Academic literature on the topic '"viande" de culture'
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Journal articles on the topic ""viande" de culture"
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HOCQUETTE, J. F., P. MAINSANT, J. D. DAUDIN, I. CASSAR-MALEK, D. RÉMOND, M. DOREAU, P. SANS, et al. "La viande du futur sera-t-elle produite in vitro ?" INRAE Productions Animales 26, no. 4 (August 18, 2013): 363–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.20870/productions-animales.2013.26.4.3164.
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La production de viande artificielle par culture de cellules est proposée par certains scientifiques comme une des solutions pour répondre aux grands enjeux de l’élevage : i) réduire le mal-être supposé des animaux dans les élevages modernes, voire ne pas tuer les animaux pour les manger, ii) réduire la possible dégradation de l’environnement par l’élevage et iii) réduire la faim dans le monde en augmentant le niveau des ressources protéiques alimentaires. La viande artificielle supprimerait en effet le mal-être supposé des animaux lié à l’élevage et permettrait de ne pas abattre les animaux pour les manger. L’impact environnemental de la viande artificielle est difficile à évaluer en l’absence de données sur le fonctionnement d’une usine de production. La viande artificielle présenterait toutefois un intérêt modéré pour réduire les gaz à effet de serre et la pollution par les nitrates, un intérêt limité quant à l’utilisation des énergies fossiles, voire très limité pour limiter les besoins en eau, mais elle libérerait des terres cultivables. Elle entraînerait probablement dans l’eau des résidus de molécules de synthèse. De nombreux experts estiment que les causes de la malnutrition actuelle de certaines populations sont multiples et ne sont pas directement liées à un manque de ressources alimentaires. Bien que la culture de cellules soit couramment pratiquée en laboratoire, il existe des verrous techniques importants à lever pour une production à grande échelle, tels que le coût rédhibitoire des technologies actuelles et le manque de ressemblance du produit obtenu à de la viande issue d’animaux. Sur le plan nutritionnel, la viande artificielle ne présente pas d’avantage particulier par rapport à un autre aliment élaboré à partir de l’ensemble des nutriments nécessaires à sa production. Les critères d’acceptabilité de la viande artificielle renvoient, d’une part, à des questions d’ordre moral ou éthique concernant la technologie et les inquiétudes qu’elle soulève, et d’autre part, à des considérations classiques relatives aux produits alimentaires (prix, qualité, naturalité…). Par le passé, les expériences de substitution des protéines animales par des produits analogues ont échoué en raison, notamment, de contraintes économiques, du temps nécessaire pour l’éventuelle acceptation des produits par les consommateurs et pour la délivrance des autorisations de mise sur le marché. Face aux questionnements importants concernant l’élevage, la production de viande artificielle ne présente pas aujourd’hui d’avantages majeurs par comparaison à la viande naturelle ou à d’autres alternatives possibles telles que rééquilibrer notre alimentation en diversifiant les sources de protéines végétales et animales, ou encore développer des systèmes d’élevage plus respectueux des animaux et de l’environnement.
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Veysset, Patrick, Marie Charleuf, and Michel Lherm. "Exploitations de polyculture-élevage bovin viande : plus grandes mais pas plus profitables que les exploitations d’élevage herbagères." Cahiers Agricultures 29 (2020): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/cagri/2020015.
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La polyculture-élevage est souvent citée comme étant un idéal agronomique source d’économies pour l’agriculteur et à moindre impact environnemental négatif. La complémentarité entre les ateliers élevage et culture devrait permettre l’utilisation partagée de facteurs de production, et donc une réduction de l’utilisation d’intrants. Au-delà du concept, cette étude a pour objectif d’observer si, dans un bassin de production, les fermes produisant de la viande bovine et de grandes cultures affichent des performances productives et économiques différentes des fermes herbagères spécialisées bovins viande. À partir des données d’un échantillon d’exploitations de bovins allaitants charolais du centre de la France, nous observons que les exploitations dites de polyculture-élevage sont systématiquement plus grandes que les exploitations herbagères spécialisées. La grande taille des exploitations entraîne une forte augmentation des besoins en équipement et des charges induites. Ces charges ne se partagent pas entre productions animales et végétales. Au final, nous n’observons pas de différence de coût de production du kilogramme de viande produit ou de revenu par travailleur, entre exploitations herbagères spécialisées et exploitations de polyculture-élevage. Le concept vertueux de la polyculture-élevage se heurte à des réalités structurelles et socio-économiques. Afin de pourvoir bénéficier d’avantages économiques potentiels liés à la diversification, il faudrait réfléchir à de nouvelles formes de structure d’exploitations d’élevage françaises.
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Inusa, S. K., and B. F. Muhammad. "Evaluation of sensory properties of Kilishi prepared from fermented cattle and camel beef in Semi-arid Nigeria." Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 48, no. 5 (November 10, 2021): 113–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v48i5.3191.
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Meat fermentation is an important processing method with enormous nutritional and health benefits. A study was conducted to examine the sensory properties of fermented cattle and camel beef Kilishi. The effects of meat type, age and packaging on this meat quality attribute were evaluated. The experimental meat samples were fermented before utilized in Kilishi processing. The chunks of meat were sliced and then inoculated with lactic meat starter culture at three concentrations (2.5, 5.0 and 7.5 g /100 ml w/v). Kilishi samples for the sensory assessment were taken from each product lot. The experiment for the second trial was laid in a 2 x 3 x 4 factorial arrangement in a completely randomized design. The factors are two animal species (cattle and camel) aged 3, 5 and 8 years and above and four packaging arrangements: brown paper (B), polyvinyl chloride (P), aluminium foil and polyvinyl chloride (AP), brown paper and polyvinyl chloride (BP). Data generated were analysed by analysis of variance using SPSS Version 20.0 and GraphPad Instat while significantly different means were separated with Tukey HSD test. The result of sensory evaluation of the experimental Kilishi indicated that colour was ranked high and the product prepared from animals aged 5 years (middle age) and packaged in polyvinyl chloride material was the one preferred. It was concluded that fermentation and packaging improved the sensory quality of the product. Fermentation of cattle and camel beef of animals aged 5 years using 2.5% meat starter culture and the use of PVC-based package were recommended in semi-arid environment of Nigeria.
La fermentation de la viande est une méthode de traitement importante avec d'énormes avantages nutritionnels et de santé. Cette étude a été menée pour examiner les propriétés sensorielles des bovins fermentés et du Kilishi de bovins à base de chameaux. Les effets du type de viande, de l'âge et de l'emballage sur cet attribut de qualité de la viande ont été évalués. Les échantillons de viande expérimentaux étaient fermentés avant l'utilisation de la transformation du Kilishi. Les morceaux de viande ont été tranchés puis inoculés avec une culture de démarreur de la viande lactique à trois concentrations (2,5, 5,0 et 7,5 g / 100 ml w/v). Les échantillons de Kilishi pour l'évaluation sensorielle ont été prélevés sur chaque lot de produit. L'expérience du deuxième essai a été déposée dans un arrangement factoriel de 2 x 3 x 4 dans une conception complètement randomisée. Les facteurs sont deux espèces animales (bovins et chameaux) âgés de 3, 5 et 8 ans et plus et quatre arrangementsd'emballage: papier brun (P), chlorure de polyvinyle (C), feuille d'aluminium et chlorure de polyvinyle (FC), papier brun et polyvinyle chlorure (PC). Les données générées ont été analysées par analyse de la variance à l'aide de SPSS version 20.0 et du graphique PadinStat, tandis que des moyens nettement différents ont été séparés avec un test de Tukey DFS. Le résultat de l'évaluation sensorielle des Kilishi expérimentaux a indiqué que la couleur était élevée et le produit préparé à partir d'animaux âgés de 5 ans (âge moyen) et emballé dans des matériaux de chlorure de polyvinyle était celui préféré. Il a été conclu que la fermentation et l'emballage ont amélioré la qualité sensorielle du produit. Fermentation du bétail et du bœuf à base de chameaux d'animaux âgés de 5 ans en utilisant une culture de démarrage de 2,5% de la viande et l'utilisation de colis à base de PVC ont été recommandées dans un environnement semi-aride du Nigéria.
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Musewa, Angella, Kristina Roesel, Delia Grace, Michel Dione, and Joseph Erume. "Detection of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae in naturally infected pigs in Kamuli District, Uganda." Revue d’élevage et de médecine vétérinaire des pays tropicaux 71, no. 1-2 (September 9, 2018): 97. http://dx.doi.org/10.19182/remvt.31229.
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L’érysipèle des porcs est une maladie économiquement importante qui affecte toutes les étapes de la production de porc. Les pertes les plus importantes peuvent survenir chez les producteurs de porc d’engraissement, suite à une mort subite ou à une septicémie aiguë. Les porcs survivants souffrent souvent de boiteries chroniques, d’arthrite et d’endocardite, entraînant une croissance corporelle médiocre. L’agent causal est la bactérie ubiquitaire Erysipelothrix (E.) rhusiopathiae. Elle est également capable d’entrer dans la peau des personnes qui manipulent des animaux et de la viande infectés, et ainsi causer une infection. Afin de montrer la présence de l’agent responsable chez les porcins, des échantillons de sérum provenant de 426 porcs sélectionnés au hasard ont été recueillis auprès d’élevages dans quatre sous-comtés (Bugulumbya, Butansi, Kitayunwa et Namwendwa) dans le district de Kamuli en Ouganda, dans le cadre d’une large étude multipathogène menée par l’International Livestock Research Institute en 2013. Par la suite, 100 échantillons de viande de porc fraîche ont été prélevés auprès de 67 boucheries opérant dans les mêmes sous-comtés pour isolement et culture bactérienne. Dans l’ensemble, des anticorps contre E. rhusiopathiae ont été détectés dans 308 sur 460 (67 %) sérums, et 45 sur 100 (45 %) échantillons de viande de porc fraîche étaient contaminés par E. rhusiopathiae. C’est la première étude rapportant l’occurrence d’E. rhusiopathiae chez les porcs et dans la viande de porc en Ouganda.
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BENOIT, M., and G. LAIGNEL. "Performances techniques et économiques en élevage biologique d’ovins viande : observations en réseaux d’élevage et fermes expérimentales." INRAE Productions Animales 22, no. 3 (April 17, 2009): 197–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.20870/productions-animales.2009.22.3.3346.
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Au sein d’un réseau de 42 fermes ovines (13 en Agriculture Biologique - AB) les marges par brebis en montagne sont inférieures de 24% en AB du fait de coûts alimentaires très élevés, et sont comparables en plaine où les niveaux d’autonomie fourragère sont potentiellement supérieurs compte tenu de la possibilité de renouveler plus facilement les prairies et d’augmenter la part du pâturage dans la ration des animaux ; par ailleurs, la culture des céréales peut permettre d’augmenter l’autonomie alimentaire et de limiter la dépendance des élevages vis-à-vis de l’extérieur. En montagne, les cohérences de systèmes sont plus difficiles à définir et les itinéraires techniques adaptés relativement «pointus». L’analyse de 4 fermes de démonstration de ces régions montre que, face à des contextes variés, des stratégies de conduite d’élevage spécifiques diffèrent selon la présence de terres labourables ou non. Si leur proportion est limitée, les mises bas sont réparties également entre le printemps et l’automne afin de maximiser l’autonomie fourragère tout en optimisant la productivité numérique et diversifiant les périodes de vente. Lorsque des cultures sont possibles, les mises bas sont centrées sur l’automne, avec une bonne valorisation des agneaux. Dans un contexte de fort renchérissement du prix des concentrés, en élevage allaitant bio mais aussi conventionnel, de hauts niveaux d’autonomie fourragère et/ou alimentaire sont incontournables pour assurer la viabilité économique.
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COLIN, Michel, Jacques DELARUE, Clarisse PALACIOS, François LEBAS, Christophe CLAVEAU, Marion VAN LISSUM, Laura CAILLAUD, Frank LEBRETON, and Anne-Yvonne PRIGENT. "Des produits issus d’animaux terrestres recevant une alimentation enrichie en DHA algal peuvent contribuer à la couverture des besoins en cet acide gras essentiel." INRAE Productions Animales 36, no. 4 (December 20, 2023): 7489. http://dx.doi.org/10.20870/productions-animales.2023.36.4.7489.
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Ce travail présente une méthode permettant d’augmenter la consommation en DHA de la population sans accroitre le prélèvement halieutique, grâce à la production de produits provenant d’animaux terrestres nourris avec des aliments contenant du DHA provenant de microalgues de culture et d’ALA provenant du lin extrudé. Après une identification des espèces fixant le DHA en quantité importante (pondeuse, lapins, poulet de chair), des essais réalisés sur ces animaux (21 sur pondeuses, 9 sur lapins, 6 sur poulets de chair) ont permis de déterminer les conditions d’enrichissement en DHA ainsi que les teneurs en cet acide gras que l’on peut atteindre dans ces produits. Ainsi, avec cette alimentation, le contenu en DHA des œufs est de 200 mg / 100 grammes soit 3,5 fois plus qu’un œuf standard; pour le lapin (par exemple, la gigolette), cette valeur est également de 200 mg / 100 grammes soit 10 fois plus qu’une viande de lapin standard; et pour le poulet de chair (par exemple, le blanc) 83 mg / 100 grammes soit 4 fois plus qu’une viande de poulet de chair standard. La plupart de ces produits peuvent alléguer « Riche en oméga 3 » ou « Source d’oméga 3 ». Ces différents aliments peuvent être associés dans des menus permettant d’atteindre les recommandations d’ingestion de DHA sans augmenter la consommation de poisson, améliorant ainsi la santé de la population et celle de la planète dans le respect des habitudes alimentaires.
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Ogofure, A. G., and E. O. Igbinosa. "Effects of rinsing on Staphylococcus aureus load in frozen meats and fish obtained from open markets in Benin City, Nigeria." African Journal of Clinical and Experimental Microbiology 22, no. 2 (April 8, 2021): 294–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ajcem.v22i2.24.
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Background: Staphylococcus aureus is a ubiquitous bacterium present in the environment and one of the leading causes of superficial and deep infections. In the food industry, it is acclaimed to be globally responsible for several food-borne diseases. This study was designed to isolate methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and determine the effect of rinsing on MRSA load in frozen meat and fish obtained from open market in Benin City.Methodology: Forty frozen meat samples (15 beef, 10 fish and 15 chickens) were randomly obtained from five markets in Benin City. The samples were analysed before and after rinsing using standard culture-based techniques to determine heterotrophic bacterial count, isolation of S. aureus, MRSA, and antibiotic susceptibility testing. Data were analysed using SPSS version 21 and Microsoft excel 2016, and association between variables were measured using Student’s t-test with a probability level of < 0.05.Results: The natural logarithm (LN) of heterotrophic bacterial count (CFU/g) before rinsing were 11.53±1.25 (beef), 11.16±0.95 (fish) and 11.42±1.58 (chicken), while the counts after rinsing were 2.70±0.45 (beef), 2.68±0.25 (fish) and 2.79±0.49 (chicken) (p<0.05). Sixteen of the 40 (40%) were positive for S. aureus, of which 4 (10%) were MRSA. Amongst the frozen meat evaluated in the study, beef had the highest frequency of S. aureus contamination (46.7%) followed by chicken (40.0%) and fish (30.0%). The profile of antibiotic resistance of S.aureus showed that they were least resistant to ciprofloxacin (6%) but showed high resistance to erythromycin (94%), amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (87.5%) and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (81%). Multiple antibiotic resistance index of S. aureus was calculated to be 0.63.Conclusion: The findings in this study revealed that frozen foods could act as a vehicle for the dissemination of antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) and potential health risks for consumers.
Keywords: Staphylococcus aureus; antibiotic-resistant bacteria; MRSA; frozen meat; rinsing
French title: Effets du rinçage sur les charge de Staphylococcus aureus dans les viandes congelées et les poissons obtenus sur les marchés ouverts de Benin City, Nigéria
Contexte: Staphylococcus aureus est une bactérie ubiquitaire présente dans l'environnement et l'une des principales causes d'infections superficielles et profondes. Dans l'industrie alimentaire, il est reconnu pour être globalement responsable de plusieurs maladies d'origine alimentaire. Cette étude a été conçue pour isoler S. aureus résistant à la méthicilline (SARM) et déterminer l'effet du rinçage sur la charge de SARM dans la viande et le poisson congelés obtenus sur le marché libre de Benin City.Méthodologie: Quarante échantillons de viande congelée (15 bœuf, 10 poissons et 15 poulets) ont été obtenus au hasard sur cinq marchés de Benin City. Les échantillons ont été analysés avant et après le rinçage en utilisant des techniques de culture standard pour déterminer le nombre de bactéries hétérotrophes, l'isolement de S. aureus, le SARM et les tests de sensibilité aux antibiotiques. Les données ont été analysées à l'aide de SPSS version 21 et de Microsoft Excel 2016, et l'association entre les variables a été mesurée à l'aide du test t de Student avec un niveau de probabilité <0,05.Résultats: Le logarithme naturel (LN) du nombre de bactéries hétérotrophes (UFC/g) avant rinçage était de 11,53±1,25 (bœuf), 11,16±0,95 (poisson) et 11,42±1,58 (poulet), tandis que les comptages après rinçage étaient de 2,70±0,45 (bœuf), 2,68±0,25 (poisson) et 2,79±0,49 (poulet) (p<0,05). Seize des 40 (40%) étaient positifs pour S. aureus, dont 4 (10%) étaient SARM. Parmi les viandes congelées évaluées dans l'étude, le bœuf présentait la fréquence la plus élevée de contamination par S. aureus (46,7%), suivi du poulet (40,0%) et du poisson (30,0%). Le profil de résistance aux antibiotiques de S. aureus a montré qu'ils étaient les moins résistants à la ciprofloxacine (6%) mais présentaient une résistance élevée à l'érythromycine (94%), à l'amoxicilline/acide clavulanique (87,5%) et au triméthoprime-sulfaméthoxazole (81%). L'indice de résistance aux antibiotiques multiples de S. aureus a été calculé à 0,63.Conclusion: Les résultats de cette étude ont révélé que les aliments surgelés pourraient servir de vecteur de dissémination de bactéries résistantes aux antibiotiques (ARA) et de risques potentiels pour la santé des consommateurs.
Mots clés: Staphylococcus aureus; bactéries résistantes aux antibiotiques; SARM; viande congelée; rinçage
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Gbenge, A. A., J. I. Shimaor, and C. D. Tuleun. "Proximate composition, haematology, carcass characteristics and meat yield of growing rabbits fed yam-cassava peel composite meal as a replacement for maize." Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 49, no. 3 (June 9, 2022): 128–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v49i3.3541.
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Yam and cassava peels are by-product resulting from processing of yam and cassava for domestic cooking and other purposes which represent unutilized energy sources in many parts of the country because they have limited or no human food value. It's in view of the need for waste management and upsurge in prizes of conventional feeds (maize) with their increasing demand that necessitate, the need for waste peels from either yam or cassava which are largely discarded thereby constituting environmental nuisance to be used as ingredient (unconventional feedstuffs)in replacing maize(conventionalfeedstuff) as energy source for animal feeding.This study was therefore carried out to investigate the effect of replacing maizewith yam-cassava peel composite meal on haematology, carcass characteristics and meat yield of growing rabbits in 84-days feeding trial. Thirty-six weaner rabbits of mixed sex and strain and average initial weight of 500.89g were randomly allotted to six dietary treatmentsSix dietary treatment were formulated such that, Diet 1 (T1) contained maize and the proportion of maize in diet 1 (T1) was replaced with yam-cassava peel composite meal (YCPCM) in a ratio of 6:1 at 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100% in diet 2(T2), 3(T3), 4(T4), 5(T5) and 6(T6) respectively. Weighed amounts of feed were served every morning while fresh, cool and clean drinking water was provided ad-libitum and data were collected for proximate composition of yam cassava composite peel meal as well as the haematological profile of growing rabbits and carcass and meat yield. Proximate composition of YCPM revealed 89.60% dry matter (DM), 10.22% crude protein (CP), 14.29% crude fibre (CF), 1.27% ether extract (EE), 6.25% total ash (TA), 67.57% nitrogen free extract (NFE) and 2920.24kcal/kg metabolizable energy (ME Results on carcass characteristics and meat yield of growing rabbits indicated no significant (P>0.05) difference on all the parameters measured. Significant (P<0.05) difference occurred in some haematological (PCV, RBC, Hb, MCV and MCH) within the normal range of recommendation for healthy rabbits to it external and internal environment. This suggests that, 100%inclusion of YCPCM in diets of growing rabbits has no adverse deleterious effect on haematology, carcass characteristics and meat yield of growing rabbits.
Les peaux d'igname et de manioc sont des sous-produits résultant de la transformation de l'igname et du manioc pour la cuisson domestique et d'autres fins qui représentent des sources d'énergie inutilisées dans de nombreuses régions du pays car elles ont une valeur alimentaire limitée ou sans alimentation humaine. C'est compte tenu de la nécessité de la gestion des déchets et de la recrudescence dans les prix des aliments conventionnels (maïs) avec leur demande croissante qui nécessitent, la nécessité de détester des déchets de l'igname ou de la manioc qui sont largement rejetées, constituant ainsi une nuisance environnementale à utiliser comme ingrédient (Les aliments non conventionnels) dans le remplacement du maïs (alimentation conventionnelle) comme source d'énergie pour l'alimentation des animaux. Cette étude a donc été réalisée pour étudier l'effet du maïs avec la peau d'igname et manioc composite Repas composite sur l'hématologie, les caractéristiques de la carcasse et le rendement de la viande de la caisse de culture en 84- Essai d'alimentation des jours. Trente-six lapins de merveilles de sexe mixtes et de souches et de poids initial moyen de 500,89 g ont été alloués au hasard à six traitements diététiques. Régime alimentaire 1 (T1) contenait du maïs et la proportion de maïs dans le régime alimentaire 1 (T1) a été remplacé par un repas composite de pelage L'igname-manioc (RCPIM) dans un ratio de 6: 1 à 20, 40, 60, 80 et 100% dans le régime alimentaire 2 (T2), 3 (T3), 4 (T4), 5 (T5) et 6 (T6) respectivement. Des quantités pesées d'aliments d'alimentation ont été servies tous les matins, tandis que de l'eau potable fraîche, fraîche et propre a été fournie à l'ad-libitum et les données ont été collectées pour une composition proximité de la plate-forme de pelage composite de Cassava Yam, ainsi que du profil hématologique de la culture de lapins et de la carcasse et de la viande. Composition proximité de la RCPIM a révélé 89,60% de matière sèche (MS), 10,2% de protéines brutes (PB), 14,29% de fibres brutes (FB), de 1,27% d'extrait d'éther (EE), de 6,25% de cendres totale (CT), 67,57% d'extrait d'azote sans azote (EAA) et 2920.24KCAL / kg d'énergie métabolisable (moi entraîne des caractéristiques de la carcasse et du rendement de la viande de lapin de culture indiquée aucune différence significative (p> 0.05) sur tous les paramètres mesurés. La différence significative (p <0,05) s'est produite dans certaines hématologiques (VCE , HGR, HB, MCV et MCH) dans la gamme normale de recommandation pour les lapins sains à l'environnement externe et interne. Cela suggère que 100% l'inclusion de RCPIM dans des régimes de lapin de culture n'a aucun effet néfaste sur l'hématologie, les caractéristiques de la carcasse et Rendement de la viande de rapbits en croissance.
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Nizard, Sophie. "Cacher, festive et végétarienne." Anthropology of the Middle East 15, no. 2 (December 1, 2020): 104–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/ame.2020.150209.
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Abstract: While meat food is valued socially and symbolically as a part of traditional Jewish culinary culture, vegetarianism and veganism among Jews increased quite spectacularly over the past decade, especially in the USA and in Israel. According to rabbis and to interviewees themselves this new way of eating rooted in the Hebrew Bible and in the rabbinic literature. Indeed causing any cruelty or suffering to animals is prohibited according to these sacred sources; this is an absolute principle. Such changes are having effects on the increment of the Cacher, products that are certified “green” and on the increase of vegan friendly restaurants in Israel. The narrative of Jewish women about their food and culinary practices shows those ongoing changes which are often not the result of ideological radical choices.Résumé : Alors que la viande et les produits carnés sont fortement valorisés par la culture culinaire juive traditionnelle, on assiste depuis une dizaine d’années à un développement spectaculaire des pratiques végétariennes ou véganes en milieu juif, en particulier aux Etats-Unis et en Israël. Cette nouvelle manière de manger est justifiée par les mangeurs eux-mêmes et par nombre de rabbins comme prenant sa source dans la Bible hébraïque et dans la littérature rabbinique. En effet, l’interdit de causer de la souffrance aux animaux apparaît comme un principe fort des textes de la tradition juive. Ces changements sont repérables du fait de l’augmentation de l’offre en Israël (apparition de produits green et certifiés « sans matière animale » dans les supermarchés, multiplication de restaurants vegan friendly). Les discours de femmes juives sur leurs pratiques alimentaires et culinaires, recueillis au début de l’année 2020, viennent illustrer ces changements qui s’avèrent progressifs et sont rarement le résultat de choix idéologiques radicaux.
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Sansupa, Chakriya, Sara Fareed Mohamed Wahdan, Terd Disayathanoowat, and Witoon Purahong. "Identifying Hidden Viable Bacterial Taxa in Tropical Forest Soils Using Amplicon Sequencing of Enrichment Cultures." Biology 10, no. 7 (June 22, 2021): 569. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology10070569.
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This study aims to estimate the proportion and diversity of soil bacteria derived from eDNA-based and culture-based methods. Specifically, we used Illumina Miseq to sequence and characterize the bacterial communities from (i) DNA extracted directly from forest soil and (ii) DNA extracted from a mixture of bacterial colonies obtained by enrichment cultures on agar plates of the same forest soil samples. The amplicon sequencing of enrichment cultures allowed us to rapidly screen a culturable community in an environmental sample. In comparison with an eDNA community (based on a 97% sequence similarity threshold), the fact that enrichment cultures could capture both rare and abundant bacterial taxa in forest soil samples was demonstrated. Enrichment culture and eDNA communities shared 2% of OTUs detected in total community, whereas 88% of enrichment cultures community (15% of total community) could not be detected by eDNA. The enrichment culture-based methods observed 17% of the bacteria in total community. FAPROTAX functional prediction showed that the rare and unique taxa, which were detected with the enrichment cultures, have potential to perform important functions in soil systems. We suggest that enrichment culture-based amplicon sequencing could be a beneficial approach to evaluate a cultured bacterial community. Combining this approach together with the eDNA method could provide more comprehensive information of a bacterial community. We expected that more unique cultured taxa could be detected if further studies used both selective and non-selective culture media to enrich bacteria at the first step.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic ""viande" de culture"
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Liu, Jingjing. "What is the best future for beef? Better eating quality? Cultured “meat”?" Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Clermont Auvergne (2021-...), 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022UCFAC105.
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Tian, Qirui. "Mind perception in two different cultural contexts : religious targets and food animals as examples." Thesis, Toulouse 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014TOU20116/document.
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Cette thèse de doctorat porte sur l’étude de la perception dans le domaine de la religion et de l'alimentation dans deux contextes culturels différents: chinois et français. Dans deux chapitres indépendants, nous avons étudié l'effet de la croyance religieuse sur la perception des cibles religieuses et l'effet du comportement de la consommation de viande sur la perception des animaux. Le chapitre 1 présente une brève introduction à propos de la perception, et le chapitre 2 explore les différences culturelles sur la religiosité et la perception, notamment, la façon dont la croyance religieuse affecte la perception des individus vis-à-vis des dieux et des chrétiens en utilisant un amorçage du paradigme religieux. Les principaux résultats montrent que sur la religiosité, les participants agnostiques chinois étaient plus semblables aux participants religieux chinois, mais les participants agnostiques français étaient plus semblables aux participants athées français. Quant à la perception, les participants agnostiques chinois étaient plus semblables aux participants religieux chinois, mais pour les participants français, les athées, les agnostiques et les religieux étaient différents les uns des autres. Quand des concepts liés aux dieux sont amorcées, la perception des dieux est attribuée davantage à la dimension agence dans l'échantillon chinois, mais non pas dans l'échantillon français. Les participants religieux chinois ont attribué davantage la perception des dieux sur la dimension agence que les athées chinois. Les participants religieux et agnostiques français attribuent davantage la perception des dieux à la fois sur la dimension agence et sur la dimension expérience que les athées français. Cependant, l'objectif chrétien est moins attribué à l'esprit par les participants athées chinois, et plus par les participants religieux chinois sur la dimension de l'expérience, lorsque les concepts de Dieu connexes sont amorcés. Dans l'échantillon français, l'amorçage religieux n'a aucun effet sur l'attribution de l’esprit à la cible chrétienne, mais les participants religieux attribuent davantage l'esprit à la cible chrétienne que à l'objectif control, et les participants agnostiques attribuent davantage l'esprit à la cible chrétienne qu’à la cible athée. Le chapitre 3 traite la question de savoir si des rappels du paradoxe de la viande vont influencer la réduction de la volonté de manger de la viande et/ou de l'attribution de l’esprit à des animaux. Les résultats suggèrent que lorsque le lien entre la viande et son origine animale est relativement claire et forte, à la fois les participants français et les participants chinois déclarent une grande volonté de manger de la viande dans un état qui met l'accent sur la viande elle-même, et une volonté faible dans un état qui met l'accent sur l'abattage de la production viande. Les participants français accordent moins d'esprit à un animal comme nourriture quand ils ont établi le lien entre la viande et son origine animale, alors que les participants chinois ne le font pas. Lorsque le lien est relativement vague et faible, le paradoxe de la viande n'a pas d'effets significatifs sur la réduction de l'attribution de l’esprit à des animaux chez les participants chinois et français, mais permet de comprendre pourquoi les chinois déclarent une volonté plus faible de manger de la viande dans un état qui met l'accent sur l’origine animale de la viande. Enfin, le chapitre 4 traite des implications théoriques et pratiques de nos résultats empiriquesThis doctoral dissertation focuses on mind perception in the field of religion and diet in two different cultural contexts: Chinese and French. In two independent chapters, it investigates the effect of religious belief on mind perception concerning religious targets and the effect of meat-eating behavior on mind perception concerning food animals. Following a brief introduction of mind perception in Chapter 1, Chapter 2 explores cross-cultural differences in religiosity and mind perception and how religious belief affects people’s mind perception of gods and Christians using a religious priming paradigm. The main results reveal that on religiosity, Chinese agnostic participants were more similar to Chinese religious participants, but French agnostic participants were more similar to French atheist participants; on mind perception of gods, Chinese agnostic participants were more similar to Chinese religious participants, but French atheist, agnostic and religious participants were different from each other. When God-related concepts are primed, gods are attributed more mind on the agency-dimension in the Chinese sample, but not in the French sample. The Chinese religious participants attributed more mind to gods on the agency-dimension than the Chinese atheist ones. The French religious and agnostic participants attributed more mind to gods on both the agency-dimension and the experience-dimension than French atheist ones. However, the Christian target is attributed less mind by the Chinese atheist participants, and more mind by the Chinese religious participants on the experience dimension, when God-related concepts are primed. In the French sample, religious priming has no effect on mind attribution to the Christian target, but religious participants attribute more mind to the Christian target than to the Control target, and agnostic participants attribute more mind to the Christian target than to the atheist target. Chapter 3 addresses the question of whether reminders of the meat paradox will influence reduction of willingness to eat meat and/or mind attribution to food animals. The results suggest that when the link between meat and its animal origin is relatively clear and strong, both French and Chinese participants report high willingness to eat meat in a condition that emphasizes meat itself, and low willingness in a condition that emphasizes the slaughter required to produce meat. French participants attribute less mind to a food animal when they realize the link between meat and its animal origin, but Chinese participants do not. When the link is relatively vague and weak, the meat paradox does not have significant effects on the reduction of mind attribution to food animals among Chinese and French participants, but makes Chinese participants report lower willingness to eat meat in a condition that emphasizes the animal origin of meat. Finally, Chapter 4 discusses the theoretical and practical implications of our empirical findings
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Pirajá, Juliano de Almeida. "O teatro de Vianna : aspectos da cultura política brasileira no segundo reinado." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UnB, 2006. http://repositorio.unb.br/handle/10482/5323.
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Anos de conformação do quadro político, o Oitocentos brasileiro difundiu ideais de representatividade política bastante variados. Neles se configuraram as primeiras tentativas, brasileiras, de implantação de uma forma de governo federativa e autônoma, tendo como elemento predominante a questão da representação política, em contraste com o poder imperial, emanado da família real. Durante o segundo reinado brasileiro, a construção de modelos políticos esteve profundamente marcada pela formação intelectual das elites que ocuparam a cena política daquele tempo. A educação dessas elites havia sido orientada dentro de um modelo fundado nas tradições clássicas e ibéricas. Interessa a esta pesquisa o movimento do quadro político oitocentista brasileiro na construção de um contexto que se pretendia moderno e transformador e que, sobre as tradições de um passado que atraía, propunha a apropriação de questões pertinentes à organização social e política do seu tempo. Um dos mais curiosos exemplos foi o deputado Antonio Ferreira Vianna, formado no Imperial Colégio Pedro II, distinguindo-se principalmente em letras clássicas e também formado em direito em São Paulo. Depois de sua educação formal, Antonio Ferreira Vianna atuou como panfletário, jornalista e, por mais de vinte anos, como deputado na Câmara dos Deputados do Império. Esta via de trabalho abre caminho para perguntas essenciais que podem permitir um avanço sistematizado na percepção de como idéias e conceitos europeus, antigos e modernos, ultrapassaram, por meio da educação formal, o Atlântico e fizeram nova morada. ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT
Years of political establishment, the XVIII century spread a wide range of political representativity ideals. It represented the first brazilian attempts of implementation of an autonomous federative form of government which main issue were the political representativeness, in contrast with the Imperial Power from the Imperial Family. During the Brazilian Second Reign the construction of political models is deeply marked by the formation of the intellectual elites that ruled the political arena by then. The education of this elite was oriented by the classical Iberian traditions. This research is interested in the movement of the political actors from the XVIII century in the construction of a context that proposed to be modern and transforming and about that past attracted traditions, proposed the appropriation of questions concerning the social and politics organization of its time. One of the most interesting examples is from the Deputy Antonio Ferreira Vianna formed in the Imperial Scholl of Pedro II, distinguished mainly in classical letters and graduated in law in São Paulo. After his formal education, Antonio Ferreira Vianna acted as a pamphleteer, journalist and for more than twenty years as Deputy of the House of Representatives from the Empire. This work introduces important questions that may allow a sistematized avance in the perception of how European ideas and concepts, modern and old, crossed the Atlantic through the formal education and made a new settle.
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Machadinho, Mónica Filipa Coelho. "Fast fashion vs. slow fashion." Master's thesis, Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Arquitetura, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/17804.
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Dissertação de Mestrado em Design, com a especialização em Design de Moda apresentada na Faculdade de Arquitetura da Universidade de Lisboa para obtenção do grau de Mestre.A presente dissertação, de cariz teórico-prático, insere-se no âmbito do Design de Moda, particularmente na observação dos novos comportamentos do mercado e das novas tendências de consumo, resultantes do atual processo de globalização decorrente da Terceira Revolução Industrial. A partir de revisão de literatura relevante, este estudo pretende analisar a evolução da globalização e o seu impacto junto dos consumidores. Os antagónicos movimentos de Fast Fashion e Slow Fashion, assumem particular importância no contexto da indústria da Moda, e exprimem diferentes valores estéticos, culturais e sociais que proporcionam diferentes visões no pensamento e vivência dos consumidores, estabelecendo conexões entre as consequências geradas por ambos os movimentos. Através de uma análise SWOT, a presente investigação procura obter uma mais correcta identificação dos valores de cada um destes dois sistemas, fundamentais para a compreensão de uma moda mais consciencializada e justa. Com base nos princípios da Slow Fashion, que valorizam não só as questões da ética e sustentabilidade mas, e sobretudo, a valorização das habilidades tácteis dos artesãos populares portugueses, surge o levantamento das principais técnicas e desenhos utilizados na elaboração do tradicional “Bordado de Viana”, que servirá de suporte à coleção desenvolvida.
ABSTRACT: This essay, of a theoretical and practical nature, is aimed at the observation of new behaviors in markets as well as the new trends of consumption, resulting from the ongoing process of globalization of the Third Industrial Revolution. Starting with the consulting of relevant literature, this research intends to analysis the evolution of the globalization, and the impact on consumers. The antagonistic movements of Fast Fashion and Slow Fashion which are particularly important in the Fashion industry, and express different aesthetical, cultural, and social values that allow us new insights into the thinking and background of consumers, establishing connections between the consequences that arose from these movements. Through a SWOT analysis, the present investigation attempt to obtain a more accurate identification of the values of each of the two systems, which is fundamental in the understanding of a more aware and fair fashion. Based on the principles of Slow Fashion, which hold in high regard not only matters of ethics and sustainability but, first and foremost, the valuing of the labor skills of popular Portuguese artisans, comes up the main techniques and designs used in the production of the traditional “Bordado de Viana” were studied, and served as inspiration for the collection that will be developed.
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Villares, Rafael de Souza 1978. "Por uma dramaturgia nacional-popular : o teatro de Oduvaldo Vianna Filho no CPC da UNE (1960-1964)." [s.n.], 2012. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/284501.
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Orientador: Larissa de Oliveira Neves CatalãoDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Artes
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Resumo: Oduvaldo Vianna Filho é reconhecidamente um dos dramaturgos brasileiros de maior relevância da década de sessenta e setenta. Em sua obra buscou retratar o panorama político nacional, refletindo sobre questões como o imperialismo norte-americano, o papel da militância, a realidade do operariado e do camponês, a universidade, enfim, temáticas que, apesar de serem classificadas como "datadas", ainda hoje geram controvérsias. Dessa forma, esta dissertação de mestrado buscou aprofundar os estudos sobre a obra de Vianinha, tendo como foco central a análise das seguintes peças: A mais-valia vai acabar, seu Edgar; Brasil versão brasileira; O Auto dos 99%; Quatro quadras de terra e Os Azeredos mais os Benevides, produzidas pelo dramaturgo no período em que esteve vinculado ao Centro Popular de Cultura (CPC) da União Nacional dos Estudantes (UNE). As análises foram realizadas com base nas obras de alguns teóricos que exerceram influências sobre o trabalho de Vianinha como, por exemplo, Bertolt Brecht, Erwin Piscator dentre outros. Sendo assim, foram utilizados os conceitos de teatro épico, teatro de revista e agitprop, fundamentais para a compreensão das peças. O resultado deste trabalho visa demonstrar que as obras dramáticas em questão possuem valor artístico e não apenas histórico, social ou político.
Abstract: Oduvaldo Vianna Filho is recognized as one of Brazil's most significant playwrights of the sixties and seventies. In his work he tried to portray the national political landscape, reflecting about some subjects ,like the American imperialism, the role of militancy, the reality of the laborer and peasant, the university, finally, it shows that, despite of being classified as "dated" it still generates controversy. Therefore, this dissertation brought to deep studies on the work of "Vianinha", having as its central focus the analysis of the following plays : "A mais valia vai acabar ", "Seu Edgar";" Brazil versão brasileira";" O Auto dos 99%", " Quatro quadras de terra" and " Os Azeredos e mais Benivedes", produced by the playwright in the period he was linked to the Center for Popular Culture (CPC) of the National Students Union (UNE). The analyzes were performed based on the works of some theorists who have exercised influence on the work of Vianinha such as Bertolt Brecht, Erwin Piscator among others. Therefore, concepts of epic theater were used , musical theater and agitprop, essential for understanding the plays. The result of this paper demonstrates that the dramatic works in question have not only social,historical or political value, but it has more: artistic value.
Mestrado
Artes da Cena
Mestre em Artes da Cena
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Ragab, Aiman Ahmed. "A comprehensive viable framework of auditing standards for the Arab Republic of Egypt." Thesis, University of Sunderland, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.326333.
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Qiu, Yu-Shan. "Development of a successful method for quantifying viable oral anaerobic spirochetes from pure culture and periodontal pockets." Thesis, McGill University, 1993. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=68246.
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Spirochetes are markedly prevalent in periodontal disease but are not included as predominant cultivable organisms because of the inability to quantify them by viable count. A successful method was developed for enumerating viable oral spirochetes in pure culture as colony-forming units (CFU) in new oral spirochete (NOS) medium with 0.7% agarose and using small tissue-culture flasks. Three species of oral spirochetes in log-phase growth in NOS broth were used for evaluation of the method. Reliable, consistent and reproducible viable counts of pure spirochete cultures were obtained.This method was extended to enumerate viable oral spirochetes from periodontal pockets. The antibiotic rifampin (20 $ mu$g/ml) was found to be an excellent selective agent for such a count when added to NOS-agarose medium. Counts of cultivable oral spirochetes from 10 subgingival plaque samples ranged from 12.5% to 28.2% of the total cultivable anaerobic bacteria. In addition, by the use of this method thirteen new oral spirochetes were isolated.
The viable count technique was modified and employed to study the locomotion of spirochetes. Migration of oral spirochetes out of NOS-Bacto agar medium into NOS-agarose medium was observed and two locomotory phenotypes of oral spirochetes were detected.
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Schweitzer, Julie Kathleen. "Irresponsibly (engagé) Boris Vian and uses of American culture in France, 1940-1959 /." College Park, Md. : University of Maryland, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1903/2546.
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Thesis (M.A.) -- University of Maryland, College Park, 2005.Thesis research directed by: Dept. of History. Title from t.p. of PDF. Includes bibliographical references. Published by UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Mich. Also available in paper.
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Edwards, Simon. "The social construction of pupils' cultural worlds : negotiating viable selves from the margin." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2013. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/45196/.
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This thesis examines the cultural world of students and how they negotiate viable selves at the margins of education exclusion. Bridgeworth Youth Wing (BYW), a part of Bridgeworth Community College (BCC) school site for an ethnographical study focused on students' linguistic repertoires and language codes embedded within their social practices. Critical engagement with these processes led to the development of a pedagogic approach based on a model of knowledge production rooted in social practice rather than individual cognitive performance. The introduction locates the research in a wider policy context and discusses the rise of performance management, the use of pupil assessment data and the development of alternative curricula. Chapter one presents the research context, research population, issues identified and the initial outline of an intervention. In chapter two I explore a methodological approach. I draw on Freire and a concept of liberation education in order to develop a research strategy, which enables me to answer initial research questions. The initial research phase uses a developing methodological approach in order to explore the wider social practices of the students. Data from this initial phase of research provides an evaluative framework from which further research can be conducted. Chapter three presents and analyses data on language and practice collected in the initial research phase. A framework for analysis draws on Bernstein's (1971) theoretical model of codes. Chapter four explores the correlation between discourse and the students' developing conceptual understanding. Key questions informing selfproduction are identified. The social structure of language and the linguistic structure of dialogue is examined. Chapter five considers the emerging theoretical framework and explores the role of language and its use within the context of self-production. A conflict between the prevailing school models of self and that of the students is identified and outlined. Chapter six explores the assumption that the real is not solely confined within organisational discourse. The linguistic dimensions of multiple discourses and associated practices are explored both within school and social sites outside. Chapter seven presents and analyses themes emerging from two further interventions. This illuminates the significance of staff and family as actors within the students' discursive narratives. Further existential questions guiding the production of the self within those conditions, are considered. In conclusion chapter eight identifies claims to new knowledge emerging from the thesis. I assert that knowledge and its use in terms of sustaining self-identity is conceptualised within reflexive discourse emerging from relationships with significant other actors, who may or may not be located physically within BCC or BYW sites. I argue that language and linguistic codes engaged by the students are not located in the production of GCSEs but rather in the production of the self. Therefore knowledge is reflexively produced and mutually understood through the students maintaining multiple discourses. I also identify a confluence point between the students' social alignments and the organisational alignments at BCC. I then discuss how an alternative curricula model I currently manage might develop in order to meet the needs of the students in the light of the emerging theoretical framework.
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Carvalho, Enildo de Moura. "Formação cultural brasileira e norte-americana na ótica de Érico Veríssimo e Vianna Moog." Universidade do Vale do Rio do Sinos, 2006. http://www.repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/1838.
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Previous issue date: 11Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
O presente trabalho analisa a formação cultural brasileira em comparação com a norte-americana, conforme as obras Gato preto em campo de neve e A volta do gato preto de Érico Veríssimo e Bandeirantes e pioneiros de Vianna Moog. Contemporâneos da geração que marcou as décadas de 1930 – 40, Veríssimo e Moog foram convidados a residir nos Estados Unidos para fins de intercâmbio cultural, o que lhes permitiu construir as obras citadas. Algumas temáticas predominavam na discussão dos autores, como a comparação dos níveis de desenvolvimento e modernização entre Brasil e Estados Unidos. No entanto, a maior atenção de Moog e Veríssimo parece apontar para o reconhecimento do Brasil em suas peculiaridades culturais, em sua brasilidade. Para isto, os autores se valem do discurso que transita ora no campo da narrativa literária, ora no campo das ciências sociais. Diante disto, esta dissertação está organizada em três capítulos
This thesis analyzes the formation of Brazil’s culture as compared to the North American culture according to the view of two Brazilian authors: Érico Veríssimo, in his books Gato preto em campo de neve and A volta do gato preto, and Vianna Moog, in his book Bandeirantes e pioneiros. Both authors belonged to the epoch-making generation of Brazilian authors who began to write in the thirties and fourties of the 20th century. Both had the opportunity to live in the United States as participants of a cultural exchange program, which made it possible for them to create the mentioned books. Some topics were predominant in the authors’ discussion, such as the comparison between the level of development and modernization in Brazil and in the States. However, both Veríssimo and Moog seem to focus their attention on the recognition of Brazil in its cultural peculiarities, in its idiosyncratic character. To do this, both authors used the discourse of literary narrative and the discourse of social science. This is why t
Books on the topic ""viande" de culture"
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Viable energy now: When energy, economics, and politics converge. Englewood, Colo: Roberts & Ross, 2009.
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Wojciech, Kalaga, and Rachwał Tadeusz, eds. Viands, wines and spirits: Nourishment and (in)digestion in the culture of literacy : essays in cultural practice. Katowice: Wydawn. Uniwersytetu Śląskiego, 2003.
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Mockrin, Miranda H. Wildlife farming: A viable alternative to hunting in tropical forests? Bronx, NY: Wildlife Conservation Society, 2005.
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Ornstein, Robert E. (Robert Evan), 1942-, ed. Humanity on a tightrope: Thoughts on empathy, family, and big changes for a viable future. Lanham, Md: Rowman & Littlefield, 2010.
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Paul, Zentner Robert, and Canada. Ministère de l'agriculture. Direction générale des communications., eds. Avantages de la rotation des cultures en agriculture de conservation sur les terres non-irriguées. Ottawa, Ont: Agriculture Canada, 1990.
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Medema, G. J. Viable and pathogenic Cryptosporidium and Giardia in source water: Application of vital dye staining, cell culture and (RT-) PCR with sequence analysis. Nieuwegein: Association of River Waterworks, 2002.
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What makes the EU viable?: European integration in the light of the antebellum US experience. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009.
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Estados Unidos--espelho do Brasil em Érico Veríssimo e Vianna Moog: Um olhar comparativo entre a formação cultural brasileira e norte-americana, segundo a perspectiva do ensaio, da literatura e das ciências sociais. Santa Cruz do Sul: EDUNISC, 2007.
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Brooks, Jeffrey, and Sergei I. Zhuk. The Distinctiveness of Soviet Culture. Edited by Simon Dixon. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199236701.013.025.
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The quintessentially Soviet element of cultural development in the USSR between 1932 and 1991 was Socialist Realism. The period prior to the 1930s was its preface and that from the mid-1950s a long post-script. By the mid-1980s, Soviet publics had moved irreversibly beyond Socialist Realism in all the arts, and no viable new contender could assume the particularist mantle. The best official offerings to compete with new Western movements after 1945 were too little and too late. In the absence of a viable particularist contender and with institutions of isolationism eroding, Soviet culture inexorably drew closer to its counterparts abroad. By 1991 it had been gone so long that its formal passing was hardly noticed.
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Lee, Bandy X., and Grace Lee. Cultural Issues in Geriatric Forensic Psychiatry. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199374656.003.0029.
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Cultural competence is an essential skill for the geriatric forensic psychiatrist. Much of psychiatry and the law is “culture-bound,” favoring individual-centered analyses over consideration of social and cultural context. While this has worked reasonably well for relatively homogeneous, dominant cultures within Western (i.e., North American or European) societies, it is growing less viable as populations grow more pluralistic with widely variable means of organizing the world and their place in it. Furthermore, not only does culture shape meaning and significance for the individual, it determines the causes, manifestations, and final course of many major psychiatric disorders. Therefore, in order properly to assess a person’s state of mind in competency or criminal responsibility cases, to evaluate the likelihood of restorability, to explain mitigating factors, or to gauge the appropriateness of treatment programs, cultural considerations must come into play. This chapter discusses the elements of cultural competence and its practice, through case vignettes, and how this can translate into choice and resilience for the client, especially the elderly individual.
Book chapters on the topic ""viande" de culture"
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Mitsuhashi, Jun. "Viable Cell Enumeration." In Invertebrate Tissue Culture Methods, 341–45. Tokyo: Springer Japan, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-67875-5_35.
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Gudkov, A. V., T. M. Ervolder, and M. Ja Gudkova. "Cultural Milk Containing Viable Bifidobacteria." In MILK the vital force, 212. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3733-8_176.
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Sergeant, D., M. Moser, and J. P. Carvell. "Measurement and Control of Viable Cell Density in a Mammalian Cell Bioprocessing Facility: Validation of the Software." In Cells and Culture, 379–84. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-3419-9_66.
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Thompson, Michael. "Socially Viable Ideas of Nature: a Cultural Hypothesis." In Man, Nature and Technology, 57–79. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-09087-7_4.
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Ratner, Carl. "An Enriched, Viable, Necessary Cooperative Paradigm for Our Global Era." In International and Cultural Psychology, 181–223. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-5825-8_8.
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Chen, Xuewei, and Sandra Acosta. "Is machine language translation a viable tool for health communication?" In Cross-Cultural Health Translation, 163–75. New York, NY : Routledge, [2019] | Series: Routledge studies in empirical translation and multilingual communication: Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429054402-10.
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Mustakova-Possardt, Elena, Michael Basseches, Julie Oxenberg, and Ian Hansen. "Transforming a Limited Social Function into a Viable Global Action Agenda." In International and Cultural Psychology, 21–46. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-7391-6_2.
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Hansen, L. H. "Skins: Cultural approaches to experimental facades designed by architect Byoung Cho." In Structures and Architecture A Viable Urban Perspective?, 1145–52. London: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003023555-137.
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Armanasco, A., V. Caspani, D. Foppoli, and M. Bellanova. "HBIM: To know to model the complexity. Cases history on Italian cultural heritage." In Structures and Architecture A Viable Urban Perspective?, 501–8. London: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003023555-60.
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Thomassen, M. A., and P. Munch-Petersen. "The bumpy road to a sustainable building culture: An initial overview of the challenges in getting from innovative idea to positive impact in construction." In Structures and Architecture A Viable Urban Perspective?, 611–18. London: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003023555-73.
Full textConference papers on the topic ""viande" de culture"
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Berthier, R., A. Duperray, O. Valiron, M. Prenant, I. Newton, and A. Schweitzer. "MEGAKARYOCYTIC DEVELOPMENT IN LIQUID CULTURES OF CRYOPRESERVED LEUKOCYTE STEM CELL CONCENTRATES FROM CHRONIC MYELOGENOUS LEUKEMIA PATIENTS." In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1644622.
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The proliferation and differentiation of human megakaryocytes in liquid culture has been obtained using cryopreserved light density blood cell concentrates from chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) patients. These cryopreserved leukocytes concentrates contain a large number of viable granulo-monocytic, erythroid and megakaryocytic committed stem cells. A high number of spontaneous megakaryocytic colonies was observed in semisolid cultures plated with the CML leukocytes concentrates. A liquid culture system using RPMI 1640 supplemented with 20% human plasma (HP) has been defined where maturing megakaryocytes make up 20 to 60% of the total cells after 14 days of incubation. The same cell suspension cultured in medium supplemented with 20% foetal calf serum (FCS) showed poor megakaryocytic cell development. The megakaryocytic nature of the cells produced in HP supplemented cultures was confirmed by cytological studies and indirect immunofluorescence labeling using monoclonal antibodies (MoAb) against membrane platelet GPIb and Ilbllla, and intracellular antigens like fibrinogen and von Willebrand factor.Ploidy of the cultured cells was studied after labeling with propidium iodide and the DNA fluorescence determined using the fluorescence activated cell sorter (FACSIV). Peaks of 8N, 16N and 32N cells were observed from HP supplemented cultures representing about 20% of the cells reacting with a GP11b111 a MoAb, while very few cells greater than 4N were observed in FCS supplemented cultures. The megakaryocytes produced in HP cultures could be further enriched by cell sorting on the FACSIV after labeling with an anti-IIbIIIa MoAb. Depending on the initial megakaryocytic concentration of the cells cultured, one to 2 é 106 megakaryocytes per hour could be harvested. Thus, cryopreserved CML blood stem cell concentrates seem to offer a reproducible source of human megakaryocytes which retain their capacity to proliferate and differentiate in liquid cultures supplemented with human plasma. These megakaryocytes can be used for the study of platelet glycoprotein biosynthesis as well as the regulation of megakaryocytopoiesis.
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Raizer, O. B., and O. N. Khapilina. "Culture in vitro of rare and endemic species of Allium (A. ledebourianum, A. altaicum)." In 2nd International Scientific Conference "Plants and Microbes: the Future of Biotechnology". PLAMIC2020 Organizing committee, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.28983/plamic2020.204.
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Rare and endemic Allium ledebourianum and Allium altaicum were introduced into the culture in vitro. When cultivated under conditions of slight osmotic stress, viable cultures of rare and endangered Allium species were obtained.
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Sargent, Carolyn Y., Luke A. Hiatt, Sandhya Anantharaman, Eric Berson, and Todd C. McDevitt. "Cardiogenesis of Embryonic Stem Cells is Modulated by Hydrodynamic Mixing Conditions." In ASME 2008 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2008-193129.
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Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) have the potential to differentiate into all somatic cell types and are uniquely capable of differentiating into functional cardiomyocytes; however, to effectively use ESCs for cell-based therapies to regenerate viable myocardial tissue, an improved understanding of mechanisms regulating differentiation is necessary. Currently, application of exogenous factors is commonly attempted to direct stem cell differentiation; however, progression towards controlling multiple environmental factors, including biochemical and mechanical stimuli, may result in increased differentiation efficiency for clinical applications. Additionally, current methods of ESC differentiation to cardiomyocytes are labor-intensive and produce relatively few cardiomyocytes based on initial ESC densities. Rotary suspension culture to produce embryoid bodies (EBs) has been shown to yield greater numbers of differentiating ESCs than static suspension cultures [1]. Thus, the objective of this study was to examine how the hydrodynamic mixing conditions imposed by rotary orbital culture modulate cardiomyocyte differentiation.
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Andrés-Alba, Iván. "Enseñando cultura en el aula de griego moderno: proyecto «un viaje por Grecia»." In IN-RED 2023: IX Congreso de Innovación Educativa y Docencia en Red. València: Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/inred2023.2023.16648.
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Esta innovación propuesta para el aula de griego moderno tiene como objetivo principal introducir al estudiante en la geografía, el patrimonio y la cultura griegas. Para ello se llevará a cabo un proyecto basado en un caso práctico donde los estudiantes, en pequeños grupos, deberán diseñar un viaje cultural por Grecia que irán preparando en distintas sesiones temáticas guiadas por el docente. Este proyecto, además, fomenta la práctica oral y escrita de la lengua en situaciones realistas y mejora la competencia digital de los estudiantes, en tanto que aprenderán a utilizar la plataforma Genially para generar la exposición final del proyecto. Por sus características, esta innovación puede ser aplicada en la enseñanza de cualquier otro idioma o nivel.
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de la Torre Oliver, Francisco. "EL VIATGE A LA RENTAORA. ANTROPOMORFISMO MINIMALISTA." In Ilustrafic. 2º Congreso Internacional de Ilustración, Arte y Cultura Visual. Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/ilustrafic/ilustrafic2015/457.
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Aremu, P. S. O., O. J. Ajiboye, and B. Abiodun. "Art and culture as a viable currency in Yoruba traditional architecture." In The Sustainable World. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/sw100661.
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Wautier, M. P., and J. L. Wautier. "HUMAN ENDOTHELIAL CELLS MODIFICATIONS DURING LONG TERM CULTURE." In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1643347.
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The culture of human endothelial cells is largely used for vascular research. The possibility of developping long term culture of human endothelial cells (EC) raised the question regarding the identity after several passages. To further investigate this aspect we have cultured human umbilical vein EC until the 12th passage on fibronectin coated dishes supplemented with ECGF. We have studied the EC morphology by light and electron microscopy, the reactivity with 51Cr labelled platelets, and prostacyclin synthesis. Until the 6th passage no major change could be noted, except the occurence of rare large EC and a reduction in the doubling time between 2nd and 5th passage. After the 7th passage up to the 10th EC became more elongated and did not grow in strict monolayer. The number of vacuoles and mitochondria increased as well as the doubling time. After the 12th passage the EC were still viable but proliferated very slowly. The adhesion of radiolabelled platelets dramatically increased (150%) and PGI2 production significantly decreased (6 Keto PGF1α : 1st passage 13±2.5 ng; 6th passage 0.33±0.27 ng/106 EC). In our culture conditions EC kept most of their original characteristics up to the 6th passage but then lost some of them. At any passage EC contained Weibel Palade bodies and von Willebrand factor. We can conclude that after the 7th passage EC in culture are different from the original cells and could possibly represent an in vitro model of EC ageing.
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Kang, Young Bok (Abraham), Joseph Cirillo, Siddhartha Rawat, Michael Bouchard, and Hongseok (Moses) Noh. "Layered Hepatocytes and Endothelial Cells on a Transwell Membrane: Toward Engineering the Liver Sinusoid." In ASME 2012 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2012-89413.
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This paper presents a novel liver model platform that mimics the liver sinusoid, a functional unit of the liver where most liver activities occur. A key component of the current liver model is a layered co-culture of primary rat hepatocytes (PRH) and primary rat liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSEC) or a bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAEC) as an alternative. Poly-dimethylsiloxane (PDMS) microchannels were fabricated and attached to transwell membranes that contain submicroscale pores. Cells were cultured either on one side or on both sides of the transwell membrane, and in both cases cells formed confluent layers. A thin matrigel coating or micro porous membrane was applied between the two cell layers in order to mimic the Space of Disse. We used three different methods to check cell viability: recombinant adenovirus expressing green fluorescent protein, mito-tracker red to stain live mitochondria, and an expression plasmid expressing red fluorescent protein (RFP). It was shown that PRH retained normal morphology and remained viable for about 3 days with BAEC in the PDMS microchannel, about 57 days with BAEC on the transwell, and about 39 days with primary LSEC on the transwell. Preliminary observation suggests that there is formation of structures between hepatocytes that appear similar to bile canaliculi when PRH are co-cultured with endothelial cells. The layered co-culture system seems to be a promising method to generate accurate liver models.
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Morales Casañas, Diria Luz. "Arquitectura defensiva de Santa Cruz de Tenerife. Historia y soluciones." In II Simposio de Patrimonio Cultural ICOMOS España. Valencia: Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/icomos2022.2022.14947.
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La mayoría del turismo que visita Tenerife viene buscando los tópicos que se publicitan a través de las agencias de viaje: sol, playa y naturaleza. La cultura, es un reclamo residual que se suele centrar en el caso del patrimonio histórico, en La Laguna, declarada Patrimonio de la Humanidad, olvidándose de Santa Cruz la cual identifican con la capital de la provincia o el Carnaval. Pero esta ciudad es algo más. En cuanto al patrimonio cultural, es el municipio de Canarias con el mayor número de bienes de interés cultural declarados y posee en su frente marítimo un sistema defensivo complejo, formado por fortificaciones y por todo tipo de infraestructuras, que tuvo sus cotas de protagonismo en los tres principales ataques británicos que sufrió la ciudad durante los siglos XVII y XVIII, cuyas últimas actualizaciones se realizaron durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial, ante la posibilidad de ser atacados por las fuerzas aliadas. Este trabajo se aproximará a la historia de Santa Cruz asociada a sus elementos de arquitectura defensiva, de titularidad diversa y en diferente estado de conservación. Planteará la necesidad de un modelo de gestión conjunta por medio de la elaboración de un Plan Director, con los contenidos del Plan Nacional de Arquitectura Defensiva del IPCE y en el cual la participación ciudadana debe ser un elemento principal. En una apuesta real por el patrimonio cultural, con una finalidad educativa y turística que ya ha sido utilizado con éxito en otros lugares como en Cartagena, con su proyecto Cartagena Puerto de Culturas.
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Elliott, Jack. "Triakonto BB100: Dynamic Systemization Meets Big Bamboo." In AIA/ACSA Intersections Conference. ACSA Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.35483/acsa.aia.inter.15.14.
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Bamboo has long been used as a vernacular building material in tropical regions all around the world. Methods of construction have typically involved ad hoc, inexact processes of in situ cutting, drilling, notching and lashing, relying on local building cultures and knowledge. However, in a globalizing economy, this traditional means of building has become associated with poverty and/or cultural nostalgia. Bamboo construction is not widely accepted as a viable, modern means to making buildings in tropical markets, despite its many environ- mental benefits.
Reports on the topic ""viande" de culture"
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Hildebrand, Mark, Juergen Polle, and Michael Huesemann. A Systems Biology and Pond Culture-based Understanding and Improvement of Metabolic Processes Related to Productivity in Diverse Microalgal Classes for Viable Biofuel Production. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1458513.
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Bradner, Laura K., Judith R. Stabel, Donald C. Beitz, and Suelee Robbe-Austerman. Treatment with Antibiotics is Detrimental to the Recovery of Viable Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis Cultured from Milk and Colostrum of Dairy Cows. Ames (Iowa): Iowa State University, January 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/ans_air-180814-741.
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Mitchell, Brian G., Amir Neori, Charles Yarish, D. Allen Davis, Tzachi Samocha, and Lior Guttman. The use of aquaculture effluents in spray culture for the production of high protein macroalgae for shrimp aqua-feeds. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7597934.bard.
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The FAO has projected a doubling in world demand for seafood during the 21 ed from aquaculture of marine fish and shrimps fed primarily on fishmeal-based aquafeeds. However, current practices of high intensity monoculture of shrimp in coastal ponds and fish in offshore pens have been strongly criticized as being ecologically and socially unsustainable. This view derives from un- checked eutrophication of coastal marine ecosystems from fish farm effluents, and the destruction of coastal estuarine ecosystems by shrimp farm constructions, plus aquaculture’s reliance on wild-caught small fish - which are excellent food for humans, but instead are rendered into fishmeal and fish oil for formulating aquafeeds. Fishmeal-sparing and waste- reduction aquafeeds can only delay the time when fed aquaculture product are priced out of affordability for most consumers. Additionally, replacement of fishmeal protein and fish oil by terrestrial plant sources such as soybean meal and oil directly raises food costs for human communities in developing nations. New formulations incorporating sustainably-produced marine algal proteins and oils are growing in acceptance as viable and practical alternatives. This BARD collaborative research project investigated a sustainable water-sparing spray/drip culture method for producing high-protein marine macrophyte meals for incorporation into marine shrimp and fish diets. The spray culture work was conducted at laboratory-scale in the USA (UCSD-SIO) using selected Gracilariaand Ulvastrains isolated and supplied by UCONN, and outdoors at pilot-scale in Israel (IOLR-NCM) using local strains of Ulvasp., and nitrogen/phosphorus-enriched fish farm effluent to fertilize the spray cultures and produce seaweed biomass and meals containing up to 27% raw protein (dry weight content). Auburn University (USA) in consultation with TAMUS (USA) used the IOLR meals to formulate diets and conduct marine shrimp feeding trials, which resulted in mixed outcomes, indicating further work was needed to chemically identify and remove anti-nutritional elements present in the IOLR-produced seaweed meals.
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Thurston, Alison, Karen Foley, Shelby Rosten, Susan Taylor, Robert Haehnel, and Robyn Barbato. Microbial activity in dust-contaminated Antarctic snow. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), September 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/47681.
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During weather events, particles can accumulate on the snow near the Pegasus ice and Phoenix compacted-snow Runways at the US McMurdo Station in Antarctica. The deposited particles melt into the surface, initially forming steep-sided holes, which can widen into patches of weak and rotten snow and ice. These changes negatively impact the ice and snow runways and snow roads trafficked by vehicles. To understand the importance of microbes on this process, we examined deposited dust particles and their microbial communities in snow samples collected near the runways. Snow samples were analyzed at the Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory where we performed a respiration study to measure the microbial activity during a simulated melt, isolated microorganisms, examined particle-size distribution, and performed 16S rRNA gene sequencing. We measured higher levels of carbon dioxide production from a sample containing more dust than from a sample containing less dust, a finding consistent with viable dust-associated microbial communities. Additionally, eleven microorganisms were isolated and cultured from snow samples containing dust particles. While wind patterns and satellite images suggest that the deposited particles originate from nearby Black Island, comparisons of the particle size and chemical composition were inconclusive.
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Reséndiz, Diana, and Áurea Esquivel, eds. Almanaque extraordinario de experiencias comunitarias. Chair Magdala López Ramírez. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Centro Cultural Universitario Tlatelolco, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.22201/ccut.001r.2021.
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Almanaque: Del árabe المناخ)pr.al-manakh) ‘calendario’, derivado del árabe “munakh” que significa ‘parada de un viaje’, ‘descanso’. Es aquí donde nos proponemos hacer una pausa para revisitar el camino recorrido y reunir las experiencias que al paso del tiempo hemos atesorado como extraordinarias. Estás por recorrer un proyecto editorial colaborativo que celebra los primeros diez años de la Unidad de Vinculación Artística (UVA). Diez años que se expresan en 10 fanzines o números donde cada uno representa una arista desde donde mirar esta primera década. Ubicada en el corazón de Tlatelolco, la UVA ha acompañado en sus procesos de iniciación, formación y creación artística a más de 10,000 personas. A través de nuestros talleres libres y nuestra adorada biblioteca comunitaria “Alaíde Foppa” hemos sido cómplices de niñas, niños, jóvenes, adultos y personas mayores. Para ellxs, y para los que están por venir, nuestro total agradecimiento. Doce talleristas —artistas de diversas disciplinas, interesados en la educación e investigación a través del arte— acudieron al llamado para dimensionar y proyectar nuestra historia. A través de sus voces se hacen evidentes los pilares de nuestra comunidad: la educación no formal, el reconocimiento del otro como vértice de la experiencia educativa y por último, la integración de la carga cultural que representa el barrio de Tlatelolco: nuestro territorio. Así pues, sólo nos queda darte la bienvenida y desear que este descanso de tu propio viaje sea una pausa gozosa y te permita –como nos permitió a nosotras– imaginar nuevos horizontes.
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Reisch, Bruce, Avichai Perl, Julie Kikkert, Ruth Ben-Arie, and Rachel Gollop. Use of Anti-Fungal Gene Synergisms for Improved Foliar and Fruit Disease Tolerance in Transgenic Grapes. United States Department of Agriculture, August 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2002.7575292.bard.
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Original objectives . 1. Test anti-fungal gene products for activity against Uncinula necator, Aspergillus niger, Rhizopus stolonifer and Botrytis cinerea. 2. For Agrobacterium transformation, design appropriate vectors with gene combinations. 3. Use biolistic bombardment and Agrobacterium for transformation of important cultivars. 4. Characterize gene expression in transformants, as well as level of powdery mildew and Botrytis resistance in foliage of transformed plants. Background The production of new grape cultivars by conventional breeding is a complex and time-consuming process. Transferring individual traits via single genes into elite cultivars was proposed as a viable strategy, especially for vegetatively propagated crops such as grapevines. The availability of effective genetic transformation procedures, the existence of genes able to reduce pathogen stress, and improved in vitro culture methods for grapes, were combined to serve the objective of this proposal. Effective deployment of resistance genes would reduce production costs and increase crop quality, and several such genes and combinations were used in this project. Progress The efficacy of two-way combinations of Trichoderma endochitinase (CHIT42), synthetic peptide ESF12 and resveratrol upon the control of growth of Botrytis cinerea and Penicillium digitatum were evaluated in vitro. All pairwise interactions were additive but not synergistic. Per objective 2, suitable vectors with important gene combinations for Agrobacterium transformation were designed. In addition, multiple gene co-transformation by particle bombardment was also tested successfully. In New York, transformation work focused on cultivars Chardonnay and Merlot, while the technology in Israel was extended to 41B, R. 110, Prime, Italia, Gamay, Chardonnay and Velika. Transgenic plant production is summarized in the appendix. Among plants developed in Israel, endochitinase expression was assayed via the MuchT assay using material just 1-5 days after co-cultivation. Plants of cv. Sugraone carrying the gene coding for ESF12, a short anti-fungal lytic peptide under the control of the double 358 promoter, were produced. Leaf extracts of two plants showed inhibition zones that developed within 48 h indicating the inhibitory effect of the leaf extracts on the six species of bacteria. X fastidiosa, the causal organism of Pierce's disease, was very sensitive to leaf extracts from ESF12 transformed plants. Further work is needed to verify the agricultural utility of ESF12 transformants. In New York, some transformants were resistant to powdery mildew and Botrytis fruit rot. Major conclusions, solutions, achievements and implications The following scientific achievements resulted from this cooperative BARD project: 1. Development and improvement of embryogenesis and tissue culture manipulation in grape, while extending these procedures to several agriculturally important cultivars both in Israel and USA. 2. Development and improvement of novel transformation procedures while developing transformation techniques for grape and other recalcitrant species. 3. Production of transgenic grapevines, characterization of transformed vines while studying the expression patterns of a marker gene under the control of different promoter as the 35S CaMV in different part of the plants including flowers and fruits. 4. Expression of anti-fungal genes in grape: establishment of transgenic plants and evaluation of gene expression. Development of techniques to insert multiple genes. 5. Isolation of novel grape specific promoter to control the expression of future antimicrobial genes. It is of great importance to report that significant progress was made in not only the development of transgenic grapevines, but also in the evaluation of their potential for increased resistance to disease as compared with the non engineered cultivar. In several cases, increased disease resistance was observed. More research and development is still needed before a product can be commercialized, yet our project lays a framework for further investigations.
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Gantt, Elisabeth, Avigad Vonshak, Sammy Boussiba, Zvi Cohen, and Amos Richmond. Carotenoid-Rich Algal Biomass for Aquaculture: Astaxanthin Production by Haematococcus Pluvialis. United States Department of Agriculture, August 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1996.7613036.bard.
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The synthesis of carotenoids has been studied toward enhancing the production of ketocarotenoids, since fish and crustaceans raised by aquaculture require astaxanthin and other ketocaroteinoids in their feed for desirable pigmentation. Notable progress has been made in attaining the goals of determining improved conditions for ketocarotenoid production in Haematococcus pluvialis and in elucidating the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway. For production of astaxanthin a number of strains of the green alga Haematococcus were evaluated, a strain CCAG was found to be optimal for photoautotrophic growth. Of four mutants, selected for enhanced carotenoid production, two hold considerable promise because caroteinoid accumulation occurs without encystment. The biosynthetic pathway of carotenoids was elucidated in photosynthetic organisms by characterizing novel genes encoding carotenoid enzymes and by examining the function of these enzymes in a bacterial complementation system. Two cyclases (b- and e-) were cloned that are at a critical branch point in the pathway. One branch leads to the formation of b-carotene and zeaxanthin and astaxanthin, and the other to the production of a-carotene and lutein. Cyclization of both endgroups of lycopene to yield b-carotene was shown to be catalyzed by a single gene product, b-lycopene cyclase in cyanobacteria and plants. The formation of a-carotene was found to require the e-cyclase gene product in addition to the b-cyclase. By cloning a b-hydroxylase gene we showed that a single gene product forms zeaxanthin by hydroxylatin of both b-carotene rings. It is expected that a second hydroxylase is required in the synthesis of astaxanthin, since canthaxanthin rather than zeaxanthin is the precursor. Evidence, from inhibitor studies, suggests that astaxanthin is formed from canthaxanthin and that b-carotene is a major precursor. Feasibility studies with the photobioreactors have shown that a two-stage system is the most practical, where Haematococcus cultures are first grown to high cell density and are then switched to high light for maximal astaxanthin production. The basic knowledge and molecular tools generated from this study will significantly enhance Haematococcus as a viable model for enhanced astaxanthin production.