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Journal articles on the topic 'Vibrio vulnificus'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 8 February 2022

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1

Ratner, Hilda. "Vibrio vulnificus." Infection Control 8, no. 10 (October 1987): 430–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0195941700066625.

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The importance of vibrio species other than Vibrio cholerae has only recently been appreciated. Vibrio parahaemolyticus has usually been associated with gastrointestinal tract infections although it may be a rare cause of soft tissue infection and septicemia. V alginolyticus is a rare cause of marine wound infections, otitis, and sepsis, and has not been associated with outbreaks of gastroenteritis. In 1976 Hollis et al1 described the characteristics of 38 isolates of a halophilic bacterium isolated from blood cultures (20), cerebrospinal fluid (2), and wound infections (16). Originally called Beneckea vulnifica, this organism was reassigned to the genus Vibrio and named V vulnificus by Farmer. It is a salt-requiring, marine vibrio that can be distinguished from other vibrio species by its ability to ferment lactose. V vulnificus is a particularly virulent organism that typically produces either primary septicemia that occurs after ingestion of raw shellfish, especially in patients with chronic liver disease, or a fulminating wound infection that occurs after exposure to seawater or handling of shellfish.

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2

Tall, B. D., J. F. La Peyre, J. W. Bier, M. D. Miliotis, D. E. Hanes, M. H. Kothary, D. B. Shah, and M. Faisal. "Perkinsus marinus Extracellular Protease Modulates Survival of Vibrio vulnificus in Eastern Oyster (Crassostrea virginica) Hemocytes." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 65, no. 9 (September 1, 1999): 4261–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.65.9.4261-4263.1999.

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ABSTRACT The in vitro effects of the Perkinsus marinus serine protease on the intracellular survival of Vibrio vulnificusin oyster hemocytes were examined by using a time-course gentamicin internalization assay. Results showed that protease-treated hemocytes were initially slower to internalize V. vulnificus than untreated hemocytes. After 1 h, the elimination of V. vulnificus by treated hemocytes was significantly suppressed compared with hemocytes infected with invasive and noninvasive controls. Our data suggest that the serine protease produced byP. marinus suppresses the vibriocidal activity of oyster hemocytes to effectively eliminate V. vulnificus, potentially leading to conditions favoring higher numbers of vibrios in oyster tissues.

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3

Baker-Austin, Craig, and James D. Oliver. "Vibrio vulnificus." Trends in Microbiology 28, no. 1 (January 2020): 81–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tim.2019.08.006.

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4

Johnston, Jeffrey M. "Vibrio vulnificus." JAMA 253, no. 19 (May 17, 1985): 2850. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.1985.03350430062026.

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5

&NA;. "Vibrio vulnificus." Nursing 35, no. 11 (November 2005): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00152193-200511000-00061.

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6

Warner, Jennifer M., and James D. Oliver. "Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNA Analysis of Clinical and Environmental Isolates of Vibrio vulnificus and Other Vibrio Species." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 65, no. 3 (March 1, 1999): 1141–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.65.3.1141-1144.1999.

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ABSTRACT Vibrio vulnificus is an estuarine bacterium that is capable of causing a rapidly fatal infection in humans. A randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) PCR protocol was developed for use in detecting V. vulnificus, as well as other members of the genus Vibrio. The resulting RAPD profiles were analyzed by using RFLPScan software. This RAPD method clearly differentiated between members of the genus Vibrio and between isolates ofV. vulnificus. Each V. vulnificus strain produced a unique band pattern, indicating that the members of this species are genetically quite heterogeneous. All of the vibrios were found to have amplification products whose sizes were within four common molecular weight ranges, while the V. vulnificusstrains had an additional two molecular weight range bands in common. All of the V. vulnificus strains isolated from clinical specimens produced an additional band that was only occasionally found in environmental strains; this suggests that, as is the case with the Kanagawa hemolysin of Vibrio parahaemolyticus, the presence of this band may be correlated with the ability of a strain to produce an infection in humans. In addition, band pattern differences were observed between encapsulated and nonencapsulated isogenic morphotypes of the same strain of V. vulnificus.

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7

Pfeffer, Courtney S., M. Frances Hite, and James D. Oliver. "Ecology of Vibrio vulnificus in Estuarine Waters of Eastern North Carolina." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 69, no. 6 (June 2003): 3526–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.69.6.3526-3531.2003.

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ABSTRACT While several studies on the ecology of Vibrio vulnificus in Gulf Coast environments have been reported, there is little information on the distribution of this pathogen in East Coast waters. Thus, we conducted a multiyear study on the ecology of V. vulnificus in estuarine waters of the eastern United States, employing extensive multiple regression analyses to reveal the major environmental factors controlling the presence of this pathogen, and of Vibrio spp., in these environments. Monthly field samplings were conducted between July 2000 and April 2002 at six different estuarine sites along the eastern coast of North Carolina. At each site, water samples were taken and nine physicochemical parameters were measured. V. vulnificus isolates, along with estuarine bacteria, Vibrio spp., Escherichia coli organisms, and total coliforms, were enumerated in samples from each site by using selective media. During the last 6 months of the study, sediment samples were also analyzed for the presence of vibrios, including V. vulnificus. Isolates were confirmed as V. vulnificus by using hemolysin gene PCR or colony hybridization. V. vulnificus was isolated only when water temperatures were between 15 and 27Ã¯Â¿Â½C, and its presence correlated with water temperature and dissolved oxygen and vibrio levels. Levels of V. vulnificus in sediments were low, and no evidence for an overwintering in this environment was found. Multiple regression analysis indicated that vibrio levels were controlled primarily by temperature, turbidity, and levels of dissolved oxygen, estuarine bacteria, and coliforms. Water temperature accounted for most of the variability in the concentrations of both V. vulnificus (47%) and Vibrio spp. (48%).

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8

Han, Feifei, Robert D. Walker, Marlene E. Janes, Witoon Prinyawiwatkul, and Beilei Ge. "Antimicrobial Susceptibilities of Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio vulnificus Isolates from Louisiana Gulf and Retail Raw Oysters." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 73, no. 21 (September 7, 2007): 7096–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.01116-07.

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ABSTRACT The antimicrobial susceptibilities of 168 Vibrio parahaemolyticus and 151 Vibrio vulnificus isolates recovered from 82 Louisiana Gulf and retail oysters in 2005 and 2006 were determined. Overall, the two vibrios remained susceptible to the majority of antimicrobials tested; reduced susceptibility was detected only in V. parahaemolyticus for ampicillin (81%; MIC ≥ 16 μg/ml). Additionally, V. parahaemolyticus displayed significantly higher MICs for cefotaxime, ciprofloxacin, and tetracycline than V. vulnificus.

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9

Høi, L., J. L. Larsen, I. Dalsgaard, and A. Dalsgaard. "Occurrence of Vibrio vulnificus Biotypes in Danish Marine Environments." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 64, no. 1 (January 1, 1998): 7–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.64.1.7-13.1998.

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ABSTRACT During the unusually warm summer in Denmark in 1994, 11 clinical cases of Vibrio vulnificus infection were reported. These reports initiated an investigation of the occurrence of V. vulnificus biotypes in Danish marine environments. Samples of coastal water, sediment, shellfish, and wild fish were analyzed by preenrichment in alkaline peptone water amended with polymyxin B (2.0 × 104 U/liter) followed by streaking onto modified cellobiose-polymyxin B-colistin agar. V. vulnificus-like colonies were tested with a V. vulnificus-specific DNA probe. Low densities of V. vulnificus were detected in water (0.8 to 19 CFU/liter) from June until mid-September and in sediment (0.04 to >11 CFU/g) from July until mid-November. The presence of V. vulnificus was strongly correlated with water temperature. However, we isolatedV. vulnificus from water from a mussel farm at a lower temperature than previously reported (7°C). In 1 of the 13 locations studied, V. vulnificus was found in mussels in 7 of 17 samples analyzed; this is the first report of V. vulnificusin European shellfish. V. vulnificus was also isolated from gills, intestinal contents, and mucus from wild fish. Although biotyping of 706 V. vulnificus strains isolated during our investigations revealed that the majority of the strains (99.6%) belonged to biotype 1, biotype 2 was detected in seawater at a low frequency (0.4%). Our findings provide further evidence that seawater can serve as a reservoir and might facilitate spread of V. vulnificus biotype 2 to eels, with subsequent spread to persons handling eels. In conclusion, our data demonstrate that V. vulnificus is ubiquitous in a temperate marine environment and that V. vulnificus biotype 2 is not strictly confined to eels.

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10

LORENZONI, GIUSEPPA, GIUSEPPE TEDDE, LAURA MARA, ANNA MARIA BAZZONI, GIUSEPPE ESPOSITO, SARA SALZA, GABRIELLA PIRAS, et al. "Presence, Seasonal Distribution, and Biomolecular Characterization of Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio vulnificus in Shellfish Harvested and Marketed in Sardinia (Italy) between 2017 and 2018." Journal of Food Protection 84, no. 9 (May 6, 2021): 1549–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/jfp-21-059.

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ABSTRACT In the present study, we investigated the presence, seasonal distribution, and biomolecular characteristics of Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio vulnificus in samples of bivalve mollusks (Mytilus galloprovincialis, Crassostrea gigas, and Ruditapes decussatus) harvested and marketed in Sardinia (Italy) between 2017 and 2018. A total of 435 samples were submitted for qualitative determination of Vibrio spp., V. parahaemolyticus, and V. vulnificus. Potentially enteropathogenic isolates were detected with biomolecular methods. The overall prevalence of Vibrio spp. was 7.6%. The highest Vibrio prevalence was found in R. decussatus (8.3%). The prevalences of V. parahaemolyticus and V. vulnificus were 2.7 and 4.8%, respectively. Higher prevalences of V. parahaemolyticus and V. vulnificus were found in R. decussatus (4.2%) and C. gigas (6.2%), respectively. Only two pathogenic V. parahaemolyticus strains were recovered (genotypes: tdh− and trh+; tdh+ and trh−), both from M. galloprovincialis. None of the isolates were tdh+ and trh+. Pathogenic Vibrio infections are often underestimated, and human infections are increasing in Europe. European data on the true distribution of Vibrionaceae are scarce, and the results of the present study highlight the need of constant monitoring to update the distribution of pathogenic vibrios. HIGHLIGHTS

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11

Calif, Edward, and Stahl Shalom. "HAND INFECTIONS CAUSED BY DELAYED INOCULATION OF VIBRIO VULNIFICUS: DOES HUMAN SKIN SERVE AS A POTENTIAL RESERVOIR OF VIBRIOS?" Hand Surgery 09, no. 01 (July 2004): 39–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218810404002029.

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Vibrio vulnificus may cause severe soft tissue infections of the upper extremity. This pathogen usually gains access to soft tissues either by direct inoculation through a penetrating injury by an infected marine animal or by exposing abraded skin to contaminated water. We report five patients with Vibrio vulnificus hand infections following superficial hand injuries incurred within 24 hours after uneventful handling of fish. This clinical observation, together with the fact that the physiologic characteristics of human sweat simulate the natural environment of the Vibrio vulnificus, support the assumption that human skin may serve as a reservoir for Vibrios. The anamnesis in patients presenting with hand infection should essentially include an inquiry regarding recent, albeit uneventful, fish handling.

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12

Chuang, Yin-Ghing, Chenden Young, and Chan-Wei Chen. "Vibrio vulnificus Infection." Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases 21, no. 6 (January 1989): 721–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00365548909021703.

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13

Pressly, KB, and LS Quattlebaum. "Vibrio vulnificus sepsis." Critical Care Nurse 20, no. 5 (October 1, 2000): 78–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4037/ccn2000.20.5.78.

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14

Oishi, Hirotaka. "Vibrio vulnificus infections." Nihon Shuchu Chiryo Igakukai zasshi 18, no. 1 (2011): 6–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3918/jsicm.18.6.

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15

Park, Jin, and Chang-Seop Lee. "Vibrio vulnificus Infection." New England Journal of Medicine 379, no. 4 (July 26, 2018): 375. http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/nejmicm1716464.

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16

Hoffmann, Thomas J. "Vibrio vulnificus Septicemia." Archives of Internal Medicine 148, no. 8 (August 1, 1988): 1825. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archinte.1988.00380080097026.

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17

Hoffmann, T. J. "Vibrio vulnificus septicemia." Archives of Internal Medicine 148, no. 8 (August 1, 1988): 1825–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archinte.148.8.1825.

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18

Shirouzu, Kazuo, Yuichi Miyamoto, Tatsuomi Yasaka, Yasuo Matsubayashi, and Minoru Morimatsu. "VIBRIO VULNIFICUS SEPTICEMIA." Pathology International 35, no. 3 (May 1985): 731–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1827.1985.tb00614.x.

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19

Flake, Gordon, Pam Brandner, Rodney Jung, and Ann Woodruff. "Vibrio vulnificus septicemia." Clinical Microbiology Newsletter 8, no. 1 (January 1986): 6–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0196-4399(86)90098-x.

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20

Riel, Susan, and Dianne Patterson. "Vibrio vulnificus septicemia." Clinical Microbiology Newsletter 12, no. 1 (January 1990): 5–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0196-4399(90)90079-q.

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21

KOO, JAHEON, ANGELO DePAOLA, and DOUGLAS L. MARSHALL. "Impact of Acid on Survival of Vibrio vulnificus and Vibrio vulnificus Phage†." Journal of Food Protection 63, no. 8 (August 1, 2000): 1049–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-63.8.1049.

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Three strains of Vibrio vulnificus and V. vulnificus phages were tested for acid sensitivity at 21°C. V. vulnificus strain 304 was more resistant to pH 4.0 than strains CVD-1 and A-9, whereas acid sensitivities of V. vulnificus strains at pH 3.0 and 2.0 were similar. V. vulnificus phage strain 110A-7 was more resistant to pH 4.0 than strain 153A-7, whereas acid sensitivities of phage strains at pH 3.5 and 3.0 were similar. Numbers of V. vulnificus and its phage were close to the limit of detection after 100 s at pH 2.0 and after 24 min at pH 3.0. Acid D-values at 21°C decreased as pH decreased for both V. vulnificus and phages. D-values of phage strains at pH 3.5 were 10-fold greater than those of host strain at pH 4.0. D-values of phage strains were slightly greater than those of host strain at pH 3.0. These results suggest that V. vulnificus and its phage were very sensitive to pH of less than 3.0, although V. vulnificus phages were more resistant to acid than their host.

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22

Franca, Joao Cesar Beenke, Sonia Mara Raboni, Elise Sanfelice, Diego Polido, Arthur Gentili, and Fabricio Marques. "Vibrio vulnificus infection in Southern Brazil - Case report." Anais Brasileiros de Dermatologia 88, no. 3 (June 2013): 424–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/abd1806-4841.20131780.

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The genus Vibrio is a member of the family Vibrionaceae, and among their disease-causing species, Vibrio vulnificus, a lactose-positive gram-negative bacillus, is one of the most virulent pathogen of the noncholerae vibrios. We describe the case of a 39-year-old male patient, who was using immunosuppressive therapy, admitted to the hospital for liver transplantation. Twelve hours later, the patient presented high fever, myalgia, anuria and erythematous plaques on lower limbs, of rapid growth and proximal progression. The patient was treated with ceftriaxone, meropenem and oxacillin, however he expired within 30 hours. Blood cultures showed growth of a gram-negative bacillus, which was later identified as Vibrio vulnificus.

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23

PELON, WILLIAM, RONALD B. LUFTIG, and KENNETH H. JOHNSTON. "Vibrio vulnificus Load Reduction in Oysters after Combined Exposure to Vibrio vulnificus–Specific Bacteriophage and to an Oyster Extract Component†." Journal of Food Protection 68, no. 6 (June 1, 2005): 1188–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-68.6.1188.

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Oysters infected with Vibrio vulnificus can present a serious health risk to diabetic, immunocompromised, and iron-deficient individuals. Numerous studies have been conducted with the goal of eliminating this organism from raw oysters. We utilized two natural oyster-associated components: pooled Vibrio vulnificus–specific bacteriophage and an extract of the eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica) that contains an antimicrobial component we named anti–Vibrio vulnificus factor, which is bactericidal for V. vulnificus. Although each component alone can reduce V. vulnificus numbers independently, the simultaneous use of both components in an in vitro system successfully more effectively reduced V. vulnificus bacterial loads.

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24

TEBBS, ROBERT S., PIUS M. BRZOSKA, MANOHAR R. FURTADO, and OLGA V. PETRAUSKENE. "Design and Validation of a Novel Multiplex Real-Time PCR Assay for Vibrio Pathogen Detection." Journal of Food Protection 74, no. 6 (June 1, 2011): 939–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-10-511.

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Three species—Vibrio cholerae, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, and Vibrio vulnificus—account for the majority of vibrio infections in humans. Rapid and accurate identification of Vibrio species has been problematic because phenotypic characteristics are variable within species. Additionally, biochemical identification and confirmation require 2 or more days to complete. Rapid and sensitive molecular techniques for the detection of vibrio pathogens would be useful for the surveillance and management of outbreaks. To facilitate the identification of human-pathogenic species, we designed and validated a highly sensitive, specific, and robust multiplex real-time PCR assay to identify V. cholerae, V. parahaemolyticus, and V. vulnificus using a four-dye configuration in a convenient lyophilized format. Multiple Vibrio strains were sequenced to verify candidate target TaqMan sites. Several individual assays within the multiplex contain multiple primers or probes to ensure detection of polymorphic variants. V. cholerae, V. parahaemolyticus, and V. vulnificus were detected either individually or in mixtures at ≤30 genomic copies. V. cholerae was specifically detected in the presence or absence of Vibrio mimicus. The Vibrio multiplex assay showed 100% specificity to all targets analyzed and no detection of nearest neighbor strains. Each assay exhibited 100% ± 10% efficiency. Multiplex real-time PCR can simplify pathogen detection and reduce costs per test since three species can be analyzed in a single reaction tube. Rapid and accurate detection of pathogenic vibrios in shellfish or seawater samples will improve the microbiological safety of seafood for consumers.

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25

HLADY, W. GARY. "Vibrio Infections Associated with Raw Oyster Consumption in Florida, 1981–1994." Journal of Food Protection 60, no. 4 (April 1, 1997): 353–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-60.4.353.

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While the problem of raw-oyster-associated Vibrio vulnificus infection is well known, less is known about other Vibrio infections associated with raw oyster consumption. Case reports of 333 patients with raw-oyster-associated infections with V. vulnificus and other Vibrio species reported in Florida from 1981 through 1994 were reviewed to define the epidemiology of these infections. The average annual incidence of raw-oyster-associated Vibrio infection was 10.1 per 1,000,000 raw oyster-consuming adults (95% confidence interval: 8.3 to 11.9). Infection resulted in gastroenteritis for 231 (69%) patients, of whom 97 (42%) were hospitalized for a mean length of stay of 4.9 days, and 2 (1%) died. Vibrio species most often identified in patients with gastroenteritis included V. parahaemolyticus (29%), V. cholerae non-Ol (28%), V. hollisae (15%), and V.mimicus (12%). The remaining 102 (31 %) patients with raw-oyster-associated Vibrio infections developed primary septicemia and 50 (49%) died. Primary septicemia resulted from infection with V. vulnificus (80%), v. parahaemolyticus (9%), V. cholerae non-O1 (8%), and V. hollisae (3%). Non-V. vulnificus species accounted for 72% of all raw-oyster-associated Vibrio infections, and differed from infections with V. vulnificus in their lack of a seasonal distribution and the absence of underlying medical conditions in infected patients. These findings emphasize that Vibrio species other than V. vulnificus are more commonly associated with raw oyster consumption, are capable of producing significant morbidity, and may not be controlled by measures such as seasonal marketing restrictions and targeted education of high-risk? consumers that have been proposed to prevent infection with V. vulnificus.

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26

FUJIYAMA, SHIGETOSHI. "Vibrio vulnificus infectious disease." Nihon Naika Gakkai Zasshi 87, no. 5 (1998): 934–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2169/naika.87.934.

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27

Borenstein, Michael, and Francisco Kerdel. "Infections with Vibrio vulnificus." Dermatologic Clinics 21, no. 2 (April 2003): 245–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0733-8635(02)00088-8.

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28

Alvarez-Elcoro, Salvador. "Vibrio vulnificus Skin Lesion." Digestive Diseases 13, no. 6 (1995): 389. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000171518.

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29

DiGaetano, Margaret. "Vibrio vulnificus Corneal Ulcer." Archives of Ophthalmology 107, no. 3 (March 1, 1989): 323. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archopht.1989.01070010333012.

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30

Warnock, Eli W., and Terry L. MacMath. "Primary vibrio vulnificus septicemia." Journal of Emergency Medicine 11, no. 2 (March 1993): 153–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0736-4679(93)90510-e.

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31

MIYASAKA, J., S. YAHIRO, Y. ARAHIRA, H. TOKUNAGA, K. KATSUKI, and Y. HARA-KUDO. "Isolation of Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio vulnificus from wild aquatic birds in Japan." Epidemiology and Infection 134, no. 4 (December 22, 2005): 780–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268805005674.

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Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio vulnificus were isolated from faecal samples of wild aquatic birds in winter. Although V. parahaemolyticus and V. vulnificus were present in low numbers in seawater in the area where the faecal samples of the birds were collected, the pathogens were isolated from the faeces of the birds. This study demonstrates that wild aquatic birds are a vehicle for V. parahaemolyticus and V. vulnificus to survive in winter.

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32

McDougald, Diane, Scott A. Rice, and Staffan Kjelleberg. "SmcR-Dependent Regulation of Adaptive Phenotypes inVibrio vulnificus." Journal of Bacteriology 183, no. 2 (January 15, 2001): 758–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.183.2.758-762.2001.

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ABSTRACT Vibrio vulnificus contains homologues of the V. harveyi luxR and luxS genes. A null mutation insmcR (luxR) resulted in a defect in starvation survival, inhibition of starvation-induced maintenance of culturability that occurs when V. vulnificusis starved prior to low-temperature incubation, and increased expression of stationary-phase phenotypes.

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33

KOO, JAHEON, ANGELO DePAOLA, and DOUGLAS L. MARSHALL. "Effect of Simulated Gastric Fluid and Bile on Survival of Vibrio vulnificus and Vibrio vulnificus Phage†." Journal of Food Protection 63, no. 12 (December 1, 2000): 1665–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-63.12.1665.

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Bacteria and phages may be exposed to acid conditions in the stomach and to bile in the intestine. Survival of three strains of Vibrio vulnificus and three strains of its phages was examined at 37°C after exposure to simulated gastric fluid at pH 3 to 4 or to 0, 1, and 2% bile in broth or buffer. Mean D-values (decimal reduction times) at pH 4 and 3 were 3.3 and 1.3 min for V. vulnificus and 97.8 and 0.7 min for its phages. No V. vulnificus survivors were found at pH 2.0. There were few survival differences among strains of V. vulnificus or its phages. Numbers of V. vulnificus increased 1 log in tryptic soy broth containing 1 or 2% bile after 3 h. Numbers of V. vulnificus and its phages remained constant in phosphate-buffered saline regardless of bile concentrations up to 3 h. Those V. vulnificus bacteria and phages that survive stomach acidity may proliferate in the small intestine, since they are resistant to bile.

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34

TOKARSKYY, OLEKSANDR, DOUGLAS L. MARSHALL, JEFF DILLON, and LINDA S. ANDREWS. "Long-Term Depuration of Crassostrea virginica Oysters at Different Salinities and Temperatures Changes Vibrio vulnificus Counts and Microbiological Profile." Journal of Food Protection 82, no. 1 (December 26, 2018): 22–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-18-225.

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ABSTRACT Previous short-duration depuration studies with the eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica) demonstrated difficulty in achieving significant naturally incurred Vibrio vulnificus population count reductions. The present study used long-duration depuration (14 days) at controlled temperatures (10 or 22°C) and salinities (12, 16, or 20 mg/g). All depuration temperature–salinity combinations significantly reduced V. vulnificus counts, with greatest reductions seen in 12 mg/g, 10°C seawater (2.7-log CFU/g reduction) and in 20 mg/g, 22°C seawater (2.8-log reduction). Mesophilic vibrios dominated the overall microflora of freshly harvested oysters, whereas refrigerated storage selected for psychrotrophic bacteria (Pseudomonas spp., Aeromonas spp., Shewanella spp., Psychrobacter spp.) as well as did depuration at 10°C (Pseudoalteromonas spp., Shewanella spp., Vibrio spp.). Depuration at 22°C retained dominance of mesophilic vibrios, including pathogenic species, followed by Shewanella spp., Pseudoalteromonas spp., and Photobacterium spp. Although aerobic plate counts were lower in 22°C depurated oysters (5.0 log versus 6.0 log) compared with 10°C, depuration at 10°C offered greater V. vulnificus population reductions than depuration at 22°C. This advantage was only seen at 12 mg/g salinity, with no impact at 16 and 20 mg/g salinities. No depuration treatment reduced V. vulnificus counts to nondetectable levels. Use of prolonged depuration may be a helpful intervention to control V. vulnificus populations in oysters.

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León Robles, A., E. Acedo Félix, B. Gomez-Gil, E. I. Quiñones Ramírez, M. Nevárez-Martínez, and L. Noriega-Orozco. "Relationship of aquatic environmental factors with the abundance of Vibrio cholerae, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Vibrio mimicus and Vibrio vulnificus in the coastal area of Guaymas, Sonora, Mexico." Journal of Water and Health 11, no. 4 (September 12, 2013): 700–712. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2013.160.

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Members of the genus Vibrio are common in aquatic environments. Among them are V. cholerae, V. vulnificus, V. parahaemolyticus and V. mimicus. Several studies have shown that environmental factors, such as temperature, salinity, and dissolved oxygen, are involved in their epidemiology. Therefore, the main objective of this study is to determine if there is a correlation between the presence/amount of V. cholerae, V, vulnificus, V. parahaemolyticus and V. mimicus and the environmental conditions of the seawater off the coast of Guaymas, México. Quantification of all four pathogenic bacteria was performed using the most probable number method, and suspected colonies were identified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Correlations were found using principal component analysis. V. parahaemolyticus was the most abundant and widely distributed bacteria, followed by V. vulnificus, V. mimicus and V. cholerae. Positive correlations between V. parahaemolyticus, V. vulnificus and V. mimicus with temperature, salinity, electric conductivity, and total dissolved solids were found. The abundance of V. cholerae was mainly affected by the sampling site and not by physicochemical parameters.

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JADEJA, R., M. E. JANES, and J. G. SIMONSON. "Immunomagnetic Separation of Vibrio vulnificus with Antiflagellar Monoclonal Antibody." Journal of Food Protection 73, no. 7 (July 1, 2010): 1288–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-73.7.1288.

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Raw oysters are primary vectors for Vibrio vulnificus infections, and a rapid detection method for V. vulnificus in raw oysters before distribution would be an indispensable tool for the seafood industry. One approach to improving the recovery and detection of V. vulnificus without sacrificing assay time is through the use of immunomagnetic separation (IMS). The aim of this study was to develop and optimize an IMS protocol using anti-H (antiflagellar) antibody for determining the level of V. vulnificus in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) suspensions and spiked oyster homogenate. Six monoclonal antibodies were produced by immunizing mice at 2-week intervals by injection of 50 μg of purified V. vulnificus ATCC 27562 flagellin. Antibodies that exhibited high anti-H titers were coated onto Cowan I Staphylococcus aureus cells and sheep anti-mouse immunoglobulin G immunomagnetic beads. The two reagents were used to determine the species specificity of the selected antibodies, which positively identified and coagglutinated 70 isolates identified genetically as V. vulnificus and did not react with 40 Vibrio parahaemolyticus isolates or nine other Vibrio species. The IMS protocol was optimized for PBS and oyster homogenate spiked with three different strains of V. vulnificus. IMS with V. vulnificus–spiked PBS yielded binding of 19 to 57%, and IMS with spiked oyster homogenate carried out at two V. vulnificus levels exhibited binding of 25 to 57%. The IMS protocol for V. vulnificus could be used to concentrate and detect V. vulnificus in seawater and shellfish homogenate.

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REN, TINGTING, and YI-CHENG SU. "Effects of Electrolyzed Oxidizing Water Treatment on Reducing Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio vulnificus in Raw Oysters." Journal of Food Protection 69, no. 8 (August 1, 2006): 1829–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-69.8.1829.

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Contamination of Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio vulnificus in oysters is a food safety concern. This study investigated effects of electrolyzed oxidizing (EO) water treatment on reducing V. parahaemolyticus and V. vulnificus in laboratory-contaminated oysters. EO water exhibited strong antibacterial activity against V. parahaemolyticus and V. vulnificus in pure cultures. Populations of V. parahaemolyticus (8.74 × 107 CFU/ml) and V. vulnificus (8.69 × 107 CFU/ml) decreased quickly in EO water containing 0.5% NaCl to nondetectable levels (>6.6 log reductions) within 15 s. Freshly harvested Pacific oysters were inoculated with a five-strain cocktail of V. parahaemolyticus or V. vulnificus at levels of 104 and 106 most probable number (MPN)/g and treated with EO water (chlorine, 30 ppm; pH 2.82; oxidation-reduction potential, 1131 mV) containing 1% NaCl at room temperature. Reductions of V. parahaemolyticus and V. vulnificus in oysters were determined at 0 (before treatment), 2, 4, 6, and8hof treatment. Holding oysters inoculated with V. parahaemolyticus or V. vulnificus in the EO water containing 1% NaCl for 4 to 6 h resulted in significant (P < 0.05) reductions of V. parahaemolyticus and V. vulnificus by 1.13 and 1.05 log MPN/g, respectively. Extended exposure (>12 h) of oysters in EO water containing high levels of chlorine (>30 ppm) was found to be detrimental to oysters. EO water could be used as a postharvest treatment to reduce Vibrio contamination in oysters. However, treatment should be limited to 4 to6hto avoid death of oysters. Further studies are needed to determine effects of EO water treatment on sensory characteristics of oysters.

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Subagiyo, Subagiyo, Ervia Yudiati, Nuril Azhar, and Rabia Alghazeer. "Sensitivity of Vibrio parahaemolyticus, V. vulnificus and V. harveyi Against Chloroxylenol (4-Chloro-3,5-dimethylphenol , C8H9ClO) Antiseptic and Pine Oil Disinfectant." Jurnal Kelautan Tropis 23, no. 3 (November 17, 2020): 381–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/jkt.v23i3.9126.

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Vibrio spp. genus is known as a marine indigeneous bacteria. Vibrio parahaemolyticus, V. vulnificus and V. harveyi are pathogenic Vibrio. This study aims to assess the sensitivity of three Vibrio species (V parahaemolyticus, V. vulnificus and V. harveyi) isolated from shrimp pond against two type of disinfectant with different active compound namely Chloroxylenol (4-Chloro-3,5-dimethylphenol, C8H9ClO) and pine oil. The assessment was done by Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion methods in Zobell agar media with two different concentration (10 and 100 ppm) and replicated in three times. Sensitivity of Vibrio spp. was analized based on the inhibition zone activity produced by disinfectant. Results showed that sensitivity of Vibrio spp. against disinfectant Chloroxylenol 4.8% at 100 ppm were higher than 10 ppm. The increment of V parahaemolyticus was 182 %, V. vulnificus was 47 % and V. harveyi was 43 %, respectively. Susceptibility of antiseptic with Chloroxylenol 4.8% at 100 ppm was arised to 152 % (V. parahaemolyticus), 43 % (V. vulnificus) and 31 % (V. harveyi) when compared to 2.5% pine oil disinfectant. It can be concluded that Chloroxylenol 4,8 % active compound and pine oil were able to inhibit the Vibrio spp. growth.

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Koo, Jaheon, Douglas L. Marshall, and Angelo DePaola. "Antacid Increases Survival of Vibrio vulnificus and Vibrio vulnificus Phage in a Gastrointestinal Model." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 67, no. 7 (July 1, 2001): 2895–902. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.67.7.2895-2902.2001.

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ABSTRACT Viable counts of three strains of Vibrio vulnificus and its phage were determined during exposure to a mechanical gastrointestinal model with or without antacid for 9 h at 37Ã¯Â¿Â½C.V. vulnificus was eliminated (>4-log reduction) within 30 min in the gastric compartment (pH decline from 5.0 to 3.5). ViableV. vulnificus cells delivered from the gastric compartment during the first 30 min of exposure reached 106 to 108 CFU/ml in the intestinal compartment after 9 h (pH 7.0). Phages were eliminated within 45 min in the gastric compartment (pH decline from 5.1 to 2.5). Less than a 2-log reduction of phage was observed in the intestinal compartment after 9 h (pH 7.0). When the gastric compartment contained antacid V. vulnificus counts decreased slightly (<2 log) during 2 h of exposure (pH decline from 7.7 to 6.0), while counts in the intestinal compartment (pH 7.5) reached 107 to 109 CFU/ml. Phage numbers decreased 1 log after 2 h in the gastric compartment (pH decline from 7.7 to 5.7) containing antacid and decreased 1 log in the intestinal compartment (pH 7.6) after 9 h. Presence of antacid in the gastric compartment of the model greatly increased the ability of both V. vulnificus and its phage to survive simulated gastrointestinal transit and may be a factor involved with oyster-associated illness.

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SLOAN, EDNA M., CURTIS J. HAGEN, GAYLE A. LANCETTE, JAMES T. PEELER, and JOHN N. SOFOS. "Comparison of Five Selective Enrichment Broths and Two Selective Agars For Recovery of Vibrio vulnificus From Oysters." Journal of Food Protection 55, no. 5 (May 1, 1992): 356–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-55.5.356.

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The Bacteriological Analytical Manual (6th edition) specifies use of glucose-salt-teepol (GST) broth for detection of Vibrio vulnificus and other halophilic vibrios in seafood. Since teepol is no longer commercially available, this study compared five enrichment broths for their ability to recover V. vulnificus. Ten samples of seeded oysters were analyzed using a three-tube MPN and enriched in each of five broths in duplicate. Broth cultures were then streaked onto cellobiose-polymyxin B-colistin (CPC) agar and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polymyxin B-sucrose (SDS) agar plates. Average (± standard error) recovery (log MPN/g) from each broth was as follows: Alkaline-peptone-water (APW), 4.16 ± 0.20; Marine (MRN) broth, 3.63 ± 0.16; Horie's broth, 2.88 ± 0.17; Monsur's broth, 2.43 ± 0.16; and GST broth, 1.28 ± 0.28. APW and MRN broths yielded significantly (P<0.05) higher recovery than other broths by the Kruskal-Wallis nonparametric rank test. Vibrio vulnificus was isolated with higher frequency from CPC (81%) as compared with SDS (61%) agar plates. Background growth was minimal on CPC agar, facilitating selection of V. vulnificus colonies. Based on these results, APW enrichment broth and CPC isolation agar were more efficient for recovery of V. vulnificus from oysters than other broth and agar combinations

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41

Bahrani, K., and James D. Oliver. "Studies on the lipopolysaccharide of a virulent and an avirulent strain of Vibrio vulnificus." Biochemistry and Cell Biology 68, no. 2 (February 1, 1990): 547–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/o90-078.

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Vibrio vulnificus is a marine bacterium associated with both primary septicemias and wound infections in humans. The lipopolysaccharides of a virulent and an avirulent strain of Vibrio vulnificus were compared with respect to their chemical constituents and electrophoretic characteristics. 2-Keto-3-deoxyoctonic acid, a normal constituent of the lipopolysaccharide of typical Enterobacteriaceae, was not found in the lipopolysaccharide of either strain. Hexadecenoate (C16:1) was the predominant fatty acid of the lipid A moiety of the lipopolysaccharides and of the membrane phospholipids of both strains. Hydroxy fatty acids composed 44% of the total fatty acids of the lipid A of the avirulent and 40% of those in the virulent strain. In addition, odd-numbered fatty acids were detected in both lipopolysaccharides. The electrophoretic profile was similar for both strains, but demonstrated no "ladder-like" pattern characteristic of "smooth" lipopolysaccharides. The result of this study showed no significant differences between the lipopolysaccharides of the virulent and avirulent strains of Vibrio vulnificus. The possible role for lipopolysaccharide in pathogenesis of Vibrio vulnificus infections is discussed.Key words: Vibrio, lipopolysaccharide, pathogenesis.

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42

Shao, Chung-Ping, and Lien-I. Hor. "Regulation of Metalloprotease Gene Expression in Vibrio vulnificus by a Vibrio harveyi LuxR Homologue." Journal of Bacteriology 183, no. 4 (February 15, 2001): 1369–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.183.4.1369-1375.2001.

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ABSTRACT Expression of the Vibrio vulnificus metalloprotease gene, vvp, was turned up rapidly when bacterial growth reached the late log phase. A similar pattern of expression has been found in the metalloprotease gene of Vibrio cholerae, and this has been shown to be regulated by a Vibrio harveyiLuxR-like transcriptional activator. To find out whether a LuxR homologue exists in V. vulnificus, a gene library of this organism was screened by colony hybridization using a probe derived from a sequence that is conserved in various luxR-like genes of vibrios. A gene containing a 618-bp open reading frame was identified and found to be identical to the smcR gene ofV. vulnificus reported previously. An isogenic SmcR-deficient (RD) mutant was further constructed by an in vivo allelic exchange technique. This mutant exhibited an extremely low level of vvp transcription compared with that of the parent strain. On the other hand, the cytolysin gene, vvhA, was expressed at a higher level in the RD mutant than in the parent strain during the log phase of growth. These data suggested that SmcR might not only be a positive regulator of the protease gene but might also be involved in negative regulation of the cytolysin gene. Virulence of the RD mutant in either normal or iron-overloaded mice challenged by intraperitoneal injection was comparable to that of the parent strain, indicating that SmcR is not required for V. vulnificusvirulence in mice.

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43

Panicker, Gitika, and Asim K. Bej. "Real-Time PCR Detection of Vibrio vulnificus in Oysters: Comparison of Oligonucleotide Primers and Probes Targeting vvhA." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 71, no. 10 (October 2005): 5702–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.71.10.5702-5709.2005.

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ABSTRACT We compared three sets of oligonucleotide primers and two probes designed for Vibrio vulnificus hemolysin A gene (vvhA) for TaqMan-based real-time PCR method enabling specific detection of Vibrio vulnificus in oysters. Two of three sets of primers with a probe were specific for the detection of all 81 V. vulnificus isolates by TaqMan PCR. The 25 nonvibrio and 12 other vibrio isolates tested were negative. However, the third set of primers, F-vvh1059 and R-vvh1159, with the P-vvh1109 probe, although positive for all V. vulnificus isolates, also exhibited positive cycle threshold (CT ) values for other Vibrio spp. Optimization of the TaqMan PCR assay using F-vvh785/R-vvh990 or F-vvh731/R-vvh1113 primers and the P-vvh874 probe detected 1 pg of purified DNA and 103 V. vulnificus CFU/ml in pure cultures. The enriched oyster tissue homogenate did not exhibit detectable inhibition to the TaqMan PCR amplification of vvhA. Detection of 3 × 103 CFU V. vulnificus, resulting from a 5-h enrichment of an initial inoculum of 1 CFU/g of oyster tissue homogenate, was achieved with F-vvh785/R-vvh990 or F-vvh731/R-vvh1113 primers and P-vvh875 probe. The application of the TaqMan PCR using these primers and probe, exhibited detection of V. vulnificus on 5-h-enriched natural oysters harvested from the Gulf of Mexico. Selection of appropriate primers and a probe on vvhA for TaqMan-PCR-based detection of V. vulnificus in post-harvest-treated oysters would help avoid false-positive results, thus ensuring a steady supply of safe oysters to consumers and reducing V. vulnificus-related illnesses and deaths.

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Drake, Stephenie L., Angelo DePaola, and Lee-Ann Jaykus. "An Overview of Vibrio vulnificus and Vibrio parahaemolyticus." Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety 6, no. 4 (October 2007): 120–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1541-4337.2007.00022.x.

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Sabapathi, Ramesh. "Vibrio vulnificus and Pulmonary Infection." Annals of Internal Medicine 109, no. 12 (December 15, 1988): 988. http://dx.doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-109-12-988_2.

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Appukuttan, Anuraj, Yadu Krishnan, and Sherin Shaji. "Vibrio vulnificus - Expect the Unexpected." Journal of Evidence Based Medicine and Healthcare 7, no. 4 (January 27, 2020): 196–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.18410/jebmh/2020/41.

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47

Chagla, A. H., D. K. Pillai, M. A. Khan, and A. U. Zaman. "Septicaemia caused by Vibrio vulnificus." Journal of Infection 17, no. 2 (September 1988): 135–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0163-4453(88)91655-6.

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Monnereau, S., D. Vincent, J. P. Sommereisen, S. Chaarani, and E. Laurens. "Sepsis sévère à Vibrio vulnificus." Médecine et Maladies Infectieuses 29, no. 1 (January 1999): 65–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0399-077x(99)80012-2.

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MIYOSHI, Shin-ichi. "Vibrio vulnificus infection and metalloprotease." Journal of Dermatology 33, no. 9 (September 2006): 589–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1346-8138.2006.00139.x.

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Nip-Sakamoto, Carla J., and Francis D. Pien. "Vibrio vulnificus Infection in Hawaii." International Journal of Dermatology 28, no. 5 (June 1989): 313–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-4362.1989.tb01352.x.

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