Journal articles: 'Vestibulo-Ocular Reflex'

1

Dieterich, Marianne, and Thomas Brandt. "Vestibulo-ocular reflex." Current Opinion in Neurology 8, no. 1 (February 1995): 83–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00019052-199502000-00014.

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Goebel, Joel A., Jason M. Hanson, Laurn R. Langhofer, and Douglas G. Fishel. "Head-Shake Vestibulo-Ocular Reflex Testing: Comparison of Results with Rotational Chair Testing." Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery 112, no. 2 (February 1995): 203–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0194-59989570237-7.

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The currently accepted “gold standard” for rotational testing of the vestibulo-ocular reflex uses a servo-controlled chair for sinusoidal whole-body rotation. Previous work in our laboratory has shown good concordance between conventional rotational chair testing and head-on-body (or “head-shake”) testing for gain and phase values of the vestibulo-ocular reflex as recorded and analyzed on our rotational chair system's software. In this article we describe results obtained from 10 normal subjects and 20 patients with reduced caloric responses using a portable system being developed in our laboratory that allows an examiner to generate both whole-body and head-on-body rotational stimuli. Test frequencies within the range 0.25 to 1.0 Hz were chosen for comparison with results obtained by conventional rotational chair testing. Visual conditions for all tests included both visually enhanced vestibulo-ocular reflex (real earth-fixed target) and mentally enhanced vestibulo-ocular reflex (imagined earth-fixed target, in darkness or with vision obscured) paradigms. Our results show general agreement between head-shake and rotational chair testing and both manual whole-body rotation and head-shake testing on our portable system for vestibulo-ocular reflex gain and phase testing, with the largest differences noted at 1.0 Hz. Portable rotational testing was well tolerated by young and elderly subjects alike. We expect manual whole-body rotation and head-shake testing will be useful adjuncts for examining vestibulo-ocular reflex function when more formal rotational chair testing is not possible.

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Merwin, W. H., C. Wawll, and D. L. Tomko. "The Chinchilla's Vestibulo-ocular Reflex." Acta Oto-Laryngologica 108, no. 3-4 (January 1989): 161–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00016488909125514.

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Aw, S. T., M. J. Todd, G. E. Aw, J. S. Magnussen, I. S. Curthoys, and G. M. Halmagyi. "Click-evoked vestibulo-ocular reflex." Neurology 66, no. 7 (April 10, 2006): 1079–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/01.wnl.0000204445.81884.c7.

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Background: An enlarged, low-threshold click-evoked vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) can be averaged from the vertical electro-oculogram in a superior canal dehiscence (SCD), a temporal bone defect between the superior semicircular canal and middle cranial fossa.Objective: To determine the origin and quantitative stimulus–response properties of the click-evoked VOR.Methods: Three-dimensional, binocular eye movements evoked by air-conducted 100-microsecond clicks (110 dB normal hearing level, 145 dB sound pressure level, 2 Hz) were measured with dual-search coils in 11 healthy subjects and 19 patients with SCD confirmed by CT imaging. Thresholds were established by decrementing loudness from 110 dB to 70 dB in 10-dB steps. Eye rotation axis of click-evoked VOR computed by vector analysis was referenced to known semicircular canal planes. Response characteristics were investigated with regard to enhancement using trains of three to seven clicks with 1-millisecond interclick intervals, visual fixation, head orientation, click polarity, and stimulation frequency (2 to 15 Hz).Results: In subjects and SCD patients, click-evoked VOR comprised upward, contraversive-torsional eye rotations with onset latency of approximately 9 milliseconds. Its eye rotation axis aligned with the superior canal axis, suggesting activation of superior canal receptors. In subjects, the amplitude was less than 0.01°, and the magnitude was less than 3°/second; in SCD, the amplitude was up to 60 times larger at 0.66°, and its magnitude was between 5 and 92°/second, with a threshold 10 to 40 dB below normal (110 dB). The click-evoked VOR magnitude was enhanced approximately 2.5 times with trains of five clicks but was unaffected by head orientation, visual fixation, click polarity, and stimulation frequency up to 10 Hz; it was also present on the surface electro-oculogram.Conclusion: In superior canal dehiscence, clicks evoked a high-magnitude, low-threshold, 9-millisecond-latency vestibulo-ocular reflex that aligns with the superior canal, suggesting superior canal receptor hypersensitivity to sound.

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Guyot, Jean-philippe, and Georges Psillas. "Test-Retest Reliability of Vestibular Autorotation Testing in Healthy Subjects." Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery 117, no. 6 (December 1997): 704–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0194-59989770057-3.

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Vestibulo-ocular reflex rotational chair testing in the high-frequency range is seldom performed because it requires specialized and powerful systems. But today a new method of sweep-frequency vestibulo-ocular reflex testing, the Vestibular Autorotation Test system (Western Systems Research, Inc., Pasadena, Calif.), based on active head movements increasing from 2 to 6 Hz, is available on the market. The goal of this study was to evaluate the test-retest variability of this test in healthy subjects. Twelve young adults (22 to 42 years old) without any history of auditory or vestibular dysfunction were included in the study. Subjects underwent five tests under standardized conditions with a 1 -week interval. Each test consisted of three measurements of the gain and phase of the vestibulo-ocular reflex in the horizontal and vertical planes. Statistical analysis shows that the test-retest reliability of the Vestibular Autorotation Test is poor. Therefore this method cannot be used routinely to evaluate precise vestibulo-ocular reflex anomalies.

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Koizuka, Izumi, Naoki Katsumi, Kousuke Hattori, Tomoyuki Okada, and Isao Kato. "Effect of adaptive plasticity of linear vestibulo-ocular reflex upon angular vestibulo-ocular reflex." Auris Nasus Larynx 27, no. 2 (April 2000): 89–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0385-8146(99)00077-2.

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Baker, J. F., J. M. Banovetz, and C. R. Wickland. "Models of sensorimotor transformations and vestibular reflexes." Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 66, no. 5 (May 1, 1988): 532–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/y88-083.

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The vestibulo-ocular and vestibulo-collic reflexes are well-studied sensorimotor systems with dynamic properties that have been successfully modeled. Recently proposed matrix and tensorial models attempt to describe the spatial organization of these reflexes in three dimensions. Here we describe experiments that test these models. We show that a matrix model of the vestibulo-ocular reflex provides a satisfactory description of its spatial properties. The vestibulo-collic reflex is more complex, but a tensorial model makes close predictions of neck muscle excitation by the vestibulo-collic reflex. In addition, our preliminary data show that the cervico-collic or neck stretch reflex produces essentially the same spatial pattern of neck muscle excitation as the vestibulo-collic reflex, a finding predicted by the tensorial model. We conclude by showing electromyographic and single neuron responses that can be modeled only by combining models of dynamics with models of spatial organization. We believe that the development of such models is the next major challenge in the application of quantitative methods to analysis of reflex behavior.

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Thakar, A. "Does spectacle use lead to vestibular suppression?" Journal of Laryngology & Otology 130, no. 11 (October 17, 2016): 1033–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022215116009051.

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AbstractBackground:Laboratory experiments indicate that changes in retinal image size result in adaptive recalibration or suppression of the vestibulo-ocular reflex. Myopia correction with spectacles or contact lenses also leads to retinal image size changes, and may bring about similar vestibulo-ocular reflex alterations.Methods:A hypothesis-generating preliminary investigation was conducted. In this cross-sectional study, findings of electronystagmography including bithermal caloric testing were compared between 17 volunteer myopes using spectacles or contact lenses and 17 volunteer emmetropes (with no refractive error).Results:Bilateral hypoactive caloric responses were demonstrated in 6 of 11 spectacle users, in 1 of 6 contact lens users and in 1 of 17 emmetropes. Hypoactive caloric responses were significantly more likely in spectacle users than in emmetropes (p < 0.01; relative risk = 9.3).Conclusion:A significant proportion of myopes using spectacles have vestibulo-ocular reflex suppression, as demonstrated by the caloric test. This has implications for the interpretation of electronystagmography and videonystagmography results, and highlights spectacle use as a possible cause of vestibular impairment. Further corroboration of these findings is warranted, with more precise and direct vestibulo-ocular reflex tests such as rotational tests and the head impulse test.

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Lemajic-Komazec, Slobodanka, Zoran Komazec, Ljiljana Vlaski, Maja Buljcik-Cupic, Slobodan Savovic, Dunja Mihajlovic, and Ivana Sokolovac. "Video head impulse test in children after cochlear implantation." Vojnosanitetski pregled 76, no. 3 (2019): 284–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/vsp170427093l.

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Background/Aim. Cochlear implantation (CI) is a therapeutic modality that provides a sense of sound to children and adults with profound sensorineural hearing loss or deafness. The aim of this work was to evaluate the lateral semicircular canal function using a high frequency video head impulse test in children after CI. Methods. A prospective descriptive study included 28 children (6?17 years old) with profound sensorineural hearing loss and unilateral CI. The control group included 20 healthy children with normal hearing. The measurement of vestibular function of the lateral semicircular canal was performed using video head impulse test. After cochlear implantation, the children underwent the vestibular testing. Values vestibulo-ocular reflex of lateral semicircular canal were measured using the video head impulse test in the children with cochlear implant and the control group. The values of vestibulo-ocular reflex were compared between the group. Also, in the children with CI values of vestibulo-ocular reflex were compared between the non-implanted ear and the ear with the embedded CI. Results. All 28 children with sensorineural hearing loss underwent the placement of CI through cochleostomy at the average age of 4.8 ? 2.92 years. Children with the cochlear implant had a significantly lower vestibulo-ocular reflex gain of the lateral semicircular canal measured by a high frequency video head impulse test compared to the control group of children with normal hearing (T test: t = 3.714; p = 0.001). However in these children there was no statistically significant difference of vestibulo-ocular reflex gain in the lateral semicircular canal measured in ears with embedded CI and non-implanted ears (T test: t = 0.419; p = 0.677). Conclusion. The values of vestibulo-ocular reflex gain in the lateral semicircular canal evaluated by the video head impulse test are significantly lower in the children with a profound sensorineural hearing loss compared to the children with normal hearing. The CI did not appear to have a negative impact on the lateral semicircular canal.

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10

Panichi, R., M. Faralli, R. Bruni, A. Kiriakarely, C. Occhigrossi, A. Ferraresi, A. M. Bronstein, and V. E. Pettorossi. "Asymmetric vestibular stimulation reveals persistent disruption of motion perception in unilateral vestibular lesions." Journal of Neurophysiology 118, no. 5 (November 1, 2017): 2819–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00674.2016.

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Self-motion perception was studied in patients with unilateral vestibular lesions (UVL) due to acute vestibular neuritis at 1 wk and 4, 8, and 12 mo after the acute episode. We assessed vestibularly mediated self-motion perception by measuring the error in reproducing the position of a remembered visual target at the end of four cycles of asymmetric whole-body rotation. The oscillatory stimulus consists of a slow (0.09 Hz) and a fast (0.38 Hz) half cycle. A large error was present in UVL patients when the slow half cycle was delivered toward the lesion side, but minimal toward the healthy side. This asymmetry diminished over time, but it remained abnormally large at 12 mo. In contrast, vestibulo-ocular reflex responses showed a large direction-dependent error only initially, then they normalized. Normalization also occurred for conventional reflex vestibular measures (caloric tests, subjective visual vertical, and head shaking nystagmus) and for perceptual function during symmetric rotation. Vestibular-related handicap, measured with the Dizziness Handicap Inventory (DHI) at 12 mo correlated with self-motion perception asymmetry but not with abnormalities in vestibulo-ocular function. We conclude that 1) a persistent self-motion perceptual bias is revealed by asymmetric rotation in UVLs despite vestibulo-ocular function becoming symmetric over time, 2) this dissociation is caused by differential perceptual-reflex adaptation to high- and low-frequency rotations when these are combined as with our asymmetric stimulus, 3) the findings imply differential central compensation for vestibuloperceptual and vestibulo-ocular reflex functions, and 4) self-motion perception disruption may mediate long-term vestibular-related handicap in UVL patients. NEW & NOTEWORTHY A novel vestibular stimulus, combining asymmetric slow and fast sinusoidal half cycles, revealed persistent vestibuloperceptual dysfunction in unilateral vestibular lesion (UVL) patients. The compensation of motion perception after UVL was slower than that of vestibulo-ocular reflex. Perceptual but not vestibulo-ocular reflex deficits correlated with dizziness-related handicap.

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Li, Carol, Andrew J. Layman, Robert Geary, Eric Anson, John P. Carey, Luigi Ferrucci, and Yuri Agrawal. "Epidemiology of Vestibulo-Ocular Reflex Function." Otology & Neurotology 36, no. 2 (February 2015): 267–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/mao.0000000000000610.

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12

Daroff, R. B. "The Vestibulo-Ocular Reflex and Vertigo." Neurology 43, no. 6 (June 1, 1993): 1274. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/wnl.43.6.1274-a.

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Piggins, David. "THE VESTIBULO-OCULAR REFLEX AND VERTIGO." Optometry and Vision Science 71, no. 4 (April 1994): 299. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006324-199404000-00018.

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Riviello, James. "The vestibulo-ocular reflex and vertigo." Journal of Epilepsy 7, no. 2 (January 1994): 154. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0896-6974(94)90015-9.

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Dieterich, Marianne. "The vestibulo-ocular reflex and vertigo." Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 87, no. 6 (December 1993): 460. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0013-4694(93)90161-n.

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Yee, Robert D. "The Vestibulo-Ocular Reflex and Vertigo." Journal of Neuro-Ophthalmology 16, no. 3 (September 1996): 224. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00041327-199609000-00014.

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Rosenberg, Seth I. "The Vestibulo-Ocular Reflex and Vertigo." American Journal of Otolaryngology 14, no. 5 (September 1993): 372. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0196-0709(93)90102-d.

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Pal'chun, V. T., A. L. Guseva, E. V. Baybakova, and A. A. Makoeva. "Recovery of vestibulo-ocular reflex in vestibular neuronitis depending on severity of vestibulo-ocular reflex damage." Vestnik otorinolaringologii 84, no. 6 (2019): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.17116/otorino20198406133.

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Furman, Joseph M., Patrick J. Sparto, Michael Soso, and Dawn Marcus. "Vestibular function in migraine-related dizziness: A pilot study." Journal of Vestibular Research 15, no. 5-6 (November 1, 2005): 327–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/ves-2005-155-608.

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Migraine-related dizziness (MRD) refers to a disorder in which vestibular symptoms are an integral part of migraine symptomatology. The purpose of this study was to better define the pathophysiology of MRD, which is incompletely understood and to generate hypotheses regarding MRD by assessing the semicircular canal-ocular reflex, the otolith-ocular reflex, visual-vestibular interaction, vestibulo-spinal function, and visually induced postural sway. Subjects included five subjects with MRD, five subjects with migraine without dizziness, and five headache-free controls. Subjects with migraine were tested interictally. Results indicated that the mean gain of the semicircular canal-ocular reflex during both sinusoidal and constant velocity rotation was reduced in subjects with MRD. No changes were noted in the dynamics of the semicircular canal-ocular reflex. The otolith-ocular reflex, assessed with constant velocity OVAR, indicated that subjects with MRD showed a larger modulation component. No group differences were found in the bias component during constant velocity OVAR, nor in semicircular canal-otolith interaction or visual-vestibular interaction. Computerized dynamic posturography indicated that subjects with MRD demonstrated a surface-dependent pattern. Postural sway during optic flow indicated that subjects with MRD swayed more than the other subjects. We hypothesize that competing processes of serotonergic excitation and inhibition alter central vestibular pathways differently for semicircular canal vs. otolithic responses and for vestibulo-ocular vs. vestibulo-spinal pathways.

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Lisberger, Stephen G. "Physiologic basis for motor learning in the vestibulo-ocular reflex." Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery 119, no. 1 (July 1998): 43–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0194-5998(98)70172-x.

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The vestibulo-ocular reflex has been used extensively for study of the neural mechanisms of learning that is dependent on an intact cerebellum. Anatomic, physiologic, behavioral, and computational approaches have revealed the neural circuits that are used to generate the vestibulo-ocular reflex and have identified two likely sites of plasticity within those circuits. One site of plasticity is in the vestibular inputs to floccular target neurons, which are located in the vestibular nuclei and receive monosynaptic inhibition from Purkinje cells in the floccular complex of the cerebellar cortex. The other site of plasticity is in the vestibular inputs to Purkinje cells in the floccular complex, possibly in the cerebellar cortex. After reviewing the evidence that supports these conclusions, I consider a number of observations showing that the dynamics of neural circuits or cellular mechanisms play important roles in learning in the vestibulo-ocular reflex. (Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1998;119:43–8.)

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Brettler, Sandra C., and James F. Baker. "Anterior canal neurons in cat vestibular nuclei have large phase leads during low frequency vertical axis pitch." Journal of Vestibular Research 16, no. 6 (July 1, 2007): 245–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/ves-2006-16601.

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Vestibulo-ocular and second-order neurons in medial and superior vestibular nuclei of alert cats were identified by antidromic and orthodromic electrical stimulation, and their responses to whole body rotations were recorded in the dark. Neurons that had spatial sensitivity most closely aligned with the anterior canal (anterior canal neurons) were compared with neurons that had spatial sensitivity most closely aligned with the posterior canal (posterior canal neurons). Responses were recorded during low frequency earth-horizontal axis pitch rotations in the normal upright posture, and during earth-vertical axis pitch with the head and body lying on the left side. During upright pitch, response phases of anterior canal neurons slightly lagged those of posterior canal neurons or primary vestibular afferents, as previously reported. During on-side pitch, anterior canal neurons showed far greater phase leads with respect to head velocity than posterior canal neurons, primary vestibular afferents, or previously reported vestibulo-ocular reflex eye movements. These results provide challenges for vestibulo-ocular reflex models to incorporate central mechanisms for phase leads among the inputs to anterior canal neurons and to explain how the anterior canal neuron signals reported here combine with other signals to produce observed vestibulo-ocular reflex behavior.

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Takahashi, Koji, and Ken Johkura. "Vestibulo-ocular reflex gain changes in the hanger reflex." Journal of the Neurological Sciences 438 (July 2022): 120277. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jns.2022.120277.

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Furman, Joseph M., Mark S. Redfern, and Rolf G. Jacob. "Vestibulo-ocular function in anxiety disorders." Journal of Vestibular Research 16, no. 4-5 (February 1, 2007): 209–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/ves-2006-164-507.

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Previous studies of vestibulo-ocular function in patients with anxiety disorders have suggested a higher prevalence of peripheral vestibular dysfunction compared to control populations, especially in panic disorder with agoraphobia. Also, our recent companion studies have indicated abnormalities in postural control in patients with anxiety disorders who report a high degree of space and motion discomfort. The aim of the present study was to assess the VOR, including the semicircular canal-ocular reflex, the otolith-ocular reflex, and semicircular canal-otolith interaction, in a well-defined group of patients with anxiety disorders. The study included 72 patients with anxiety disorders (age 30.6 +/− 10.6 yrs; 60 (83.3% F) and 29 psychiatrically normal controls (age 35.0 +/minus; 11.6 yrs; 24 (82.8% F). 25 patients had panic disorder; 47 patients had non-panic anxiety. Patients were further categorized based on the presence (45 of 72) or absence (27 of 72) of height phobia and the presence (27 of 72) or absence (45 of 72) of excessive space and motion discomfort (SMD). Sinusoidal and constant velocity earth-vertical axis rotation (EVAR) was used to assess the semicircular canal-ocular reflex. Constant velocity off-vertical axis rotation (OVAR) was used to assess both the otolith-ocular reflex and static semicircular canal-otolith interaction. Sinusoidal OVAR was used to assess dynamic semicircular canal-otolith interaction. The eye movement response to rotation was measured using bitemporal electro-oculography. Results showed a significantly higher VOR gain and a significantly shorter VOR time constant in anxiety patients. The effect of anxiety on VOR gain was significantly greater in patients without SMD as compared to those with SMD. Anxiety patients without height phobia had a larger OVAR modulation. We postulate that in patients with anxiety, there is increased vestibular sensitivity and impaired velocity storage. Excessive SMD and height phobia seem to have a mitigating effect on abnormal vestibular sensitivity, possibly via a down-weighting of central vestibular pathways.

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Maruta, Jun. "Predictive Action of the Vestibulo-Ocular Reflex." Brain & Neural Networks 19, no. 3 (2012): 145–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3902/jnns.19.145.

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Gordon, C. R., O. Spitzer, I. Doweck, A. Shupak, and N. Gadoth. "The Vestibulo-Ocular Reflex and Seasickness Susceptibility." Journal of Vestibular Research 6, no. 4 (1996): 229–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/ves-1996-6401.

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TAKAHASHI, MASAHIRO, NAOMI TSUJITA, CHIKAKO TSURIMAKI, and IKUYO WATANABE. "Vestibulo-ocular reflex and gaze stabilizing function." Nippon Jibiinkoka Gakkai Kaiho 89, no. 1 (1986): 33–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3950/jibiinkoka.89.33.

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Yacovino, Dario A., Timothy C. Hain, and Maria Musazzi. "Fluctuating Vestibulo-Ocular Reflex in Ménièreʼs Disease." Otology & Neurotology 38, no. 2 (February 2017): 244–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/mao.0000000000001298.

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Brandt, Thomas. "Modelling brain function: the vestibulo-ocular reflex." Current Opinion in Neurology 14, no. 1 (February 2001): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00019052-200102000-00001.

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Ito, Masao. "Cerebellar learning in the vestibulo–ocular reflex." Trends in Cognitive Sciences 2, no. 9 (September 1998): 313–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1364-6613(98)01222-4.

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Raphan, Theodore, and Bernard Cohen. "The vestibulo-ocular reflex in three dimensions." Experimental Brain Research 145, no. 1 (May 4, 2002): 1–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00221-002-1067-z.

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Sugita-Kitajima, Akemi, and Izumi Koizuka. "Somatosensory input influences the vestibulo-ocular reflex." Neuroscience Letters 463, no. 3 (October 2009): 207–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2009.07.090.

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Liao, Ke, Mark F. Walker, Anand Joshi, Millard Reschke, Michael Strupp, and R. John Leigh. "The Human Vertical Translational Vestibulo-ocular Reflex." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1164, no. 1 (May 2009): 68–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2008.03711.x.

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Ito, Shinsuke, Shuichi Odahara, Nozomu Inoue, Keiko Hisatomi, and Katsuya Yamaguchi. "Evaluation of imbalance of vestibulo-ocular reflex." Practica Oto-Rhino-Laryngologica 82, no. 1 (1989): 39–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.5631/jibirin.82.39.

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Cremer, Phillip D., Americo A. Migliaccio, G. Michael Halmagyi, and Ian S. Curthoys. "Vestibulo-ocular reflex pathways in internuclear ophthalmoplegia." Annals of Neurology 45, no. 4 (April 1999): 529–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1531-8249(199904)45:4<529::aid-ana18>3.0.co;2-h.

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Miyashita, Theresa L., and Paul A. Ullucci. "Correlation of Head Impact Exposures With Vestibulo-Ocular Assessments." Journal of Sport Rehabilitation 29, no. 3 (March 1, 2020): 310–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsr.2017-0282.

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Context: Managing a concussion injury should involve the incorporation of a multifaceted approach, including a vision assessment. The frontoparietal circuits and subcortical nuclei are susceptible to trauma from a concussion injury, leading to dysfunction of the vestibulo-ocular system. Research investigating the effect of cumulative subconcussive impacts on neurological function is still in its infancy, but repetitive head impacts may result in vestibular system dysfunction. This dysfunction could create visual deficits, predisposing the individual to further head trauma. Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the cumulative effect of subconcussive impacts on minimum perception time, static visual acuity, gaze stability, and dynamic visual acuity scores. Design: Prospective cohort. Setting: Division I university. Patients: Thirty-three Division I men’s lacrosse players (age = 19.52 [1.20] y). Intervention: Competitive lacrosse season. Main Outcome Measures: At the beginning and end of the season, the players completed a vestibulo-ocular reflex assessment, using the InVision™ system by Neurocom® to assess perception, static acuity, gaze stability, and dynamic visual acuity. Score differentials were correlated with the head impact exposure data collected via instrumented helmets. Results: A significant correlation was found between change in perception scores and total number of head impacts (r = .54), and between changes in dynamic visual acuity loss scores on the rightside and maximum rotational acceleration (r = .36). No statistical differences were found between preseason and postseason vestibulo-ocular reflex variables. Conclusions: Cumulative subconcussive impacts may negatively affect vestibulo-ocular reflex scores, resulting in decreased visual performance. This decrease in vestibulo-ocular function may place the athlete at risk of sustaining additional head impacts or other injuries.

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Angelaki, D. E., and B. J. Hess. "The cerebellar nodulus and ventral uvula control the torsional vestibulo-ocular reflex." Journal of Neurophysiology 72, no. 3 (September 1, 1994): 1443–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1994.72.3.1443.

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1. The vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) was investigated in rhesus monkeys before and after surgical ablation of the cerebellar nodulus and ventral uvula. The lesion resulted in an alteration of the torsional VOR: compensatory eye movements were poor in the low frequency range and the time constant was reduced to values comparable to those of primary semicircular canal afferents. In addition, animals permanently lost their ability to generate torsional optokinetic nystagmus (OKN). 2. The effects of the lesion on the torsional VOR differed from those observed in the horizontal and vertical vestibulo-ocular systems. While the vertical VOR and OKN were unaltered, the horizontal VOR and OKN were characterized by increased time constants and smaller phase leads during low frequency head oscillations. 3. These results suggest that the cerebellar nodulus and/or ventral uvula exert a distinct and specific dynamic control on the torsional vestibulo-ocular and optokinetic reflexes. Such specific effects on the torsional system could reflect a functional segregation of the vestibulo-cerebellum in terms of the controls of torsional versus horizontal and vertical slow phase eye movements.

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Hassannia, F., P. Douglas-Jones, and J. A. Rutka. "Gauging the effectiveness of canal occlusion surgery: how I do it." Journal of Laryngology & Otology 133, no. 11 (October 31, 2019): 1012–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022215119002032.

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AbstractBackgroundTransmastoid occlusion of the posterior or superior semicircular canal is an effective and safe management option in patients with refractory benign paroxysmal positional vertigo or symptomatic superior semicircular canal dehiscence. A method of quantifying successful canal occlusion surgery is described.MethodsThis paper presents representative patients with intractable benign paroxysmal positional vertigo or symptomatic superior semicircular canal dehiscence, who underwent transmastoid occlusion of the posterior or superior semicircular canal respectively. Vestibular function was assessed pre- and post-operatively. The video head impulse test was included as a measure of semicircular canal and vestibulo-ocular reflex functions.ResultsPost-operative video head impulse testing showed reduced vestibulo-ocular reflex gain in occluded canals. Gain remained normal in the non-operated canals. Post-operative audiometry demonstrated no change in hearing in the benign paroxysmal positional vertigo patient and slight hearing improvement in the superior semicircular canal dehiscence syndrome patient.ConclusionTransmastoid occlusion of the posterior or superior semicircular canal is effective and safe for treating troublesome benign paroxysmal positional vertigo or symptomatic superior semicircular canal dehiscence. Post-operative video head impulse testing demonstrating a reduction in vestibulo-ocular reflex gain can reliably confirm successful occlusion of the canal and is a useful adjunct in post-operative evaluation.

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Soriano-Reixach, Maria Montserrat, Carlos Prieto-Matos, Nicolas Perez-Fernandez, and Jorge Rey-Martinez. "Effects of parameters of video head impulse testing on visually enhanced vestibulo-ocular reflex and vestibulo-ocular reflex suppression." Clinical Neurophysiology 131, no. 8 (August 2020): 1839–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2020.04.169.

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Tollin, Daniel J., Janet L. Ruhland, and Tom C. T. Yin. "The Vestibulo-Auricular Reflex." Journal of Neurophysiology 101, no. 3 (March 2009): 1258–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.90977.2008.

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The mammalian orienting response to sounds consists of a gaze shift that can be a combination of head and eye movements. In animals with mobile pinnae, the ears also move. During head movements, vision is stabilized by compensatory rotations of the eyeball within the head because of the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR). While studying the gaze shifts made by cats to sounds, a previously uncharacterized compensatory movement was discovered. The pinnae exhibited short-latency, goal-directed movements that reached their target while the head was still moving. The pinnae maintained a fixed position in space by counter-rotating on the head with an equal but opposite velocity to the head movement. We call these compensatory ear movements the vestibulo-auricular reflex (VAR) because they shared many kinematic characteristics with the VOR. Control experiments ruled out efference copy of head position signals and acoustic tracking (audiokinetic) of the source as the cause of the response. The VAR may serve to stabilize the auditory world during head movements.

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Kuldavletova, Olga, Sebastian Tanguy, Pierre Denise, and Gaëlle Quarck. "Vestibulo-Ocular Responses, Visual Field Dependence, and Motion Sickness in Aerobatic Pilots." Aerospace Medicine and Human Performance 91, no. 4 (April 1, 2020): 326–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3357/amhp.5435.2020.

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BACKGROUND: Aerobatic flight is a challenge for the vestibular system, which is likely to lead to adaptive changes in the vestibular responses of pilots. We investigated whether aerobatic pilots, as individuals who experience intense vestibular stimulation, present modifications of the vestibular-ocular reflex, motion sickness susceptibility and intensity, visual vertical estimation, and visual dependence as compared to normal volunteers.METHODS: To evaluate vestibulo-ocular reflexes, eye movements were recorded with videonystagmography while subjects were rotated on a rotatory chair with the axis of rotation being vertical (canal-ocular reflex) or inclined to 17° (otolith-ocular reflex). Motion sickness was evaluated after the rotatory test using the Graybiel diagnostic criteria. General motion sickness susceptibility and visual field dependence were also evaluated.RESULTS: Averaged data did not show significant difference in canal-ocular reflex and otolith ocular-reflex between groups. However, a significant asymmetry in otolith-driven ocular responses was found in pilots (CW 0.50 ± 1.21° · s−1 vs. CCW 1.59 ± 1.12° · s−1), though visual vertical estimation was not altered in pilots and both groups were found field independent. Pilots were generally less susceptible to motion sickness (MSSQ scores: 2.52 ± 5.59 vs. 13.5 ± 11.36) and less affected by the nauseogenic stimulation (Graybiel diagnostic criteria 3.36 ± 3.81 vs. 8.39 ± 7.01).DISCUSSION: We did not observe the expected habituation in the group of aerobatic pilots. However, there was a significant asymmetry in the otolith-driven ocular responses in pilots, but not in the controls, which may result from the asymmetry in piloting protocols.Kuldavletova O, Tanguy S, Denise P, Quarck G. Vestibulo-ocular responses, visual field dependence, and motion sickness in aerobatic pilots. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2020; 91(4):326–331.

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Furman, Joseph M., Li-Chi Hsu, Susan L. Whitney, and Mark S. Redfern. "Otolith-ocular responses in patients with surgically confirmed unilateral peripheral vestibular loss." Journal of Vestibular Research 13, no. 2-3 (October 1, 2003): 143–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/ves-2003-132-309.

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The chronic effects of unilateral peripheral vestibular loss (UPVL) are influenced by vestibular compensation. This study documents the balance-related symptoms and quantitative vestibular laboratory testing of 20 patients with surgically confirmed UPVL. Included are measures of the semicircular canal-ocular reflex, the otolith-ocular reflex, and both static and dynamic semicircular canal-otolith-interaction. This study differs from previous studies of patients with UPVL in that a large number of patients with surgically confirmed lesions were tested with three types of off-vertical axis rotation, several of the patients had anatomically preserved superior vestibular nerves, and self-perceived level of disability related to dizziness and imbalance were available. Results confirmed previously reported changes in the vestibulo-ocular reflex of patients with UPVL. Also, there was no apparent effect of anatomically preserving the superior vestibular nerve during surgical resection of vestibular schwannomas based on either subjective or objective measures of vestibular dysfunction. Further, there were no apparent correlations between subjective measures of dizziness and imbalance and objective measures of vestibulo-ocular function. These results have clinical implications for the management of patients with unilateral vestibular loss and provide insights into the process of vestibular compensation especially with respect to the otolith-ocular reflex.

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Pompeiano, Ottavio. "Noradrenergic influences on the cerebellar cortex: Effects on vestibular reflexes under basic and adaptive conditions." Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery 119, no. 1 (July 1998): 93–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0194-5998(98)70178-0.

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Experiments performed either in decerebrate cats or in intact rabbits have shown that functional inactivation of the cerebellar anterior vermis or the flocculus decreased the basic gain of the vestibulospinal or the vestibulo-ocular reflex, respectively. These findings were attributed to the fact that a proportion of the vermal or floccular Purkinje cells, which are inhibitory in function, discharge out of phase with respect to the vestibulospinal or the vestibulo-ocular neurons during sinusoidal animal rotation, thus exerting a facilitatory influence on the gain of the vestibular reflexes. Intravermal injection of a β-noradrenergic agonist slightly increased the gain of the vestibulospinal reflex, whereas the opposite result was obtained after injection of β-antagonists. Similarly, intrafloccular injection of a β-noradrenergic agonist slightly facilitated the gain of the vestibulo-ocular reflex in darkness (but not in light), whereas a small decrease of the reflex occurred after injection of a β-antagonist. It was postulated that the noradrenergic system acts on Purkinje cells by enhancing their amplitude of modulation to a given labyrinth signal, thus increasing the basic gain of the vestibular reflexes. The Purkinje cells of the cerebellar anterior vermis and the flocculus also exert a prominent role on the adaptation of vestibulospinal and vestibulo-ocular reflexes, respectively. In particular, intravermal or intrafloccular injection of β-noradrenergic antagonists decreased or suppressed the adaptive capacity of the vestibulospinal and vestibulo-ocular reflexes that always occurred during sustained out-of-phase neck-vestibular or visual-vestibular stimulation, whereas the opposite result was obtained after local injection of a β-noradrenergic agonist. The noradrenergic innervation of the cere-bellar cortex originates from the locus coeruleus complex, whose neurons respond to vestibular, neck, and visual signals. It was postulated that this structure acts through β-adrenoceptors to increase the expression of immediate-early genes, such as c- fos and Jun-B, in the Purkinje cells during vestibular adaptation. Induction of immediate-early genes could then represent a mechanism by which impulses elicited by sustained neck-vestibular or visuovestibular stimulation are transduced into long-term biochemical changes that are required for cerebellar long-term plasticity. (Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1998;119:93-105.)

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Blakley, Brian W., Hugh O. Barber, R. David Tomlinson, Susan Stoyanoff, and Mabel Mai. "On the Search for Markers of Poor Vestibular Compensation." Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery 101, no. 5 (November 1989): 572–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019459988910100511.

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The effectiveness of pursuit gain, cancellation of the vestibulo-ocular reflex, and a clinical oscillopsia test were assessed as vestibular function tests and tests that may allow prediction of which patients would compensate poorly after vestibular surgery. Cancellation of the vestibulo-ocular reflex in 17 patients and 17 control subjects was compared. Pursuit gain for 17 patients was determined for three frequencies at peak velocities of 25 and 50 degrees/sec. The oscillopsia test was administered to seven patients during at least the first 6 postoperative months. We are unable to state that any of these parameters were effective “markers” of impaired compensation, but the oscillopsia test appears to be a useful clinical tool for vestibular examination.

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Mai, M., V. S. Dayal, R. D. Tomlinson, and J. Farkashidy. "Study of Pursuit and Vestibulo-Ocular Cancellation." Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery 95, no. 5 (December 1986): 589–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019459988609500512.

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This present study, a follow-up of our earlier investigation, further examines the time courses of recovery of oculomotor and vestibular function while patients are under the sedative effect of a single dose of secobarbital (Seconal). The assessment included tests for saccade and smooth pursuit, and the vestibulo-ocular reflex and its cancellation, as evaluated by sinusoidal and pseudorandom rotation in a high-frequency hydraulic chair (up to 5 Hz). Analysis of results showed that the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) gain, depressed soon after drug intake, recovered substantially after a few hours. Changes in VOR gain were more pronounced with higher frequencies of rotation at 2 and 3 Hz, and greater with pseudorandom than sinusoidal stimulation. Under barbiturate influence, pursuit and VOR cancellation followed distinctly different time courses of recovery. This dissociation between VOR cancellation and pursuit supports the theory that these two systems are subserved by different mechanisms. Saccadic hypermetria was also observed after drug intake.

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Hirvonen, T. P., H. Aalto, I. Pyykkö, M. Juhola, and P. Jänttil. "Changes in Vestibulo-ocular Reflex of Elderly People." Acta Oto-Laryngologica 117, sup529 (January 1997): 108–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00016489709124097.

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Cohen, Bernard, Susan Wearne, Mingjia Dai, and Theodore Raphan. "Spatial orientation of the angular vestibulo-ocular reflex." Journal of Vestibular Research 9, no. 3 (June 1, 1999): 163–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/ves-1999-9303.

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During vestibular nystagmus, optokinetic nystagmus (OKN), and optokinetic afternystagmus (OKAN), the axis of eye rotation tends to align with the vector sum of linear accelerations acting on the head. This includes gravitational acceleration and the linear accelerations generated by translation and centrifugation. We define the summed vector of gravitational and linear accelerations as gravito-inertial acceleration (GIA) and designate the phenomenon of alignment as spatial orientation of the angular vestibuloocular reflex (aVOR). On the basis of studies in the monkey, we postulated that the spatial orientation of the aVOR is dependent on the slow (velocity storage) component of the aVOR, not on the short latency, compensatory aVOR component, which is in head-fixed coordinates. Experiments in which velocity storage was abolished by midline medullary section support this postulate. The velocity storage component of the aVOR is likely to be generated in the vestibular nuclei, and its spatial orientation was shown to be controlled through the nodulus and uvula of the vestibulo-cerebellum. Separate regions of the nodulus/uvula appear to affect the horizontal and vertical/torsional components of the response differently. Velocity storage is weaker in humans than in monkeys, but responds in a similar fashion in both species. We postulate that spatial orientation of the aVOR plays an important role in aligning gaze with the GIA and in maintaining balance during angular locomotion.

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Ezawa, Susumu. "Influence of Age on Vestibulo-Ocular Reflex(VOR)." Nippon Jibiinkoka Gakkai Kaiho 102, no. 1 (1999): 73–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.3950/jibiinkoka.102.73.

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Maranhão, Eliana T., and Péricles Maranhão-Filho. "Vestibulo-ocular reflex and the head impulse test." Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria 70, no. 12 (December 2012): 942–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0004-282x2012001200008.

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The authors highlights the importance of the vestibulo-ocular reflex examination through the head impulse test as a diagnostic method for vestibular dysfunction as well as, and primarily, a bedside semiotic resource capable of differentiating between acute peripheral vestibulopathy and a cerebellar or brainstem infarction in emergency rooms.

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Stefano Di Girolamo, Pasqualina Pic. "Vestibulo-Ocular Reflex Modification after Virtual Environment Exposure." Acta Oto-Laryngologica 121, no. 2 (January 2001): 211–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/000164801300043541.

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Lac, S., J. L. Raymond, T. J. Sejnowski, and S. G. Lisberger. "Learning and Memory in the Vestibulo-Ocular Reflex." Annual Review of Neuroscience 18, no. 1 (March 1995): 409–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ne.18.030195.002205.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Vestibulo-Ocular Reflex'

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