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Journal articles on the topic 'Veterinary pharmaceutical'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 7 September 2022

Last updated: 18 September 2022

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1

Im, Jong Kwon, Sang Hun Kim, Young Seuk Kim, and Soon Ju Yu. "Spatio-Temporal Distribution and Influencing Factors of Human and Veterinary Pharmaceuticals in the Tributary Surface Waters of the Han River Watershed, South Korea." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 15 (July 28, 2021): 7969. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18157969.

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Human and veterinary pharmaceuticals are being increasingly used for disease treatment; hence, their distribution and factors influencing them in the aquatic environment need to be investigated. This study observed the effect of human and animal populations, usage, purchasing criteria (prescription vs. non-prescription), and land use to identify the spatio-temporal distribution of eight pharmaceuticals at twenty-four sites of the tributaries of the Han River watershed. In rural areas, the mean concentration (detection frequency) of non-prescription pharmaceuticals (NPPs) was higher (lower) compared to that of prescription pharmaceuticals (PPs); in urban areas, a reverse trend was observed. Pharmaceutical concentrations in urban and rural areas were mainly affected by wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and non-point sources, respectively; concentrations were higher downstream (4.9 times) than upstream of the WWTPs. The concentration distribution (according to the target) was as follows: human–veterinary > human > veterinary. Correlation between total concentration and total usage of the pharmaceuticals was high, except for NPPs. Most livestock and land use (except cropland) were significantly positively correlated with pharmaceutical concentrations. Concentrations were mainly higher (1.5 times) during cold seasons than during warm seasons. The results of this study can assist policymakers in managing pharmaceutical pollutants while prioritizing emerging pollutants.

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2

Küster, Anette, and Nicole Adler. "Pharmaceuticals in the environment: scientific evidence of risks and its regulation." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 369, no. 1656 (November 19, 2014): 20130587. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2013.0587.

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During the past two decades scientists, regulatory agencies and the European Commission have acknowledged pharmaceuticals to be an emerging environmental problem. In parallel, a regulatory framework for environmental risk assessment (ERA) of pharmaceutical products has been developed. Since the regulatory guidelines came into force the German Federal Agency (UBA) has been evaluating ERAs for human and veterinary pharmaceutical products before they are marketed. The results show that approximately 10% of pharmaceutical products are of note regarding their potential environmental risk. For human medicinal products, hormones, antibiotics, analgesics, antidepressants and antineoplastics indicated an environmental risk. For veterinary products, hormones, antibiotics and parasiticides were most often discussed as being environmentally relevant. These results are in good correlation with the results within the open scientific literature of prioritization approaches for pharmaceuticals in the environment. UBA results revealed that prospective approaches, such as ERA of pharmaceuticals, play an important role in minimizing problems caused by pharmaceuticals in the environment. However, the regulatory ERA framework could be improved by (i) inclusion of the environment in the risk–benefit analysis for human pharmaceuticals, (ii) improvement of risk management options, (iii) generation of data on existing pharmaceuticals, and (iv) improving the availability of ERA data. In addition, more general and integrative steps of regulation, legislation and research have been developed and are presented in this article. In order to minimize the quantity of pharmaceuticals in the environment these should aim to (i) improve the existing legislation for pharmaceuticals, (ii) prioritize pharmaceuticals in the environment and (iii) improve the availability and collection of pharmaceutical data.

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3

Ahmed, I. "Pharmaceutical challenges in veterinary product development." Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews 54, no. 6 (October 4, 2002): 871–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0169-409x(02)00074-1.

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4

Li, Z. H., and T. Randak. "Residual pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs) in aquatic environment – status, toxicity and kinetics: a review." Veterinární Medicína 54, No. 7 (August 18, 2009): 295–314. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/97/2009-vetmed.

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Awareness of residual pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs) in aquatic ecosystems is growing as research into these pollutants increases and analytical detection techniques improve. For most pharmaceuticals analyzed, the effects on aquatic organisms have usually been investigated by toxic assays in the laboratory. However, little is known about integral analysis of pharmacokinetics in aquatic organisms and specific relations between pharmacokinetic parameters and influence factors. Moreover, the influence of the organisms involved and numerous other external factors complicates development of standard tests for environmental evaluation. Current knowledge about residual pharmaceuticals in the aquatic environment, including status, toxic effects, and pharmacokinetics in aquatic organisms, are reviewed. Based on the above, we identify major gaps in the current knowledge and some directions for future research, such as improvement of techniques to remove residual pharmaceuticals from wastewater, and the establishment of standard pharmaceutical modes of action.

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5

Priya, K. Vamsi, K. Umasankar, J. Praveen Kumar, and M. Kishore Babu. "Comparative study of medicinal products registration in USA and Europe." World Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 10, no. 03 (2022): 263–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.54037/wjps.2022.100303.

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A pharmaceutical drug regulatory Affairs is mainly involved in registration process parameters of different pharmaceutical products and new drug application. Regulatory affairs professionals play vital roles in a pharmaceutical field as; it is related to healthcare products. The present article mainly focuses to provide similarities and differences in the registration of medicinal products in USA and European countries.This also provide details to protect public health in terms of safety, quality, and efficacy of products like medical devices, pharmaceuticals, veterinary medicines, pesticides, cosmetics & complementary medicines, agrochemicals, etc.

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6

Deshkar, Anuradha T., Ujwala P. Gawali, and Prashant A. Shirure. "Environmental pharmacology: an emerging science." International Journal of Basic & Clinical Pharmacology 7, no. 3 (February 22, 2018): 359. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2319-2003.ijbcp20180645.

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With continuous rapid expansion of the human population there is escalating demand for resources, including human and veterinary pharmaceuticals. This has lead to rapid development of global pharmaceutical industry and with that increase in issues caused by pharmaceutical products. In recent years a great concern has been expressed over the occurrence and persistence of pharmaceutical products in the environment and their potential impact on environment. Owing to this the new branch of science called environmental pharmacology has sprouted. Environmental pharmacology deals with dispersion and impact of pharmaceutical products on environment. Solutions need to be suggested to save this only liveable planet from ill effects of these pharmaceutical products. This has given birth to the science of Ecopharmacovigilance (EPV).

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7

MKALA, REUBEN SUNZU. "Antibiotic prescription practice at veterinary pharmaceutical shops and its potential impact on the development of antimicrobial resistance in Moshi, Northern Tanzania." Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 12, no. 1-S (February 15, 2022): 100–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v12i1-s.5285.

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Aim: We aimed to investigate antibiotic prescription practice in veterinary shops and its potential impact on the development of antimicrobial resistance. Methods: A correlation cross-sectional study was carried out in Moshi, Tanzania. A convenient sampling method was used to enroll 80 study participants and 80 Veterinary pharmaceutical shops selling antibiotics for cattle. The study questionnaire was administered to both pharmaceutical sellers and cattle keepers Results: A total of 80 veterinary pharmaceutical shops visited to deliver information about antibiotics sold with or without prescription from veterinary professionals and eighty (80) human participants. Most of the study participant 66/80 (82.5%) responded to started treatment before laboratory diagnosis and diagnosis was mainly based on symptoms and signs 58/80 (72.5%); owners description 17/80 (21.3%) and less frequently on none specific reason 15/80 (6.5%) (Χ2=77.89, P= 0.000, OR=0.875, 95% CI= 0.803-0.947). Tetracycline 30 (100%), Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole 10 (100%), and amoxicillin/clavulanic acid 7 (100%) were highly sold unprescribed drugs and no quantity of these drugs was prescribed before selling at Veterinary pharmaceutical shops. Conclusion: The regulation of Veterinary antibiotic prescription at veterinary pharmaceutical shops has to be a point of discussion and paid greater attention to ensure a sustainable control and reduction of transmission and spread of drug-resistant bacteria in humans and cattle. Keywords: antibiotic prescription practice, antimicrobial resistance, Veterinary pharmaceutical shops

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8

Brander, G. "The pharmaceutical industry and The Veterinary Record." Veterinary Record 123, no. 1 (July 2, 1988): 20–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.123.1.20.

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9

Capon, Hannah. "Understanding the pharmaceutical approach to pain management in canine osteoarthritis." Companion Animal 26, no. 6 (June 2, 2021): 73–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/coan.2021.0039.

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Canine osteoarthritis was recently reclassified as a welfare concern by the Veterinary Companion Animal Surveillance System (VetCompass), an initiative run by the Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons, focused on improving companion animal health. This condition is a common cause for consultation in first opinion practice, with an estimated 35% of the canine population being affected. Chronic pain is complex and a multimodal approach is best for management, which includes pharmaceuticals employed in a methodical manner. This article provides an overview of the types of pain associated with canine osteoarthritis, as well as how to recognise them. Making reference to hypothetical cases, the appropriate pharmaceutical management is described. Further management strategies, as part of a multimodal approach, are summarised to ensure best practice.

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10

Stando, Klaudia, Ewa Korzeniewska, Ewa Felis, Monika Harnisz, and Sylwia Bajkacz. "Uptake of Pharmaceutical Pollutants and Their Metabolites from Soil Fertilized with Manure to Parsley Tissues." Molecules 27, no. 14 (July 8, 2022): 4378. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27144378.

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Manure is a major source of soil and plant contamination with veterinary drugs residues. The aim of this study was to evaluate the uptake of 14 veterinary pharmaceuticals by parsley from soil fertilized with manure. Pharmaceutical content was determined in roots and leaves. Liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry was used for targeted analysis. Screening analysis was performed to identify transformation products in the parsley tissues. A solid-liquid extraction procedure was developed combined with solid-phase extraction, providing recoveries of 61.9–97.1% for leaves and 51.7–95.6% for roots. Four analytes were detected in parsley: enrofloxacin, tylosin, sulfamethoxazole, and doxycycline. Enrofloxacin was detected at the highest concentrations (13.4–26.3 ng g−1). Doxycycline accumulated mainly in the roots, tylosin in the leaves, and sulfamethoxazole was found in both tissues. 14 transformation products were identified and their distribution were determined. This study provides important data on the uptake and transformation of pharmaceuticals in plant tissues.

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11

Endacott, Isabella C., Erika Galipo, Abel B. Ekiri, Ruth Alafiatayo, Kehinde Adebowale, Mariana Dineva, Aliyu Wakawa, et al. "Baseline Assessment of Poultry Production, Pharmaceutical Product Use, and Related Challenges on Commercial Poultry Flocks in Kano and Oyo States of Nigeria." Veterinary Sciences 8, no. 12 (December 8, 2021): 315. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vetsci8120315.

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Poultry production is a major component of the livestock sector in Nigeria and continues to expand rapidly; however, it is still constrained by low productivity. A farm survey was conducted to provide a baseline assessment of poultry production (products generated, farm costs, and revenue), pharmaceutical use, and related challenges faced by farmers on 44 commercial poultry farms in Oyo and Kano states of Nigeria. Live spent layers, eggs, and used beddings were the most frequently sold products for revenue. Antibiotic products were widely used, the most reported were Doxygen, Tylosin, and Conflox. Overall, 40% of farms used feed additives (including toxin binders, minerals, and vitamins) and 12% used coccidiostats. Access to pharmaceutical products was a key challenge and appeared to disproportionally affect farmers in the northern part (Kano) of Nigeria. Other challenges included perceived antibiotic ineffectiveness, high cost of drugs, and long distances to pharmaceutical suppliers. Challenges related to vaccine use were unavailability, distance to the supplier, and health issues interfering with the vaccination schedule. Study findings highlight the need for improved access to veterinary pharmaceuticals, particularly in the northern states. Further investigations into the causes of antibiotic ineffectiveness and strategies for distribution of high-quality, effective pharmaceuticals are also necessary.

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12

Soleymani, Jafar, and Zahra Golsanamluo. "Advanced Materials for Immunosensing of Pharmaceutical and Drug Compounds." ImmunoAnalysis 1, no. 1 (July 13, 2021): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.34172/ia.2021.05.

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Real-time and accurate levels of pharmaceuticals undertake critical effects in the therapy process. Thus, reliable detection of pharmaceuticals is important for regulating the proper concentration of them to enhance the effectiveness and to decrease possible side effects. However, the development of new reliable sensory systems is the main prerequisite for the mentioned aims. Immunosensors can be regarded as an effective tool due to their sensitivity and unique specificity originating from the intrinsic nature of the antigen-antibody interaction. This review reports material tendencies in the development of immunosensors for pharmaceuticals (veterinary and human) which have been reported in the last few years. Carbon-based (graphene, graphene oxide, carbon nanotubes, etc.), gold, and magnetic materials are the main materials for the fabrication of pharmaceutical immunosensors. Also, this review reports benefits and limitations on the reported immunosensor and mechanism and analytical performance of the immunoplatforms to address future researches.

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13

M.R, Prashanthy, Shreelakshmi S, and Prabu D. "A Comparative Analysis of Cost and Affordability between Veterinary and Human Pharmaceutical Drugs in India." International Journal of Science and Healthcare Research 6, no. 4 (November 12, 2021): 170–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.52403/ijshr.20211024.

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To analyze the comparison of cost and affordability between veterinary and human drugs in India. A comparative study was conducted in two regions of Chennai based on a simple random sampling technique. Both Veterinary and human drugs were collected from private veterinary and Human drug pharmacies. Price and availability data of veterinary medicines and human medicines were collected from private sector retail pharmacies. As per the data analysis, descriptive statistics are used. The comparison of various antibiotic, anti-helminthic, anti-inflammatory, anti-fungal, anti-histamine, anti-tick drug prices used in humans and Animals. The variation of a single unit Amoxicillin drug for veterinary costs Rs.30 whereas in Humans, the same drug costs to Rs.18.6.Cephalexin, ciprofloxacin, Sulfamethoxazole, tetracycline, clindamycin drugs showed a higher cost range in veterinary than in human drugs which had a difference of Rs.9 on average. Doxycycline, Chlorpheniramine, aspirin, Clotrimazole were the only veterinary drug cheaper than their similar human combination. The veterinary drugs are too expensive and we must take certain steps to avoid those high prices. Drug Regulation policies must be implemented for a veterinary drug similar to a human drug. Keywords: Veterinary Drugs, Human Drugs, Price, Affordability.

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14

安, 成祚. "An Analysis of Locational Characteristics of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Companies." National Association of Korean Local Government Studies 19, no. 2 (August 30, 2017): 53–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.38134/klgr.2017.19.2.053.

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15

McGregor, Douglas D., David R. Fraser, Michelle L. Haven, and Gerard J. Hickey. "Acquainting Veterinary Students with Careers in the Pharmaceutical Industry." Journal of Veterinary Medical Education 34, no. 2 (April 2007): 139–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/jvme.34.2.139.

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16

Sneeringer, Stacy, and Matt Clancy. "Incentivizing New Veterinary Pharmaceutical Products to Combat Antibiotic Resistance." Applied Economic Perspectives and Policy 42, no. 4 (September 12, 2019): 653–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aepp/ppz022.

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17

Kumirska, Jolanta. "Special Issue “Pharmaceutical Residues in the Environment”." Molecules 25, no. 12 (June 26, 2020): 2941. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25122941.

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Pharmaceuticals, due to their pseudo-persistence and biological activity as well as their extensive use in human and veterinary medicine, are a class of environmental contaminants that is of emerging concern [...]

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18

Harvas, H. D. "Legislative regulatory aspects of the veterinary pharmacy market in the European Union." Scientific Messenger of LNU of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnologies 21, no. 92 (May 11, 2019): 137–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.32718/nvlvet-e9223.

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Production of veterinary pharmacy plays an important role both in animal care and public health, such as for food safety or animal origin to prevent the spread of diseases transmitted to humans through animals. The European market for Animal Health develops rapidly filled with innovative products, updated regulatory system at the legislative level, in order to protect human health, animals and the environment. Today, the focus of attention in the European Union (EU) on the pharmaceutical industry – Is the improvement of the legal framework and its adaptation to the needs and characteristics of the veterinary pharmaceutical industry in particular. Thus Ukraine today - is an intensive process of harmonization, implementation and, at the same time, improvement of the regulatory system, in which international regulatory documents are the basis for the creation of the veterinary pharmaceutical legislation of Ukraine, according to EU requirements.

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19

Ašperger, Danijela, Vesna Tišler, Mirta Zrnčić, Dragana Mutavdžić Pavlović, Sandra Babić, Alka J. M. Horvat, and Marija Kaštelan-Macan. "HPLC–DAD–FLD Determination of Veterinary Pharmaceuticals in Pharmaceutical Industry Wastewater with Precolumn Derivatization Using Fluorescamine." Chromatographia 77, no. 15-16 (May 8, 2014): 1059–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10337-014-2685-x.

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20

Arnold, Kathryn E., Alistair B. A. Boxall, A. Ross Brown, Richard J. Cuthbert, Sally Gaw, Thomas H. Hutchinson, Susan Jobling, et al. "Assessing the exposure risk and impacts of pharmaceuticals in the environment on individuals and ecosystems." Biology Letters 9, no. 4 (August 23, 2013): 20130492. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2013.0492.

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The use of human and veterinary pharmaceuticals is increasing. Over the past decade, there has been a proliferation of research into potential environmental impacts of pharmaceuticals in the environment. A Royal Society-supported seminar brought together experts from diverse scientific fields to discuss the risks posed by pharmaceuticals to wildlife. Recent analytical advances have revealed that pharmaceuticals are entering habitats via water, sewage, manure and animal carcases, and dispersing through food chains. Pharmaceuticals are designed to alter physiology at low doses and so can be particularly potent contaminants. The near extinction of Asian vultures following exposure to diclofenac is the key example where exposure to a pharmaceutical caused a population-level impact on non-target wildlife. However, more subtle changes to behaviour and physiology are rarely studied and poorly understood. Grand challenges for the future include developing more realistic exposure assessments for wildlife, assessing the impacts of mixtures of pharmaceuticals in combination with other environmental stressors and estimating the risks from pharmaceutical manufacturing and usage in developing countries. We concluded that an integration of diverse approaches is required to predict ‘unexpected’ risks; specifically, ecologically relevant, often long-term and non-lethal, consequences of pharmaceuticals in the environment for wildlife and ecosystems.

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21

Lazorenko, Valeriia, Liudmyla Saher, and Adam Jasnikowski. "Web management as a marketing management determinant: case for pharmaceutical enterprises." Health Economics and Management Review 2, no. 2 (2021): 105–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/hem.2021.2-10.

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Nowadays, the online business is fast-growing since it is convenient, more profitable, and less energy-consuming. The changing consumers’ needs force companies and organizations to adjust and modernize their marketing strategies. The authors emphasized that Internet advertising channels would overcome the traditional ones. Therefore, it is relevant to consider the latest trends in e-commerce to provide effective advertising campaigns. This study aims to conduct the competitive analysis of Ukrainian veterinary enterprises’ websites as one of the key marketing management determinants. The study object are the most prominent Ukrainian veterinary enterprises. The methodological basis for this paper includes trend, bibliometric, and comparative content analysis. The trend analysis results showed a constant interest in web management worldwide. In turn, there are significant fluctuations over the previous five years in Ukraine. The findings indicated that search requests for «pharmaceutics» worldwide are gradually increasing, while there is not enough statistic data in Ukraine. The bibliometric analysis for Scopus publications addressed the marketing management in the pharmaceutical were visualized by 4 clusters. The first cluster covers marketing, management, and risk issues; the second – pharmaceutical industry, the third – economy; and the fourth – quality control. The findings showed that veterinary medicine was mostly associated with drug efficacy, management, investment, management, risk, organization and management, patents, and quality control. This issue has been most actively studied by scientists from the United States, Britain, Germany, India, and Italy. This study provided the comparative analysis of veterinary enterprises web sites based on the main indicators as follows: usability, site structure, site indexation, number of external pages, overall traffic, behavioral factors (bounce rate, pages per visit, time on site), traffic sources (direct, referrals, SEO, SMM, e-mail, and display advertising), and adaptability to the mobile versions. The obtained results showed that all Ukrainian biological vaccines manufacturers for animals were represented on the Internet. In turn, as of September 2020, Biotestlab most effectively used the Internet to promote products. In second place is the Sumy Biological Factory, and then – Kherson Biological Factory.

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22

Gooze, Joseph. "Practical Applications of Veterinary Pharmacy." American Pharmacy 26, no. 10 (October 1986): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0160-3450(16)33095-1.

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23

Cardinal, John R. "Controlled drug delivery: Veterinary applications." Journal of Controlled Release 2 (November 1985): 393–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-3659(85)90061-6.

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24

Medlicott, Natalie J., Niki A. Waldron, and Todd P. Foster. "Sustained release veterinary parenteral products." Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews 56, no. 10 (June 2004): 1345–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.addr.2004.02.005.

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25

Rathbone, Michael J., and Marilyn Martinez. "Veterinary drug delivery: Part VI." Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews 56, no. 10 (June 2004): 1339–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.addr.2004.04.001.

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26

Muhammad, Muhammad Jassim, Awatif I. Muhammed, and Haneen Muhammad Jassim. "Formulation of Neomycin Sulphate 0.35 %(w/v) & Hydrocortisone 0.5% Otic Drop." Iraqi Journal of Industrial Research 9, no. 1 (June 14, 2022): 115–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.53523/ijoirvol9i1id154.

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Neomycin sulfate and hydrocortisone ear drops of veterinary pharmaceuticals used as an antibiotic and ant inflammatory to treat infections caused by bacterial infections in the middle ear of large and small field animals caused by gram positive and negative bacteria like, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Homophiles influenza, Klebsiella–Enterobacter species, Neisseria species, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The action of mechanism neomycin sulfate is inhibition of protein synthesis in bacteria cell which is lead to kill the bacteria and the action of hydrocortisone is ant inflammation in the infected area in animals. In order for this preparation to be researched and applied, several primary pharmaceutical preparations were prepared until the final and stable structure was reached. The amount of the active substance at room temperature was 100%. This activity is good and within the permissible limits According to the veterinary constitutions [90-110].This process involved several stages of collecting information in the materials involved in the formulation and from effective and added materials And then the preparation of the composition according to the international pharmaceutical specifications using the constitutions of the drug followed by the study of stability and resistance to the product temperature room and then send samples for field examination Department of Veterinary, was used in the treatment of cases of bacterial infections of the middle ear infections in cats use 3 or 4 drops in the affected ear three or four times for 3-5 days and results came very good according the clinical evaluation.

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27

Gómez-Ramírez, Pilar, Guillermo Blanco, and Antonio Juan García-Fernández. "Validation of Multi-Residue Method for Quantification of Antibiotics and NSAIDs in Avian Scavengers by Using Small Amounts of Plasma in HPLC-MS-TOF." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 11 (June 6, 2020): 4058. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17114058.

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Pharmaceuticals are still considered emerging pollutants affecting both aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. Scavenging bird species may be exposed to veterinary drugs when they feed on livestock carcasses provided at supplementary feeding stations, as these are often stocked with ailing and/or recently medicated animals. Because those animals may be a source of several different pharmaceutical compounds, analytical methods to evaluate residue levels and exposure potential should enable detection and quantification of as many different compounds as possible, preferably from small sample volumes. Four different extraction methods were tested to conduct HPLC-MS-TOF analysis of some of the most common veterinary drugs used in livestock in Spain. The method deemed most viable was a simple extraction, using methanol and 100 µL of plasma, that allowed quantification of seven antibiotics (tetracycline, oxytetracycline, ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin, nalidixic acid, trimethoprim, sulfadiazine) and five nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) (meloxicam, flunixin, carprofen, tolfenamic acid, phenylbutazone). The method was then applied to analysis of 29 Eurasian griffon vulture (Gyps fulvus) nestling samples, wherein enrofloxacin and tolfenamic acid were most commonly detected (69% and 20%, respectively). To our knowledge, this is the first study including NSAIDs in the exposure assessment of different classes of veterinary pharmaceuticals in live avian scavengers.

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Cuthbert, Richard J., Mark A. Taggart, Vibhu Prakash, Soumya S. Chakraborty, Parag Deori, Toby Galligan, Mandar Kulkarni, et al. "Avian scavengers and the threat from veterinary pharmaceuticals." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 369, no. 1656 (November 19, 2014): 20130574. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2013.0574.

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Veterinary use of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug diclofenac on domesticated ungulates caused populations of resident Gyps vultures in the Indian sub-continent to collapse. The birds died when they fed on carrion from treated animals. Veterinary diclofenac was banned in 2006 and meloxicam was advocated as a ‘vulture-safe’ alternative. We examine the effectiveness of the 2006 ban, whether meloxicam has replaced diclofenac, and the impact of these changes on vultures. Drug residue data from liver samples collected from ungulate carcasses in India since 2004 demonstrate that the prevalence of diclofenac in carcasses in 2009 was half of that before the ban and meloxicam prevalence increased by 44%. The expected vulture death rate from diclofenac per meal in 2009 was one-third of that before the ban. Surveys at veterinary clinics show that diclofenac use in India began in 1994, coinciding with the onset of rapid Gyps declines ascertained from measured rates of declines. Our study shows that one pharmaceutical product has had a devastating impact on Asia's vultures. Large-scale research and survey were needed to detect, diagnose and quantify the problem and measure the response to remedial actions. Given these difficulties, other effects of pharmaceuticals in the environment may remain undetected.

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29

Caprile, Kelli A. "Veterinary Pharmacy." Journal of Pharmacy Practice 2, no. 2 (April 1989): 83–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/089719008900200205.

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Veterinary pharmacy is a specialized area of practice within the field of pharmacy as a whole. It is in the veterinary academic setting that pharmacists have established themselves as an integral and important part of the veterinary health care team in that veterinary hospital pharmacists are engaged in many different activities involving drug distribution, clinical services, teaching, and research. The average veterinary hospital pharmacy provides services that are equivalent in quality and quantity to those found in many hospitals for humans. Veterinary hospital pharmacists also play an important role as drug therapy consultants often being called upon to design dosage regimens for various types of patients. In order to be maximally effective in this setting, the veterinary pharmacist must combine knowledge of drug chemistry, pharmacology, and toxicology with an understanding of those unique anatomic, metabolic, and behavioral aspects that exist for each species of animal. Veterinary pharmacists are also often involved in clinical research with veterinary hospital clinicians and, less often, in areas of basic research with other faculty members of the veterinary school. Veterinary pharmacy is predicted to continue to grow, expand, and evolve in those areas in which it has already become established, namely, the veterinary schools and their associated teaching hospitals. There is also ample opportunity and need for pharmacists to become involved in other areas, such as the veterinary pharmaceutical industry, veterinary regulatory agencies, and agricultural and livestock production, which affect not only veterinary medicine but also public health as a whole.

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Konrád, J. "Seventy five years of the School of Veterinary Medicine, now University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences." Acta Veterinaria Brno 62, no. 1-2 (1993): 5–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.2754/avb199362010005.

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31

Deltsov, A. A., and I. V. Kosova. "Assessment of compliance of veterinary pharmaceutical organizations to license requirements." Remedium. Journal about the Russian market of medicines and medical equipment, no. 4 (2015): 78–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.21518/1561-5936-2015-4-78-81.

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32

Boonstra, Harry, Erik P. Reichman, and Paul J. van den Brink. "Effects of the Veterinary Pharmaceutical Ivermectin in Indoor Aquatic Microcosms." Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 60, no. 1 (April 27, 2010): 77–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00244-010-9526-1.

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33

Welch, Samuel A., Kristine Olsen, Mohammad Nouri Sharikabad, Knut Erik Tollefsen, Merete Grung, and S. Jannicke Moe. "Pharmaceutical pollution: Prediction of environmental concentrations from national wholesales data." Open Research Europe 2 (June 1, 2022): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/openreseurope.14129.1.

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The regulation and monitoring of pharmaceutical pollution in Europe lag behind that of more prominent groups. However, the repurposing of sales data to predict surface water environmental concentrations is a promising supplement to more commonly used market-based risk assessment and measurement approaches. The Norwegian Institute of Public Health (NIPH) has since the 1980s compiled the Drug Wholesale Statistics database - covering all sales of both human and veterinary pharmaceuticals to retailers, pharmacies, and healthcare providers. To date, most similar works have focused either on a small subset of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs) or used only prescription data, often more readily available than wholesale data, but necessarily more limited. By using the NIPH’s product wholesale records, with additional information on API concentrations per product from, we have been able to calculate sales weights per year for almost 900 human and veterinary APIs for the period 2016–2019. In this paper, we present our methodology for converting the provided NIPH data from a public health to an ecotoxicological resource. From our derived dataset, we have used an equation to calculate Predicted Environmental Concentration per API for inland surface waters, a key component of environmental risk assessment. We further describe our filtering to remove ecotoxicological-exempt and data deficient APIs. Lastly, we provide a limited comparison between our dataset and similar publicly available datasets for a subset of APIs, as a validation of our approach and a demonstration of the added value of wholesale data. This dataset will provide the best coverage yet of pharmaceutical sales weights for an entire nation. Moreover, our developed routines for processing 2016–2019 data can be expanded to older Norwegian wholesales data (1974–present). Consequently, our work with this dataset can contribute to narrowing the gap between desk-based predictions of exposure from consumption, and empirical but expensive environmental measurement.

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34

Welch, Samuel A., Kristine Olsen, Mohammad Nouri Sharikabad, Knut Erik Tollefsen, Merete Grung, and S. Jannicke Moe. "Pharmaceutical pollution: Prediction of environmental concentrations from national wholesales data." Open Research Europe 2 (September 15, 2022): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/openreseurope.14129.2.

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Abstract:

The regulation and monitoring of pharmaceutical pollution in Europe lag behind that of more prominent groups. However, the repurposing of sales data to predict surface water environmental concentrations is a promising supplement to more commonly used market-based risk assessment and measurement approaches. The Norwegian Institute of Public Health (NIPH) has since the 1980s compiled the Drug Wholesale Statistics database - covering all sales of both human and veterinary pharmaceuticals to retailers, pharmacies, and healthcare providers. To date, most similar works have focused either on a small subset of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs) or used only prescription data, often more readily available than wholesale data, but necessarily more limited. By using the NIPH’s product wholesale records, with additional information on API concentrations per product from, we have been able to calculate sales weights per year for almost 900 human and veterinary APIs for the period 2016–2019. In this paper, we present our methodology for converting the provided NIPH data from a public health to an ecotoxicological resource. From our derived dataset, we have used an equation to calculate Predicted Environmental Concentration per API for inland surface waters, a key component of environmental risk assessment. We further describe our filtering to remove ecotoxicological-exempt and data deficient APIs. Lastly, we provide a limited comparison between our dataset and similar publicly available datasets for a subset of APIs, as a validation of our approach and a demonstration of the added value of wholesale data. This dataset will provide the best coverage yet of pharmaceutical sales weights for an entire nation. Moreover, our developed routines for processing 2016–2019 data can be expanded to older Norwegian wholesales data (1974–present). Consequently, our work with this dataset can contribute to narrowing the gap between desk-based predictions of exposure from consumption, and empirical but expensive environmental measurement.

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Kosova, Irina V., Alexander A. Deltsov, and Kseniya O. Belova. "Analysis of the pharmaceutical market of antibacterial chemotherapeutic drugs for veterinary use." Veterinariya, Zootekhniya i Biotekhnologiya 3, no. 100 (2022): 46–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.36871/vet.zoo.bio.202203006.

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This paper presents an analysis of the range of veterinary antibacterial chemotherapeutic drugs registered in the Russian Federation. The Russian Federation is a leader in the development and production of antibacterial chemotherapeutic drugs registered on its territory. As of April 1, 2022, 575 antibacterial chemotherapeutic drugs have been entered into the State Register of Medicinal Products for Veterinary Use. It was revealed that the largest number of drugs is presented in liquid dosage forms (337 drugs – 58.61%). It was found that the most common active ingredient in the studied preparations is enrofloxacin (contained in 68 preparations – 11.83%). The largest number of drugs (102 drugs – 17.74%) belongs to the group of tetracyclines. It was determined that the largest number of drugs is intended for pigs and birds (86 drugs – 14.96%). The average annual registration of antibacterial chemotherapeutic drugs is 8% – 48 drugs per year. When assessing the dynamics of state registration of antibacterial chemotherapeutic drugs for veterinary use, it can be noted that it is uneven.

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Baeyens, Vincent, Christine Percicot, Monia Zignani, Arati A. Deshpande, Vassilios Kaltsatos, and Robert Gurny. "Ocular drug delivery in veterinary medicine." Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews 28, no. 3 (December 1997): 335–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0169-409x(97)00088-4.

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Dean, S. "Equine pharmaceutical products." Veterinary Record 133, no. 18 (October 30, 1993): 459–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.133.18.459.

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Renton, C. "Equine pharmaceutical products." Veterinary Record 133, no. 20 (November 13, 1993): 508. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.133.20.508-b.

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39

Anderson, R. A. "THE PHARMACEUTICAL CODEX." Australian Veterinary Journal 58, no. 4 (March 10, 2008): 158. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-0813.1982.tb00631.x.

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Swindle, M. M., A. Makin, A. J. Herron, F. J. Clubb, and K. S. Frazier. "Swine as Models in Biomedical Research and Toxicology Testing." Veterinary Pathology 49, no. 2 (March 25, 2011): 344–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0300985811402846.

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Swine are considered to be one of the major animal species used in translational research, surgical models, and procedural training and are increasingly being used as an alternative to the dog or monkey as the choice of nonrodent species in preclinical toxicologic testing of pharmaceuticals. There are unique advantages to the use of swine in this setting given that they share with humans similar anatomic and physiologic characteristics involving the cardiovascular, urinary, integumentary, and digestive systems. However, the investigator needs to be familiar with important anatomic, histopathologic, and clinicopathologic features of the laboratory pig and minipig in order to put background lesions or xenobiotically induced toxicologic changes in their proper perspective and also needs to consider specific anatomic differences when using the pig as a surgical model. Ethical considerations, as well as the existence of significant amounts of background data, from a regulatory perspective, provide further support for the use of this species in experimental or pharmaceutical research studies. It is likely that pigs and minipigs will become an increasingly important animal model for research and pharmaceutical development applications.

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SOBOLEWSKI, JAROSŁAW. "The history of the production and application of veterinary medications and biological preparations in Poland from the nineteenth century to 1945." Medycyna Weterynaryjna 75, no. 02 (2019): 6231–2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.21521/mw.6231.

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The year 1899 can be regarded as the beginning of the production of medications for animals in the Polish territories, for it was then that biological preparations made at the Department of Hygiene of the Jagiellonian University in Kraków were first mentioned by the press. The interwar period saw the development of not only the veterinary and bioveterinary industry, but also legislation that regulated its functioning. Although very advanced for those times, those laws were also susceptible to different interpretations and could easily be circumvented. In 1939, there were 33 Polish companies producing synthetic preparations and 6 producing serums and vaccines. One serious problem of the Polish pharmaceutical industry was the deficiency of domestic investment capital. The foreign ownership of the pharmaceutical industry amounted to 30%. Polish serums and vaccines for humans and animals fully covered the country’s needs and represented the strongest branch of the domestic pharmaceutical industry (in 1939, the Polish production of medicines met 3/4 of domestic demand). The development of industrial pharmacy in Poland was stopped by the outbreak of the Second World War. Many buildings were destroyed already at the beginning of the war in 1939. Post-war years showed that the foundations of the Polish pharmaceutical industry (including its veterinary branch) were solid. Polish pharmaceutical companies mostly recovered and sometimes even expanded their productive potential after the war.

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Lykov, I. N., S. A. Kusacheva, M. E. Safronova, and A. Yu Loginova. "Environmental Рollution by Рharmaceuticals." Ecology and Industry of Russia 24, no. 8 (August 7, 2020): 51–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.18412/1816-0395-2020-8-51-55.

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The global use of pharmaceuticals is constantly growing and leads to water contamination with xenobiotic compounds with a wide range of biological activity. Most pharmaceutical products that are widely used in medicine and veterinary medicine are constantly discharged into domestic wastewater in unchanged form or as active metabolites. These medications include hormones, antibiotics, analgesics, antidepressants, and antitumor medications. Treatment plants are not able to effectively remove these compounds from wastewater, which contributes to their migration to freshwater ecosystems. With a long half-life, pharmaceuticals can accumulate in the environment, reaching biologically active levels. The presence of pharmaceuticals in aquatic ecosystems can lead to unpredictable environmental consequences and reactions and can also have a negative impact on human health. In the Russian scientific literature, very little attention is paid to the problem of environmental pollution by pharmaceuticals. Therefore, this review article discusses the main sources of pharmaceuticals and their metabolites, the fate of these compounds in the aquatic environment, their impact on human health and aquatic biocenoses.

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Vaibhav Subhash Janjal, Snehal Ramdas Dhamodkar, Yogesh Pralhad Jadhao, Sima Baburao Manmode, Anil Keshav Pawar, and Harshada Ravindra Khandelwal. "Recent drug regulatory affair and CTD module progress review for submission of pharmaceuticals product." GSC Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences 16, no. 3 (September 30, 2021): 200–221. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/gscbps.2021.16.3.0279.

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Regulatory Affairs (RA), also known as government affairs, is a relatively new profession that arose from governments' desire to protect public health by regulating the safety and efficacy of products such as pharmaceuticals, medical devices, pesticides, veterinary medicines, cosmetics, agrochemicals, and complementary medicines. Pharmaceutical regulatory affairs is concerned with the registration of pharmaceutical goods. All regulatory elements and guidelines connected to product filing are summarized in this evaluation. This study covers the whole CTD and eCTD submission process, as well as the modules that go with it. It also focuses on the key regulatory bodies across the world. Various roles of DRA departments, drug regulatory affairs professionals, the importance of drug affairs in pharmacy curriculum, emerging trends affecting regulatory strategy, regulatory affairs in product management, clinical trials, R&D and the drug approval process in the US, EU, and ROW market trends are discussed.

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El-Didamony, Akram M., and Mona O. Aboelsoad. "Spectrophotometric and Spectrofluorimetric Determinations of Veterinary Drug Enrofloxacin in Pharmaceutical Formulation." Оптика и спектроскопия 117, no. 4 (2014): 689–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.7868/s003040341410002x.

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El-Didamony, Akram M., and Mona O. Aboelsoad. "Spectrophotometric and spectrofluorimetric determinations of veterinary drug enrofloxacin in pharmaceutical formulation." Optics and Spectroscopy 117, no. 4 (October 2014): 670–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0030400x14100026.

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Ramaswamy, Jayashree, Shiv O. Prasher, Ramanbhai M. Patel, Syed A. Hussain, and Suzelle F. Barrington. "The effect of composting on the degradation of a veterinary pharmaceutical." Bioresource Technology 101, no. 7 (April 2010): 2294–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2009.10.089.

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Forrester, Mathias B. "Human Ingestions of Veterinary Cyclooxygenase-2 Inhibitors." Journal of Pharmacy Technology 26, no. 3 (May 2010): 107–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/875512251002600302.

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Hoffman, Jean, and Christina Perkins. "Veterinary generics: An enigma among niche markets." Journal of Generic Medicines 5, no. 4 (July 2008): 281–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/jgm.2008.17.

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Carter, Deborah H., Manfred Luttinger, and David L. Gardner. "Controlled release parenteral systems for veterinary applications." Journal of Controlled Release 8, no. 1 (November 1988): 15–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-3659(88)90095-8.

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Arias, José L., Margarita López-Viota, Beatriz Clares, and Mª Adolfina Ruiz. "Stability of fenbendazole suspensions for veterinary use." European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 34, no. 4-5 (August 2008): 257–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejps.2008.04.008.

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