Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Veterinary pharmaceutical'
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Oppel, Katrin. "Taste masking of an active pharmaceutical ingredient for veterinary application /." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2008. http://edoc.unibas.ch/diss/DissB_8737.
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Scandurra, Salvatore <1973>. "Veterinary drugs in drinking water used for pharmaceutical treatments in breeding farms." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2013. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/5673/.
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Water is susceptible to be used for numerous purposes, including edible, both for humans and animals.
In the food animal production, drinking water is frequently used as a way to carry out the most common pharmacological treatments. In these cases, there are many variables which could degrade drugs dissolved in this mean, even when properly arranged pharmaceutical formulations are used. In fact, although a product obtains a Marketing Authorization through appropriate laboratory studies both drug stability and solubility, on the other hand the solubility of the same drug in natural water used as a drinking water is not documented. In the present study has been evaluated the dissolution kinetics (at 0 hours and 24 hours) of products, having oxytetracycline and tylosin as active ingredient, used in drinking water samples in order to see how the different physical and chemical factors that characterize the drinking water may affect therapeutic efficacy. In fact, multiple factors, also of little relevance if individually considered, are able to adversely affect the pharmacological treatment carried out in drinking water.
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Kirk, Loren, and Stacy D. Brown. "Beyond-Use Date Determination for Buprenorphine Buccal Veterinary Solution Using Validated High-Performance Liquid Chromatographic Method." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2013. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/5283.
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Steve, Donna L. "Analytical techniques used in the development of quantitative and qualitative assays for pharmaceutical and biological products in animal health." Kansas State University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/35491.
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Master of Science in Biomedical SciencesDepartment of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology
Alison P. Adams
The animal health industry is a growing industry. Owners of pets and other animals want to ensure their animals are healthy. To do this, the animal health industry markets a variety of products from pharmaceutical products, such as antibiotics, to biological products, such as vaccines. These products are developed and marketed after the company provides regulators the necessary information as guided by a set of regulations. Pharmaceutical products follow Title 21 of the Code of Federal Regulations, while biological products follow Title 9 of the Code of Federal Regulations. During the product development process as well as after marketing, regardless of the regulations to follow, each product must go through testing for efficacy, safety, potency, and stability. The regulatory guidelines provide direction to companies on expectations of the testing requirements for each type of product. Different analytical techniques are used to provide the necessary data in support of product development. Discussed in this report, two analytical techniques are well known in the industry, and one is quickly becoming a technique of great value. Mass spectrometry, coupled with liquid chromatography, is an industry standard for testing product potency and purity as well as pharmacokinetics. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is also used to measure potency of products as well as product stability. The newest technique is flow cytometry that characterizes cells within a suspension, most often with the use of cellular biomarkers as targets. By understanding the application of each technique as well as how it relates to regulatory requirements, the industry can provide assurances to regulators that their products are safe and efficacious for the treatment and/or prevention of animal diseases. This report outlines the history, theory, and use of three different analytical techniques currently used for pharmaceutical and biological products in animal health.
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Kirk, Loren, and Stacy D. Brown. "Validated High-Performance Liquid Chromatographic Method for Buprenorphine Quantification in Oral Veterinary Solution for Application Toward a Beyond-Use Date Determination." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2013. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/5286.
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Barbosa, Carolina Cive. "Perfil de inovação farmacêutica veterinária no Brasil." Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/74/74134/tde-27112017-110751/.
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A pesquisa objetivou avaliar o estado da arte da inovação no setor de saúde animal, tanto no sentido de saber como e o que está sendo produzido, quanto à verificação de possíveis interações com as universidades. Ainda, a ausência de trabalhos publicados avaliando os tipos de patentes depositadas, bem como os grupos de pesquisa que atuam, direta ou indiretamente, nesta área fortaleceu a necessidade de iniciar uma pesquisa nesse sentido. Assim, por meio do levantamento e classificação de patentes depositadas, no Brasil, por indústrias de saúde animal e universidades públicas bem com estudo dos grupos de pesquisa do CNPq, buscou-se verificar o perfil de produção científico/tecnológico entre os dois atores principais (públicos e privados). Além disso, pontuou-se o que existe de demanda e oportunidade para inovação em saúde animal e fez-se uma primeira análise do nível de interação entre os grupos de pesquisa, que poderiam representar oportunidades de inovação, e empresas. Os resultados mostraram que o perfil de produção científica e tecnologia dos dois atores envolvidos, indústria e universidades, é distinto. Observa-se que as empresas de saúde animal apresentam maior número de depósitos de patente nas áreas de produtos biológicos e antiparasitários, enquanto as universidades apresentam pesquisas mais diluídas em temas de interesse para o setor de saúde animal, o que foi verificado tanto nas patentes depositadas quando na avaliação dos grupos de pesquisa. Ainda, verificou-se que, dos grupos avaliados, poucos declaram alguma parceria com instituições privadas. De uma forma geral, está sendo produzido conhecimento muito valioso nas universidades brasileiras que pode ser trabalhado em prol de colocar novas alternativas de medicamentos e terapias veterinárias. Neste contexto, acredita-se que a maior cooperação entre universidades e empresas da área de saúde animal poderá beneficiar o mercado e a sociedade com novas soluções.The goal of this research is to evaluate the state of art on innovation of the animal health sector, studying what has been produced and how, and the possible interactions with universities. The absence of published papers evaluating patents as well as the research groups that act, directly or indirectly, in the area of animal health have strengthened the need to initiate this research. Thus, through the survey and classification of patents registered in Brazil by animal health companies and public universities, as well as the evaluation of CNPq research groups, we sought to verify the scientific / technological production profile between the two main parties (public and private). In addition, this work pointed iut the existing demand and opportunity for innovation in animal health and an initial analysis of the level of interaction between research groups and companies was made. The results showed that the scientific - technological production profile of the two parties is distinct. It was observed that animal health companies showed greater registration of patents on the areas of biological and antiparasitic products, while universities had patent registration more distributed on the topics of interest for animal health. These observations were true for both, registered patents and research groups do not state a partnership with a private company in the animal health industry. In general, information is created in Brazilian universities, and it can be used on the development for new alternatives for veterinary medicines and therapies. In conclusion, it is possible that greater cooperation between universities and animal health companies could benefit the market and the society with new solutions.
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Bourély, Chrystèle. "Le manque de médicaments vétérinaires autorisés : un véritable problème de santé publique." Thesis, Montpellier 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011MON10029.
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L'industrie pharmaceutique vétérinaire doit satisfaire de nombreux besoins spécifiques à la grande diversité des espèces et des maladies animales, afin de répondre à la forte demande d'innovation, ainsi qu'au maintien sur le marché des "vieux" médicaments vétérinaires déjà autorisés. Le médicament vétérinaire fait l'objet d'une évaluation scientifique destinée à garantir sa qualité, son efficacité et sa sécurité. Les risques liés à son utilisation pour l'animal, mais aussi et surtout pour l'homme en tant qu'utilisateur dudit médicament et consommateur de denrées alimentaires d'origine animale, et pour l'environnement, ont conduit à un accroissement progressif et constant des exigences réglementaires. Le manque de médicaments vétérinaires autorisés pour les espèces animales et pour les indications thérapeutiques dites "mineures", conséquence de ces exigences réglementaires, est à l'origine du développement de pratiques à risques. La pratique licite des prescriptions "hors AMM" de médicaments vétérinaires par les docteurs en médecine vétérinaire, ainsi que les utilisations illicites de substances actives autorisées, susceptibles de porter atteinte à la santé animale, à la santé publique, et à l'environnement, représentent un véritable problème de santé publiqueThe veterinary pharmaceutical industry has to satisfy numerous specific needs due to the wide variety of the animal species and diseases, to answer the high demand of innovation as well as to maintain on the market the "old" veterinary medicines. The veterinary medicine is the object of a scientific evaluation, intended to guarantee its quality, its efficiency and its security.The risks related to its use for the animal but also and especially for the human (as user of the aforementioned medicine and as consumer of foodstuffs of animal origin), and for the environment, had leddriven to the regulatory requirements governing for veterinary medicinal products being increasingly tightened.The lack of authorized veterinary medicines for the "minors" animal species and therapeutic uses, consequence of these regulatory requirements, is at the origin of the development of risky practices. The licit practice of prescriptions " out of official authorization " of veterinarian medicines from doctors of veterinarian medicine, as well as the illicit uses of authorized active substances, susceptible to strike a blow at the animal health, at the public health, as well as the environment, represent a true public health issue
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Gomes, Joana Catarina Fernandes. "A medicina veterinária e a resistência aos antimicrobianos em contexto "one health” : a proposta de uma ferramenta de apoio à prescrição de antimicrobianos de uso veterinário." Master's thesis, Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/21413.
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Dissertação de Mestrado Integrado em Medicina VeterináriaRESUMO - A resistência antimicrobiana é um problema complexo e multifacetado que ameaça diferentes sectores da sociedade, nomeadamente a saúde humana, animal e ambiental, mas também a economia e segurança globais Desta forma, as abordagens atuais a esta ameaça centram-se sobretudo na tomada de medidas para preservar a eficácia contínua dos antimicrobianos existentes, assim como em tentar reduzir e/ou eliminar o seu uso inadequado. Este combate deve ser alicerçado numa abordagem que reconhece a interligação e interdependência entre os animais, o Homem e o meio ambiente, conhecida como One Health – “Uma Só Saúde”. Assim, para combater o uso indiscriminado de antimicrobianos é necessário desenvolver estratégias e ferramentas de controlo de forma a orientar e uniformizar procedimentos e auxiliar os Médicos Veterinários no contexto da prescrição e uso justificado de antimicrobianos. Perante o exposto, apresenta-se uma revisão da literatura que incidiu sobretudo nas bases bibliográficas Pubmed, Google Scholar e Science Direct, com o objetivo final de fornecer uma ferramenta para orientar e uniformizar a prescrição e uso justificado de antimicrobianos e apresentar uma síntese das recomendações e boas práticas sobre a temática envolvente. A ferramenta desenvolvida teve como sustentáculo um projeto realizado em primeira mão pelo Centro Europeu de Prevenção e Controlo de Doenças (ECDC), e que foi posteriormente adaptado pela Direção Geral da Saúde (DGS) e pelo Grupo de Interesse de Infeciologia: Colégio de Especialidade de Farmácia Hospitalar. Os resultados obtidos permitiram elaborar e propor quatro check-lists, duas direcionadas para a clínica de animais de companhia e duas para a clínica de espécies pecuárias. Ambas divididas em duas categorias, prescrição e uso justificado.
ABSTRACT - Antimicrobial resistance is a complex problem that threatens different sectors of society, including human, animal and environmental health, but also the economy and global security. Thus, current approaches to this threat focus mainly on taking measures to preserve the continued effectiveness of existing antimicrobials, as well as trying to reduce and / or eliminate their overuse. This fight must be based on an approach that recognizes the interconnection and interdependence between animals, man and the environment, known as One Health. To fight the indiscriminate use of antimicrobials, it is necessary to develop strategies and tools in order to control, guide and standardize procedures that could be used to support Veterinarians in the context of prescription and responsible use of veterinary antimicrobials. In view of the above, a review of the literature searched in the bibliographic databases Pubmed, Google Scholar and Science Direct is presented, with the ultimate goal of providing a tool to guide and standardize the prescription and responsible use of antimicrobials, but also summarizing recommendations and good practices that were used to create such tool. The developed tool was supported by a project carried out firsthand by the European Center for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), which was subsequently adapted by the Direção Geral de Saúde (DGS) and the Grupo de Interesse de Infecciologia: Colégio de Especialidade de Farmácia Hospitalar. The results obtained made it possible to develop and propose four checklists, two of them regarding companion animals, and the other two regarding large animals. Both divided into two categories, prescription and responsible use.
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Silva, Naira Tainá Rodrigues. "Proposta de um modelo para geração e análise das oportunidades de mercado e tecnológica para o desenvolvimento de produtos farmacêuticos veterinários." Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/60/60137/tde-27082009-084931/.
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A geração e análise de oportunidades é o primeiro passo no desenvolvimento de inovação e da ação empreendedora. Identificar ou criar uma oportunidade por si só não basta, é preciso também conhecer o ciclo de inovação tecnológica no setor do negócio para analisar e verificar a viabilidade de implementação da inovação e sua probabilidade de sucesso. Conhecer as variáveis que compõem o ambiente geral e conhecer o ambiente específico da organização é fundamental para a identificação e verificação da viabilidade de uma idéia inovadora. Isso é possível através do comprometimento da organização como um todo no monitoramento de variáveis externas e internas utilizando ferramentas de inteligência competitiva e de prospecção que permitem não só ter um panorama da realidade atual das variáveis como também permitem a previsão da realidade futuramente. Essa prospecção futura facilita o planejamento em longo prazo da introdução e desempenho da oportunidade de inovação identificada. Este trabalho analisa diversos modelos e processos de geração e análise de oportunidades e os diversos fatores que afetam esse processo como recursos, capacidades, competências, criatividade, ambiente organizacional, aprendizagem e conhecimento. Também verifica as características da indústria farmacêutica veterinária e suas tendências de inovação que serviram de suporte para o desenvolvimento de um modelo de geração e análise de oportunidades aplicado ao setor farmacêutico veterinário. O modelo proposto implica na verificação das variáveis do ambiente externo e interno à empresa assim como de alguns fatores que influenciam o processo de geração e análise de oportunidades. Conforme resultados obtidos, o modelo é exeqüível, flexível e adaptável às necessidades e estratégias específicas de cada organização.The generation and analysis of opportunities is the first step in the development of innovation and entrepreneurial action. Identify or create an opportunity is itself not enough, we should also know the cycle of technological innovation in the business sector to review and verify the feasibility of implementation of innovation and its likelihood of success. Knowing the variables that compose the general environment and know the specific environment of the organization is essential to identify and verify the feasibility of an innovative idea. This is possible through the commitment of the organization as a whole in the monitoring of external and internal variables using tools for competitive intelligence and prospecting which not only have an overview of the current reality of the variables but also allow the prediction of future reality. This forecast facilitates the planning of future long-term performance and the introduction of the opportunity for innovation identified. This work examines various models and processes of generation and analysis of opportunities and the various factors that affect this process as resources, capabilities, skills, creativity, organizational environment , learning and knowledge. Also verify the characteristics of the veterinary pharmaceutical industry and its trends of innovation that served to support the development of a model generation and analysis of opportunities applied to veterinary pharmaceuticals. The proposed model implies the verification of the variables of the external environment and internal variables to the company as well as some factors that influence the process of generation and analysis opportunities. In accordance with results obtained, the model is feasible, flexible and adaptable to specific needs and strategies of each organization.
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Borges, Liliana Isabel Ferreira. "Gestão do stock farmacêutico num hospital de fauna silvestre : apresentação de dois estudos de caso." Master's thesis, Universidade Técnica de Lisboa. Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/5016.
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Dissertação de Mestrado Integrado em Medicina VeterináriaA subida constante dos custos da sociedade em geral e dos cuidados de saúde em particular, tanto a nível humano, como animal, requer a implementação de medidas que controlem as despesas, sendo essencial o não comprometimento da qualidade destes serviços. Os stocks são o grande investimento de qualquer serviço farmacêutico. Deste modo, uma eficiente gestão do inventário farmacêutico traduz-se no equilíbrio entre um adequado nível de produtos, um melhor serviço ao cliente e um menor custo. Diversos autores defendem que o conhecimento de conceitos e metodologias da gestão de stocks por parte dos médicos veterinários é essencial no processo de formulação do inventário farmacêutico, contribuindo, assim, para viabilidade económica das instituições veterinárias. Os alvos do presente estudo foram dois hospitais de fauna silvestre, ambos geridos por organizações não-governamentais e sem fins lucrativos, o GREFA (Majadahonda, Espanha) e o CERVAS (Gouveia, Portugal). Estes centros ilustram dois cenários opostos no que se refere à dimensão, equipamentos e número de animais assistidos, no entanto ambos bastante actuais no que respeita à estruturação dos centros de recuperação e reabilitação de fauna silvestre. Os processos de inventariação e compra de stocks foram descritos e analisados para os dois centros e a sua análise permitiu identificar limitações em ambos os casos, nomeadamente ao nível das fases de compra e armazenamento dos stocks. Este trabalho procurou demonstrar como a implementação de alguns dos princípios básicos da gestão de stocks, como sejam a redução do número de fornecedores, a redução do número de encomendas, boas práticas de recepção e armazenamento e o controlo das movimentações dos produtos, podem optimizar parte da despesa inerente ao stock farmacêutico.
ABSTRACT - Pharmaceutical inventory management of a wildlife hospital – two case studies - Due to the continued rising in the costs of society in general and healthcare in particular, at both human and animal level, it is essential the implementation of measures to control these ones without compromising the quality of the service. The stocks are a major investment for any pharmaceutical service therefore an efficient pharmaceutical inventory management is reflected in the balance of an appropriate level of products, better customer service and lower costs. Several authors highlight that the understanding of concepts and methodologies of inventory management on the part of veterinarians is crucial in the formulation of a pharmaceutical inventory, thus ensuring the economic viability of veterinary institutions. The targets of the study were two wildlife hospitals, managed by nongovernmental and nonprofit organizations, GREFA (Majadahonda, Spain) and CERVAS (Gouveia, Portugal). Both centers illustrate opposite scenarios, according to their size, equipment and treated animals, but very widespread in the structuring of recovery and rehabilitation centers of wild fauna. The process of inventorying and stocks purchasing were described and analyzed for the two centers. Their analysis identified limitations in both cases, particularly in the phases of purchasing and stock storing. This work demonstrates that the implementation of some of the basic principles of stock management, such as reducing the number of suppliers, reducing the number of orders, proper storage practices and the goods transfer control, could optimize the expenses inherent to the pharmaceutical stock.
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Fialho, Patrícia Carril Pereira Marques. "Comunicação e informação da indústria farmacêutica em medicina veterinária." Master's thesis, Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/15009.
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Dissertação de Mestrado Integrado em Medicina VeterináriaA Medicina Veterinária tem sofrido uma forte evolução a nível mundial nas últimas décadas, sendo, nos dias de hoje, uma profissão com uma presença social mais marcada que nunca. Assistiu-se, nos últimos anos, a uma franca alteração na importância que a sociedade atribui aos animais e na perceção que se tem da saúde animal. Atualmente, as doenças dos animais são amplamente estudadas, existindo, paralelamente, cada vez mais opções em termos terapêuticos. De facto, é cada vez maior o número de fármacos de que dispomos para tratar os animais, o que, muitas vezes, poderá representar uma dificuldade na hora de escolher a terapia a seguir. Estando ciente disto, a Indústria Farmacêutica – que engloba um número cada vez maior de Médicos Veterinários - deve, mais que nunca, saber comunicar os seus produtos, sob pena, em primeiro lugar, de que seja feito um mau uso dos mesmos - com repercussões mais ou menos graves para a saúde pública e animal - e, em segundo lugar, de que isto acarrete um prejuízo económico para a própria Indústria, caso a mensagem que tenta passar não seja percecionada pelo consumidor final. O objetivo principal deste trabalho foi analisar de que modo esta comunicação deve ser feita, por recurso a exemplos práticos de produtos distintos com os quais a estudante tomou contacto ao longo do estágio curricular, efetuado em âmbito empresarial. A relevância e importância deste projeto decorrem da escassez de informação que há sobre o assunto, aliada ao facto de este ser ainda um tema pouco dominado por muitos Médicos Veterinários. Para o efeito, foi, numa primeira fase, realizada uma revisão da literatura existente, com especial ênfase no campo legislativo e regulamentar e, numa segunda fase, expostas e comparadas duas realidades muito distintas do mercado farmacêutico para animais, em termos de comunicação ao público. Este trabalho culminou numa síntese de boas práticas de comunicação que poderá servir de base a todos os Médicos Veterinários com interesse nesta área e aos vários profissionais em contato direto com esta Indústria, particularmente, assentando na conclusão de que este é um processo dinâmico e que, por isso, deverá sempre ser ajustado ao produto que se pretende vender e ao público que se pretende abranger: o Médico Veterinário, por um lado, mas também os detentores dos animais, por outro.
ABSTRACT - COMMUNICATION AND INFORMATION BY PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY FOCUSED ON VETERINARY MEDICINE - Veterinary Medicine has gone through a strong worldwide evolution during the past decades, being, nowadays, a profession with a social role more relevant than ever. An expressive change in the way society sees animals and in people’s perception of animal health has been witnessed, in the last few years. Currently, animal diseases are widely studied and there is also a growing number of options when it comes to therapy. In fact, the number of drugs available to treat animal diseases is getting higher each day, which, many times, makes the therapeutic choice even more challenging. Being aware of that, Pharmaceutical Industry – currently integrated by a growing number of Veterinarians – has to know, more than ever, how to properly communicate their products. On one hand, if their message is not correctly transmitted, there might be an abusive usage of the drugs, which may ultimately lead to serious animal and public health issues. On the other hand, a faulty communication may potentially represent a consequent business loss to the Industry itself, if their message is not effective enough to convince consumers. The main aim of this dissertation was to assess the way this communication should be conducted, by resorting to some pratical samples of distinct products that the student worked with during her externship in the business industry. The relevance and importance of this project both lay on the lack of available information on this subject, linked to the fact that this is a topic that very few Veterinarians master. Regarding these goals, at first, an extensive bibliographic research was conducted on this matter, with special emphasis on the legislative field. Afterwards, two distinct products, addressed differentely in terms of communication, were stated and compared. This dissertation lastly originated the framing of a communication good practices synopsis, which may be used by all Veterinarians interested in this topic, as well as to everyone professionally connected to this Industry, with the main goal to keep alive the idea that this is a dynamic process and will, as such, always require adjustments to the product we want to sell and the public we want to approach: Veterinarians, on one hand, but also pet owners and people in charge of farm animals, on the other.
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Rorrer, Rebecca Kathleen. "Veterinary Therapeutic and Biologic Agents in Virginia Sheep Production." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/34574.
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Biological and therapeutic agents are used in food animal production to maintain animal health and well being, prevent and treat disease, and to maintain or enhance production. Concerns about the use of pharmaceutical agents in food animal production have been raised, especially in relation to food quality and safety. This study addressed the scarcity of information concerning the quantity of pharmaceuticals being used and the reasons for their use in sheep production. Additional goals included determining the sources of information used by shepherds in making treatment decisions and evaluating the economic impact that pharmaceutical usage has on sheep production. Thirty-nine Virginia sheep producers participated in this study of four months duration from March through September. After completing an initial questionnaire to determine flock and management characteristics, participants were asked to record all treatments with biological and therapeutic agents that occurred within their sheep flocks. A total of 14,310 treatments were recorded for a median of 1.5 treatments per sheep per month. Parasite control and vaccination were the most frequent reasons for treatment (64.9% and 15.2%, respectively) with vitamin/mineral supplementation being the next most common (8.8%). Price information was collected for 13,912 treatment events. An estimated total of $7,523.78 was spent on pharmaceutical treatment over the course of the study. This amounts to a cost of $0.63 per sheep per month of observation. Results of this study will enhance the ability of producers to evaluate treatment decisions, allow comparisons to be made between operations and provide a base of information for future research.Master of Science
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Pi, i. Boleda Berta. "Desenvolupament i recerca de formulacions per a vacunes veterinàries." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/668481.
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INTRODUCCIÓ: Aquesta tesi doctoral està inclosa dins del Pla de Doctorats Industrials de la Generalitat de Catalunya i s’ha realitzat conjuntament entre la Universitat de Barcelona i una empresa veterinària privada: Laboratoris Hipra, S.A.
OBJECTIUS: L’objectiu principal d’aquesta tesi ha estat obtenir emulsions estables, amb poder adjuvant i compatibles amb antígens per a la formulació de vacunes veterinàries.
MATERIALS I MÈTODES: Com que les emulsions són composicions afectades per múltiples factors, tots els experiments s’han plantejat mitjançant la metodologia del disseny d’experiments.
RESULTATS I DISCUSSIÓ: En la formulació d’emulsions o/w, l’objectiu ha estat trobar un substitut de l’Espessant A per evitar diferències de viscositat en l’emulsió resultant causades per la naturalesa de l’espessant en funció del lot utilitzat. S’ha començat substituint l’Espessant A per espessants sintètics sense modificar cap més factor de la formulació de partida, però no ha resultat ser un bon mètode per mantenir l’estabilitat de les emulsions formulades. Seguidament, amb l’assaig de diversos factors alhora, s’han aconseguit les primeres emulsions estables sense Espessant A. A partir d’una d’aquestes emulsions, la qual està composta pels espessants Espessant B i Espessant C, s’han plantejat diversos dissenys per buscar més alternatives d’espessants. Per una banda, s’han buscat més espessants principals per substituir el Espessant B i tenir més alternatives possibles de l’Espessant A. I per altra banda, com que la Espessant C és un espessant d’origen natural i, igual que l’Espessant A, proporciona diferències de viscositat segons el lot utilitzat, també se li han buscat substituts. Així doncs, s’ha aconseguit substituir la Espessant C per Espessant F i el Espessant D' ha resultat ser un bon espessant principal, mantenint en els dos casos l’estabilitat de les emulsions. A partir de tots els resultats d’estabilitat i viscositat obtinguts i de les preferències de l’empresa sobre els components de la formulació, s’ha obtingut una formulació definitiva composta per Espessant D', Espessant F i amb menys concentració de tensioactius i fase antigènica que la formulació de partida. Un cop optimitzades les concentracions dels espessants, s’ha fet un estudi amb diferents lots dels espessants que ha demostrat diferències significatives en la viscositat de l’emulsió en funció del lot de Espessant F utilitzat. S’ha vist que el motiu d’aquestes diferències és que el Espessant F necessita ser sotmès a un procés d’activació prèviament a la formulació per poder actuar correctament. Després de
repetir l’optimització amb el Espessant F activat i d’adequar el procés de formulació a nivell de producció industrial, s’ha confirmat que la formulació és robusta i no pateix diferències significatives en funció dels lots utilitzats. Per acabar, s’ha elaborat un estudi d’estabilitat durant 12 mesos que ha corroborat la possible substitució de la formulació de partida per la formulació dissenyada.
En la formulació d’emulsions w/o, l’objectiu ha estat substituir una fase oliosa de composició no coneguda per una fase de composició coneguda i senzilla de formular. S’han plantejat nombrosos dissenys per arribar a tenir una emulsió de signe w/o, estable i d’aspecte fluid. El problema ha estat aconseguir el signe d’emulsió desitjat, cosa que s’ha aconseguit disminuint la concentració del tensioactiu hidròfil de les formulacions. Un cop aconseguides algunes emulsions w/o estables, aquestes no han estat robustes ja que la seva repetició no ha donat els mateixos resultats o no s’han pogut formular amb PBS, fet necessari perquè una emulsió sigui compatible també amb antígens. Finalment, s’ha aconseguit una emulsió de signe w/o, aspecte fluid i estable composta per Oli K, Tensioactiu X, Tensioactiu S’ i Estabilitzant M. S’ha elaborat un estudi d’estabilitat durant 6 mesos que ha corroborat la possible substitució de la formulació de partida per la formulació dissenyada.
CONCLUSIONS: S’han obtingut dues formulacions noves en forma d’emulsió per a l’administració de vacunes per via parenteral d’ús veterinari que són repetibles, robustes, compatibles amb antígens i estables durant el període d’estabilitat assajat.INTRODUCTION: This thesis is the result of a collaboration between Universitat de Barcelona and a private company called Laboratoris Hipra, S.A. Veterinary companies suffer serious economic losses because of diseases such as swine fever. In order to prevent and treat them, veterinary industry makes use of vaccines, for example, in emulsion form. The development of emulsions is not an easy task because emulsions may present stability problems and incompatibility with the antigens selected therefor. AIM: To obtain stable and robust emulsions, which are compatible with the selected antigens. On the one hand, the first specific aim is to replace the natural thickener thickener A present in a commercial o/w emulsion, to avoid viscosity variability depending on thickener batches. On the other hand, the second specific aim is to replace the oil phase present in a commercial w/o vaccine of an unknown composition by a new oil phase. EXPERIMENTAL METHODS: Since emulsions are multifactorial systems, all the trials were planned using experimental design methodology. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Regarding the o/w emulsion aim, the substitution of Thickener A by other thickeners was unsuccessfully tested. After many different tests, a stable emulsion comprising Thickener D' and Thickener F as thickeners was obtained. However, this formulation presented variability depending on the batch of Espessant F. This problem was solved by a previous activation of Thickener F. Finally, the definitive formulation with activated Thickener F passed correctly the toxicity test and stability test up to 12 months. Secondly, to develop a w/o emulsion with low viscosity and stable more than 24 hours was a though process. But finally, as a result of many trials combining different oils and surfactants, a formulation comprising ethyl oleate, Span® 80 and Kolliphor® ELP showed positive results regarding stability and viscosity up to 6 months. CONCLUSIONS: Two new emulsions were developed suitable to replace commercial vaccines keeping substantially their initial features such as viscosity, stability and toxicity.
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Bottoms, Melanie J. "An investigation into the fate of veterinary pharmaceuticals in the soil-water environment." Thesis, University of Reading, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.515806.
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Bragaglia, Gabrielle Nellis. "Diagnóstico de pontos críticos e aplicação de metodologia de gerenciamento do tempo de projetos: um estudo de caso do Departamento de Estudos Clínicos de empresa de saúde animal." Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/74/74134/tde-25042017-144951/.
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O objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar diagnóstico para solução de problemas de atraso na entrega das atividades e relatórios de pesquisa, bem como de dificuldade de se definir o objetivo e escopo do projeto, encontrados no departamento de estudos pré-clínicos e clínicos de empresa de saúde animal. Isso porque, antes dos novos produtos veterinários entrarem no mercado, estes devem passar por testes que comprovem sua eficácia e segurança, conforme exigido pelo órgão regulatório. Neste contexto, verifica-se a importância da realização de estudos clínicos conforme planejamento e prazos previamente estabelecidos, pois estes impactam diretamente nos resultados e planejamento estratégico da empresa. Para tanto, foi realizado diagnóstico dos atrasos através de avaliação de cronogramas de projetos finalizados. Como proposta de solução foi elaborado um formulário de planejamento de projetos a partir dos conceitos do PMBOK®. Este foi aplicado no início de cada novo projeto e inserido no fluxograma de processos do departamento. Para avaliação dos resultados da inserção deste formulário foram aplicados aos colaboradores do departamento questionários fechados juntamente a cada preenchimento do formulário. Os dados obtidos destes questionários foram avaliados através da análise de componentes principais. Além disso, foi realizada entrevista semiestruturada com os colaboradores para verificar efetivamente a mudança no cenário do departamento pós-formulário, sendo os dados avaliados conforme método de análise de discurso. Como resultados foi verificado que ocorreram atrasos em pelo menos 50% das atividades presentes nos 22 cronogramas de projetos avaliados, isso devido principalmente ao planejamento inadequado, de acordo com os relatos dos colaboradores. Com a aplicação do formulário e análise dos dados dos questionários e das entrevistas foi possível verificar que a utilização do formulário tem grande importância na definição dos objetivos do projeto, definição de escopo, e consequente definição das atividades indicadas para cada estudo, ou seja, auxilia no planejamento do estudo. Além disso, proporciona aos colaboradores a reflexão e visão crítica dos projetos, assim como deixa documentado tudo aquilo que foi pensado evitando retrabalhos posteriores.The objective of this study was to perform a diagnosis to solve problems of delay in activities and research reports\' delivery, as well as the difficulty to define project\'s objective and scope, found in the pre-clinical and clinical studies department of animal health company. This happens because new veterinary products must undergo tests that prove their efficacy and safety, as required by the regulatory agencies before being marketed. In this context, it is important to carry out clinical studies according to the planning and deadlines previously established, as these have a direct impact on the results and strategic planning of the company. For this purpose, the delays were diagnosed through the evaluation of completed project schedules. As a proposal for solution, a project planning form was developed based on PMBOK® concepts. This was applied at the beginning of each new project and inserted into the department\'s process flowchart. To evaluate insertions\' results of this form a closed questionnaire was applied to employees of the department with each filling out form. The data obtained from these questionnaires were analyzed through principal components analysis. In addition, a semi-structured interview was conducted with the employees to effectively verify the change in the post-form department scenario and the data were evaluated according to the discourse analysis method. As results it was verified that there were delays in at least 50% of the activities present in the 22 schedules of evaluated projects, mainly due to inadequate planning, according to the collaborators reports. With form\'s application and data\'s analysis of questionnaires and interviews it was possible to verify that the use of the form has great importance in the definition of project\'s objectives, definition of scope and consequent activities\' definition indicated for each study. In other words, it assists in the planning of the study. In addition, it provides the employees with the reflection and critical vision of projects, as well as documenting everything that was thought avoiding subsequent rework.
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Oliveira, Vanessa de Menezes. "Veterinary pharmaceuticals used as food additives in the poultry industry : effect assessment through a soil test battery." Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/768.
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Mestrado em Ecologia, Biodiversidade e Gestão de EcossistemasA utilização dos compostos de uso veterinário e seus efeitos nos diferentes compartimentos ambientais têm sido alvo de grande atenção nos anos recentes. Produtos medicinais veterinários tais como os antibióticos são utilizados no combate aos parasitas e na prevenção de doenças em animais. Esses compostos são largamente utilizados como aditivos alimentares na indústria de criação de galináceos como aceleradores de crescimento. As conseqüências e efeitos ainda não conhecidos desses fármacos no ambiente matéria de estudo de muitos trabalhos. Os compostos fármacos veterinários podem entrar no ambiente por inúmeras formas, incluído a via direta, onde esses compostos são aplicados nas águas superficiais tal como nos tratamentos de aquacultura através da lixiviação oriunda dos tratamentos e das excretas das excretas dos animais. O propósito deste estudo era de avaliar o impacto de dois compostos de uso veterinário (nicarbazin e monensin) utilizados como aditivos alimentares na indústria de criação de galináceos em organismos não alvos e duas espécies de plantas. Ensaios ecotoxicológicos foram realizados para avaliar a toxicidade aguda e crônica em minhocas (Eisenia andrei), colêmbolos (Folsomia candida) e as duas espécies de plantas (Brassica rapa e Triticum aestivum). As medidas analíticas dos químicos no solo estiveram de acordo com as concentrações nominais utilizadas. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que não houve efeito significativo na exposição ao nicarbazin a todos os organismos testados, enquanto que a exposição ao monensin apresentou uma dose-resposta de efeito observado. A sensibilidade das espécies decresceu na seguinte ordem: Brassica rapa < Eisenia andrei < Triticum aestivum < Folsomia candida, com os valores de EC50 variando entre aproximadamente 10 e 100mg/kg. Esse estudo demonstrou a importância da utilização de uma bateria de testes para avaliar os efeitos ecotoxicológicos, principalmente pela utilização de diferentes parâmetros de avaliação de resposta e/ou espécies de diferentes níveis tróficos. ABSTRACT: The usage of veterinary pharmaceutical (VP) compounds and their effects in the different environmental compartments have received a special attention in recent years. Veterinary medicinal products such as antibiotics are used to combat parasites and prevent diseases in the animals. They are widely used as food additives in the poultry industry and also in other farm animals to promote growth. The unknown consequences of these VPs into the environment are a matter of concern and many works have been made to analyze the effects of these compounds. The VP compounds may enter into the environment via a number of different pathways, this include direct via, when it’s applied in the surface waters as in the aquaculture treatments by wash-off from topical treatments and the excreta of animals. The purpose of this study was to examine the direct impact of two veterinary pharmaceuticals (nicarbazin and monensin) used in the poultry industry on non-target organisms and two plant species. Ecotoxicological tests were used to evaluate the acute and chronic toxicity in earthworms (Eisenia andrei), collembolans (Folsomia candida) and two species of plants (Brassica rapa and Triticum aestivum). Analytical measurements of the chemicals were in good agreement with the nominal concentrations used. The results obtained showed no effect of nicarbazin for all the tested organisms, while in exposures with monensin, there was a dose-response pattern. Species sensitivity decreased in the following order: Brassica rapa > Eisenia andrei > Triticum aestivum > Folsomia candida, with EC50 ranging between approximately 10 and 100mg/kg. This study showed the importance of the test battery when assessing ecotoxicological effects, mainly by using different endpoints and/or species from different trophic levels.
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Wehrhan, Anne. "Fate of veterinary pharmaceuticals in soil an experimental and numerical study on the mobility, sorption and transformation of sulfadiazine /." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2006. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=982073488.
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Hachgenei, Nico. "Transfert d'eau et de résidus pharmaceutiques vétérinaires dans un bassin versant agricole de méso-échelle soumis aux crues éclairs." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022GRALU007.
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Ce travail se concentre sur le transfert environnemental des résidus de médicaments vétérinaires qui pénètrent dans l'environnement via les excréments des animaux traités. Il est étudié dans les conditions d'un bassin versant à méso-échelle sous climat méditerranéen avec une agriculture extensive.Dans un premier temps, lors d’entretiens avec des éleveurs 14 composés pharmaceutiquement actifs (PhAC) ont été identifiés comme étant systématiquement utilisés dans le bassin versant, dont 10 antiparasitaires. Les antibiotiques n'étaient utilisés de manière significative que pour les chèvres. Nous avons choisi l'Ivermectine (IVM) comme molécule représentative de ces médicaments antiparasitaires et nous avons fait des expériences de transfert sur ce composé.Pour ces expériences, nous avons mis au point un dispositif permettant de prélever des monolithes de sol intacts et de les soumettre à des pluies simulées. Des bouses de vaches non traitées ont été dopées à une concentration réaliste telle que rapportée dans la littérature et placées sur le sol. Des événements pluvieux intenses consécutifs ont été simulés et le ruissellement de surface (OF) ainsi que le flux de drainage ont été mesurés et échantillonnés à haute fréquence. Des valeurs de concentration allant jusqu'à 3855 ng L-1 ont été observées dans l'OF. La concentration dans le flux de drainage était significativement réduite dans les sols provenant de la de la partie sédimentaire du site d'étude 150 ng L-1. Sur les sols du plateau basaltique du Coiron, l'hydrophobicité du sol a conduit à un fort écoulement préférentiel et la concentration d'IVM n'a pas été substantiellement réduite au passage à travers le sol. D'un autre côté, une humidité initiale du sol plus élevée a conduit à une rétention accrue de l'IVM à la fois par le drainage et par l'OF. En général, plus d'OF et une plus grande exportation d'IVM ont été observées sur les sols du plateau du Coiron. A cette échelle, l'hydrophobicité du sol semble jouer un rôle important dans la génération de l'OF.Enfin, afin de relier ces résultats à l'échelle du bassin versant et à la problématique globale de transfert des résidus pharmaceutiques vers les masses d'eau de surface, un modèle hydrologique conceptuel semi-distribué a été développé à l'échelle du bassin versant de la Claduègne afin d'estimer les distributions de temps de transit (TTD) sur un pas de temps horaire à l'aide de fonctions SAS et de suivi d'âge. Le modèle a été calibré par rapport au débit observé, à la concentration en silice et au rapport isotopique en deutérium de la molécule d'eau à l'exutoire. Le modèle prédit des fractions allant jusqu'à 60 % du débit à l'exutoire d'un âge inférieur à un jour pendant les événements de crue majeurs. Sur l'ensemble de la période d'observation, cette fraction représente 8.4 % de l'écoulement total. En moyenne, 25 % du volume d'eau sortant du bassin versant a un âge inférieur à 30 jours.L'analyse de quelques échantillons d'eau de ruisseau de la Claduègne pour trois produits pharmaceutiques vétérinaires a révélé que le Fenbendazole (FBZ) et le Mebendazole (MBZ) étaient présents à des concentrations détectables uniquement en période de crue, ce qui indique une forte importance de l'écoulement préférentiel pour leur transfert dans les ruisseaux. Des concentrations de l'antiparasite porcin FBZ allant jusqu'à 28.5 ng L-1 ont été observées lors d'un petit événement de crue en été, ce qui correspond à 355 fois la concentration prédite sans effet (PNEC) pour les poissonsThis work focuses on environmental transfer of residues of veterinary drugs entering the environment via dung from treated animals. It is studied under the conditions of a meso-scale catchment under Mediterranean climate with extensive agriculture.In a first step, interviews with livestock breeders were conducted to identify the treatment practices. 14 pharmaceutically active compounds (PhAC) were identified to be systematically used in the catchment, 10 of which antiparasitic drugs. Antibiotics were of significant use only for goats. We chose Ivermectin (IVM) as a representative molecule for those antiparasitic drugs and did further transfer experiments on this compound.For these experiments, we developed a device to sample intact soil monoliths and subject them to simulated rainfall. Dung from untreated cows was spiked to a realistic concentration (3 mg kg−1) as reported in literature and placed on the soil. Consecutive intense rain events were simulated and surface runoff and drainage flow were measured and sampled at high frequency. Concentration values of up to 3855 ng L−1 were observed in overland flow (OF). The concentration in drainage flow was significantly reduced in soils from the sedimentary foothills part of the study site (< 150 ng L−1). On soils from the Coiron basaltic plateau, water repellency led to strong preferential flow and the concentration of IVM was not substantially reduced by leaching through the soil. Higher initial soil moisture led to increased retention of IVM through both drainage and OF. Overall, up to 1 % of the initial mass of IVM was exported during two consecutive rain events. In addition, we could show that drying of cow dung effectively reduces the mobilization of IVM. In general, more OF and a higher export of IVM were observed on soils from the Coiron plateau. On this scale, soil water repellency (SWR) seems to play a substantial role in the generation of OF.Finally, in order to link those results to the catchment scale and the overall problematic of transfer of pharmaceutical residues to surface water bodies, a semi-distributed conceptual hydrological model was developed on the scale of the Claduègne catchment using SAS functions and age tracking in order to estimate transit time distributions (TTD) on an hourly time step. The model was calibrated against observed discharge, silica concentration and deuterium isotope ratio of the water molecule at the outlet. The model predicts fractions of up to 60 % of discharge at the outlet of an age below one day during major flood events. Over the whole observation period, this fraction represents 8.4 % of the total runoff. In average, 25 % of the discharge are less than 30 d old.The analysis of a few stream water samples from the Claduègne catchment for three veterinary pharmaceuticals revealed that Fenbendazole (FBZ) and Mebendazole (MBZ) were only present at detectable concentrations throughout flood events, indicating a strong importance of preferential flow for their transfer into the streams. Concentrations of the pork antiparasitic FBZ of up to 28.4 ng L-1 were observed during a small flood event in summer, which is 355 time the predicted no effect concentration (PNEC) for fish.This thesis shows that high amounts of IVM can be mobilized from cow dung and transferred through and over soil at the plot-scale, despite the fact that IVM is generally considered immobile due to its hydrophobicity and therefore strong adsorption to the soil's organic matter. The highest mobilization of IVM was observed under the condition of intense precipitation on dry soil due to water repellency causing strong preferential flow (including OF). Preliminary results on the catchment scale suggest that this mechanism may as well be effective on this scale, despite the smaller amplitude of the hydrological response. An age tracking model reveals a high fraction of event water in the discharge at the Claduègne outlet during major flood events
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Lee, Sangjung. "SOURCE, OCCURRENCE AND MODELING OF PHARMACEUTICALS, PERSONAL CARE PRODUCTS AND ESTROGENS ON THE GYEONGAN RIVER BASIN IN KOREA." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/193580.
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Skoglund, Björn. "Following the mevalonate pathway to bone heal alley." Doctoral thesis, Linköpings universitet, Ortopedi och idrottsmedicin, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-11282.
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The mevalonate pathway is an important biosynthetic pathway, found in all cells of virtually all known pro- as well as eukaryotic organisms. This thesis is an investigation into the use of two drugs, originally developed for different applications, but both affecting the mevalonate pathway, in to models of fracture repair. Using two different rodent models of fracture repair, a commonly used cholesterol lowering drug (statin) and two drugs used to treat osteoporosis (bisphosphonate) were applied both systemically as well as locally in order to enhance fracture repair. Papers I and II investigate the potential of simvastatin to improve the healing of femoral fractures in mice. Papers III and IV explore the use of two bisphosphonates to improve early fixation of stainless steel screws into rat bone. The statin simvastatin lead to an increased strength of the healing cellus. The application of bisphosphonates increased early screw fixation. It seems clear that both drugs have uses in orthopaedic applications. One interesting avenue of further research would be to combine the two classes of drugs and see if we can get the benefits while at the same time diminishing the drawbacks.
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Vicente, Carrillo Alejandro. "Sperm Membrane Channels, Receptors and Kinematics : Using boar spermatozoa for drug toxicity screening." Doctoral thesis, Linköpings universitet, Avdelningen för kliniska vetenskaper, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-131862.
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Internal fertilization usually implies that a spermatozoon, with intact attributes for zygote formation, passes all hurdles during its transport through the female genitalia and reaches the oocyte. During this journey, millions to billions of other spermatozoa perish. Spermatozoa are highly differentiated motile cells without synthetic capabilities. They generate energy via glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation to sustain motility and to maintain the stability and functionality of their plasma membrane. In vivo, they spend their short lifespan bathing in female genital tract fluids of different origins, or are in vitro exposed to defined media during diverse sperm handling i.e. extension, cryopreservation, in vitro fertilization, etc. Being excitable cells, spermatozoa respond in vivo to various stimuli during pre-fertilization (capacitation, hyperactivation, oocyte location) and fertilization (acrosome reaction, interaction with the oocyte) events, mediated via diverse membrane ion-conducting channels and ligand-gated receptors. The present Thesis has mapped the presence and reactivity (sperm intactness and kinematics) of selected receptors, water and ion channels in ejaculated boar spermatozoa. The final aim was to find a relevant alternative cell type for in vitro bioassays that could ease the early scrutiny of candidate drugs as well as decreasing our needs for experimental animals according to the 3R principles. Spermatozoa are often extended, cooled and thawed to warrant their availability as fertile gametes for breeding or in vitro testing. Such manipulations stress the cells via osmotic variations and hence spermatozoa need to maintain membrane intactness by controlling the exchange of water and the common cryoprotectant glycerol, via aquaporins (AQPs). Both AQPs-7 and -9 were studied for membrane domain changes in cauda- and ejaculated spermatozoa (un-processed, extended, chilled or frozen-thawed). While AQP-9 maintained location through source and handling, thawing of ejaculated spermatozoa clearly relocated the labelling of AQP-7, thus appearing as a relevant marker for non-empirical studies of sperm cryopreservation. Alongside water, spermatozoa interact with calcium (Ca2+) via the main Ca2+ sperm channel CatSper. Increments in intracellular Ca2+ initiate motility hyperactivation and the acrosome reaction. The four subunits of the CatSper channel were present in boar spermatozoa, mediating changes in sperm motility under in vitro capacitation-inducing conditions (increased extracellular Ca2+ availability and bicarbonate) or challenge by the CatSper antagonists mibefradil and NNC 55-0396. Uterine and oviduct fluids are richest in endogenous opioids as β-endorphins during mating and ovulation. Both μ- and δ- opioid receptors were present in boar spermatozoa modulating sperm motility, as in vitro challenge with known agonists (μ: morphine; δ: DPDPE and κ: U 50488) and antagonists (μ: naloxone; δ: naltrindole and κ: nor-binaltrorphimine) showed that the μ-opioid receptor maintained or increased motility while the δ-opioid receptor mediated decreased motility over time. Finally, boar spermatozoa depicted dose-response effects on sperm kinematics and mitochondrial potential following in vitro challenge with 130 pharmacological drugs and toxic compounds as well as with eight known mito-toxic compounds. In conclusion, boar spermatozoa expressing functional water (AQPs-7 and -9) and ion (CatSper 1-4) channels as well as μ- and δ-opioid receptors are able to adapt to stressful environmental variations, capacitation and pharmacological compounds and drug components. Ejaculated sperm suspensions are easily and painlessly obtained from breeding boars, and are suitable biosensors for in vitro drug-induced testing, complying with the 3R principles of reduction and replacement of experimental animals, during early toxicology screening.
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Charuaud, Lise. "Résidus de médicaments vétérinaires dans les eaux destinées à la consommation humaine en zone d'élevage intensif : cas de bassins versants bretons." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018REN1B066.
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La Directive Cadre sur l’Eau (2000) fait état de la dégradation du bon état chimique des eaux superficielles et des eaux souterraines. Parmi les polluants émergents mis en cause figurent les résidus de médicaments qui représentent une menace diffuse et potentiellement persistante dans les hydro-systèmes. A ce jour, peu d’études se sont intéressées spécifiquement aux résidus médicamenteux vétérinaires (RMV). En France, la Bretagne est une région d'élevage intensif. 75% des eaux destinées à la consommation humaine (EDCH) sont issues d’eau de surface particulièrement vulnérables. Dans ce contexte, les objectifs de cette thèse sont de (i) sélectionner les sites à risque et les RMV d’intérêt, (ii) développer une méthode d’analyse pour la liste de composés retenus, (iii) acquérir des premières données d’occurrence par les RMV dans les EDCH en Bretagne et (iv) identifier les sources des RMV à l’aide de l’étude de la contamination fécale associée dans les eaux brutes. Cette thèse est constituée de trois chapitres : une synthèse bibliographique des connaissances relatives aux RMV dans les eaux brutes et les eaux traitées, ainsi qu’une synthèse sur les outils existant pour étudier la contamination fécale ; les matériels et méthodes incluant la stratégie d’échantillonnage, le choix des RMV d’intérêt et les méthodes d’analyse développées sur cette base; les données d’occurrence des RMV dans les EDCH bretonnes. Ces travaux se concluent sur un contexte plus large avec des perspectives pour mieux comprendre les facteurs impactant ces occurrences et pour évaluer l’exposition de la populationThe Water Framework Directive (2000) refers to the deterioration of freshwater quality. The emergent pollutants of concern include pharmaceutical residues that represent a diffuse and potentially persistent threat in hydrosystems. To date, few studies have focused specifically on veterinary pharmaceutical residues (VPRs). Brittany is an intensive husbandry in France. 75% of tap water is produced from surface waters, which are particularly vulnerable. In this context, the objectives of this PhD thesis are to (i) select high-risk sites and RMVs of interest, (ii) develop analytical methods for the list of selected compounds, (iii) acquire data on the occurrence of VPRs in water resources and tap water in Brittany and (iv) identify the sources of VPRs through the investigation of associated fecal contamination in water resources. This thesis consists of three chapters: a review of the literature on VPRs occurrence and fate in raw waters and tap waters, as well as a review of existing tools for addressing faecal contamination; the materials and methods including sampling strategy, selection of VPRs of interest and description of the methods of analysis developed according to this list; the results of VPRs occurrences in water resources and tap water in Brittany. This work concludes on a broader context by providing perspectives to gain a better understanding of the factors influencing VPRs occurrences and to assess population exposure
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Al-Amer, Saleh Suliaman. "Nutritional and toxicological studies on New Zealand mutton bird meat (Puffinus griseus)." Lincoln University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10182/1659.
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New Zealand mutton bird or tītī (Puffinus griseus and order procellariiformes) nest in New Zealand during the summer months, migrate to the northern hemisphere during May and return in September. Their eggs are laid during November and December and the chicks are hatched in the following January and February. Large numbers of them are harvested from April to May in New Zealand. They are wild seabirds annually harvested by Maori according to the customary rights agreement set by Treaty of Waitangi.NZ mutton birds also called Sooty Shearwaters are noted for their high proportion of body fat.These birds are interesting since its sole diet is based on krill and other small marine organisms that are potentially rich in n-3 fatty acids and other marine bioactive compounds. The proximate composition, fatty and amino acids and cholesterol content of mutton bird pectoral muscle were determined and compared with other common meat to explore the nutritional value of this New Zealand delicacy. The concentration of twenty two essential and toxic elements including silver (Ag), aluminium (Al), arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), mercury (Hg), manganese (Mn), lead (Pb), selenium (Se), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), boron (B), iron (Fe), nickel (Ni), sulphur (S), sodium (Na) and cobalt (Co) and zinc (Zn) in mutton bird breast meat (Puffinus griseus) were measured over two years to evaluate its safety for human consumption. Persistent organochlorine, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and their metabolites, and aldrin and lindane were also measured.Twenty bird carcasses were purchased in both 2006 and 2007 from a local source. Meat samples from the pectoral muscle of two carcasses were pooled to generate 10 samples for each year. These were used for trace element analysis using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Trace elements were in the range of 0 to 1.09 mg/kg wet weight for Ag, 0 to 3.32 for Al, 0.17 to 0.79 for As, 0.01 to 0.07 for Cd, 0.03 to 0.15 for Cr, 3.56 to 4.88 for Cu, 0 to 0.15 for Hg, 0.22 to 0.50 for Mn, 0 to 0.09 for Pb, 0.66 to 1.18 for Se and 11.49 to 23.70 for Zn. In 2006, Ag, Al, Mn and Zn concentrations were significantly higher but Pb and Hg concentrations significantly lower compared to the 2007 samples (P < 0.05). Apart from one sample in 2006, all the samples were below the published maximum level for concern. However, our preliminary data indicated that the higher level of Cd and other metals in the skin of mutton bird may compromise the overall safety to humans consuming the skin of mutton birds. It is suggested that the evaluation of the metals in different parts and/or the whole mutton bird at different seasons is required to assure complete safety to the consumers.Furthermore, the nutritional value of mutton bird meat was studied over two harvesting seasons (2006 and 2007) to investigate the impact of seasonal variation. The moisture and carbohydrates contents ranged between 54.0 to 55.0 % and 2.8 to 3.0 %, respectively, and no seasonal effects were evident in these components. The values for fat and ash contents were higher and the protein content lower for birds harvested in 2007 compared with the 2006 values which ranged from 11.8 to 13.0, 10.3 to 11.7, and 20.3 to 18.5 % for fat, ash and protein content respectively. The major amino acids in mutton bird pectoral muscle were glutamate, aspartate, lysine, leucine, and arginine. Higher lysine concentrations and lower proline, cystein and methionine were found in mutton birds compared with the literature values for beef, lamb and pork. The essential amino acid content in mutton bird (43.8 and 44.9 % in 2006 and 2007, respectively) was slightly higher than those found in beef and lamb meats (42-43%).The major fatty acids detected were palmitic (C16:0), stearic (C18:0), oleic and isomers (C18:1), eicosenoic (C20:1), Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) (C22:6), icosapentaenoic acid (EPA) (C 20:5) and these accounted for approximately 77% of the fatty acids. The 3/6 ratio of fats from pectoral muscle was 1.3. The cholesterol concentration varied slightly in the two years with 184.4±37.37and 134.4±25.55mg/100 g fresh weight for 2007 and 2008 respectively. Mutton bird was shown to contain significantly higher cholesterol content (134.4-184.4) than other common meat such as chicken (80.3-88.9), lamb (62.3), fish (52.79) and beef (51.97). Overall, the nutritional value of mutton bird muscle was similar to or superior to the traditionally protein sources such as seafood and red meat. Annual variations existed in the composition of Mutton bird pectoral muscle but this is not of nutritional consequence but might be a useful indicator for ecological events such as feed availability and other environmental issues. Mutton bird seems to be a good source of essential minerals, Zn and Fe compared with other traditional meats source. Mutton bird meat is nutritionally as good as the major sources of red or white meats. It may even have advantages over the other common meats (beef, lamb, fish and chicken) due to its high protein and monounsaturated fatty acids (omega n-3 and n-6) content. However, its high cholesterol content may represent a risk factor for some people.
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Reia, Marina Yasbek. "Comportamento ambiental de sulfadiazina em solos brasileiros." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11140/tde-26062013-092955/.
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A manutenção da qualidade do solo como um recurso natural vital à humanidade tem impulsionado a pesquisa sobre a dinâmica ambiental de resíduos de antibióticos veterinários no ambiente. Os processos de sorção, degradação e lixiviação da sulfadiazina (SDZ) foram avaliados em quatro solos com atributos físico-químicos distintos, conforme o uso de técnicas radiométricas e os protocolos da OECD para pesticidas. Os coeficientes de sorção (Kd) da SDZ variaram de baixo a muito alto (2,6 a 80 L kg-1). O seu baixo potencial de dessorção (< 24,2% do sorvido ou < 12,1% do aplicado) ratifica a existência de mecanismos específicos envolvidos na sorção da SDZ, afora as interações eletrostáticas e a partição hidrofóbica apontadas pelos estudos prévios. Em concentrações residuais próximas às encontradas em campo (??84 ?g kg-1), o potencial de sorção da SDZ foi consideravelmente maior do que em altas concentrações. A dissipação da SDZ foi rápida em todos os solos (t1/2 < 2,7 dias) e a formação de resíduos ligados foi a principal via de dissipação, correspondendo a > 78% do aplicado após 7 dias. A taxa média de mineralização foi < 3% do aplicado. A presença do antibiótico não impactou a biomassa do solo, indicando que em doses crônicas os efeitos sejam imperceptíveis em curto prazo. Apesar do potencial de mobilidade, a SDZ apresentou baixo potencial de lixiviação nos solos (< 0,11% do aplicado). Já a redistribuição da SDZ foi maior no perfil dos solos recém-aplicados do que nos envelhecidos e a grande maioria permaneceu nos primeiros 5 cm (> 95 % do aplicado). Nos solos envelhecidos, a sua mobilidade foi praticamente nula (0,06% do aplicado). Os resultados da pesquisa contribuem para elucidar a dinâmica de contaminantes orgânicos em solos intemperizados e ácidos de regiões tropicais, o que poderá auxiliar modelos de avaliações de risco, ações de mitigação, entre outros.The soil quality as a vital resource for humanity has driven research on the occurrence, environmental fate and behavior of antibiotic residues in the environment. Sorption, leaching and degradation tests were performed on four soils with distinct physic-chemical attributes with 14C-sulfadiazine, following guidelines developed by OECD (USA) for laboratory studies. As the development of research on the subject has its origins in temperate countries, the soil and climatic conditions occurring in the tropics resulted in variations in the dynamic of sulfadiazine, mainly due to conditions of weathered and acidize.The results showed higher Kd (from 3, 5 to 80 L kg-1) for the residual concentration detected in monitoring studies, rapid dissipation (DT 50 between 2 and 3 days) and reduced leaching potential, in contrast with rates reported in the literature. The formation of bound residues was the major route of dissipation in all soils, reaching values between 78 % and 89 % of the total in just 7 days, whereas the mineralization did not exceed 1.5% throughout the experiment. The analysis of the variation of microbial-biomass carbon as an negative effect of antibiotic, present no difference with the content in the control, as reported by several studies that argue that the effects of chronic doses are imperceptible in short term. Although the knowledge about processes transformation of organic chemicals in soils is very divergent, laboratory tests contributed to a first elucidation about environmental of antibiotic residues, contributing to the improved performance of models to compose risk assessments and mitigation actions in tropical soils, for example.
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Lutz, Elizabeth Anne. "Effects of Modified Cyclosporine A on Posterior Capsule Opacification Formation and Corneal Endothelial Cell Viability in an Ex Vivo Model." The Ohio State University, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1371477702.
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Sargeant, Aaron Matthew. "Preclinical Efficacy and Safety Evaluation of Novel Small-Molecule Targeted Agents for the Prevention and Treatment of Prostate Cancer." The Ohio State University, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1243948876.
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Senate, University of Arizona Faculty. "Faculty Senate Minutes December 4, 2017." University of Arizona Faculty Senate (Tucson, AZ), 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/626507.
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Pérez, Rodríguez Michael [UNESP]. "Desenvolvimento de métodos quantitativos e sistema de screening para a determinação de tetraciclinas em medicamentos veterinários e alimentos de origem animal usando procedimentos de análise por injeção em fluxo." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/143932.
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Pró-Reitoria de Pós-Graduação (PROPG UNESP)
Este trabalho descreve o desenvolvimento de métodos analíticos ambientalmente mais amigáveis utilizando sistemas de screening e procedimentos de análise por injeção em fluxo para a detecção e quantificação de antibióticos, da classe das tetraciclinas, em amostras de medicamentos veterinários e alimentos de origem animal como leite bovino e suplementos de ovos. Os métodos desenvolvidos foram baseados na reação de acoplamento diazo obtida entre as tetraciclinas e o ácido p-sulfanílico diazotado em meio básico, resultando na formação de azo compostos com máximos de absorção em torno de 435 nm, permitindo determinar esses antibióticos por espectrofotometria. As condições analíticas foram otimizadas através de análise multivariada utilizando planejamentos experimentais fatoriais e o desempenho dos métodos propostos foi avaliado através de parâmetros como linearidade, efeito matriz, precisão, exatidão, limite de detecção, limite de quantificação, recuperação e estudo de interferências. O primeiro trabalho desenvolvido fez uso de um procedimento de injeção em fluxo contínuo para a rápida determinação de tetraciclinas em formulações veterinárias comerciais, visando maior eficiência no controle de qualidade na indústria farmacêutica. Na sequência, foi desenvolvido um método de screening mediante análise por injeção em fluxo empregando uma cela capilar de longo caminho óptico (LWCC) para a detecção de resíduos de tetraciclinas em amostras de leite bovino, sem a necessidade de passos de extração dispendiosos e demorados ou complicados tratamentos de amostras. Finalmente, um novo método de microextração líquido-líquido dispersiva assistida por ultrassom (US-DLLME) foi desenvolvido para a simples, rápida e eficiente extração de resíduos de tetraciclinas a partir de amostras de suplemento de ovos e, posterior análise por injeção em fluxo baseada em uma cela capilar de longo caminho óptico (LWCC), empregando um banho de aquecimento com controle de temperatura. Os métodos descritos apresentaram importantes características como simplicidade operacional, possibilidade de automação, rapidez e baixo custo das análises. Além disso, estes métodos seguiram os princípios da química verde, de modo que permitiram realizar determinações ambientalmente mais limpas, através da redução considerável do consumo de reagentes e amostras, evitando ou minimizando o emprego de solventes tóxicos. Também, os métodos desenvolvidos para a análise de resíduos mostraram excelente desempenho para aplicação no controle de qualidade dos produtos alimentares estudados na indústria alimentícia, a fim de proteger os consumidores.
This work describes the development of environmentally friendly analytical methods using screening systems and flow injection procedures for detection and quantification of tetracycline antibiotics in veterinary pharmaceuticals and animal-derived foods such as bovine milk and egg-based protein supplements. The developed methods were based on the diazo coupling reaction between the tetracyclines and diazotized p-sulfanilic acid in basic medium, resulting in the formation of azo compounds that present maximum absorption around 435 nm, which allows determining these antibiotics by spectrophotometry. The analytical conditions were optimized by means of multivariate analysis using factorial experimental designs. Performance of the proposed methods was assessed through parameters such as linearity, selectivity, precision, accuracy, detection limit, quantification limit, matrix effect and recovery. The first developed work used a continuous flow injection procedure for the rapid determination of tetracyclines in commercial veterinary formulations, aiming greater efficiency in quality control in the pharmaceutical industry. Thereafter, it was developed a screening method by flow injection analysis using a liquid waveguide capillary cell (LWCC) for detecting tetracyclines residues in bovine milk samples, without the need for expensive extraction steps that are time-consuming or complicated sample treatments. Finally, a new ultrasound-assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (US-DLLME) method was developed for simple, rapid, and efficient extraction of tetracyclines residues from egg supplement samples, followed by flow injection analysis based on a liquid waveguide capillary cell (LWCC), using a controlled temperature heating bath. The described methods presented important features such as operational simplicity, possibility of automation, quickness and low cost of the analysis. Furthermore, these methods followed the principles of green chemistry, making possible to perform environmentally cleaner determinations, due to the considerable reduction of reagents and samples consumption, avoiding or minimizing the use of toxic solvents. Besides, the methods developed for residues analysis showed excellent performance for application in the food industry for quality control of the studied food products in order to protect consumers.
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CHEN, PAUL, and 陳添寶. "The Business Strategy of Veterinary Medicine Industry－Taking China Chemical ＆ Pharmaceutical Company as an Example." Thesis, 2005. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/13054678559258559233.
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碩士南台科技大學
高階主管企管碩士班
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Biotechnology is widely recognized as one of the high-tech industrials that with tremendously growth potential. It is also under the impression that will be the most influential technologies affecting our daily life in the near future. In Taiwan, biotechnology industry is listed as one of the “two trillions & twin stars industries development plans” in an attempt to position it to be the next advantageous industry. By doing so, the veterinary medicine industry also gains government’s attention. After Taiwan joined WTO in 2005, the domestic veterinary medicine market is approximately equally shared by import and domestic veterinary medicines. However under increasingly market competition pressure, the local industry is facing many problems, such as the limited domestic market size, the capability to explore foreign market, the supplying of active pharmaceutical ingredients, the wide variety of products, small production volume, as well as lacking of product innovation and R&D capacity. In addition, after Taiwan became a member of WTO, the import tariffs are lower, the cost of imported medicines is reduced as well results the existing heavily competition in-between domestic and import products becomes further severely. Therefore, within this rigorous and highly competitive environment, veterinary medicine companies, though with the strong governmental support, how to develop and build-up their own competitive strengths are critical for running successful business in Taiwan. Through field and reference studies as well as market analysis, three development strategies that could recommend to locals gaining their competitiveness are identified for this study and they are as follows, (1) To understand Taiwan veterinary medicine industry present status, technology movement, and future development trends. (2) To study current situation of Taiwan veterinary medicine industry market competitiveness and local expertise. (3) To study domestic veterinary medicine manufacturers how to develop targeting strategic configuration and expand valuable network. Applying China Chemical & Pharmaceutical’s (CCPC) veterinary medicine business as an example, after empirical SWOT analysis, this study suggests CCPC can establish competitive advantages by two approaches: (1) Increasing the operating rate of Tainan plant’s production line and enhancing industrial strategic alliances. (2) Grasping the focal market by exploring the middle and top customers.
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Silveira, Vera Lúcia Pinto. "O papel do farmacêutico no aconselhamento veterinário." Master's thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10284/8738.
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Atualmente a temática relacionada com os medicamentos e produtos de uso veterinário é cada vez mais proeminente na nossa sociedade.
O farmacêutico de oficina é um dos profissionais de saúde que se encontra mais perto da população desempenhando, desta forma, um papel extremamente importante na dispensa e aconselhamento de medicamentos e produtos veterinários, evitando o uso inapropriado que poderia representar um risco potencial para o animal, para o humano assim como para o ambiente.
A farmácia comunitária oferece aos utentes uma panóplia de artigos ligados à saúde animal, principalmente no que toca à saúde dos animais de companhia. São cada vez mais os portugueses que optam por ter um ou mais animais de companhia e que têm noção do que isso implica a nível de cuidados de saúde e de bem-estar do mesmo procurando na farmácia um apoio e indicação farmacêutica.
O farmacêutico de oficina pode então aconselhar os cuidados, os produtos necessários e a sua utilização no animal como, por exemplo, desparasitantes internos e externos, suplementos alimentares, etc.
O mercado farmacêutico para os animais de companhia é um mercado em franca expansão sendo mais rentável que o mercado dos animais de criação, por isso, este trabalho foca-se nos animais de companhia.Nowadays the issue related to veterinary medicines and products is increasingly prominent in our society. The pharmacist is one of the health professionals who is closest to the population and thus plays an extremely important role in dispensing and advising on veterinary medicines and products, avoiding inappropriate use that could pose a potential risk to the animal for the human as well as the environment. The community pharmacy offers users a panoply of articles related to animal health, especially regarding the health of pets. More and more Portuguese are choosing to have one or more pets and are aware of what this entails in terms of health care and welfare seeking the pharmacy support and indication. The pharmacist can then advise on care, necessary products and their use in the animal, such as internal and external deworming agents, food supplements, etc. The pharmaceutical market for pet animals is a booming market and is more profitable than the livestock market, so this work focuses on pet animals.
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Silva, Carla Sofia Santos. "Medicamentos Biossimilares de Uso Veterinário - do Princípio Ativo ao Mercado." Master's thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10316/84366.
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Dissertação de Mestrado em Biotecnologia Farmacêutica apresentada à Faculdade de FarmáciaNum cenário de crescente internacionalização das relações políticas, sociais e económicas, o setor farmacêutico, que desde há décadas atravessava um conjunto de transformações, contribuiu fortemente para a consolidação de um mercado global mundial. Na viragem para o século XXI, o setor farmacêutico adquiriu nova configuração, para não perder o mercado dos seus produtos cujas patentes já haviam expirado ou estavam em vias de expirar nos próximos anos. Esse processo de reestruturação abrangeu a ampliação do portfólio das indústrias farmacêuticas, que passou a englobar a área de saúde animal. De entre as principais tendências que marcam a atual concorrência e organização produtiva da indústria farmacêutica internacional é possível destacar a crescente pressão e competição dos medicamentos genéricos. Analisando o mercado de medicamentos de uso veterinário na Europa, vemos a possibilidade de introdução do conceito de medicamento genérico de uso veterinário e, em particular, de um medicamento biossimilar imunológico de uso veterinário.Já nos Estados Unidos da América, os animais de companhia, representaram em 2015, 43% do volume de negócios da saúde animal, enquanto os animais de produção representam 47% desse volume e os equinos os restantes 10%. A carne é a fonte de proteína com maior consumo nos EUA. Com base na análise destes dados, pretendemos destacar a importância da utilização de imunológicos nas espécies de animais de produção e abordar a utilização racional dos antibacterianos de uso animal. A utilização de antibióticos em animais pode ser reduzida pelo uso adequado e atempado de medicamentos veterinários imunológicos, resultando num benefício para a saúde animal e consequentemente para a saúde humana. Na perspetiva de introduzir os medicamentos genéricos e biossimilares de uso veterinário, foi feita uma análise regulamentar a nível nacional, europeu e norte-americano.Feita toda a análise regulamentar dos medicamentos veterinários, mostramos o caso específico da vacina da circovirose suína do tipo 2 (PCV2), fazendo uma revisão teórica sobre a doença e abordando aspetos como a história do PCV2, a infeção pelo Circovírus Porcino Tipo 2 e as doenças subjacentes (PCVD), a distribuição geográfica e temporal da doença, a taxonomia, morfologia e organização genómica, a variação genética, patogénese da infeção por PCV2, o diagnóstico, vacinação e produção da vacina, a importância das PCVD na segurança alimentar e na saúde pública. Depois desta exposição, analisamos a forma como introduzir no mercado o conceito de medicamento genérico, biossimilar e imunológico de uso veterinário, partindo das bases regulamentares e explorando as políticas europeias de incentivo à indústria farmacêutica e à vacinação. As vacinas veterinárias desempenham um papel importante na proteção da saúde animal através da prevenção e controlo de doenças epizoóticas graves. Elas também têm um impacto na saúde humana, garantindo alimentos seguros e evitando a transmissão de doenças infeciosas.Por outro lado, são uma ferramenta eficaz para reduzir a necessidade de usar antibióticos em animais, contribuindo assim para a luta contra a resistência antimicrobiana com que o mundo se tem vindo a deparar. Em conclusão, a introdução de medicamentos genéricos, biossimilares e imunológicos de uso veterinário, não só a nível nacional como europeu e mundial vem colmatar uma série de necessidades no âmbito da saúde animal.
In a scenario of growing internationalization of political, social and economic relations, the pharmaceutical sector, which has been undergoing a series of transformations for decades, contributed strongly to the consolidation of a global market. At the turn of the 21st century, the pharmaceutical sector has acquired a new configuration so as not to lose the market for its products whose patents have already expired or are about to expire in the coming years. This restructuring process included the expansion of the portfolio of pharmaceutical industries, which now includes the animal health area. Among the main trends that mark the current competition and productive organization of the international pharmaceutical industry, it is possible to highlight the increasing pressure and competition of generic medicines. Analyzing the market for veterinary drugs, we see the possibility of introducing the concept of generic veterinary drug in Portugal and, in particular, a veterinary biosimilar immunological drug. In the United States of America, pet animals accounted for 43% of animal health turnover in 2015, while livestock represented 47% of that volume and equines the remaining 10%. Meat is the most important source of protein in the United States. Based on the analysis of these data, we intend to highlight the importance of the use of immunologics in the species of production animals and address the rational use of antibacterial medical products for animal use. The use of antibiotics in animals may be reduced by the appropriate and timely use of immunological veterinary medicinal products, resulting in a benefit to animal health and consequently to human health.After completing the regulatory analysis of veterinary drugs, we conducted the study on the type 2 porcine circovirus (PCV2) vaccine, doing a theoretical review about the disease and addressing aspects such as the history of PCV2, infection with Porcine Circovirus Type 2 (PCVD), the geographical and temporal distribution of the disease, taxonomy, morphology and genomic organization, genetic variation, pathogenesis of PCV2 infection, diagnosis and vaccination, production of the vaccine and the importance of PCVD in food safety and public health . After this presentation, we analyzed how to introduce the concept of generic, biosimilar and immunological veterinary drug, starting from the regulatory bases and exploring European policies to encourage the pharmaceutical industry and vaccination. Veterinary vaccines play an important role in protecting animal health through the prevention and control of severe epizootic diseases. They also have an impact on human health, ensuring safe food and preventing transmission of infectious diseases. On the other hand, they are an effective tool to reduce the need to use antibiotics in animals, thus contributing to the fight against the antimicrobial resistance that the world has come across. In conclusion, the introduction of generic, biosimilar and immunological veterinary medicines, not only in Portugal but in Europe and word wide is meeting a range of animal health needs.
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Silva, João Pedro Borges Moreira da. "A história da anatomia e a sua importância no desenvolvimento das ciências farmacêuticas." Master's thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10437/5282.
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Orientação: Nuno Monteiro PereiraNo decurso desta obra será visível a adaptação de uma lógica textual, seguida cronologicamente, por diversos períodos, desde a pré-história até aos tempos mais recentes, de modo a facilitar e a assegurar uma leitura mais leve e de fácil acompanhamento, sendo possível uma melhor compreensão da importância da história da anatomia para as ciências farmacêuticas. Assim, a história da anatomia pode ser sistematizada do seguinte modo: - Paleopatologia e medicina pré-técnica: primitiva, mesopotâmica, egípcia, persa, indiana e chinesa. - Antiguidade Clássica: Grécia e Roma. O saber médico-farmacêutico desde Alcméon de Crotona até aos pós-galénicos. - Idade Média: Compreende diversos períodos: 1) Feudalismo, 2) Período árabe, 3) Idade média latina, que abrange um período de forte influência cristã e, posteriormente, de recuperação do saber clássico greco-romano (476-1453). - Renascimento: recuperação do mundo clássico. Período de significativas inovações que podem ser simbolizadas pelas figuras de Vesálio e Garcia de Orta (1453-1600). - Idade Moderna: Era moderna, um tempo de industrialização de grande escala, em que a anatomia prosperou como uma ciência de pesquisa. Por fim, antes da conclusão, surgirá um capítulo com uma breve informação sobre a criação da farmácia em Portugal.
In the course of this work will be visible an adaptable textual logic, fallowing a chronological time, by several periods. Since pre-history, until recent times, in order to facilitate and assure the reader, a lighter and easier reading. This allows an easy thematic comprehension, after reading the dissertation, as well as, the importance of the history of anatomy to the pharmaceutical sciences. Thus, the history of anatomy can be systematized by fallowing: - Paleopathology and pre-medicine technique: primitive, mesopotamian, egyptian, persian, indian, chinese. - Classical Antiquity: Greece and Rome. The medical-pharmaceutical Alcmeón from Crotona until the Pro-Galenicals. - Middle Age: Comprising several periods: 1) Feudalism, 2) the Arab period, 3) Latin Middle Ages, comprising a period of strong Christian influence and later retrieval of classic knowledge of Greco-Roman (476-1453). - Renaissance: Recover of the classical world. Period of significant innovations that can be symbolized by the figures of Vesalius and Garcia da Orta (1453-1600). - Modern Age: Modern era, a time of large-scale industrialization, the anatomy prospered as a science research. Finally, before the conclusion, a chapter with brief information about how it was the beginning of the creation of pharmacy in Portugal will appear.
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Zielezny, Yvonne [Verfasser]. "Analysis of veterinary pharmaceuticals in soil and their impact on microbial populations / vorgelegt von Yvonne Zielezny." 2008. http://d-nb.info/989803309/34.
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Carvalho, Pedro Neves de. "Implementation of methodologies for removal of veterinary pharmaceuticals residues from WWTPs effluents of the livestock industry." Tese, 2012. https://repositorio-aberto.up.pt/handle/10216/65210.
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Carvalho, Pedro Neves de. "Implementation of methodologies for removal of veterinary pharmaceuticals residues from WWTPs effluents of the livestock industry." Doctoral thesis, 2012. https://repositorio-aberto.up.pt/handle/10216/65210.
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Wehrhan, Anne [Verfasser]. "Fate of veterinary pharmaceuticals in soil : an experimental and numerical study on the mobility, sorption and transformation of sulfadiazine / von Anne Wehrhan." 2006. http://d-nb.info/982073488/34.
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