the osteodifferentiation of human VIC, induced by high glucose concentrations and pro-osteogenic factors. We report here the potential of fullerene (C60)-polyethyleneimine (PEI)/short hairpin (sh)RNA-Runx2 nano-polyplexes to efficiently down-regulate Runx2 mRNA and protein expression leading subsequently to a significant reduction in the expression of osteogenic proteins (i.e., ALP, BSP, OSP and BMP4) in osteoblast-committed VIC. The data suggest that the silencing of Runx2 could represent a novel strategy to impede the osteoblastic phenotypic shift of VIC and the ensuing progress of CAVD.

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Chetwynd, Ali. "James Diedrick, Mathilde Blind: Late-Victorian Culture and the Woman of Letters." Victoriographies 11, no. 1 (March 2021): 92–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/vic.2021.0411.

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Wood, Elaine. "Claire Jarvis, Exquisite Masochism: Marriage, Sex, and the Novel Form." Victoriographies 11, no. 1 (March 2021): 96–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/vic.2021.0412.

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Wynne, Deborah. "Charlotte Brontë’s Gothic Fragment: ‘The Story of Willie Ellin’." Victoriographies 11, no. 1 (March 2021): 20–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/vic.2021.0407.

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Charlotte Brontë’s eighteen-page fragment, ‘The Story of Willie Ellin’, written shortly after the publication of Villette in 1853, combines the gothic and realism and uses multiple narrators to tell a disturbing story of cruelty towards a child. The generic instability and disordered temporal framework of this fragment make it unlike anything Brontë had previously written, yet it has attracted the attention of few scholars. Those who have discussed it have condemned it as a failure; the later fragment ‘Emma’, also left incomplete by the author's premature death, has been seen as the more likely beginning of a successor to Villette. ‘The Story of Willie Ellin’ reveals Brontë at her most experimental as she explores the use of different narrative voices, including that of an unnamed genderless ‘ghost’, to tell a story from different perspectives. It also shows Brontë representing a child's experience of extreme physical abuse which goes far beyond the depictions of chastisement in Jane Eyre (1847). This essay argues that ‘The Story of Willie Ellin’ affords rich insights into Brontë’s ideas and working practices in her final years, suggesting that it should be more widely acknowledged as a unique aspect of Brontë’s oeuvre, revealing the new directions she may have taken had she lived to complete another novel.

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Cassidy, Camilla. "Fariha Shaikh, Nineteenth-Century Settler Emigration in British Literature and Art Philip Steer, Settler Colonialism in Victorian Literature: Economics and Political Identity in the Networks of Empire." Victoriographies 11, no. 1 (March 2021): 101–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/vic.2021.0414.

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Mettinger, Elke. "A European Contact Zone: Portugal and Britain in Marianne Baillie's Lisbon in the Years 1821, 1822, and 1823." Victoriographies 11, no. 1 (March 2021): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/vic.2021.0406.

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Abstract:

This paper seeks to shed light on the relationship between Britain and Portugal in the 1820s filtered through Marianne Baillie's eyes in her travel writing Lisbon in the Years 1821, 1822, and 1823 (1824). Looked at through the lens of transculturation as used in Mary Louise Pratt's Imperial Eyes, this relationship – ambivalent though it may be – is perceived along the lines of centre and periphery, domination, and subordination. Portugal is identified as a European contact zone where disparate cultures meet with asymmetrical relations of power. The first part is dedicated to Portugal's entangled post-Napoleonic political situation and to the role of Baillie's letters as eye-witness accounts of historical importance. The second part focusses on Baillie's perception of the Portuguese and their culture, drawing on Jacques Derrida's Of Hospitality to explore the relationship between host and foreigner. It also highlights instances of Baillie's all-pervasive patriotism, which leads to a rather taste-based condemnation of local and living conditions. Her letters combine historical facts and personal impressions while at the same time showing characteristics of travel accounts and women's life writing.

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