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1
P, Timsina Tatwa, Institute of Cultural Affairs Nepal., and CIVICUS (Association), eds. Civil society in Nepal: Searching for a viable role. Kathmandu: Institute of Cultural Affairs Nepal, 2006.
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2
Chapais, J. C. L' industrie du bacon dans la province de Québec: Conférence de M.C.J. [i.e. J.C.] Chapais devant la convention des membres des Sociétés d'agriculture, 17 mars 1903. [Québec (Province)?: s.n., 1994.
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3
Nasrallah, Rami. Is a viable democratic Palestine possible?: Future scenarios for Palestine. Jerusalem: The Floersheimer Institute for Policy Studies, 2007.
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4
Nasrallah, Rami. Is a viable democratic Palestine possible?: Future scenarios for Palestine. Jerusalem: The Floersheimer Institute for Policy Studies, 2007.
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5
Damasceno, Leslie Hawkins. Espaço cultural e convenções teatrais na obra de Oduvaldo Vianna Filho. Campinas, SP, Brasil: Editora da Unicamp, 1994.
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6
Bek, Nadezhda. B2B Marketing. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1816711.
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B2B marketing is a rapidly developing direction, the basis of which is the interaction of business organizations with organizations that purchase goods and services for use in their own production of goods and services that are in demand from other organizations, in the markets of end consumers or from society as a whole. Globalization, the increasing influence of digital technologies on competition, the growing awareness of consumers and the tightening of their requirements for purchased goods and services strengthen the strategic role of B2B marketing. Competitiveness in the B2B markets is increasingly determined by their participation and position in competitive and viable value creation networks.
For students, postgraduates of universities, researchers and teachers.
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Gier, Kerstin. Rubí. Barcelona: Montena, 2010.
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8
Gier, Kerstin. Ruby Red. New York, NY: Scholastic, 2012.
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Gier, Kerstin, and Anthea Bell. Ruby Red. New York: Macmillan Young Listeners, 2011.
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10
Gier, Kerstin. Rouge rubis. Toulouse: Milan, 2011.
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11
Education for a viable society. 1988.
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Cosman, Emil. Better Society We Should Create: Viable Options and Solutions Needed to Create a Better Society. Independently Published, 2018.
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13
Espinosa, Angela. Sustainable Self-Governance in Businesses and Society: The Viable System Model in Action. Taylor & Francis Group, 2022.
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Espinosa, Angela. Sustainable Self-Governance in Businesses and Society: The Viable System Model in Action. Routledge, Chapman & Hall, Incorporated, 2022.
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Espinosa, Angela. Sustainable Self-Governance in Businesses and Society: The Viable System Model in Action. Taylor & Francis Group, 2022.
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Espinosa, Angela. Sustainable Self-Governance in Businesses and Society: The Viable System Model in Action. Taylor & Francis Group, 2022.
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Espinosa, Angela. Sustainable Self-Governance in Businesses and Society: The Viable System Model in Action. Taylor & Francis Group, 2022.
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18
Espinosa, Angela. Sustainable Self-Governance in Businesses and Society: The Viable System Model in Action. Routledge, Chapman & Hall, Incorporated, 2022.
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19
Cultural space and theatrical conventions in the works of Oduvaldo Vianna Filho. Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1996.
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20
Cheng, Ernest W. Adolescent occupational aspirations and labour necessities for a technologically viable society: the role of the school. 1988.
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Cheng, Ernest W. Adolescent occupational aspirations and labour necessities for a technologically viable society: The role of the school. 1988.
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22
Kokurina, O. Yu. PROBLEMS OF STABILITY, VIABILITY, RESILIENCE OF THE STATE AND SOCIETY. ELECTRONIC TUTORIAL. O.Yu. Kokurina, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.12731/kokurina-2022-02-11.
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This manual contains a critical generalization of the problem of the viability and resilience of the state and the socio-political system, based on an interdisciplinary systems approach to its solution. The author reveals the problem of the viability of the state and the resilience of public administration and legal regulation as complex social systems. Modern approaches to ensuring the stability of complex systems with control based on the balance of diversity and complexity, control processes and self-organization are presented. It is shown that the viable systems model (VSM) can serve as a useful tool for conceptual simplification, helping to find the necessary balance between the complexity and resilience of public administration and regulation systems. The imperative of mutual responsibility of the individual, society and public authorities as a political and legal regulator of ensuring the stability of the socio-political system is substantiated. The study was supported by the RFBR and EISI within the framework of the scientific project No. 21-011-31155.
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Purpel, David E., and Svi Shapiro. Beyond Liberation and Excellence. Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc., 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798400618017.
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The authors' goal is to explore how an alternative, politically viable public discourse on education can be constructed. They examine the kinds of conditions, concerns, and subjectivities that must be attended to in order to develop an effective and resonant new language that can re-focus the purposes of education in this society. The authors' agree that educational discourse must be transformed into a visible, morally and politically vital, public commentary and debate - one that can begin to address the social, cultural, and spiritual crises that now confront humanity.
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Dowejko, Marta K., Kevin Au, and Yingzhao Xiao. Time To Be Innovative, Hong Kong. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190455675.003.0012.
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Based on the general argument that culture plays a key role in linking creativity to innovation, this chapter provides a cultural explanation toward the innovation paradox in Hong Kong—high in creativity but low in innovation. Specifically, we explore how time orientation, as a less explored cultural dimension, could affect Hong Kong’s social norms and collective behaviors in translating creative potentials into viable innovations for business. Through an in-depth indigenous study on its entrepreneurial activities and ecosystem, we explicate the consequences of time orientation on the situation of crouching innovation in Hong Kong. This chapter concludes with suggestions to turn the vicious cycle of innovation into a virtuous cycle by igniting the self-propelling innovation process in the society.
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Moreira, Fabiano de Araujo, Michele Dalla Fontana, Tadeu Fabrício Malheiros, and Gabriela Marques Di Giulio, eds. The Water-energy-food nexus: what the Brazilian research has to say. Universidade de São Paulo. Faculdade de Saúde Pública, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/9786588304075.
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The Food-Water-Energy (FWE) nexus represents, above all, a perspective, a way of looking at the world, the problems, the solutions, providing a view of the three main resource systems of food, water and energy, not in isolation, but as a system, with many and diverse cross-links between the subsystems. So, analytically speaking, it is a unifying concept, an antidote to the relentless pressures towards reductionism. Human society and its interactions with the natural environment form a dynamic socio-ecological system of such impressive complexity that reductionist approaches seem inevitable to make research and management on the subject viable. This development is not just an illusion - this book already presents some real examples of inter and transdisciplinary approaches, with the FWE nexus as a shared lens to better observe where problems occur and where sustainable solutions can be found.
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Tyler, Tom R., and Rick Trinkner. General Approaches to Legal Socialization. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190644147.003.0002.
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Chapter 2 outlines two basic models of legal socialization. The coercive one is consistent with the way young children view authority as something that is to be obeyed or not depending upon the rewards and punishments. This framework can carry into adulthood. Legal socialization can also lead to a consensual relationship to law, which is based upon the belief that laws and legal authorities are legitimate and therefore ought to be obeyed. When people relate to law in this way they are less focused upon the rewards and costs of behavior and more upon responsibilities and obligations toward rules and authorities. This volume argues that the consensual model of authority are superior and more desirable. For this model to be viable, most people in society must become adults who relate to law in a value-based way and who regard authorities as being legitimate and thereby deserving of deference.
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Herbst, Jeffrey. Introduction. Princeton University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691164137.003.0010.
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This introductory chapter explains that the book examines state-building and consolidation in Africa over the last several hundred years by focusing on the fundamental problem confronting leaders of almost all African states: how to broadcast power over sparsely settled lands. The book’s fundamental assumption is that states are only viable if they are able to control the territory defined by their borders. It argues that the failure of many African states to consolidate their authority has resulted in civil wars in some countries, the presence of millions of refugees throughout the continent, and the adoption of highly dysfunctional policies by many leaders. Yet international society, by dint of the granting of sovereignty, still assumes that all African countries are able to control all of the territory within their boundaries. The book also evaluates different policy alternatives that might address some of the fundamental political challenges African states face today.
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Davenport, Lisa. The Paradox of Jazz Diplomacy. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252038877.003.0008.
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This chapter focuses on the jazz tours that began in July 1954, which were sponsored by the State Department's Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs. The jazz tours created a paradox in U.S. Cold War strategy. The cultural expression of one of the nation's most oppressed minorities came to symbolize the cultural superiority of American democracy. Policy makers considered jazz, the “authentic expression of American life,” to be an apt instrument in U.S. efforts to contain criticism about America's cultural and racial identity. The tours were suspended in the early 1960s when volatile racial conflicts in urban America and the Vietnam War no longer made them viable. These were reinstated in the late 1960s, but with more conservative jazz musicians. The chapter also examines the “moral tension” experienced by jazz performers over whether to “affirm their heritage by struggling against racial oppression or seek acceptance into white society.”
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Samset, Knut, and Gro Holst Volden. Quality Assurance in Megaproject Management. Edited by Bent Flyvbjerg. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198732242.013.17.
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This chapter discusses the Norwegian governance regime for public megaprojects and the lessons learned. Governance regimes for major public investment projects comprise the processes and systems which the financing party must implement to ensure a successful investment. Such regimes typically include a regulatory framework, compliance with agreed objectives, and sound management and resolution of issues that may arise. The challenges in securing quality at entry include identification of a conceptual solution that is economically viable and relevant with respect to the needs and often conflicting priorities in society, avoiding underestimating costs, overestimating utility and making unrealistic and inconsistent assumptions, and securing essential planning data and adequate contract regimes. The Norwegian regime involves external quality assurance of key decision documents, and has given the government greater control over the total cost of its investment project portfolio. It also ensures that decisions regarding the choice of conceptual solution are based on a broad assessment of overall needs and goals, as well as alternative ways of achieving these goals.
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Boos, Adrian, Tobias Brönneke, and Andrea Wechsler, eds. Konsum und nachhaltige Entwicklung. Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/9783845293509.
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What exactly do we mean by sustainable consumption and how can it be achieved? In this volume, the authors ask whether sustainability is possible at all in a consumer society and agree that the path currently being pursued is not viable. More than twenty articles discuss different aspects divided into the four main topics of the current state of the debate: the free choice of consumers, consumer competence, the practical implementation of behavioural change and potential incentives to bring this about. While the authors agree that further research at the consumer level is needed for us to understand the background to sustainable consumption better, this volume provides a comprehensive overview of the current state of various strands of the discussion. The topics it covers include the interaction between efficiency and sufficiency, and it compiles exciting contributions by authors from a wide range of disciplines on the topic of ‘Consumption and Sustainable Development: Rethinking Consumer Policy’. With contributions by Tobias Brönneke, Mario Schmidt, Angelika Zahrnt, Hubertus Primus, Jürgen Stellpflug, Stephan Lorenz, Angela Häußler, et al.
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Godsey, William D. The Sinews of Habsburg Power. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198809395.001.0001.
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This book explores the domestic foundations of the immense growth of central European Habsburg power from the rise of a permanent standing army after the Thirty Years War to the end of the Napoleonic wars. With a force that grew in size from around 25,000 soldiers to half a million in the War of the Sixth Coalition, the Habsburg monarchy participated in shifting international constellations of rivalry and in some two dozen armed conflicts. Raising forces of such magnitude constituted a central task of Habsburg government, one that required the cooperation of society and its elites. The monarchy’s composite-territorial structures in the guise of the Lower Austrian Estates—a leading representative body and privileged corps—formed a vital, if changing, element underlying Habsburg international success and resilience. With its capital at Vienna, the archduchy below the river Enns (the historic designation of Lower Austria) was geographically, politically, and financially a key Habsburg possession. Fiscal-military exigency induced the Estates to take part in new and evolving arrangements of power that served the purposes of government; in turn the Estates were able in previously little-understood ways to preserve vital interests in a changing world. The Estates survived because they were necessary, not only thanks to their increasing financial potency but because they offered a politically viable way of exacting ever-larger quantities of money and other resources from local society. These circumstances persisted as ruling became more regularized and formalized, and as the very understanding of the Estates as a social and political phenomenon evolved.
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Münch, Ursula, and Andreas Kalina, eds. Demokratie im 21. Jahrhundert. Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/9783748921509.
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Whereas democracy still seemed to be triumphantly sweeping the world before the turn of the century, today it finds itself under immense pressure, not only as a viable political system, but also as a theoretical and normative concept. The coronavirus crisis has underlined and accelerated these developments. There are manifold reasons for this, above all the fundamental changes the state and society have undergone in the face of globalisation, digitalisation, migration, climate change and not least the current pandemic, to name the most significant of them. This volume analyses the changes to democracy in the 21st century and the crises it has experienced. In doing so, the book identifies where action is needed, on the one hand, and investigates appropriate, up-to-date reforms and the prospects for politics, political communication and political education, on the other. With contributions by Ulrich von Alemann, Bernd Becker, Frank Brettschneider, Frank Decker, Claudio Franzius, Georg Paul Hefty, Andreas Kalina, Helmut Klages, Uwe Kranenpohl, Pola Lehmann, Linus Leiten, Dirk Lüddecke, Thomas Metz, Ursula Münch, Ursula Alexandra Ohliger, Veronika Ohliger, Rainer-Olaf Schultze, Peter Seyferth, Hans Vorländer, Uwe Wagschal, Thomas Waldvogel and Samuel Weishaupt
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Prinzing, Marlis, Bernhard S. Debatin, and Nina Köberer, eds. Kommunikations- und Medienethik reloaded? Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/9783748905158.
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Media environments and public communication are becoming increasingly digital, and the coronavirus crisis has accelerated this development. The changes connected to this relate to key ethical values and norms, such as informational autonomy, privacy and transparency. This not only demands an empirically based discourse underpinned by theory, but also consideration of what courses of action may result from this and, from a normative perspective, what recommendations for action can be formulated. Media and communication ethics is thus confronted with some fundamental questions: Are its existing concepts and models still viable in the face of these digitally induced changes? Should they be altered or expanded? Where should this ‘reloading’ start? The contributions in this book develop important guidelines in this respect, for example on ethical demands on innovations and on truth and our world view in this post-factual society. With contributions by Klaus-Dieter Altmeppen, Christian Augustin Christoph Bieber, Roger Blum, Ekkehard Brüggemann Bernhard Debatin, Tobias Eberwein, Rainer Erlinger, Daniel Fiene, Alexander Filipović, Andrea Günter, Matthias Karmasin, Nina Köberer, Larissa Krainer, Geert Lovink, Colin Porlezza, Marlis Prinzing, Matthias Rath, Pierre Rieder, Christian Schicha, Josephine B. Schmitt, Sonja Schwetje, Saskia Sell, Ingrid Stapf, Hansi Voigt, Thomas Zeilinger and Marc Ziegele.
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Bell, Christine, and Kimana Zulueta-Fülscher. Le séquencement des accords de paix et des constitutions dans les processus de règlement politique des conflits: Document dʼorientation no 13 dʼIDEA International. International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance (International IDEA), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31752/idea.2021.117.
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En situation de conflit violent, les accords négociés - dont les cessez-le-feu ou des accords de paix et les documents qui détaillent les arrangements constitutionnels –visent à parvenir à un nouveau règlement politique entre les parties belligérantes (c’est-à-dire un accord politique fondamental sur la manière dont le pouvoir va être attribué, structuré et exercé), idéalement soutenu par la société dans son ensemble. De tels règlements politiques ont pour objectif de faire sortir le pays ou la région du conflit et d’aboutir à une nouvelle situation caractérisée par des engagements constitutionnels pour une bonne gouvernance et l’État de droit. Le séquencement (et la réussite ou l’échec) de ces accords négociés dépend d’un certain nombre de facteurs, dont : les divers processus par lesquels on parvient à un règlement politique, quand (et comment) les accords de paix et les constitutions aboutissent à un règlement politique, quand (et pourquoi) l’élaboration de la constitution se détache du processus de règlement politique du conflit et enfin, les conséquences de cette séparation. Ce document d’orientation vise à combler une lacune dans la littérature sur les processus de réforme constitutionnelle et la consolidation de la paix, à savoir le manque de description et d’analyse de la relation entre les accords de paix et les arrangements constitutionnels dans les processus de règlement politique des conflits. Il explore le séquencement des accords de paix et des arrangements constitutionnels afin de mieux comprendre quand (et pourquoi) le séquencement n’est pas linéaire, ainsi que les implications pour tout cadre constitutionnel cohérent et viable.
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Daniel, Wallace L., Roy R. Robson, and Archpriest Aleksandr Men. Women of the Catacombs. Cornell University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501753657.001.0001.
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The memoirs presented in this book offer a rare close-up account of the underground Orthodox community and its priests during some of the most difficult years in Russian history. The catacomb church in the Soviet Union came into existence in the 1920s and played a significant part in Russian national life for nearly fifty years. Adherents to the Orthodox faith often referred to the catacomb church as the “light shining in the dark.” The book provides a first-hand portrait of lived religion in its social, familial, and cultural setting during this tragic period. Until now, scholars have had only brief, scattered fragments of information about Russia's illegal church organization that claimed to protect the purity of the Orthodox tradition. Vera Iakovlevna Vasilevskaia and Elena Semenovna Men, who joined the church as young women, offer evidence on how Russian Orthodoxy remained a viable, alternative presence in Soviet society, when all political, educational, and cultural institutions attempted to indoctrinate Soviet citizens with an atheistic perspective. The book's translation not only sheds light on Russia's religious and political history, but also shows how two educated women maintained their personal integrity in times when prevailing political and social headwinds moved in an opposite direction.
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Campbell, Patricia Shehan, and Shannon Dudley. A University Commitment to Collaborations with Local Musical Communities. Edited by Brydie-Leigh Bartleet and Lee Higgins. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190219505.013.8.
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Working from the premise that the study of music in a hermetic academic environment is no longer a viable model, and that university music programmes must connect to the vibrant musical communities in the very neighbourhoods that surround them, we examine how the presence of a community music ‘weave’ within university programmes of music benefits students, faculty, and community members in myriad ways. We offer examples of university–community partnerships initiated by the ethnomusicology and music education programmes at the University of Washington that prepare music students for the diverse and complex society into which they will graduate. The Visiting Artists in Ethnomusicology programme will be highlighted for the extent to which world-renowned and locally residing artist-musicians have been invited to the faculty for extended periods to perform, teach, and interact with students on instruments, vocally, and in dance forms associated with traditional musical practices. The intent of the chapter is to underscore the critical need for university–community exchanges, to suggest some ways that such exchanges can be accommodated within university programmes of music, and to affirm the benefits that flow from connecting the dots of musicians and aspiring musicians in the workaday world beyond the fortress of the university.
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Roshwald, Mordecai. Liberty. Praeger, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798400678691.
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The history of mankind is fraught with clashes in the quest for liberty—in the name of often contradictory ideals of freedom. Roshwald explores the diverse understandings of the term liberty and its spectrum of application, in order to achieve a coherent and consistent definition of the concept in respect to both the individual and society. The issue of liberty is examined not only from the traditional angle of political philosophy but also from a philosophical-anthropological perspective. After analyzing examples of specific approaches to freedom, and describing a theoretically and practically viable definition of liberty, the book suggests the possibility and ways of attaining the ideal. The concept of liberty has been tarnished by propaganda, conflicting political claims, and uncritical usage. This book attempts to restore value to the meaning of liberty, arguing that it must be clearly understood and defined in the context of human experience in order to be universally enjoyed. Through a cogent analysis of contradictions in individual and societal perceptions of the over-used and abused principle, this interdisciplinary volume rescues liberty from its current role as being a mere slogan and presents the possibility for individual and collective freedoms to coexist. A selected Bibliography chronicles historical and contemporary treatises on liberty.
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Wingfield, Nancy M. The World of Prostitution in Late Imperial Austria. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198801658.001.0001.
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This book encompasses the world of prostitution in late imperial Austria. It addresses female agency and experience, contemporary fears about sexual coercion and the forced movement of girls and women, and police surveillance. Prostitution is analyzed at three different, but interlinked levels: subjectivity, society, and state. Rather than treating prostitutes solely as victims or problems to be solved, in contrast to much of the historical literature, it seeks to find the historical subjects behind fin-de-siècle constructions of prostitutes, to restore agency to the women who participated in various kinds of commercial sex, illuminate their everyday experiences, and place these women, some of whom made the reasoned economic decision to sell their bodies, in a larger social context. It investigates their interactions with the police and other supervisory agents, as well as with other inhabitants of their world, rather than focusing on the state-constructed apparatus of surveillance from the top down. Many Austrian prostitutes came from artisan and working-class, often impoverished backgrounds. They faced a complicated array of constraints that shaped the environment in which they made decisions, including lack of other economic opportunities, of education, of legal equality with men as well as legal dependence on their fathers and husbands. Despite entrenched beliefs about female sexuality and the “fallen” woman, prostitution, clandestine or regulated, was a viable choice for some women of limited economic circumstances when faced with the alternatives: low-paid, often dangerous employment in a factory, in a night café or inn, or as a servant.
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Abalos, David T. La Comunidad Latina in the United States. Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc., 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798216187943.
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La comunidad Latina, the fastest growing ethnic group in the United States, has long been told that assimilation is the only way to succeed in American society. This book challenges that generally accepted view and concludes instead that transformation as a way of life is the only viable option for the Latino community as a whole, regardless of racial, class, regional, or religious differences. It highlights how in the everyday life of la comunidad Latina the members of the community can recognize the underlying ways of life, the stories, and the patterns of relationships that cripple them, and how to break with these ways of life, stories, and relationships to create fundamentally more loving and compassionate alternatives. Along with all men and women, Latinos and Latinas face four choices: retaining a blind loyalty to a romanticized past, assimilating, violating each other, or transforming their ethnic and racial group for the better. This examination of the underlying sacred meaning of the stories of the Latino culture attempts to determine whether these stories are destructive or creative. Now coming of age, la comunidad Latina, previously wounded by assimilation, continues to tell its story in art, literature, history, and religion so that the world may, perhaps for the first time, see its personal, political, historical, and sacred faces. The most important story now being lived is that of Latina women and Latino men who are making choices that will determine the ultimate meaning of a new Latino culture in this nation.
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Elliott III, William, and Melinda K. Lewis. The Real College Debt Crisis. ABC-CLIO, LLC, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798216005582.
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Is it still worth it for low-income students to attend college, given the debt incurred? This book provides a new framework for evaluating the financial aid system in America, positing that aid must not only allow access to higher education, but also help students succeed in college and facilitate their financial health post-college. Higher education plays a critical role in the economy and society of the United States, creating a ladder of economic opportunity for American children, especially for those in poverty. Unfortunately, higher education today increasingly reinforces patterns of relative privilege, particularly as students without the benefit of affluent parents rely more and more on student loans to finance college access. This book presents penetrating new information about the fiscal realities of the current debt-based college loan system and raises tough questions about the extent to which student loans can be a viable way to facilitate equitable access to higher education. The book opens with relevant parts of the life stories of two students―one who grew up poor and had to take on high amounts of student debt, and another whose family could offer financial help at critical times. These real-life examples provide invaluable insight into the student debt problem and help make the complex data more understandable. A wide range of readers―from scholars of poverty, social policy, and educational equality to policymakers to practitioners in the fields of student financial aid and financial planning―will find the information in this text invaluable.
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Mattis, Frederick. Banning Weapons of Mass Destruction. Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc., 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798400616402.
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The threat of weapons of mass destruction is still viable, and unless proper motions are made to prohibit this, global safety is still at risk. Prior arms control agreements have moved humanity within striking distance of global prohibition, yet these weapons of mass destruction remain. This enlightening work discusses original principles for a treaty banning nuclear and chem-bio weapons worldwide. Mattis argues that a proposed new nuclear treaty, replacing today’s inadequate 1968 Non-Proliferation Treaty, would demand unanimous accession by States which must be achieved before such a treaty enters into force. By asking essential questions, and offering value-creative proposals for nuclear treaty provisions, this work offers a clear path to the daylight of worldwide weapons of mass destruction prohibition. Not only is global safety threatened by the use of nuclear and chem-bio weapons, but more inclusively, today, society is at risk of nuclear weapons being stolen or acquired by terrorists for purposes of destruction. This risk lends to a necessary treaty that would require down-blending of highly enriched uranium to low-enriched uranium to eliminate this prospect. The heart of this work is its delineation of necessary elements for a nuclear ban treaty that addresses inevitable concerns of all States, especially today’s nine nuclear weapon States. Mattis addresses 17 major proposed treaty provisions that include: how to suitably ascertain “unanimous accession” by states to a nuclear ban treaty (unanimity being a condition for entry into force); requirement that states be signatories to the current chemical and biological weapons bans [CWC/BWC] prior to signing a nuclear ban treaty; “non-withdrawal” by states from the treaty once it is in effect; necessary and new verification elements for banning nuclear weapons; the establishment, via nuclear ban provision, of “non-withdrawal” from the CWC and BWC. By asking essential questions, and offering illuminating proposals for nuclear ban treaty provisions, the work offers a path to a safer future through worldwide prohibition of weapons of mass destruction.
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Schmidt-Thomé, Philipp. Climate Change Adaptation. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228620.013.635.
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Climate change adaptation is the ability of a society or a natural system to adjust to the (changing) conditions that support life in a certain climate region, including weather extremes in that region. The current discussion on climate change adaptation began in the 1990s, with the publication of the Assessment Reports of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Since the beginning of the 21st century, most countries, and many regions and municipalities have started to develop and implement climate change adaptation strategies and plans. But since the implementation of adaptation measures must be planned and conducted at the local level, a major challenge is to actually implement adaptation to climate change in practice. One challenge is that scientific results are mainly published on international or national levels, and political guidelines are written at transnational (e.g., European Union), national, or regional levels—these scientific results must be downscaled, interpreted, and adapted to local municipal or community levels. Needless to say, the challenges for implementation are also rooted in a large number of uncertainties, from long time spans to matters of scale, as well as in economic, political, and social interests. From a human perspective, climate change impacts occur rather slowly, while local decision makers are engaged with daily business over much shorter time spans.Among the obstacles to implementing adaptation measures to climate change are three major groups of uncertainties: (a) the uncertainties surrounding the development of our future climate, which include the exact climate sensitivity of anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions, the reliability of emission scenarios and underlying storylines, and inherent uncertainties in climate models; (b) uncertainties about anthropogenically induced climate change impacts (e.g., long-term sea level changes, changing weather patterns, and extreme events); and (c) uncertainties about the future development of socioeconomic and political structures as well as legislative frameworks.Besides slow changes, such as changing sea levels and vegetation zones, extreme events (natural hazards) are a factor of major importance. Many societies and their socioeconomic systems are not properly adapted to their current climate zones (e.g., intensive agriculture in dry zones) or to extreme events (e.g., housing built in flood-prone areas). Adaptation measures can be successful only by gaining common societal agreement on their necessity and overall benefit. Ideally, climate change adaptation measures are combined with disaster risk reduction measures to enhance resilience on short, medium, and long time scales.The role of uncertainties and time horizons is addressed by developing climate change adaptation measures on community level and in close cooperation with local actors and stakeholders, focusing on strengthening resilience by addressing current and emerging vulnerability patterns. Successful adaptation measures are usually achieved by developing “no-regret” measures, in other words—measures that have at least one function of immediate social and/or economic benefit as well as long-term, future benefits. To identify socially acceptable and financially viable adaptation measures successfully, it is useful to employ participatory tools that give all involved parties and decision makers the possibility to engage in the process of identifying adaptation measures that best fit collective needs.
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