Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Via Lata'

Propomos neste trabalho realizar uma análise do romance O braço direito, de Otto Lara Resende, tomando por base uma imagem recorrente na narrativa, a clausura, cuja força pode ser auferida na leitura pelo que constitui de elemento ordenador da estrutura do livro e principalmente do personagem narrador. O primeiro capítulo retoma o histórico da escritura do romance. Otto foi um autor que continuava a trabalhar o texto mesmo depois de publicado. O braço direito foi editado em 1963, relançado por duas vezes sem qualquer alteração, e reeditado em 1993 inteiramente reescrito. A relação do narrador com a escritura, que ganha forma num gênero literário subjacente à narrativa, o diário íntimo, é analisada no segundo capítulo. Tal relação incorpora em seu desenvolvimento marcas de uma opressão que perfazem o cotidiano do narrador e se traduzem no que escreve, como procuramos mostrar, pela manutenção dessa opressão, ao mesmo tempo em que escrever proporciona um espaço de reflexão. Depois de estudada essa relação, passamos no terceiro capítulo a outras formas de convivência, nas quais se observa a dimensão violenta e psicologicamente devastadora do meio social representado no livro, estando o narrador submetido a autoridades de toda ordem. No quarto e último capítulo abordamos o seu ambiente familiar, o impacto desse ambiente numa consciência que se constrói no centro de duas perspectivas conflitantes, e por conseguinte, de elementos que suscitam nela um embate intenso dos instintos, sobretudo os sexuais, com a auto-imposição de obedecer a um ideário conservador.
We propose in this paper to develop an analysis of the novel O braço direito, Otto Lara Resende, being based on a recurring image along the narrative, the cloister, whose strength can be understood in the reading by what it constitutes as an organizing element of the book structure especially the narrator character. The first chapter discusses the historical writing of the novel. Otto was an author who continued to work even after the text was published. O braço direito was published in 1963, reissued twice without any change, and reissued in 1993 entirely rewritten. The relationship between the narrator and the writing, which is shapped by a literary genre that underlies the narrative, the diary, is analyzed in the second chapter. Such relationship incorporates in its development some signs of oppression that make up the daily life of the narrator and are translated into his writing, as we intend to show, by maintaining such oppression, whereas writing that provides a space for reflection. After studying this relationship, we observe, in the third chapter, other ways of experiences, such as the violent side and psychologically devastating social environment depicted in the book, being the narrator submitted to authorities of all kinds. In the fourth and final chapter we discuss his family environment, its the impact on a consciousness that is built in the center of two conflicting perspectives, and therefore of elements that arouse in it a clash of strong instincts, especially sexual ones, with the self-imposition of obeying to a conservative ideology.

Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro Tecnológico. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia de Produção.
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O presente trabalho tem como objetivo analisar a utilização da Internet como ferramenta educacional, apresentando uma experiência realizada nos cursos de Especialização Lato Sensu da Fundação Dom Cabral FDC. Aborda a fundamentação teórica das questões pedagógicas, tecnológicas e de interatividade que serviram para o desenvolvimento do site, bem como a influência dos softwares utilizados na educação, demonstrando como esta influência realça a sua importância para o desenvolvimento do aprendiz, levando em consideração os fundamentos sobre o treinamento e a aprendizagem do aluno adulto. A pesquisa realizada permitiu verificar e comparar os diversos softwares disponíveis e suas funcionalidades, possibilitando o desenvolvimento de uma solução exclusiva. Pretende-se, portanto, relatar os princípios que nortearam a construção deste site educacional, tais como, a metodologia, os recursos e os resultados obtidos.

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Este trabalho buscou verificar a interferência da construção de instrumentos musicais com material alternativo como solução para a crença dos estudantes na impossibilidade de praticar música e na ideia de que o ato de tocar esteja condicionado à aquisição de um instrumento musical, modificando o que pensam sobre a ideia de tocar instrumentos e fortalecendo, dessa forma, a sua crença na própria capacidade. Os resultados foram obtidos por meio de pesquisa de campo com entrevistas, observação de oficinas de construção de instrumentos musicais com material alternativo e análise de documentos sobre o assunto, além da triangulação dessas fontes pelo método qualitativo. Concluiu-se que para se obter um resultado positivo é necessário ter uma pré-conscientização ou ao menos a não instalação de um pensamento limitador em relação à pratica musical, em primeira instância uma experiência fácil e exitosa com instrumentos de simples execução, além da rede social que a incentive e o tempo como fator importante para mudança. Foram verificadas quatro oficinas que apresentaram resultados que confirmaram a hipótese, duas de forma mais expressiva, o que corrobora a construção de instrumentos musicais com material alternativo como uma ferramenta possível para o ensino de música voltado a necessidades dos estudantes, como elemento facilitador da prática musical e como oportunidade de desenvolvimento pessoal além da música
This paper aimed to verify the interference of the construction of musical instruments with alternative material as a solution to students’ belief in the inability to practice music, and in the idea that the act of playing is conditioned on acquisition of a musical instrument, changing what they think about playing instruments and empowering this way their belief of their own capacity. The results were obtained through field research with interviews, observation workshops of musical instruments with alternative material and analysis of documents about the subject, and the triangulation of these sources by the qualitative method. It was concluded that to obtain a positive result it is necessary to have a pre-consciousness or at least not to install a limiting thought in relation to musical practice, in first instance an easy and successful experience with tools simple to perform, as well as social network that encourages and time as an important factor for changing. It was verified that four workshops presented results confirming the hypothesis, two in a more significant, which supports the construction of musical instruments with alternative material as a possible tool for teaching music geared to the needs of students, as a facilitator of musical practice to them, and as an opportunity for personal development beyond the music

Orientador: Paulo Augusto Castagna
Coorientador: Lia Tomás
Banca: Paulo Roxo Barja
Banca: Sonia Regina Albano de Lima
Resumo: Este trabalho buscou verificar a interferência da construção de instrumentos musicais com material alternativo como solução para a crença dos estudantes na impossibilidade de praticar música e na ideia de que o ato de tocar esteja condicionado à aquisição de um instrumento musical, modificando o que pensam sobre a ideia de tocar instrumentos e fortalecendo, dessa forma, a sua crença na própria capacidade. Os resultados foram obtidos por meio de pesquisa de campo com entrevistas, observação de oficinas de construção de instrumentos musicais com material alternativo e análise de documentos sobre o assunto, além da triangulação dessas fontes pelo método qualitativo. Concluiu-se que para se obter um resultado positivo é necessário ter uma pré-conscientização ou ao menos a não instalação de um pensamento limitador em relação à pratica musical, em primeira instância uma experiência fácil e exitosa com instrumentos de simples execução, além da rede social que a incentive e o tempo como fator importante para mudança. Foram verificadas quatro oficinas que apresentaram resultados que confirmaram a hipótese, duas de forma mais expressiva, o que corrobora a construção de instrumentos musicais com material alternativo como uma ferramenta possível para o ensino de música voltado a necessidades dos estudantes, como elemento facilitador da prática musical e como oportunidade de desenvolvimento pessoal além da música
Abstract: This paper aimed to verify the interference of the construction of musical instruments with alternative material as a solution to students' belief in the inability to practice music, and in the idea that the act of playing is conditioned on acquisition of a musical instrument, changing what they think about playing instruments and empowering this way their belief of their own capacity. The results were obtained through field research with interviews, observation workshops of musical instruments with alternative material and analysis of documents about the subject, and the triangulation of these sources by the qualitative method. It was concluded that to obtain a positive result it is necessary to have a pre-consciousness or at least not to install a limiting thought in relation to musical practice, in first instance an easy and successful experience with tools simple to perform, as well as social network that encourages and time as an important factor for changing. It was verified that four workshops presented results confirming the hypothesis, two in a more significant, which supports the construction of musical instruments with alternative material as a possible tool for teaching music geared to the needs of students, as a facilitator of musical practice to them, and as an opportunity for personal development beyond the music
Mestre

Methane and dinitrogen are abundant precursors to numerous valuable chemicals such as methanol and ammonia, respectively. However, given the robustness of these substrates, catalytically circumventing the high temperatures and pressures required for such transformations has been a challenging task for chemists. In this work, computational studies of various transition metal catalysts for methane C-H activation and N2 activation have been carried out. For methane C-H activation, catalysts of the form LnM=E are studied, where Ln is the supporting ligand (dihydrophosphinoethane or β-diketiminate), E the activating ligand (O, NCH3, NCF3) at which C-H activation takes place, and M the late transition metal (Fe,Co,Ni,Cu). A hydrogen atom abstraction (HAA) / radical rebound (RR) mechanism is assumed for methane functionalization (CH4 à CH3EH). Since the best energetics are found for (β-diket)Ni=O and (β-diket)Cu=O catalysts, with or without CF3 substituents around the supporting ligand periphery, complete methane-to-methanol cycles were studied for such systems, for which N2O was used as oxygen atom transfer (OAT) reagent. Both monometallic and bimetallic OAT pathways are addressed. Monometallic Fe-N2 complexes of various supporting ligands (LnFe-N2) are studied at the beginning of the N2 activation chapter, where the effect of ligand on N2 activation in end-on vs. side-on N2 isomers is discussed. For (β-diket)Fe-N2 complexes, the additional influence of diketiminate donor atom (N(H) vs. S) is briefly addressed. The remainder of the chapter expands upon the treatment of β-diketiminate complexes. First, the activation and relative stabilities of side-bound and end-bound N2 isomers in monometallic ((β-diket)M-N2) and bimetallic ((β-diket)M-N2-M(β-diket)) first row transition metal complexes are addressed. Second, the thermodynamics of H/H+/H- addition to (β-diket)Fe-bound N2, followed by subsequent H additions up to release of ammonia, is discussed, for which two mechanisms (distal and alternating) are considered. Finally, the chapter concludes with partial distal and alternating mechanisms for H addition to N2 in bimetallic (β-diket)Fe-N2-Fe(β-diket) and (β-diket)M-N2-M(β-diket) (M = Ti,V,Fe), respectively.

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Sem bolsa
A presente dissertação tem, como universo empírico, a Comunidade Negra Rural Vila da Lata, situada na cidade de Aceguá/Brasil, no estado do Rio Grande do Sul, pertencente à mesorregião do Sudoeste Rio-grandense e à microrregião da Campanha Meridional, fazendo fronteira com Aceguá/Uruguai. A autodefinição como remanescente de quilombos, por parte dessa comunidade, instigou o estudo de alguns aspectos que cerceiam a construção do território étnico no transcorrer do tempo. Assim, a pesquisa etnográfica tem, como objetivo central apreender o processo de construção da territorialidade na Comunidade Negra Rural Vila da Lata frente ao Direito Étnico. Para tanto, o presente texto procura primeiramente fazer uma abordagem teórico-metodológica. Em um segundo momento será feita uma análise sobre a presença do negro no Brasil, dando ênfase para o estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Na sequência, será realizada uma abordagem dos afrodescendentes na região de fronteira. No terceiro capítulo, será feita uma descrição sobre a apropriação e a consolidação da territorialidade negra expressa pelo grupo étnico no transcorrer do estudo. Ao final, analisar-se-à foi analisada a problemática surgida a partir da promulgação da Constituição Federal de 1988 e ocasionada pelo artigo 68 do Ato de Disposições Constitucionais Transitórias (ADCT) que trata da regulamentação das terras dos remanescentes de comunidades de quilombos e que assegura o direito étnico territorial para a comunidade mencionada.
Ce travail a comme l'univers empirique, la Communauté Noire Rural "Vila da Lata", situé dans la ville de Aceguá / Brésil dans l'état de Rio Grande do Sul, appartenant à la région moyenne du Sud-Ouest de Rio Grande et à la micro-région de la Campagne du Sud, dans la frontière entre Aceguá/Uruguay. L'auto-définition comme "remanescente de Quilombo", par cette communauté, a exhorté l'étude de certains aspects qui limitent la construction du territoire ethnique dans le cours du temps. Ainsi, la recherche ethnographique a pour principal objectif de saisir le processus de construction territoriale de la Communauté Rurale Noire Vila da Lata en face du droit ethnique. À cette fin, ce texte cherche d'abord à faire une approche théorique et méthodologique. Dans un second temps, fera une analyse sur la présence des noirs au Brésil, en mettant l'accent sur l'état de Rio Grande do Sul. En suite, il y aura un débat afro-descendents (d'ascendance africaine) dans la région frontalière. Dans le troisième chapitre, une description sera faite sur l`appropriation et la consolidatio de la territorialité noir exprimé par le groupe ethnique dans le cadre de l'étude. Enfin, qu`il a examiné la question découlant de l`adoption de la Constitution Fédérale de 1988 et occasionnés par l`article 68 de la Loi sur les Dispositions Constitutionnelles (ADCT), qui traite de la réglementation de la terre des "remanescentes" de communautés "quilombos" et que garantit le droit ethnique des territoires à la communauté mentionnés.

Denna studie har följt skicken på soldattorp under det yngre indelningsverkets sista 50 år. Frågeställningen var om det gick att se att se någon förändring i torpens skick och kostnader för deras underhåll över tid, och i så fall hur? Hur påverkade i så fall det yngre indelningsverkets nedmonterande skicket på torpen? Källmaterialet har varit torpsyneprotokoll och platsen för studien har varit Höjentorps kompani på Skaraborgs regemente. Till skillnad från hypotesen som sattes upp så kan vi av materialet ej se något eftersakande av skötseln av soldattorpen. Skicken på torpen verkar vara oförändrat under den senare hälften av 1800-talet. Torpen fortsatte dessutom att bli synade flitigt även i slutet av 1800-talet. De kategorier som anmärktes på var till största del samma, och både större och mindre reparationer efterfrågades både år 1844 och år 1902. Det faktum att vi ser torpsyner så sent som 1928 kan tolkas som ett tecken på att systemet levde och på vissa ställen frodades långt efter det att det officiellt avslutats och att inget försummande skedde. Kostnaderna för de efterfrågade åtgärderna ökar dock under tidsperioden. Detta kombinerat med det faktum att det varken fanns någon ökning i antalet anmärkningar eller efterfrågan om större arbeten tyder dock inte på att skicken försämrats under tiden för studien. Sammanfattningsvis så kan det inte av materialet tolkas som att avvecklandet av det yngre indelningsverket på något sätt påverkade skötseln av eller skicket på soldattorpen. Den kostnadsökning som kan ses verkar inte kunna kopplas till en försämring av skicken på torpen. Vissa problem med materialet har funnits. Ett av dem är att det är svårt att dra några slutsatser om frekvensen av synerna då protokoll med största sannolikhet kan ha försvunnit med åren. Från år 1846 finns till exempel en stor mängd material bevarat. Det är tyvärr ej möjligt att från detta material dra några slutsatser i exakt hur ofta synerna gjordes på respektive torp eller vissa år innebar fler syner än andra. Vissa år är protokollen mer kortfattade än andra och i många fall så saknar de antecknade kostnader. Detta var till exempel fallet med de protokoll som återfanns från åren 1901-1902. Om detta innebär att ambitionerna för synerna sjunkit under de sista två åren för indelningsverket går endast att spekulera om. Faktum kvarstår att lika många torp synades dessa år som tidigare år. Likaväl så finns utförliga torpsyneprotokoll från så sent som år 1928. Som nämnts tidigare så hade olika landsändar olika krav på sina soldattorp. För en mer extensiv undersökning så är en tanke att jämföra torpsyneprotokollen med soldatkontrakten. Där skulle man kunna dra slutsatser om torpets befintliga skick vid tillträde och vad som på förhand förväntades av knekten. Källmaterialet är i sig rikt på information och erbjuder många möjligheter. Det lämpar sig som nämnt ovan inte endast för studier i ekonomisk historia, utan även socialhistoriska undersökningar. Även det faktum att källorna är i original innebär att flera möjligheter finns. Bristen på forskning med hjälp av detta material erbjuder en forskningslucka som är värdefull att fylla. Det är tydligt att ett intresse för knektar och indelningsverket finns, och detta material finns där till forskarens förfogande. Det är med viss förvåning som jag inte har lyckats hitta någon mer ingående studie av just torpsyner. Detta rika material presenterar en uppsjö av möjligheter på vilket man inte bara kan göra en rent ekonomisk studie utan det erbjuder också värdefulla inblickar i knektarnas och deras familjers levnadsförhållanden. Min förhoppning är att detta arbete åtminstone kan väcka intresset för torpsyneprotokoll som källa och studieobjekt.

Godkänt datum 2021-01-17

Les macrophages et les lymphocytes T sont les deux cibles cellulaires du VIH-1 in vivo. Les macrophages sont des cellules à vie longue, résistantes à l'effet cytopathique du VIH-1. Les macrophages sont présents dans de nombreux tissus où ils semblent être relativement résistants aux médicaments antiviraux. Le cycle viral se déroule plus lentement dans les macrophages que dans les lymphocytes T et abouti à l’accumulation de stocks intracellulaires de virions. L'infection des macrophages est considérée comme un élément important pour le développement de la pathogenèse associée à l’infection par le VIH-1 et pour la mise en place d'un réservoir viral. Dans les macrophages les particules virales s’assemblent dans des compartiments intracellulaires méconnus appelés Virus Containing Compartments (VCCs). Pendant mon doctorat, j'ai caractérisé les phases tardives du cycle viral du VIH-1 dans les macrophages infectés. J'ai montré que le scavenger receptor CD36 est un composant des VCCs nécessaire à la réplication du VIH-1 dans les macrophages. Des compartiments avec des caractéristiques similaires à celles des VCCs et contenants CD36+ sont présents à la fois dans les macrophages infectés et non-infectés. En outre, j'ai montré que le VIH-1 pouvait directement bourgeonner dans des compartiments préexistants CD36+. L'exposition des macrophages infectés par le VIH-1 à des anticorps spécifiques de CD36 provoque l’accumulation intracellulaire de particules virales au niveau des VCCs. L’effet antiviral de l’anticorps anti-CD36 apparait très spécifique, puissant, rapide et durable. De façon intéressante, les anticorps anti-CD36 provoquent une diminution frappante à la fois de la libération virale et de la transmission du VIH à partir des macrophages infectés aux cellules T. Par ailleurs, étant donné que l’incorporation de la protéine Env dans les particules virales est essentielle pour l'infectivité du virus, je me suis intéressé au transport de la protéine Env dans les macrophages primaires. Mes résultats suggèrent que l'interaction entre Gag et la queue cytoplasmique de la Gp41 est importante pour le transport de la protéine Env vers les VCCs et pour la formation de virus infectieux. Ce travail introduit de nouveaux concepts sur l’assemblage du VIH-1 dans les macrophages et suggère un rôle important pour les VCCs dans le cycle de vie du VIH. Nos résultats pourraient être d'intérêt pour le développement de nouvelles stratégies antivirales
Macrophages and T cells are the two cellular targets of HIV-1 in vivo. Macrophages are long-lived cells resistant to the cytopathic effect of HIV-1, and are present in many tissues where they appear to be relatively resistant to antiviral drugs. This is in sharp contrast to HIV-1-infected T cells that rapidly produce new virions before dying. Infection of macrophages is considered an important feature for the development of HIV-1-associated pathogenesis and for the establishment of a viral reservoir. In macrophages, the virus is assembled and accumulated into poorly characterized intracellular compartments called Virus-Containing Compartments (VCCs). During my PhD, I characterized the late phase of the HIV-1 life cycle in infected macrophages. I describe the Scavenger Receptor CD36 as a new component of the VCC required for HIV-1 replication in macrophages. VCC-like CD36+ compartments were observed in both HIV-1-infected and uninfected macrophages. Furthermore, I show that, in some cases, HIV-1 could directly bud into pre-existing CD36+ compartments. Exposure of HIV-1-infected macrophages to CD36-specific antibodies caused the intracellular retention of viral particles within VCCs. The effect of the anti-CD36 antibody was highly specific, potent, rapid and long lasting and, caused a striking reduction both of viral release and of HIV-transmission from macrophages to T cells. In addition, since the incorporation of the Envelope protein (Env) into viral particles is crucial for virus infectivity, I investigated the Env trafficking in primary macrophages. My results suggest that the interaction between Gag and the Gp41 cytoplasmic tail is critical for Env localization to the VCC and for the formation of infectious virions. This work introduces new concepts in the field of HIV-1 assembly in macrophages and suggests an important role for VCC in the HIV life cycle. Our results also unravel novel targets for the development of new antiviral strategies

I denna uppsats undersöks laga skifte i Rengsjö socken och vilka konflikter som uppstod i samband med skiftesförrättningarna under åren 1847 till 1874. En kategorisering av olika konflikter har gjorts och med studier av laga skiftesprotokollen har konflikterna identifierats samt uppställda hypoteser och frågor bearbetats och besvarats. Den primära källan är således laga skiftesprotokoll som arkiverats hos Lantmäteriet och till den tidigare forskning som omnämns hör bland annat Ronny Petterssons studie om laga skifte i Halland, Anders Franzéns studie över laga skifte i Småland samt Britt Liljewalls teorier om kontinuitet och förändring som drivkrafter. Forskningen kring laga skifte är tämligen omfattande men gäller i huvudsak de södra delarna av vårt land. Denna studie avser en mindre socken i landskapaet Hälsingland.

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Our research goes a remarkable setting of Natal-RN. This is a place where we find art practices and artworks territorialities building the margin of museums, art galleries and institutional galleries. Its geography includes an area popularly known as Mud Alley. Along geography that we critically about how some processes of sociability, which formed the margins of institutional fields, can, and its progeny, compose new possibilities to relate to art and artistic practices. Thinking about the dialogues and clashes that positioning the margins can offer, we investigated the role of bookstores, bars and other spaces of the Alley in the promotion and dissemination of artistic practices, focusing on how these spaces handle the work, the artists and the patrons Beco da Lama. Our integration into the search field resulted in collecting testimonials, pictures and watching expressions which, together with sensations obtained during the years of integration in that setting, help make our empirical material. To follow us methodologically this investigation, we looked at a higher frequency, a theoretical support of authors: Gilles Deleuze, F?lix Guattari and Giorgio Agamben. With them compose an investigative diagram to think about the art of Alley, noting the relationship of the Alley with the established field of art, as well as towards the rest of the city. The results point to the view of a singular event that shows artistic practices writing in the margins of institutional spaces, new territoriality for contact with art. The term territoriality points to situations formed by practices, feelings, wishes, expressions, and poetic subjectivity that can tell us we are confronted with an event comprising it as the moment of realization of potentialities, desires, subjectivities and spatialities training, flocks, movements. In our case, the event while the Mud Alley Alley Arts forced us to rethink the role and the place of art and artist in Natal-RN
Nosso trabalho de pesquisa percorre um cen?rio singular da cidade de Natal-RN. Trata-se de um lugar onde encontramos pr?ticas art?sticas e obras de arte construindo territorialidades ? margem de museus, pinacotecas e galerias institucionais. Sua geografia compreende uma ?rea conhecida popularmente por Beco da Lama. Junto aquela geografia problematizamos sobre como alguns processos de sociabilidades, que se formaram ? margem dos campos institucionais, podem, com seus desdobramentos, compor novas possibilidades para nos relacionarmos com a arte e as pr?ticas art?sticas. Pensando nos di?logos e embates que esse posicionamento ? margem pode oferecer, investigamos a atua??o dos sebos, bares e demais espa?os do Beco na promo??o e divulga??o das pr?ticas art?sticas, atentando para a maneira como esses espa?os lidam com a obra, os artistas e os frequentadores do Beco da Lama. Nossa inser??o no campo de pesquisa resultou na coleta de depoimentos, imagens e na observa??o de express?es que, junto ?s sensa??es que obtivemos durante os anos de inser??o naquele cen?rio, ajudam a compor nosso material emp?rico. Para nos acompanhar metodologicamente nessa investiga??o, buscamos, com uma maior frequ?ncia, suporte te?rico dos autores: Gilles Deleuze, F?lix Guattari e Giorgio Agamben. Com eles compomos um diagrama investigativo para pensarmos a arte do Beco, atentando para o relacionamento do Beco com o campo estabelecido da arte, assim como, para com o restante da cidade. Os resultados apontam para a visualiza??o de um acontecimento singular que mostra pr?ticas art?sticas compondo, ? margem dos espa?os institucionais, novas territorialidades para o contato com a arte. O termo territorialidades aponta para conjunturas formadas por pr?ticas, sensa??es, desejos, express?es, subjetividades e po?ticas que podem nos indicar estarmos diante de um acontecimento, compreendendo-o como o momento da efetiva??o de virtualidades, desejos, subjetividades e forma??o de espacialidades, bandos, movimentos. Em nosso caso, o acontecimento do Beco da Lama enquanto Beco das Artes nos for?ou a repensar a fun??o e o lugar da arte e do artista na cidade de Natal-RN

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Centro de Estudos Avançados e Multidisciplinares, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Direitos Humanos e Cidadania, 2018.
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Eram 15h30 min, do dia 5 de novembro de 2015, quando o Brasil registrou o que foi considerado o maior desastre socioambiental da sua história, o rompimento da barragem de Mariana. Desastre esse que ceifou a vida de alguns e afetou para sempre a vida de diversas pessoas, em Bento Rodrigues, distrito de Mariana/Minas Gerais. Observando esta problemática, esta dissertaçao tem como objetivo compreender o que aconteceu com as histórias de vidas que foram interrompidas pelo mar de lama da Samarco, empresa responsável pela tragédia, a partir da visão dos direitos humanos. Utilizando-se da metodologia da história de vida e da história oral, objetiva-se confirmar a tese inicial de que a dor de vítimas de castátrofes pode ser analisada sob a perpectiva das violações de direitos humanos. Trabalhando com a grandeza tempo, descrevo histórias de vida emaranhadas pelo passado de nostalgia, um presente de tristeza e um futuro de incertezas. Finalmente, demonstro que o direito, fio condutor desta narrativa, não deu conta de responder sobre as reais violações de direito humanos ocorridas no caso analisado. Todavia, as falas das duas famílias estudadas, traduzidas com elementos de outras áreas do conhecimento, puderam expressar o que de fato mudou na vida de cada vítima desta tragédia.
Eran 15h30 min, del 5 de noviembre de 2015, cuando Brasil registró lo que fue considerado el mayor desastre socioambiental de su historia, el rompimiento de la represa de Mariana. Desastre aquel que segó la vida de algunos y afectó para siempre la vida de diversas personas, en Bento Rodrigues, distrito de Mariana/Minas Gerais. Al observar esta problemática, esta disertación tiene como objetivo comprender lo que sucedió con las historias de vidas que fueron interrumpidas por el mar de lodo de Samarco, empresa responsable de la tragedia, a partir de la visión de los derechos humanos. Utilizando la metodología de la historia de vida y de la historia oral, se pretende confirmar la tesis inicial de que el dolor de las víctimas de castrates puede analizarse bajo la perspectiva de las violaciones de derechos humanos. Trabajando con la grandeza tiempo, describo historias de vida enmarañadas por el pasado de nostalgia, un regalo de tristeza y un futuro de incertidumbres. Finalmente, demuestro que el derecho, hilo conductor de esta narrativa, no dio cuenta de responder sobre las reales violaciones de derechos humanos ocurridas en el caso analizado. Sin embargo, las palabras de las dos familias estudiadas, traducidas con elementos de otras áreas del conocimiento, pudieron expresar lo que de hecho cambió en la vida de cada víctima de esta tragedia.

Diss.--Berkeley--University of California.
Contient : "Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- Introduction -- Wandering in the Desert and the Virtues of Manual Labor -- Xeniteia in the Desert -- Stories of the Wandering Pioneers -- Settling the Desert -- Wandering in Dejection and the Solace of Manual Labor -- Wandering and Sustenance in the Desert -- Wandering and Communal Stability in the Desert -- Apostolic Wanderers of Third-Century Syria -- An Apostolic Paradigm for Ascetic Wanderers: The Acts of Thomas -- A Manual for Apostolic Wanderers: Pseudo-Clement's Letters to Virgins -- The Continuing Influence of the Apostolic Paradigm -- In Support of "People Who Pray": Apostolic Monasticism and the Messalian Controversy -- The Evolution of the Messalian Profile -- Toward a Broader Definition of the Messalian Controversy -- Conflicting Assumptions of Orthodox Monastic Practice in the East -- Conflicting Assumptions of Orthodox Monastic Practice in the West -- Apostle and Heretic: The Controversial Career of Alexander the Sleepless -- Alexander the Apostolic Man -- Alexander the Heretic -- Spiritual Authority and the Messalian Controversy -- Hypocrites and Pseudomonks: Beggars, Bishops, and Ascetic Teachers in Cities of the Early Fifth Century -- Beggars at the Gates -- John Chrysostom and the Christmongers of Constantinople -- Nilus and the Ascetic Parasites of Ancyra -- John Chrysostom and the Monks of Constantinople -- Monastic Patronage and Social Mobility -- Monastic Patronage and the Two Churches of Constantinople -- Dalmatius and Ascetic Enthusiasts in the Downfall of Nestorius -- Eutyches and the Circumcellions of Constantinople -- Toward a New Era in Church and Monastic Relations -- Epilogue -- App The Life of Alexander Akoimetos -- Select Bibliography -- Index" Bibliogr. p. 281-309. Index.

The purpose of this essay is to examine the changes in the agricultural sector during the mid-nineteenth century. It was during this period "laga skiftet" was enacted, which was a law aimed at improving the efficiency of farms by changing the land structure within the collective of farms called "sock". The principal method proposed by "laga skiftet" was to change land from the pasture grounds to the field crop areas. Through meticulous study of original documents of the period, statistics were compiled and presented to show the effects on Enåker’s land structure. The result is conclusive and as intended by the law change, but minor anomalies exist. This is due to the unexplainable relation between the growth in field crop areas and the shrinking of pasture grounds during certain periods, leaving, in some cases, a large amount of hectare’s origins unexplained. Efforts are made to analyse and address this mystery, citing factors such as the use of forest areas and the marsh areas as previously untapped land. Other explanations are given for this disparity including macro-economic, technological and demand side factors. The conclusion finds the law change successful in achieving its goals but recognises other factors also contributed to the changing agricultural landscape during this time. With greater further research into this topic, building upon the groundwork in this text, answers to these anomalies may be unearthed and a wider understanding of the effects and merits of "laga skiftet” will become clear.

ABSTRACT The Characterization and Analysis of In-vitro and Elevated Temperature Repassivation of Ti-6Al-4V via AFM Techniques Aaron J Guerrero Research in the corrosion of orthopaedic implants is a growing research field where implants have been known to show adverse effects in patients who have encountered the unfortunate dissolution of their implants due to corrosion. Once corrosion begins within the body, many adverse biological reactions can occur such as late on-set infections resulting in severe health complications. The focus of this research is specifically related to the problem of late on-set infections caused by localized corrosion of orthopaedic implants. In medical implants today the most common form of corrosion protection is the implant materials’ ability to impede corrosion through the formation of an oxide layer. This ability to passivate and quickly repassivate a uniform and stable oxide layer dictates how well an orthopaedic implant will survive in-vivo. To better understand the repassivation of orthopaedic implant materials, research was conducted at the nanoscale via atomic force microscopy (AFM) on anodized Ti-6Al-4V. Using an Asylum Research MFP-3DTM AFM and AFM lithography techniques, nano scratch test methods were created simulating in-vitro surface repassivation conditions. These nano-scratches were created and characterized in Hank’s balanced saline solution (HBSS) with the AFM in contact mode at 1 and 3 Hz scan rates. HBSS was used as it best simulates the pH, ionic compounds, and constituents that are commonly found in blood. It was discovered that the AFM was successful in creating in-vitro repassivation conditions. However, the ability of the AFM to successfully observe repassivation was limited by the speed of the AFM scanner. Using the same AFM scratch methods, experiments were performed in air and in-vitro and characterized with AFM conductance measurements at 20, 37, & 45 °C. The conductance measurements were taken using an AFM conductance module and allowed for observations of decreasing current measurements over time. The current data was then used to calculate current density, resistivity, conductance, and electron mobility and compared to similar experiments This study highlights the ability of the AFM to create and characterize repassivation and shows promise in developing further capability to use the AFM for characterization of repassivation on the nanoscale. Keywords: Orthopaedics, late on-set infections, repassivation, AFM, lithography, conductive measurements.

Els hipparionins eren uns èquids tridàctils molt diversificats durant el Miocè superior a l'àrea circummediterrània, on alguns van esdevenir nans. Per la seva abundància, aquests són un grup clau en la recerca paleoecològica i l’anàlisi de patrons evolutius, tot i que encara cal conèixer millor la seva ecologia. Un dels aspectes més importants de la biologia d'un organisme és la seva història de vida, la qual pot ser reconstruïda a partir de la microestructura òssia i dental, i ens proporciona informació sobre el context ambiental. Així mateix, la dieta, una altra característica de la biologia d'un organisme i un important vincle amb l’ambient, es pot inferir a través del microdesgast dental. En aquesta tesi, l'objectiu principal és dilucidar les condicions ecològiques i els mecanismes relacionats amb la disminució de mida que van patir alguns hipparionins de l'est i oest del Mediterrani. Amb aquesta finalitat, es (i) reconstrueixen els patrons de creixement de metàpodes i molars d'hipparionins de diferent mida, (ii) s'infereixen les seves històries de vida, i (iii) s'exploren les seves dietes a través del microdesgast per testar les inferències ecològiques obtingudes de l'anàlisi de les històries vitals.

L'estudi de la histologia dels metàpodes permet reconstruir el creixement ontogenètic i establir l'assoliment d'una maduresa relativa. La identificació de diferents edats de maduració, doncs, evidencia diferents estratègies de creixement en els hipparionins analitzats. L'estudi de laminacions diàries en l’esmalt revela, per primer cop en ungulats, taxes de creixement en primeres/segones molars més elevades que en terceres molars de formació més tardana, suggerint un vincle entre el desenvolupament dental i el somàtic. Així, les taxes de creixement dental més lentes i les erupcions relativament posteriors (correlacionades amb trets d'història de vida) indiquen ritmes de creixement més lents en hipparionins comparat amb Equus. Això contrasta amb la idea d'històries de vida ràpides en hipparionins pel fet de ser generalment més petits. A més, els hipparionins nans occidentals mostren un desenvolupament dental més lent que el de les formes grans i una maduresa relativament tardana, indicant també una història vital més lenta de l’esperada per la seva mida. D’acord amb la teoria de les històries de vida, això assenyala que la menor disponibilitat de recursos és la causa del nanisme en aquests hipparionins. Per contra, les formes petites orientals mostren una maduresa relativa avançada, el que suggereix que la disminució de mida va ser causada per una major mortalitat extrínseca (depredació). Diferències paleoambientals explicarien les pressions ecològiques contraposades: ambients més tancats a l'oest del Mediterrani proporcionaven més cobertura contra la depredació però menys recursos pels hipparionins, mentre a l'est els hàbitats més oberts eren arriscats però rics en recursos.

L'anàlisi del microdesgast dental indica un tipus d'alimentació mixta i oportunista en la majoria dels hipparionins, encara que algunes formes occidentals grans pasturaven. D’altra banda, els hipparionins occidentals nans tenien espectres tròfics més amplis i brostejaven, el que avala que habitessin ambients més boscosos i/o tinguessin recursos més limitats. En canvi, els hipparionins orientals petits no difereixen dels grans en les seves textures de microdesgast, suggerint dietes similars en un entorn ric en recursos que evitaria la necessitat del seu repartiment. Contràriament al que s'esperaria en ambients més oberts, els hipparionins orientals menjaven menys gramínies que els occidentals, cosa que es podria relacionar amb canvis de dieta durant sequeres i/o la presència de sorra alterant la textura del microdesgast.

En resum, aquesta tesi proporciona evidències que els processos de disminució de mida i els mecanismes infrajacents no són uniformes sinó que depenen del context ecològic. Els resultats presentats suposen un pas més per entendre les històries de vida i ecologies d'èquids extints.
Los hipparioninos eran unos équidos tridáctilos muy diversificados durante el Mioceno superior en el área circunmediterránea, donde algunos decrecieron en tamaño. Debido a su abundancia, estos constituyen un elemento clave en estudios paleoecológicos y de patrones evolutivos, aunque todavía queda mucho por conocer sobre su ecología. Uno de los aspectos más importantes en la biología de un organismo es su historia de vida, la cual puede ser reconstruida a partir de la microestructura ósea y dental, y nos proporciona información sobre el contexto ambiental. Asimismo, la dieta, otra característica de la biología de un organismo y un importante vínculo con el ambiente, se puede inferir a través del microdesgaste dental. En esta tesis, el objetivo principal es dilucidar las condiciones ecológicas y los mecanismos relacionados con la disminución de tamaño de algunos hipparioninos del este y oeste del Mediterráneo. Con esta finalidad, se (i) reconstruyen los patrones de crecimiento de metápodos y molares de hipparioninos de diferentes tamaños, (ii) se infieren sus historias de vida y (iii) se exploran sus dietas a través del microdesgaste para testar las inferencias ecológicas obtenidas del análisis de las historias vitales.

El estudio de la histología de los metápodos permite reconstruir el crecimiento ontogenético y establecer una madurez relativa. La identificación de distintas edades de maduración ha permitido distinguir diferentes estrategias de crecimiento entre los hipparioninos analizados. El estudio de laminaciones diarias en el esmalte revela, por primera vez en ungulados, tasas de crecimiento en primeras/segundas molares más elevadas que en terceras molares de formación más tardía, sugiriendo un vínculo entre el desarrollo dental y el somático. Así, las tasas de crecimiento dental más lentas y las erupciones posteriores (correlacionadas con rasgos de historia de vida) indican ritmos de crecimiento lentos en hipparioninos en comparación con Equus. Esto contrasta con la idea de historias de vida rápidas en hipparioninos por ser generalmente más pequeños. Además, los hipparioninos enanos occidentales muestran un desarrollo dental más lento que el de las formas grandes y una madurez relativamente tardía, indicando también una historia vital más lenta de la esperada por su tamaño. De acuerdo con la teoría de las historias de vida, esto sugiere que una menor disponibilidad de recursos fue la causa del enanismo en estas formas. Por el contrario, los hipparioninos pequeños orientales muestran una madurez relativa avanzada que sugiere que la disminución de tamaño fue debida a una mayor mortalidad extrínseca (depredación). Diferencias paleoambientales explicarían las presiones ecológicas contrapuestas: ambientes más cerrados al oeste del Mediterráneo proporcionaban más cobertura contra la depredación, pero menos recursos para los hipparioninos, mientras que al este los hábitats más abiertos eran arriesgados pero ricos en recursos.

El análisis del microdesgaste dental indica un tipo de alimentación mixta y oportunista en la mayoría de los hipparioninos, aunque algunas formas occidentales grandes pastaban. Por otra parte, los hipparioninos occidentales enanos tenían espectros tróficos más amplios y ramoneaban, lo que avala que habitasen ambientes boscosos y/o dispusieran de recursos más limitados. En cambio, los hipparioninos orientales pequeños no difieren de los grandes en las texturas de microdesgaste, indicando dietas similares en un entorno rico en recursos que evitaría la necesidad su repartimiento. Contrariamente a lo que se esperaría en ambientes más abiertos, los hipparioninos orientales comían menos gramíneas que los occidentales, lo que se podría relacionar con cambios de dieta durante sequías y/o la presencia de arena alterando el microdesgaste.

En resumen, esta tesis proporciona evidencias de que los procesos de disminución de tamaño no son uniformes, sino que dependen del contexto ecológico. Los resultados presentados suponen un paso más para entender las historias de vida y ecologías de équidos extintos.
Hipparionins are a clade of tridactyl equids that greatly diversified during the late Miocene throughout the circum-Mediterranean area, with some taxa undergoing dwarfing. Due to their abundance, they have been the subject of several paleoecological studies and constitute a key mammalian group for exploring evolutionary patterns, although more research is necessary to better understand their ecology. One central aspect of an organism’s biology is its life history, which can be inferred from the analysis of bone and dental microstructure. In addition, since a species’ life history evolves relative to ecological conditions, its study can provide environmental information. Feeding ecology, another feature of an organism’s biology and an important link to its environment, can be inferred from dental microwear. With this in mind, the central aim of this thesis is to elucidate the ecological conditions and mechanisms that accompanied dwarfing in western and eastern Mediterranean hipparionins. Therefore, I (i) reconstruct the growth patterns of metapodials and molars in different-sized hipparionins using bone and dental histology, (ii) make inferences regarding their life histories, and (iii) examine their diets by studying dental microwear textures to test the ecological inferences obtained from life history analyses.

Metapodial histology confirms the usefulness of metapodials for reconstructing the entire ontogenetic growth and establishing a relative maturity attainment. Therefore, the identification of different timings of metapodial growth cessation demonstrate distinct growth strategies within the hipparionins analyzed. For the first time among ungulates, the analysis of daily enamel laminations reveals higher growth rates in first/second molars compared to later-formed third molars, which suggests a link between dental development and somatic growth. Thus, the slower dental growth rates and the relatively late eruption timings (correlated with life history traits) in hipparionins indicate slower paces of life compared to Equus. This challenges previous assumptions that hipparionins have faster life histories due to their generally smaller body size. Western dwarf hipparionins, moreover, show an even slower dental development than larger forms, and a relatively late skeletal maturity, pointing to a slower life history than expected for their size. Conforming with life history theory, this evidences that dwarfing in these western hipparionins was led by lower resource availability. Conversely, the eastern small-sized form shows an advanced relative maturity, which indicates that its size decrease was triggered by higher extrinsic mortalities (predation). This scheme suggests that paleoenvironmental differences accounted for the distinct ecological pressures inferred: forested habitats in the western Mediterranean likely provided increased cover against predation but less resources for the hipparionins, while the more open habitats further east were riskier, but richer in resources.

Dietary reconstructions reveal mixed-feeding diets and opportunistic feeding behaviors in most hipparionins, although some western large-sized forms were grazers. Dental microwear textures of western hipparionins, therefore, provide evidence of distinct diets between the size classes. In this case, dwarfs had broader browse-dominated feeding spectra supporting the idea that they dwelt in more forested habitats and/or that their resources were more limited. Conversely, eastern hipparionins do not show significantly different microwear textures, thus indicating similar dietary preferences in a resource-rich environment that precluded resource partitioning. Contrary to expectations for more open habitats, eastern hipparionins seem to have included less grass in their diets than western forms, which could be related to a higher consumption of browse during droughts and/or the presence of grit affecting microwear texture.

In summary, this thesis provides evidence that the dwarfing process and the mechanisms behind it are not uniform, but that they depend on the specific ecological context. The results represent a further step toward the understanding of the life histories and ecologies of extinct equids.

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Este trabalho é o resultado de um estudo teórico e empírico que buscou compreender as dinâmicas territoriais do Assentamento Contestado entre 1999 e 2017, levando em consideração aspectos referentes à luta pela terra, as perspectivas de reprodução social, econômica, política, cultural e ambiental, além da importância da memória social na construção da identidade do grupo e na identificação de sua diversidade. O recorte temático da presente pesquisa justificase no contexto histórico-geográfico da luta pela terra e da reivindicação de direitos para uma vida digna no meio rural brasileiro. Como atores imediatos a esta realidade se encontra movimentos sócio-territoriais que, mediante pressão política e social, conseguem exercer uma democracia participativa, destacando-se entre estes, o movimento que durante os últimos anos conquistou o maior número de territórios legalizados para fins da Reforma Agraria: o Movimento dos Trabalhadores Rurais Sem Terra – MST. Espacialmente, este fenômeno, observável em escala nacional, foi delimitado ao estado do Paraná, onde foi estudado o Assentamento Contestado por ser um território reivindicado pelo MST a partir da ocupação e acampamento de um imóvel improdutivo do Grupo Incepa, além da proximidade à capital do estado, aspecto que permitiu consolidar este território como um laboratório de práticas militantes e camponesas. Nessa lógica, discute-se epistemologicamente ao Assentamento Contestado como um território multidimensional (que reúne aspectos naturais, políticos, econômicos, sociais, culturais) híbrido e relacional, que se configura a partir de estratégias territoriais exercidas pelos sujeitos que o habitam. Como principais territorialidades se destacam sete setores de base e organicidade: finanças e infraestrutura; esporte e lazer; juventude; gênero; produção; saúde; e educação, sendo estes três últimos, os setores com conquistas significativas como a Cooperativa Terra Livre, Unidade de Saúde “chica pelega” e Escola Latinoamericana de Agroecologia. Embora seja importante a base espacial e material para consolidação de práticas nas múltiplas dimensões territoriais, a construção do território cobra sentido a partir da essência de seus sujeitos, que neste caso está influenciada pela tradição do campesinato, classe social histórica, não extinta, como o marxismo ortodoxo anunciou teoricamente. Conhecer dilemas e perspectivas relacionadas com o meio rural habitado, desde o olhar de fontes primárias, foi fundamental no entendimento do Assentamento, pelo que através da História Oral foram coletados históricos de vida e experiências territoriais dos camponeses. Em quatro capítulos foram discutidos significados e representações de conceitos norteadores de discussão: território; territorialidade; campesinato; experiências de vida; e sua relação com o estudo de caso: Assentamento Contestado. Para isso, foi realizada pesquisa bibliográfica e coleta de dados empíricos em três fases de trabalho de campo, processo que permitiu compreender que, embora não seja fácil, coletivamente a luta pela vida digna rural pode ser uma realidade. Através desta sequência técnica e discursiva, se considera finalmente, que existe uma inseparável tríplice relação dialógica entre o MST, o território multidimensional e os camponeses, pois ao compreender sua militância, práticas cotidianas, memorias individuais e coletivas, se evidencia um conjunto de elementos estritamente interdependentes que justificam lutas, conquistas e resistências.
Este trabajo es el resultado de un estudio teórico y empírico que busco comprender la dinámica de construcción territorial de un asentamiento rural de la Reforma Agraria brasileña. El recorte temático de la presente investigación se justifica en el contexto histórico-geográfico de la lucha por la tierra y la reivindicación de derechos para una vida digna en el medio rural brasileño. Como actores inmediatos a esta realidad se encuentran movimientos socio-territoriales que mediante presión política y social consiguen ejercer democracia participativa, destacándose así, el movimiento que durante los últimos años conquisto el mayor número de territorios legalizados para fines de la Reforma Agraria: el Movimento dos Trabalhadores Rurais Sem Terra – MST. Espacialmente, este fenómeno observable a escala nacional, fue delimitado al estado de Paraná en el cual fue estudiado el Asentamiento Contestado por ser un territorio reivindicado por el MST, a partir de la ocupación y campamento de un inmueble improductivo perteneciente al Grupo Incepa. Además de esto, llama especial atención la cercanía a la capital del estado, aspecto que permitió consolidar este territorio como un laboratorio de prácticas militantes y campesinas. Sobre ese contexto se entiende que el Asentamiento Contestado es un territorio multidimensional en el cual confluyen aspectos naturales, políticos, económicos, sociales y culturales, además de ser hibrido y relacional pues se configura a partir de estrategias de territorialidad ejercidas por los sujetos que habitan en él; estrategias que para el Movimiento son estructura organizativa y reglamentar, o como llamadas por los asentados, sectores de base que abarcan la producción, salud, educación, genero, finanzas, juventud y deporte y ocio. Si bien es importante la base espacial y material para la consolidación de prácticas multidimensionales, la construcción del territorio cobra sentido a partir de la esencia de los sujetos, ésta influenciada por una tradición del campesinado: clase social que no se extinguió con el capitalismo como anunciado teóricamente el marxismo ortodoxo. Conocer dilemas y perspectivas relacionadas con el medio rural habitado también fue fundamental en el entendimiento del Asentamiento, por lo que a través de fuentes primarias de información recolectadas con ayuda de Historia Oral, se aproximó a históricos de vida y experiencias territoriales de los campesinos asentados. De esta manera, en cuatro capítulos se discute teóricamente significados y representaciones de conceptos orientadores de discusión: territorio; territorialidad; campesinado; experiencias de vida; éstos cuatro relacionados directamente con el estudio de caso: Asentamiento Contestado y sus sujetos. Metodológicamente fue realizada investigación bibliográfica y colecta de datos empíricos en tres fases de trabajo de campo, proceso que permitió comprender que si bien la lucha por la tierra no es fácil de emprender, colectivamente puede llegar a ser una realidad. A través de esta secuencia técnica y discursiva, se considera finalmente que existe una inseparable triple relación dialógica entre el MST, el territorio multidimensional y los campesinos, pues al comprender su militancia, prácticas cotidianas, memorias individuales y colectivas se evidencia un conjunto de elementos estrictamente interdependientes que justifican luchas, conquistas y resistencias.

Since the 30's and Edwin Hubble's famous classification, galaxies are usually separated in twogroups : the late-type galaxies (LTGs) and the early-type galaxies (ETGs). The LTGs family ismainly made of spiral galaxies (S) while the ETGs family is composed of elliptical (E) and lenticular(S0) galaxies. A morphological study of all these galaxies revealed that around 60% of LTGs and45% of S0 present a bar. It has also been shown that, in the local Universe, galaxies fall into twobig groups : the blue cloud mostly populated by LTGs and the red sequence mainly made of ETGs.Several mechanisms are responsible for this distribution and the secular evolution is obviously animportant one to examine, sepcially in the context of bars, as an important number of studiesshowed the importance of bars in the dynamics and evolution of a galaxy.The goal of my thesis is to study the importance of the formation and ensued bar-drivenevolution influence on ETGs evolution. In that context, I have performed N-body simulations ofbarred (and unbarred) galaxies in order to investigate the following issues.First of all, I focused on the influence of a bar in a galaxy when modelling it with a dynamicalmodel assuming an axisymmetric mass distribution. As these kinds of models allow to determine themass-to-light ratio M/L, thus the dynamical mass of an observed galaxy, but also its inclinationand its anisotropy, it is important to evalute the consequence of the presence of a bar on theseparameters. I have shown that, depending on the galaxy inclination and the bar position angle,M/L is most of the time biased and overestimated, and this can be up to 25%. The size andstrength of the bar also seem to be important factors but a deeper study has to be done to quantifythis preliminary result.In a second step, I have studied the role of bars on the mass and metallicity redistributionsin a lenticular galaxy. I confirmed that the presence of a bar, due to its influence on its hostsystem dynamics, flattens pre-existing metallicity gradients. Moreover, I showed that the degree offlattening and the position of affected regions are directly correlated with the bar structure and thelocation of the dynamical resonances. Nonetheless, this dynamical effect cannot explain the varietyof observed ages and metallicity gradients. The consequences of a barred gravitational potentialon the gas dynamics and the stellar formation should therefore be investigated. This is the topicof the last set of numerical simulations produced which will allow to better understand the globalinfluence a bar has on the secular evolution of ETGs.

Appliqués au « Palais de Trajan » (Bosra, Syrie du Sud), les moyens de l’architecture comparée et de l’archéologie sont mis en œuvre pour restituer dans ses formes et son emploi cette vaste résidence urbaine de l’Antiquité Tardive. Les relevés précisent les procédés constructifs et constatent leur variété, les fouilles mettent au jour des thermes privés, équipement luxueux, le matériel exhumé permet de dater la construction des bâtiments et apporte des indications sur le décor disparu, le mode de vie ou la personnalité de ses habitants. Comparer cette architecture avec celle de la région basaltique et d’autres grandes villes de l’Empire aide à interpréter les vestiges et à restituer, au moins hypothétiquement et à l’aide d’une maquette numérique, les parties abolies. Sa taille et le raffinement de ses bâtiments, la présence d’une salle triconque et de bains privés, des couvertures en coupole nécessairement restituées, autorisent à promouvoir l’édifice en résidence officielle. L’inventaire des monuments fréquentés et édifiés alors, édifices publics, éléments urbains, sanctuaires, et l’analyse de leur position dans la ville participent à définir le rang de ce palais et à identifier ses occupants. C’est finalement sa proximité avec la plus grande église de Bosra, plus qu’une mise en parallèle avec les quelques groupes épiscopaux contemporains avérés, qui, l’affectant éventuellement au patrimoine de l’Église, soutient l’hypothèse d’y voir le palais de fonction du métropolite. En outre, cette revue du paysage de Bosra au VIe siècle met en lumière la diversité des monuments, celle des sources disponibles pour les approcher et ouvre des perspectives pour les recherches futures
The disciplines of comparative architecture and archaeology are combined in this study of the “Trajan’s Palace”, vast urban residence from the Late Antique Period in Bosra, southern Syria. The surveys detail the variety of the construction processes, the excavations highlight the luxuriousness of the private thermal baths, while the small finds not only provide positive dates for the various construction phases, but also evidence of decorative features no longer extant, together with the personality and lifestyle of the occupants. A comparison of the architecture with that of other edifices from the basalt region and other major cities throughout the Roman Empire supports an interpretation of the remains and, with the assistance of a digital model, the reconstruction, at least hypothetically, of the missing sections. The size and refinement of constructions, the presence of a triconchos and private bath, together with restored domes, endorse the identification of the building as an official residence. An inventory of other monuments in use or constructed at that time, public buildings, urban elements, and sanctuaries, and an analysis of its position in the city help to specify the rank of this palace and to identify its occupants. Finally, itsproximity to the largest church in Bosra, rather than a comparison with other known contemporary episcopal complexes, possibly assigning it to the Church’s heritage, sustains the hypothesis that it was the official palace of the metropolitan see. This review of the Bosra landscape highlights the diversity of the monuments and the variety of sources available to study them, while opening prospects for future investigation and study

Le genre épistolaire présente entre le IVe et VIe siècle apr. J.-C. un nombre significatif d'actes d'offrir qui ont rarement été examinés de manière systématique en histoire de l'Antiquité tardive. Les cadeaux interpersonnels ne sont pas seulement des objets qui passent de main en main, mais des actes de communication, dont l'analyse différenciée est en mesure d'apporter des précisions sur les interactions entre le donateur et le destinataire, les choix médiatiques et la volonté de transmettre des messages à l'aide d'objets. En appliquant les outils des sciences de la communication à une source littéraire particulière, cette thèse présente une approche alternative de la question du don dans l'Antiquité tardive
Letters from the 4th to the 6th century A.C. show a significant number of gift-giving situations. These have never been systematically analyzed in late antique history. Interpersonal gifts might be interpretated as acts of communication, not only as objects passed over from hand to hand. In order to determine the interaction between the giver and the addressee, their choices of media and the desire of tansmitting messages throught objects, a differenciated analysis is important. With the help of well-established tools from communication studies, the work at hand presents an alternative method for approching gift-giving in Late Antiquity

This essay is focused on two coastal cairn areas located at the Gulf of Bothnia just south of Umeå in Västerbotten County. Located between 30 – 50 m above sea level today they are thus removed several km from the shoreline due to land uplift and isostatic processes stemming from the last Ice Age. The cairns have been dated to approximately 1700 – 1500 BC at the beginning of the older Scandinaviean Bronze Age, but several strong evidence that are presented in this study is indicating that many of them are older than that dating to the late Neolithic instead – such as a round morphological shape surrounded by a brim of stones and large cists in the middle. Furthermore, the cairns are situated in an environment that mostly are inhabited by a sub-boreal milieu consisting of deciduous forest with some elements of coniferous forest and surrounded by raised shingle beaches. In trying to grasp after ancient settlement indications this paper thesis also analyzes traits after their whereabouts in the past in relationship to the existing cairns along the VästerbottenCounty’s shoreline. In doing this a GIS-analysis is applied in a Deulauney-cluster comparison. Two of the cairns, one located highest above all other cairns in Norrmjöle is being scrutinized as a “mother cairn” and the other cairn is long, almost formed as a ship and discussed in its symbolic meaning. By doing so, the cairns are also seen in a possible way of being ancient territory land-areas, marking to outsiders to keep out, and may also have been an intricate signal-system, to i.e., be lit in times of harmful situations coming from the sea or by land. The cairns are thus mitigated and seen in relationship with otherplaces in Sweden, namely Tjust area in Bohuslän county, and the resemblances of cairns at Gotland and Öland Islands. Finally, the Finnish Kiukais-axe (Eastern Karelien crossedged chisel) found in close terrain, as well as other findings from Bronze-age to a cluster of cairns dated to 2000 BC, is being investigated as a possibility of an alien southeastern affect in the area in late Neolithic times from Southern Sweden and Österbotten County in Fennoscandia, hence making the territory evaluated in many directions. The paper therefore tries to set the ancient landscape in a context in between these factors and give aholistic overview to interpreted cairn and its ancient meaning patterns in the region, seen in these regional circumstances to unlock its potential settlements hiding. Hence, getting a political, cosmologic and a maritime understanding and whereabouts in relationship to Late-Neolithic times in the area.

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Este trabalho teve o objetivo precípuo de estudar a obtenção de biocombustíveis a partir do processo de Craqueamento Térmico-Catalítico em escala piloto, a partir da gordura residual removida das caixas de gordura do restaurante universitário da Universidade Federal do Pará (RU-UFPA). A gordura residual foi coletada e tratada por peneiramento, desidratação e decantação, e introduzida na unidade piloto de craqueamento. Foram utilizados como catalisadores o carbonato de sódio e a lama vermelha ativada termicamente a 1000 C°, material rejeito da produção de alumina da empresa Hydro-Alunorte, que também se trata de um passivo ambiental. Após o craqueamento, o Produto Líquido Orgânico obtido foi caracterizado e destilado em escalas de laboratório e piloto, obtendo-se bicombustíveis na faixa do bioquerosene, biogasolina, diesel leve e pesado. Adicionalmente, investigou-se o consumo de água potável do referido restaurante e a geração de esgoto, determinando-se o per capita de consumo de água, o coeficiente de retorno de esgoto, a carga poluidora e o equivalente populacional. O maior rendimento em PLO, em torno de 82 %, foi obtido com 15% de catalisador carbonato de sódio. O índice de acidez do PLO (14,97 mg KOH/g) apresentou um valor considerado baixo e bastante satisfatório quando comparado a valores obtidos na literatura. Os resultados cromatográficos do experimento com 10% de carbonato de sódio apresentaram elevado teor de hidrocarbonetos PLO (78,98%), querosene verde (92,64% de hidrocarbonetos) e diesel leve (90,21% de hidrocarbonetos). Os resultados obtidos denotam viabilidade na produção dos biocombustíveis, a partir da gordura residual tratada das caixas de gordura.
This work has the main objective to study the production of biofuels from Thermal-Catalytic Cracking process pilot scale using residual fat removed from the grease traps of the university restaurant of Universidade Federal do Pará (RU-UFPA). The residual fat was collected and treated by sifting, dewatering and separating and introduced into the cracking pilot unit. Were used as catalysts soda ash and red mud thermally activated at 1000 ° C, reject material from the production of alumina Hydro-Alunorte company, which also is an environmental liability. After cracking the organic liquid product obtained was distilled and characterized in the laboratory and pilot scales, obtaining the biofuel Biokerosene band, biogasoline, light and heavy diesel. Additionally, it was investigated the consumption of drinking water of that restaurant and the generation of wastewater, determining the per-capita water consumption, the coefficient of sewage return, the pollution load and the population equivalent. The PLO higher yield of around 82% was obtained with 15% sodium carbonate catalyst. The acid value of the PLO (14.97 mg KOH / g) showed a figure considered low and very satisfactory when compared with the values obtained in the literature. The chromatographic results of the experiment with 10% sodium carbonate showed high content PLO hydrocarbons (78.98%), green kerosene (92.64% of oil) and light diesel (90.21% hydrocarbons). The results denote viability in the production of biofuels from the treated residual fat of the fat boxes.

La protéine Nef du Virus de l’Immunodéficience Humaine de type 1 joue un rôle essentiel pour la réplication virale et la pathogénèse du SIDA. Cependant cette protéine n’est actuellement la cible d’aucun traitement antirétroviral. Dans cette étude, nous décrivons un fragment d’anticorps simple-chaine, le sdAb19 et ses dérivés, les Neffins, qui lient Nef avec une forte affinité, et permettent l’inhibition de toutes ses fonctions in vitro, comme in vivo. La caractérisation du sdAb19 anti-Nef nous a permis de montrer son efficacité pour inhiber les effets d’un large panel de Nef sur la modulation du trafic de CD4. Ce fragment d’anticorps est capable d’interférer dans l’association de Nef avec la kinase cellulaire Pak2 et ainsi d’inhiber les effets de Nef sur le remodelage de l’actine. Nous sommes également parvenus à inhiber les effets positifs de Nef sur le pouvoir infectieux des particules virales et la réplication virale. Nous avons enfin pu observer que le sdAb19 rétablit les défauts de maturation des cellules T CD4+ thymiques et l’activation des cellules T CD4+ périphériques dans un modèle de souris transgéniques CD4C/HIV-1Nef. Alors que le sdAb19 n’inhibait pas les effets de Nef sur la modulation du trafic des molécules du CMH-I, la fusion de l’anti-Nef avec des domaines SH3 artificiels a permis d’inhiber des activités majeures de Nef, dont ses effets sur la diminution de l’expression de surface de CD4 et des molécules du CMH-I, et l’effet positif de Nef sur l’augmentation du pouvoir infectieux des particules virales. L’expression des Neffins dans des cellules myéloïdes a également permis l’inhibition de la formation de cellules géantes multinucléées induite par Nef mais aussi de restaurer de la phagocytose inhibée par Nef. Nous avons montré dans cette étude que ces effets de Nef dans les macrophages sont dépendants des deux motifs poly-proline et di-leucine, et nous avons vérifié que les Neffins sont capables de perturber les interactions de Nef avec les complexe AP-1 et Hck in vitro. Tous ces résultats montrent qu’il est possible d’inhiber toutes les fonctions de Nef, dans les lymphocytes, comme dans les macrophages, avec un simple ligand qui pourrait représenter un outil efficace pour développer de nouvelles stratégies pour le contrôle du SIDA en ciblant la protéine Nef
While it is established that HIV-1 Nef is essential for virus replication and AIDS pathogenesis, this viral protein is not targeted by antiviral strategies. The functions of Nef are largely related to perturbations of intracellular trafficking and signaling pathways, through leucine-based and poly-proline motifs required for interactions with clathrin-associated adaptor protein complexes and the phagocyte-specific kinase Hck, respectively. Here, we describe the full inhibitory activity of artificial Nef ligands, Neffins, comprised of modified SH3 domains fused to an anti-Nef single-domain antibody. The Neffins inhibited key activities of Nef, including Nef-mediated CD4 and MHC-I cell surface down-regulation and enhancement of virus infectivity. When expressed in macrophages, Neffins inhibited Nefinduced formation of multinucleated giant cells and podosome rosettes, and counteracted the inhibitory activity of Nef on phagocytosis. Since we show here that these effects of Nef on macrophage functions were both dependent of the leucine-based and poly-proline motifs, we confirmed that the Neffins were able to disrupt interactions of Nef with both AP complexes and Hck. These results demonstrate that it is possible to inhibit all functions of Nef, both in T lymphocytes and macrophages, with a single ligand that represents an efficient tool to develop new antiviral strategies targeting Nef

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CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
Neste trabalho foi estudado o processo de adsorção de ácidos graxos livres residuais (ácidos carboxílicos) presentes em frações destiladas provenientes do Produto Líquido Orgânico (PLO) obtido por craqueamento termo-catalítico de óleo vegetal. O objetivo foi a desacidificação das frações destiladas obtidas a partir da destilação do PLO. Os experimentos foram realizados empregando diferentes frações destiladas empregando três diferentes adsorventes, y-Alumina, Lama Vermelha Ativada Termicamente (400ºC) e Lama Vermelha Ativada Quimicamente com soluções de HCl em diferentes concentrações (0.25, 1 e 2M). A capacidade do adsorvente em relação à adsorção de ácidos graxos livres foi avaliada por meio de estudos cinéticos, medindo-se a variação da concentração de ácidos graxos livres presentes antes e após a adsorção, através da determinação do Índice de Acidez. Os resultados indicaram que o aumento da concentração de ácidos iniciais diminui a capacidade de adsorção do adsorvente, mostrando que o processo é menos eficiente para concentrações mais elevadas. Para os experimentos com diferentes porcentagens de adsorventes vimos que ao se utilizar 0,5% de adsorvente obtemos a maior eficiência na remoção dos ácidos graxos, a qual vai diminuindo com o aumento da porcentagem de adsorvente. O adsorvente mais eficiente foi a Lama Vermelha ativada com 1M de HCl, onde foi obtida uma redução de 98% dos ácidos graxos para uma amostra com índice de acidez inicial 4 mg KOH/g. A modelagem matemática indicou que o modelo cinético que melhor representa o processo foi o modelo Cinético de Pseudo-2ª Ordem. Portanto, os resultados mostraram que os adsorventes utilizados são, na sua maioria, eficientes na remoção dos ácidos graxos livres e que a concentração inicial de ácidos na amostra tem efeito direto sobre o desempenho da adsorção dos mesmos.
This paper studied the adsorption of residual free fatty acids (carboxylic acids) present in distilled fractions from the Liquid Organic Product (PLO) obtained by thermal catalytic cracking of vegetable oil. The objective was to deacidification of distilled fractions obtained from the distillation of the PLO. The experiments were performed using different distilled fractions using three different adsorbents, y-Alumina, Red Mud Thermally activated (400 °C) and Red mud chemically activated with solutions of HCl in different concentrations (0.25, 1 and 2M). The adsorbent capacity relative to adsorption of free fatty acids was evaluated by means of kinetic studies, measuring the change in concentration of free fatty acids present before and after adsorption by determining the Acid Number. The results indicated that increasing the initial concentration of acids decreases the adsorption capacity of the adsorbent, showing that the process is less effective at higher concentrations. For experiments with different percentages of adsorbents seen that when using 0.5% adsorbent to obtain greater efficiency in the removal of fatty acids, which decreases with increasing percentage of adsorbent. The most efficient adsorbent was red mud activated with 1M HCl, which was obtained a reduction of 98% of the fatty acids to a sample with an initial acid number of 4 mg KOH/g. Mathematical modeling indicated that the kinetic model that best represents the process was the Pseudo Second- Order. Therefore, the results show that the adsorbents used are mostly effective in the removal of free fatty acids and the initial concentration of acids in the sample has a direct effect on the performance of adsorption thereof.

Com succeeix a la resta de territoris de l’Imperi romà d’Occident, en la Tarraconense els primers indicis sobre el monacat són pocs i es concentren a partir de la segona meitat del segle IV. En aquest moment no es pot parlar d’un moviment institucionalitzat, però si de manifestacions ascètiques que l’Església anirà reglamentant a mesura que passi el temps i sobretot -influïts en la seva evolució- de les conseqüències del moviment priscil·lianista, que va generar sentiments de desconfiança vers tota pràctica cristiana fora del control eclesiàstic. Hem pogut observar una forta presència de l’eremitisme de manera continuada i els intents de jerarquia per imposar els models cenobítics. Les fonts fan notar que l’ascesi femenina va ser molt rellevant i respectada des d’un principi. Moltes d’aquestes dones, dels que ens han perdurat els seus noms (i això ja és un fet insòlit) van actuar com agents de de transformació social en el nou panorama cristià. En plena època visigoda ja es pot observar com els monestirs es van anar convertint en cèl·lules protofeudals de control jurisdiccional i patrimonial. De la mateixa manera que les relacions entre bisbes, abats i monjos es basaven en lligams de dependència, situació en part heretada de la tardorromanitat. En definitiva, amb aquest treball hem volgut mostrar la presència monàstica primera en el nord-est de la Península Ibèrica, quina va ser la seva evolució i en què es va caracteritzar.
Como sucede en el resto de territorios del Imperio romano de Occidente, en la Tarraconense los primeros indicios sobre el monacato son pocos y se concentran a partir de la segunda mitad del siglo IV. En este momento no se puede hablar de un movimiento institucionalizado, pero si de manifestaciones ascéticas que la Iglesia irá reglamentando a medida que pase el tiempo y sobre todo ⎯influïts en su evolució⎯ de las consecuencias del movimiento priscilianista, que generar sentimientos de desconfianza hacia toda práctica cristiana fuera del control eclesiástico. Hemos podido observar una fuerte presencia del eremitismo de manera continuada y los intentos de jerarquía para imponer modelos cenobítico. Las fuentes hacen notar que la ascesis femenina fue muy relevante y respetada desde un principio. Muchas de estas mujeres, de los que nos han perdurado sus nombres (y esto ya es un hecho insólito) actuaron como agentes de de transformación social en el nuevo panorama cristiano. En plena época visigoda ya se puede observar cómo los monasterios se convirtieron en células protofeudales de control jurisdiccional y patrimonial. Del mismo modo que las relaciones entre obispos, abades y monjes se basaban en lazos de dependencia, situación en parte heredada de la tardorromanidad En definitiva, con este trabajo hemos querido mostrar la presencia monástica primera en el nordeste de la Península Ibérica, cuál fue su evolución y en el que se caracterizó.
As in the rest of the territories of the Roman Empire of the West, in Tarraconense the first signs of monasticism are few and concentrated from the second half of the fourth century. At this point we can not speak of an institutionalized movement, but of ascetic manifestations that the Church will regulate as time goes on and above all influences on its evolution of the consequences of the priscillianist movement, that generate feelings of distrust towards any Christian practice outside ecclesiastical control. We have been able to observe a strong presence of eremitism on an ongoing basis and attempts at hierarchy to impose cenobitic models. The sources note that female ascesis was very relevant and respected from the beginning. Many of these women, whose names have survived (and this is already an unusual fact), acted as agents of social transformation in the new Christian landscape. In the middle of the Visigothic period, it is possible to observe how the monasteries became proto-feudal cells of jurisdictional and patrimonial control. Just as relations between bishops, abbots, and monks were based on dependency ties, a situation partly inherited from the late Antiquity. In short, with this work we wanted to show the first monastic presence in the northeast of the Iberian Peninsula, which was its evolution and in which it was characterized.

This paper deals with archaeological prospecting for the purpose of finding a prehistoric settlement in Alsike hage, Alsike parish, Uppland. The methods being used are soil phosphate analysis, electromagnetic survey and settlement analysis. Two 20x20 meters areas have been prospected. As Alsike hage contains several late Iron Age burial fields, large splendid zones for settlement location, closeness to water as well as farmland there was a hope of locating remains of prehistoric settlement in the area. None of the prospected areas showed any distinct evidence of settlement remains. Still, the results showed anomalies in both areas, both in the electromagnetic survey as in the phosphate analysis. Therefore, the possibility of finding such remains in the two prospected areas cannot be ruled out.

Cette étude s’efforce de comprendre de quelles manières la figure biblique d’Étienne (Actes 6-8) s’est transmise et a été reçue dans le christianisme des six premiers siècles de notre ère. Du texte des Actes des apôtres à la translation de ses reliques à Rome en 589, notre enquête tente de saisir les mécanismes conduisant à la construction d’Étienne comme un saint dont le culte fut central dans l’histoire du christianisme. Nous nous attachons en particulier à l’étude des diverses formes que son culte a revêtues après la découverte de ses reliques, en Palestine au ve siècle, et de sa rapide diffusion en Méditerranée orientale et occidentale. À cette fin, nous examinerons l’ensemble des pièces du dossier hagiographique d’Étienne à la lumière des recherches les plus récentes sur le culte des saints, l’hagiographie et l’histoire de la Palestine dans l’Antiquité tardive. Au terme de cette étude, nous espérons surtout exposer les motivations idéologiques de l’usage des reliques du saint dans un contexte où s’entrecroisent controverses doctrinales, topographie sacrée, antijudaïsme et construction de la mémoire chrétienne
This study aims at understanding in what ways the biblical figure of Stephen (Acts 6-8) was transmitted and received in Christianity during the first six centuries of our era. From the text of the Acts of the apostles to the translation of his relics to Rome in 589, our investigation attempts to grasp the mechanisms that led to the construction of Stephen as a saint whose cult was central in the history of Christianity. In particular we shall concentrate on the various forms of his cult that appeared after the discovery of his relics, in Palestine in the vth century, and on its rapid spreading in the eastern and western parts of the Mediterranean. With this aim in view, we shall examine all the documents of the hagiographical dossier of Stephen in the light of the most advanced research on the cult of saints, hagiography and the history of Palestine in Late Antiquity. At the end of this study, we hope, above all, to expound the ideological motives of the use of the saint’s relics in a context in which doctrinal controversies, sacred topography, antijudaism and construction of the Christian memory intersect

El jaciment de La Bastida (Totana, Murcia) s’emmarca en l’Edat del Bronze Argàrica. Habitat entre 2200 i 1600 cal ANE, fou un dels centres més importants d’aquella societat, arribant a assolir l’estatus d’urbà. Ocupava unes 4,5 hectàrees d’un turó escarpat i ben protegit per barrancs i una potent fortificació. En el seu interior s’han documentat restes arquitectòniques de diversa entitat durant tres fases d’ocupació. En el subsol de l’assentament s’han identificat nombroses tombes en urna, cista, fosa i, esporàdicament, covetes artificials (“covachas”), la majoria individuals. El registre funerari de La Bastida el conformen 236 tombes, excavades entre 1869 i 2013. La col·lecció antropològica analitzada en aquesta tesi doctoral correspon a 153 esquelets, en la seva major part procedents de les excavacions a càrrec del grup d’investigació Arqueocologia Social Mediterrània (ASOME-UAB). Això la converteix en una de les col·leccions osteològiques més amplies de la arqueologia argàrica. La recerca s’ha fonamentat en les dades obtingudes durant les excavacions (tractament i disposició dels cadàvers) i, de manera especial, en el registre informatiu que ha proporcionat l’anàlisi antropològic de les restes esquelètiques. Tot això ha permès identificar diferencies diacròniques en les pràctiques funeràries, així com aproximar-nos al perfil demogràfic i les condicions de vida de la població que va rebre sepultura en La Bastida. L’anàlisi antropològic ha considerat aspectes relatius a la conservació i representació esquelètica, abans d’emprendre la reconstrucció del perfil biològic i els indicadors d’activitat (processos degeneratius en les articulacions, marcadors musculoesquelètics i altres patologies). La recerca també ha generat aportacions metodològiques rellevants, entre les que destaca les fórmules discriminants que permetran determinar el sexe amb major fiabilitat altres col·leccions argàriques. La conjunció de diverses línies d’anàlisi ha proporcionat una imatge inèdita de les condicions de vida de la comunitat argàrica de La Bastida.
El yacimiento de La Bastida (Totana, Murcia) se enmarca en la Edad del Bronce Argárica. Habitado entre 2200 y 1600 cal ANE, fue uno de los centros más importantes de aquella sociedad, llegando a alcanzar un estatus urbano. Ocupó 4,5 hectáreas de extensión en un cerro muy bien protegido gracias a su topografía escarpada y a una potente fortificación. En su interior se han documentado restos arquitectónicos de diversa entidad a lo largo de tres fases de ocupación. En el subsuelo del asentamiento se han hallado numerosas tumbas en urna, cista, fosa y, esporádicamente, covacha, la mayoría individuales. El registro funerario de La Bastida consta de 236 tumbas, excavadas entre 1869 y 2013. La colección antropológica analizada en esta tesis doctoral corresponde a 153 esqueletos, en su mayor parte procedentes de las excavaciones a cargo del grupo de investigación Arqueoecología Social Mediterránea (ASOME-UAB). Ello la convierte en una de las colecciones osteológicas más amplias de la arqueología argárica. La investigación se ha basado en los datos obtenidos durante las excavaciones (tratamiento y disposición de los cadáveres) y, de forma especial, en el registro informativo que ha proporcionado el análisis antropológico de los restos esqueléticos. Todo ello ha permitido identificar diferencias diacrónicas en las prácticas funerarias, así como aproximarnos al perfil demográfico y las condiciones de vida de la población que recibió sepultura en La Bastida. El análisis antropológico ha considerado aspectos relativos a la conservación y representación esquelética, antes de abordar la reconstrucción del perfil biológico y los indicadores de actividad (procesos degenerativos en las articulaciones, marcadores musculoesqueléticos y otras patologías). La investigación también ha generado aportaciones metodológicas relevantes, entre las que destacan las fórmulas discriminantes que permitirán sexuar con mayor fiabilidad otras colecciones argáricas. La conjunción de diversas líneas de análisis ha proporcionado una imagen inédita de las condiciones de vida de la comunidad argárica de La Bastida.
La Bastida (Totana, Murcia) was one of key sites in southeast Iberia during the Argaric Early Bronze Age. With a continuous occupation from 2200 to 1600 cal BCE, this urban hilltop center occupied approximately 4,5 hectares, and was very well protected by means of its topography and complex ramparts. The settlement underwent major architectural remodeling all along its three occupation phases. A large number of burials have been found under the dwelling area either in large jars (pithos burials), cists, pits or, more rarely, rock-cut tombs. La Bastida funerary record is made up of 236 tombs excavated between 1869 and 2013. The anthropological sample that has been investigated in this dissertation comprises 153 skeletons, most of them recovered by the ASOME-UAB research group (Mediterranean Social Archeoecology). It is one of the largest osteological series in Argaric archaeology. The anthropological research of this dissertation relies on first-hand data gather directly both in the field and in the laboratory. This has made it possible to identify differences in the treatment of the bodies throughout the occupation of La Bastida and a demographic approach of who inhabited this settlement and the conditions in which they lived. The osteoarchaeological analysis has assessed the skeletal conservation and representation, before approaching the biological profile and different activity indicators such as degenerative joint disease, musculoskeletal markers and other pathologies. In the course of this research, relevant methodological contributions have also been made, as the discriminant functions that will enhance sex estimation in Argaric populations. The combination of all these studies have allowed us to approach the living conditions of the Argaric community of La Bastida.
Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. Programa de Doctorat en Arqueologia Prehistòrica

Dissertação (Mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro Tecnológico.
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The SENAI1 Online Program is a graduate level diploma program for managers of technical training institutions. SENAI is the Brazilian National Industrial Education Service, which promotes and assists in the training and skills upgrading of professionals within the private sector, specifically in industry and production. The online program is offered via the Internet and is being produced in conjunction with the Distance Education Laboratory of the Federal University of Santa Catarina. It will serve to train technicians and Managers of the SENAI system, who are located all around Brazil. The objective of the program is to implement, via distance education, a new education vision, in break with old paradigms and more directed towards new technologies and new concepts of business management and production techniques. In order to achieve this goal, the pedagogical model promotes an emphasis on group work and the empowerment of students to become responsible for their own learning. This work describes the instructional design process used in the implementation of this course. This discussion includes the process of structuring the appropriate learning environment for the given group of students, the adaptation of the content and administration of the courses for the Internet, the importance of the accompanying printed material, as well as teacher assistant training. This project is more than simply as specialised training program. Since the students are managers of technical training institutions, they will, in effect, become multipliers of the knowledge acquired, eventually acting as agents of economic development. The program also serves as model for other industry/university joint initiatives in Brazil which will be offered in the coming months.
O trabalho apresenta uma metodologia para a construção de um curso de educação a distância baseado principalmente na Internet. Norteado por princípios pedagógicos e tecnológicos, enfoca as diversas etapas desde o planejamento até a sua aplicação em um caso real, demonstrando os recursos necessários e os agentes envolvidos. O caso apresentado relata a experiência com o Curso de Especialização para Gestores de Instituições de Ensino Técnico, desenvolvido pelo Laboratório de Ensino a Distância, e efetivado por meio do convênio entre a Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC) e o Serviço Nacional de Aprendizagem Industrial (SENAI)

Depuis le XXe siècle, les archéologues et les historiens se sont intéressés à l’emplacement des sites, aux structures et aux hommes spécialisés dans la production de céramiques et de matériaux de construction en Gaule. Les sources sont diverses : textes anciens, épigraphie, iconographie, comptes rendus des interventions sur les structures de production et études de mobilier.L’ensemble des données pour les IVe, Ve et VIe siècles a été rassemblé au cours de ce travail de cinq ans et demi. Une base informatique a notamment été construite pour définir les ateliers et les zones de productions avérés, incertains ou mal datés, en activité en partie ou sur toute la période étudiée (2055 notices).L’argile et le bois, ainsi que la proximité de grandes voies de communication sont des éléments décisifs pour comprendre l’installation et l’évolution de la plupart des ateliers. Néanmoins, d’autres facteurs interviennent : la présence de réseaux de négociants, la vitalité et l’évolution économique et politique de la région lors de l’implantation de l’atelier, ainsi que le statut des terrains d’installation et parfois des mesures législatives.Les structures artisanales et les techniques utilisées demeurent classiques sur les trois siècles étudiés. Toutefois, l’évolution de l’économie et de la consommation céramique entraine la diminution des dimensions des aménagements. De même, certaines structures sont désormais plus souvent utilisées, tandis que les fours, certains supports de soles, auparavant rares ou inédits, ont pu être mis en évidence. Certaines techniques de façonnage et de décoration, ainsi que des modèles de cuisson deviennent également plus courants.La densité des ateliers souligne l’importance et l’évolution politique et économique des régions au cours des siècles étudiés. La vitalité ou le déclin de l’artisanat céramique dans certaines régions coïncide ainsi avec les déplacements des points stratégiques de l’économie et du pouvoir politique en Gaule
From the XX century, archaeologists and historians have been interested by the setting of archaeological sites, the structures and the people who specialised in the production of ceramics and tiles in Gaul. There are diverse sources : ancient texts, epigraphy, iconography as well as excavations reports, and the study of ceramics objects.Data for the IV to the VI centuries has been collated and studied during the realization of this thesis over five and a half years. A database was created to define the workshops and known productions areas, as well as those which are less well known or less well dated but which were at least partly active during the period studied. The database is composed of around 2055 records.The availability of clay and wood and the proximity of a navigable water course or a network of roads are clearly decisive factors in the setting of each workshop. However there are a number of other important factors: An active network of merchants, a positive economic and political context and sometimes regional or local legislation.The traditional artisanal structures and technics used remain unchanged between the IV-VI centuries. Overall, the evolution of the economy and the consumption of ceramics leads to a reduction in the size of these structures. Also the use of certain structures becomes more frequent. The kilns and supports for the soles, and ancillary structures, which are infrequently recorded and poorly understood, are discussed in this thesis. Certain technics and styles of fabrication and decoration become increasingly common.The density and frequency of the workshops underlines their economic and political importance and the evolution of the regions over the three centuries studied. The growth or decline of the ceramic production in some areas coincides with shifts in the centres of economic and political power in Gaul

Ce travail de doctorat porte sur la xenia en Grande Syrie, du règne de Constantin à celui de Justinien. La comparaison des usages grec et syriaque de la notion d’hospitalité a mis en évidence d’importantes modifications sémantiques qui reflètent des divergences irréductibles entre les conceptions païennes et chrétiennes de l’hospitalité. Cette notion se christianise au cours des IVe-VIe siècles, jusqu’à devenir un objet théologique, apanage des milieux monastiques, syriaques notamment. Mais la christianisation des mentalités implique-t-elle nécessairement une modification profonde des pratiques sociales culturelles de l’accueil et une mutation complète des structures matérielles où se déroulent les activités du recevoir ? L’étude des structures d’hospitalité a révélé la pérennité de la localisation des structures d’accueil à l’échelle du territoire syrien tout au long de l’Antiquité tardive, même si la diversité des solutions adoptées, à l’échelle des structures elles-mêmes, semble témoigner d’un réel attachement aux traditions régionales. Enfin, l’analyse des acteurs de l’hospitalité a révélé que les moines sont loin d’être les seuls acteurs de l’hospitalité en Grande Syrie. Il existe par ailleurs un paradoxe entre le discours normé et universaliste de l’accueil chrétien et la réalité telle que nous pouvons la décrypter. Les liens entre hospitalité et dissidence doivent être envisagés. De nouveaux critères de sélection des hôtes apparaissent à la fin de l’Antiquité. L’hérésie réintroduit l’idée de critères particuliers, ce qui engendre une déconstruction du modèle social et de nouveaux enjeux politiques, lesquels semblent conditionner la naissance de l’Église miaphysite
This doctoral thesis deals with xenia in Great Syria from Constantine’s reign to Justinian’s. The comparison between the Greek and the Syriac uses of the notion of hospitality brings to light important semantic modifications that reflect irreducible differences between the Pagan and Christian conceptions of hospitality. This notion gets Christianized in the course of the 4th and 5th centuries, to the point of becoming a theological topic, privilege of monastic milieux, particularly Syriac ones. But how far does the Christianization of mentalities necessarily imply a deep modification in cultural and social practices of reception and a complete change in the material structures in which reception activities take place? The study of hospitality structures and facilities reveals the durability of the localization of reception structures at the level of the Syrian territory throughout late Antiquity, even if, at the level of the structures themselves, the diversity of the solutions adopted seems to testify to a real attachment to regional traditions. Finally, the examination of the protagonists of hospitality shows that monks are far from being the only actors of hospitality in Great Syria. Besides, there is a contradiction between the standard universalist discourse of Christian welcoming and reality, as we can decipher it. The links between hospitality and dissidence have to be considered. New criteria of selection of hosts and guests appear in Late Antiquity. Heresy re-introduces the idea of specific criteria into use, which causes the “deconstruction” of the social pattern and new political stakes, which seem to influence the birth of the Non-Chalcedonian Church

La gestion de Phytophthora infestans, agent du mildiou de la pomme de terre, nécessite l’application d’une quinzaine de traitements par saison culturale. Pour réduire l’usage des fongicides, combiner résistance induite et résistance quantitative pourrait être une bonne stratégie. Elle nécessite cependant une meilleure connaissance des interactions entre les réponses physiologiques de Solanum tuberosum et l’écologie de P. infestans. Dans cet objectif, les réponses de défense induites chez la pomme de terre ont été confrontées aux traits d’histoire de vie et effecteurs de P. infestans. Quatre génotypes présentant différents niveaux de résistance ont été traités avec un filtrat de culture concentré (CCF) de P. infestans induisant la PAMP-triggered immunity (PTI). Des folioles détachées ont ensuite été inoculées avec des souches rapides ou lentes de P. infestans. Les expressions de 14 gènes de défense et de 6 effecteurs ont été analysée simultanément par qRT-PCR.Les symptômes de la maladie ont été mesurés classiquement ou par analyse d’images dans le visible et en fluorescence. Les résultats obtenus montrent que la réduction des symptômes après induction de la PTI est fonction du couple génotype-souche. En effet, l’efficacité des défenses induites par le CCF dépend des stratégies d’échappement (vitesse de croissance) ou d’adaptation (effecteurs) de P. infestans et du potentiel d’inductibilité du génotype (expression des protéines PR). Ainsi, pour optimiser l’utilisation de la résistante induite il serait nécessaire de sélectionner des génotypes inductibles et capables de modu
The management of Phytophthora infestans, responsible for potato late blight, requires the application of about 15 fungicide treatments per cropping season. To reduce the use of pesticides, combining induced resistance and quantitative resistance could be a positive strategy. However, this method requires a better understanding of the interactions between Solanum tuberosum physiological responses and P. infestans ecology. To this end, defense responses induced in potato have been opposed to the pathogen life history traits and effectors. Four potato genotypes with different resistance levels were treated with a concentrated culture filtrate (CCF) of P. infestans inducing PAMPtriggered immunity (PTI). Then, detached leaflets were inoculated with fast- or slow-growing strains of P. infestans.The expression of 14 defense genes and the expression of 6 effectors were analyzed simultaneously by qRT-PCR. Disease symptoms were measured either conventionally or by visible and fluorescence image analysis. The results obtained show that the reduction of symptoms after induction of PTI was specific to the genotype-strain pair. Indeed, the effectiveness of induced defenses by CCF depends on either the escape (growth rate) or adaptation (effectors) strategies of P. infestans and on the genotype inductibility potential (expression of PR proteins). Thus, to optimize the use of induced resistance, it would be necessary to breed inducible genotypes that are able to modulate strains growth rate

El paraje de Bòbila Madurell constituye uno de los conjuntos arqueológicos de mayor relevancia en lo referente a la comprensión de las primeras comunidades campesinas establecidas en el nordeste de la Península Ibérica, especialmente en lo que respecta a la facie vallesiana de la cultura de los Sepulcros de Fosa. Sin embargo, tradicionalmente, las investigaciones arqueológicas centradas en este grupo arqueológico han incidido fundamentalmente en el estudio de los conjuntos funerarios, dejando en segundo término la información procedente de los contextos domésticos y productivos. La intervención arqueológica del sector Mas Duran del yacimiento, durante las campañas de 1991 y 1992, puso al descubierto la existencia de una gran concentración de estructuras neolíticas pertenecientes tanto a contextos ligados a actividades de subsistencia (fosas de mantenimiento y estructuras de hábitat) como a la esfera simbólica y ritual (conjuntos funerarios), con un rico registro arqueológico a nivel cuantitativo y cualitativo, signos evidentes de la ocupación recurrente de este sector del paraje. Esta tesis doctoral se propone, mediante el estudio del registro arqueológico recuperado en Mas Duran, y desde una perspectiva integral, identificar los aspectos relacionados con la organización y el patrón de asentamiento humanos, así como el de las prácticas culturales y las formas de vida de las comunidades asentadas en la Plana del Vallès, durante el Neolítico medio (4.250-3.500 cal BC) y final (2.830-2.490 cal BC), apuntando las condiciones socio-económicas y culturales que los generan. En este sentido, se ha logrado poner de manifiesto la existencia de dos modelos de asentamiento y organización socio-cultural bien diferenciados en el seno de comunidades campesinas con prácticas de producción agropecuaria similares.
The site of Bòbila Madurell is one of the most important archaeological sites for understanding the first peasant communities established in the northeast of the Iberian Peninsula, especially regarding the “Vallesian” group of the Pit Graves culture. However, traditionally, archaeological research on this archaeological group has focused mainly in the study of funerary complexes, leaving in second term information about domestic and productive contexts. The archaeological intervention in the sector Mas Duran of the site, during the seasons of 1991 and 1992, revealed the existence of a large concentration of Neolithic structures belonging to contexts linked both to subsistence activities (maintenance pits and habitat structures) and to the symbolic and ritual sphere (funeral assemblages), with a rich archaeological record, both quantitative and qualitative, an obvious sign of the recurrent occupation of this area of the site. This thesis aims, by studying this archaeological record recovered in Mas Duran from a holistic perspective, to identify aspects related to the human organization and settlement patterns, as well as to cultural practices and ways of life of the communities living in the Vallès plain, during the Middle (4.250-3.500 cal BC) and Late Neolithic (2.830-2.490 cal BC) periods, pointing to the socio-economic and cultural conditions that generated them. In this sense, it has been possible to demonstrate the existence of two distinct models of settlement and socio-cultural organization of these rural communities, but with similar farming practices.

La thèse consiste en l’édition des lettres grecques des archives de Dioscore d’Aphrodité (Égypte, VIe s. apr. J.-C.), qui constituent le plus important ensemble papyrologique d'époque byzantine connu de nos jours. Quatre-vingt-cinq documents y sont présentés sous la forme d'une nouvelle édition – ou, dans le cas de textes inédits, d'une première édition –, qui s'accompagne d'une traduction et d'un commentaire. La mise en parallèle des textes souvent fragmentaires du corpus, dont les pièces demeurent dispersées dans les collections du monde entier suite à la découverte clandestine des archives, a en outre permis de raccorder certains fragments encore inédits à des pièces déjà répertoriées, et de contribuer ainsi à la restitution d'un texte plus complet. Au-delà de l'aspect philologique, l’apport de cette documentation est aussi bien culturel qu’historique : elle permet d’éclairer l’arrière-plan multilingue en comparant la correspondance officielle écrite en grec avec la correspondance privée des mêmes archives, qui était de préférence rédigée en copte, ainsi qu'en analysant les pratiques d'écritures de certains scribes bilingues ; elle révèle les modalités épistolaires et les usages propres à la pratique écrite de l’administration ; elle dévoile les différents problèmes, matériels ou financiers, auxquels un village de Moyenne-Égypte devait faire face dans son quotidien ; enfin, elle contribue à la connaissance des institutions administratives et des rapports entre instances centrales et locales un siècle avant la conquête arabo-musulmane de l'Égypte
The dissertation concerns the edition and the study of the Greek letters belonging to the archive of Dioscorus of Aphrodite (Egypt, VI CE), the largest papyrological ensemble of the Byzantine age. Eighty-five documents are analyzed and highlighted by virtue of a new edition - or, when it comes to unpublished texts, of a first edition - followed by a translation and a commentary. Moreover, the study of the corpus, which is scattered across different collections around the world as a consequence of the clandestine discovery of the archive, allowed to join some unpublished fragments to some already known texts and to reconstruct, in this way, a more complete text. The contribution of this documentation is not only philological, but also cultural and historical: by comparing the official correspondence written in Greek with the private correspondence from the same archive, which was preferably written in Coptic, it helps to illuminate the multilingual background; it unfolds the modalities of epistolary exchanges and the written practices of the administration; it reveals the issues encountered by an Upper Egypt village in its daily life; finally, it contributes to the knowledge of the administrative institutions, as well as to the comprehension of the relations between central and local authorities a century before the Arab-Muslim conquest of Egypt

La reformes eclesiàstiques imposades pel Concili de Trento (13 de desembre de 1545 – 4 de desembre de 1563) va posar les bases necessàries per a la renovació de l’Església en els territoris catòlics, com la diòcesi de Mallorca. Aquest marc contextual va ser favorable perquè la institució religiosa tingués un vertader floreixement cultural, artístic i religiós mai vist en centúries enrere. D’aquesta manera, la victòria del catolicisme es palesa en dos aspectes: l’esplendor del culte i el floreixement de les arts que exalten la puixança cultual. Aquest tesi doctoral de Bartomeu Martínez Oliver titulada Art i Església a la Mallorca del segle XVI a través de les visites pastorals del bisbe Joan Vic i Manrique (1573-1604) és innovadora pel tema, però també per l’enfocament metodològic, ja que obre noves vies per conèixer millor l’art eclesiàstic, en el seu cas de Mallorca al tombant del segle XVII, mitjançant l’anàlisi rigorós de les visites pastorals del bisbe Joan Vic i Manrique. L’autor centra l’interés en la personalitat d’un prelat extraordinari que governà la diòcesi de mallorquina durant més de trenta anys. A més de l’enèrgica aplicació dels principis reformadors tridentins, aquest bisbe valencià (que gaudia d’una conspícua cultura, no debades era nét de Jeroni Vich i Vallterra, ambaixador de Ferran el Catòlic a Roma i important col·leccionista de pintura renaixentista) va ser l’introductor de noves devocions a l’illa, per exemple la Immaculada Concepció, i va afavorir els intercanvis artístics entre Mallorca i València. La Seu de Mallorca, el santuari de Lluc i la parròquia de sant Llorenç de Selva són els exemples que serveixen a l’autor per a canalitzar els ideals de reforma de Vic i Manrique. Les visites pastorals sobre aquest punt són exhaustives. Considerades com un gran instrument de reforma tridentina, suposaren un primer contacte del bisbe amb el poble: esdevenen el símbol del nou poder episcopal. En aquest sentit, el principal objectiu del prelat Vic i Manrique era denunciar les deficiències que els visitadors observen en els costums de clergues i laics, en l’administració dels béns i rendes parroquials, o en l’estat de conservació dels temples i el parament litúrgic, sempre sotmesos a un constant desgast. En aquest sentit, les visites pastorals són un instrument ideal per demostrar aquesta adaptació, esment i perseverança de la reforma tridentina, a més de ser una font magnífica per a l’historiador de l’art per estudiar l’estat del patrimoni historicoartístic de les diferents parròquies. A través de l’estudi de diversos registres de visita pastoral podem intuir l’ordre d’una visita i els diferents punts que es tractaven, no obstant, això no pressuposa que aquest cerimonial es realitzés íntegrament en totes les visites, especialment l’administració de la confirmació i la col·lació de la tonsura, subjectes a la intervenció del bisbe. El cerimonial era el següent: l’inspecció ocular de l’església i edificis parroquials, la cura dels seus béns immoble i mobles conjuntament amb els litúrgics, i també sobre els beneficis. Les visites pastorals analitzades en aquesta tesi doctoral serviran per conèixer millor l’estat material del patrimoni artístic i l’estat espiritual de l’episcopat dels bisbes: es converteixen en mecanismes de control d’una societat totalment sacralitzada. Aquesta investigació incideix en tres coordenades que duen implícites les visites pastorals a Mallorca entre els anys d’episcopat de Vic i Manrique (1573 i 1604): mecanisme de control pastoral, reafirmació del poder religiós i un vertader sistema de recol·lecció d’informació per estudiar el patrimoni religiós.
Le riforme ecclesiastiche imposte dal Concilio di Trento (13 dicembre 1545-4 dicembre 1563) hanno posto le basi necessarie per il rinnovamento della Chiesa nei territori cattolici, come la diocesi di Maiorca. Questo quadro contestuale è stato favorevole perché l'istituzione religiosa avesse una vera e propria fioritura culturale, artistica e religiosa mai vista nei secoli precedenti. Così, la vittoria del cattolicesimo si fa evidente in due aspetti: lo splendore del culto e il fiorire delle arti che esaltano la forza della cultura. Questa tesi dottorale di Bartomeu Martinez Oliver, intitolata Arte e Chiesa nella Mallorca del Cincuecento attraverso le visite pastorali del vescovo Joan Vic i Manrique (1573-1604), è innovativa per il suo argomento, ma anche l'approccio metodologico, in quanto apre nuovi modi per conoscere meglio l'arte ecclesiastica, nel caso di Maiorca a cavallo del Seicento, attraverso l'analisi rigorosa delle visite pastorali del vescovo Joan Vic i Manrique. L'autore concentra il suo interesse nella personalità di un prelato straordinario che ha governato la diocesi di Maiorca per ben trenta anni. Oltre alla vigorosa applicazione dei principi riformatori tridentini, questo vescovo di Valencia (che godeva di una cospicua cultura, infatti era nipote di Geroni Vich i Vallterra, ambasciatore del re Ferdinando a Roma e un grande collezionista di pittura rinascimentale) è stato l’introduttore di nuove devozioni sull'isola, ad esempio l'Immacolata Concezione, e ha favorito gli scambi artistici tra Maiorca e Valencia. La Cattedrale di Maiorca, il santuario di Lluc e la parrocchia di San Lorenzo de Selva sono gli esempi che servono all’autore per incanalare gli ideali di riforma di Vic i Manrique. Le visite pastorali su questo punto sono esaustive. Considerate come uno dei principali strumenti della riforma tridentina, hanno rappresentato il primo contatto con il popolo: diventano il simbolo del nuovo potere vescovile. In questo senso, l'obiettivo principale del prelato Vic i Manrique era di denunciare le carenze che i visitatori osservano nei costumi del clero e dei laici, nell’ amministrazione dei beni e del reddito della parrocchia, o lo stato di conservazione dei templi e dei paramenti liturgici, sempre sottoposti a usura costante. In questo senso, le visite pastorali sono uno strumento ideale per dimostrare questo adattamento, attenzione e perseveranza della riforma tridentina, oltre ad essere una fonte eccellente per lo storico dell'arte allo scopo di studiare lo stato del patrimonio storico artistico delle diverse parrocchie. Attraverso lo studio di vari registri di visite pastorali, si è in grado di indovinare l'ordine di una visita così come i vari punti che si trattavano, tuttavia, questo non implica che questa cerimonia fosse realizzata integralmente in tutte le visite, soprattutto per quanto riguarda l’amministrazione della cresima e la collocazione della tonsura, soggette all'intervento del vescovo. La cerimonia era la seguente: il sopralluogo della chiesa e degli edifici parrocchiali, la cura dei loro beni mobili ed immobili insieme con i beni liturgici e addirittura sui benefici. Le visite pastorali analizzate in questa tesi dottorale servono a capire meglio lo stato materiale del patrimonio artistico e lo stato spirituale dell'episcopato dei vescovi: diventano meccanismi di controllo di una società totalmente sacralizzata. Questa ricerca si concentra su tre coordinate che portano implicite visite pastorali a Maiorca tra gli anni di vescovato di Vic i Manrique (1573 e 1604): meccanismo di controllo pastorale, riaffermazione del potere religioso ed un vero e proprio sistema di raccolta di informazione per studiare il patrimonio religioso
The ecclesiastical reforms imposed by the Council of Trent (13 December 1545-4 December 1563) laid the foundations necessary for the renewal of the Catholic Church in the territories, as the diocese of Mallorca. This contextual framework was favorable because the religious institution had real flourishing cultural, artistic and religious never seen centuries ago. Thus, the victory of Catholicism is evident in two aspects: the splendor of the cult and the flourishing of the arts that extol the strength worship. This doctoral thesis of Bartholomew Martínez Oliver entitled Art and Church in the sixteenth century Mallorca through pastoral visits the bishop Joan Vic Manrique de Lara (1573-1604) is the subject innovative, but also the methodological approach, as it opens new ways to better understand the ecclesiastical art, in the case of Mallorca at the turn of the seventeenth century, through the rigorous analysis of the pastoral visits of Bishop Joan Vic Manrique. The author focuses its interest in the personality of an extraordinary prelate who ruled the diocese of Mallorca for over thirty years. Besides the vigorous application of the principles Tridentine reformers, the bishop of Valencia (which enjoyed a conspicuous culture was not in vain grandson of Jerome and Vallterra Vic ambassador of King Ferdinand in Rome and important collector of Renaissance painting) he introduced new devotions on the island, such as the Immaculate Conception, and foster artistic exchanges between Mallorca and Valencia. Mallorca Cathedral, Luke and the sanctuary of the parish of Saint Lorenzo Selva are examples that serve to channel the author's ideals and reform Vic Manrique. Pastoral visits on this point exhaustive. Considered as a major instrument of Tridentine reform, represented a first contact with the bishop the people become the symbol of the new Episcopal power. In this regard, the main objective of the prelate Vic Manrique was to denounce the deficiencies that visitors observe the customs of the clergy and laity in the administration of parish property and income, or the state of conservation of the temples and household Liturgical always subjected to constant wear. In this sense, pastoral visits are an ideal instrument to demonstrate this adaptation, attention and perseverance of the Tridentine reform, besides being an excellent source for the art historian to study the state of the historical heritage different parishes. Through the study of various pastoral visit records can guess the order and visit the various points that were treated, however, this does not imply that this ceremony was realized in full in all visits, especially administration confirmation and collation of tonsure, subject to the intervention of the bishop. The ceremony was: the visual inspection of the church and parish buildings, the care of their property and assets together with the liturgical furniture and also the benefits. Pastoral visits analyzed in this research will be used to better understand the state of the art heritage material and spiritual state of the episcopate of bishops become control mechanisms of a society totally sacralised. This research focuses on three coordinates that carry implicit pastoral visits to Mallorca between bishops of Vic and Manrique (1573 and 1604): control mechanism pastoral reaffirmation of religious power and a true system of data collection to study the religious heritage.

O presente trabalho é resultado de estudos e considerações sobre a inserção de requisitos ambientais na metodologia de projeto em design, investigando quais as contribuições da ferramenta de Avaliação do Ciclo de Vida (ACV) como método de incorporação desses requisitos, uma vez que permite quantificar o desempenho ambiental dos diferentes produtos e processos, colaborando para a tomada de decisões na prática de projeto. Primeiramente, são selecionadas algumas propostas metodológicas de autores do design, verificando quais podem ser adaptadas ou atualizadas de acordo com critérios ambientais referentes ao ciclo de vida do objeto. Em seguida, apresenta-se a ACV e a sua relação com o campo em questão, finalizando com o estudo de caso do ciclo de vida da lata de alumínio para a indústria de bebidas brasileira, e com a avaliação dos seus impactos ao meio ambiente. O resultado discute as possíveis aplicações de aspectos ambientais presentes na ACV para representar requisitos do ciclo de vida do produto na metodologia de projeto em design, discutindo a sua representatividade como referência para abordagens que priorizam a área do design e da sustentabilidade, bem como a problemática efetiva da não consideração da ACV neste contexto.
This dissertation is a result of studies and considerations on the inclusion of environmental requirements in the project methodology of design, investigating which are the contributions of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) instrument as a method for inclusion of those requirements, since it allows quantifying the environmental performance of different products and process, collaborating for decision-making in the project practice. At first, some methodological proposals are selected from the authors of the design, verifying which of them may be adapted or updated in accordance with environmental criteria related to the life cycle of the object. Thereafter, LCA and its relationship with the concerned field are presented, ending with the case study of the life cycle of aluminum cans for the Brazilian beverage industry, and with the assessment of their impacts on the environment. The result discusses the possible applications of environmental aspects considered in the LCA to represent requirements of product life cycle in the project methodology in design, discussing their representativeness as a reference for approaches that prioritize design and sustainability areas, as well as the actual problem of non consideration of LCA in this context.

Dans une période considérée avec inexactitude comme « charnière », entre Antiquité et Moyen Âge, on constate l’émergence d’un nombre croissant de figures féminines dans les hautes sphères du pouvoir, au sein de l’Empire Romain. Qu’elles soient impératrices, aristocrates, saintes –voire les trois en même temps –, ces femmes sont dotées de pouvoirs politiques institutionnels, sont à la tête d’un patrimoine important et disposent de grandes richesses, autant d’éléments leur conférant une réelle autonomie. Témoignant généralement d’une certaine éducation et d’une culture approfondie, ces femmes peuvent s’illustrer dans la construction d’édifices ou le financement du développement du monumental chrétien. Avec l’avènement de la dynastie théodosienne au cours du IVe, puis Ve siècle, s’amorce un basculement. Les femmes s’installent durablement sur la scène où se joue le pouvoir. Dans le cadre de la sphère impériale, les impératrices sont de plus en plus mentionnées aux côtés de leur époux, faisant émerger une nouvelle réalité : celle du couple impérial et d’un pouvoir bicéphale. L’hypothèse principale consiste à démontrer que, d’un point de vue historique, l’Antiquité Tardive est une période de véritable basculement dans une civilisation traditionnellement structurée mentalement par une obsession de la virilité et institutionnellement par un pouvoir politique masculin. Cette époque pourrait donc se caractériser par la naissance de la femme politique, au point que certains auteurs antiques tendent à définir la féminité au pouvoir comme une nouvelle forme de masculinité. Loin d’aller dans ce sens, ce travail amènera plutôt à se demander si un pouvoir féminin peut se dessiner sans être considéré comme une virilisation
During a period considered with inaccuracy as « transitional », between Antiquity and the Middle Ages,we observe the appearance of an increasing number of feminine figures in the highest power spheres, inthe Roman Empire. Empresses, aristocrats, saints, – all three at the same time –, these women possessinstitutional political powers, important patrimonial belongings and great wealth. All these elementsgive them a true independance. Generally reflecting a certain level of education and culture, thesewomen can play a part in the construction of buildings or the funding of the christian architecturallegacy.With the accesssion of the theodosian dynasty during the IVth century, then the Vth, a change is initiated.Women install themselves permanently on the stage where power is decided. In the case of the imperialsphere, empresses are mentionned more often alongside their spouses, bringing forth a new reality : theimperial couple and a bicephalous power.The main hypothesis consists in demonstrating that, from a historical point of view, Late Antiquity is aperiod of true evolution in a civilisation traditionally structured mentally by an obsession for manlinessand institutionally by a masculine political power. This era could be caracterise by the birth of thepolitical woman, to the point where certain authors of antiquity tend to define feminity in power as anew form of masculinity. Far from agreeing with them, this thesis will consist in asking ourselves if afeminine power can exist without being considered as a masculinization

Vladimir Zah apporte plus de 20 ans d'expérience en technologie et en économie de la santé. Depuis 2000, dans divers rôles en tant qu'économiste de la santé, chef de projet et enquêteur en chef, Vlad a mis en œuvre plus de 170 modèles et évaluations économiques de la santé dans les paramètres de phase 2, 3 et 4, dans diverses zones de maladies pour les 30 principales sociétés pharmaceutiques mondiales.Vlad a beaucoup travaillé au cours des 6 dernières années dans la dépendance aux opioïdes.Ses recherches de doctorat sur la détection de VIH précoce et tardive au Royaume-Uni ont contribué à la révision des politiques de détection précoce du VIH par le Parlement britannique en 2011.Il a cofondé le chapitre serbe de la Société internationale pour la recherche en pharmacocéconomie et les résultats (ISPOR) en 2007 et a été président de ce chapitre jusqu'en 2012. Vlad est un membre actif de divers groupes d'intérêt spécial (SIG) de l'ISPOR (y compris les rares Maladies) et le président du Comité exécutif de l'ISaf Europe centrale et orientale 2015-2017.Vlad envoie beaucoup de conférences et sert de leader d'opinion dans les domaines de l'HEOR, de la dépendance aux opioïdes, du VIH, du diabète et autres. Il a également consulté et fourni une formation HEOR concernant les médicaments et les dispositifs médicaux au Ministère de la Santé, aux Fonds nationaux d'assurance ou aux congrès nationaux en Russie, Turquie, Grèce, Égypte, Pologne, République tchèque, Slovaquie, Hongrie, Croatie, Bosnie-Herzégovine, Slovénie, ARYM, République de Srpska et Inde
Vladimir Zah brings more than 20 years of Health Economics technology and business experience. Since 2000, in various roles as Health Economist, Project Manager and Chief Investigator, Vlad has implemented more than 170 health economic models and assessments in the phase 2, 3 and 4 settings, across various disease areas for top 30 global pharmaceutical companies. Vlad worked extensively over the last 6 years in opioid dependence.His PhD research on early vs. late HIV detection in the United Kingdom contributed to revisions in HIV early detection policies made by the UK Parliament in 2011. He co-founded the Serbian Chapter of the International Society for Pharmaco-economics and Outcomes Research (ISPOR) in 2007 and served as President of that chapter until 2012. Vlad is an active member of various ISPOR special interest groups (SIG) (including rare diseases) and is ISPOR Central East Europe Executive Committee Chair 2015-2017.Vlad lectures extensively and serves as a key opinion leader in the areas of HEOR, opioid addiction, HIV, diabetes and other. He also consults and provided HEOR training relating to both medications and medical devices to Ministry of Health, National Insurance Funds or at national congresses in Russia, Turkey, Greece, Egypt, Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Croatia, Bosnia & Herzegovina, Slovenia, FYROM, Republic of Srpska and India