Relevant bibliographies by topics / Vestibular apparatus Physiology

Academic literature on the topic 'Vestibular apparatus Physiology'

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Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Vestibular apparatus Physiology"

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Faulstich, M., A. M. van Alphen, C. Luo, S. du Lac, and C. I. De Zeeuw. "Oculomotor Plasticity During Vestibular Compensation Does Not Depend on Cerebellar LTD." Journal of Neurophysiology 96, no. 3 (September 2006): 1187–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00045.2006.

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Vestibular paradigms are widely used for investigating mechanisms underlying cerebellar motor learning. These include adaptation of the vestibuloocular reflex (VOR) after visual-vestibular mismatch training and vestibular compensation after unilateral damage to the vestibular apparatus. To date, various studies have shown that VOR adaptation may be supported by long-term depression (LTD) at the parallel fiber to Purkinje cell synapse. Yet it is unknown to what extent vestibular compensation may depend on this cellular process. Here we investigated adaptive gain changes in the VOR and optokinetic reflex during vestibular compensation in transgenic mice in which LTD is specifically blocked in Purkinje cells via expression of a peptide inhibitor of protein kinase C (L7-PKCi mutants). The results demonstrate that neither the strength nor the time course of vestibular compensation are affected by the absence of LTD. In contrast, analysis of vestibular compensation in spontaneous mutants that lack a functional olivo-cerebellar circuit ( lurchers) shows that this form of motor learning is severely impaired. We conclude that oculomotor plasticity during vestibular compensation depends critically on intact cerebellar circuitry but not on the occurrence of cerebellar LTD.
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Narayanan, Sareesh Naduvil, Raju Suresh Kumar, and Satheesha Nayak. "Student-Involved Demonstration Approach to Teach the Physiology of Vestibular Apparatus for Undergraduate Medical Students." Teaching and Learning in Medicine 23, no. 3 (July 2011): 269–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10401334.2011.586930.

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Houpt, Thomas A., Bumsup Kwon, Charles E. Houpt, Bryan Neth, and James C. Smith. "Orientation within a high magnetic field determines swimming direction and laterality of c-Fos induction in mice." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 305, no. 7 (October 1, 2013): R793—R803. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00549.2012.

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High-strength static magnetic fields (>7 tesla) perturb the vestibular system causing dizziness, nystagmus, and nausea in humans; and head motion, locomotor circling, conditioned taste aversion, and c-Fos induction in brain stem vestibular nuclei in rodents. To determine the role of head orientation, mice were exposed for 15 min within a 14.1-tesla magnet at six different angles (mice oriented parallel to the field with the head toward B+ at 0°; or pitched rostrally down at 45°, 90°, 90° sideways, 135°, and 180°), followed by a 2-min swimming test. Additional mice were exposed at 0°, 90°, and 180° and processed for c-Fos immunohistochemistry. Magnetic field exposure induced circular swimming that was maximal at 0° and 180° but attenuated at 45° and 135°. Mice exposed at 0° and 45° swam counterclockwise, whereas mice exposed at 135° and 180° swam clockwise. Mice exposed at 90° (with their rostral-caudal axis perpendicular to the magnetic field) did not swim differently than controls. In parallel, exposure at 0° and 180° induced c-Fos in vestibular nuclei with left-right asymmetries that were reversed at 0° vs. 180°. No significant c-Fos was induced after 90° exposure. Thus, the optimal orientation for magnetic field effects is the rostral-caudal axis parallel to the field, such that the horizontal canal and utricle are also parallel to the field. These results have mechanistic implications for modeling magnetic field interactions with the vestibular apparatus of the inner ear (e.g., the model of Roberts et al. of an induced Lorenz force causing horizontal canal cupula deflection).
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Singh, Natasha, Elie Hammam, and Vaughan G. Macefield. "Vestibular modulation of muscle sympathetic nerve activity assessed over a 100-fold frequency range of sinusoidal galvanic vestibular stimulation." Journal of Neurophysiology 121, no. 5 (May 1, 2019): 1644–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00679.2018.

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We have previously shown that sinusoidal galvanic vestibular stimulation (sGVS), delivered at 0.2–2.0 Hz, evokes a partial entrainment of muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA). Moreover, at lower frequencies of stimulation (0.08–0.18 Hz) sGVS produces two peaks of modulation: one (primary) peak associated with the positive peak of the sinusoidal stimulus and a smaller (secondary) peak associated with the trough. Here we assessed whether sGVS delivered at 0.05 Hz causes a more marked modulation of MSNA than at higher frequencies and tested the hypothesis that the primary and secondary peaks are of identical amplitude because of the longer cycle length. MSNA was recorded via tungsten microelectrodes inserted into the left peroneal nerve in 11 seated subjects. Bipolar binaural sGVS (±2 mA, 100 cycles) was applied to the mastoid processes at 0.05, 0.5, and 5.0 Hz (500 cycles). Cross-correlation analysis revealed two bursts of modulation of MSNA for each cycle at 0.05 and 0.5 Hz but only one at 5 Hz. There was a significant inverse linear relationship between vestibular modulation (primary peak) and frequency ( P < 0.0001), with the amplitudes of the peaks being highest at 0.05 Hz. Moreover, the secondary peak at this frequency was not significantly different from the primary peak. These results indicate that vestibular modulation of MSNA operates over a large range of frequencies but is greater at lower frequencies of sGVS. We conclude that the vestibular apparatus, through its influence on muscle sympathetic outflow, preferentially contributes to the control of blood pressure at low frequencies. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Vestibulosympathetic reflexes have been documented in experimental animals and humans. Here we show that sinusoidal galvanic vestibular stimulation, a means of selectively exciting vestibular afferents in humans, induces greater modulation of muscle sympathetic nerve activity when delivered at a very low frequency (0.05 Hz) than at 0.5 or 5.0 Hz.
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Paulin, Michael G., and Larry F. Hoffman. "Models of vestibular semicircular canal afferent neuron firing activity." Journal of Neurophysiology 122, no. 6 (December 1, 2019): 2548–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00087.2019.

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Semicircular canal afferent neurons transmit information about head rotation to the brain. Mathematical models of how they do this have coevolved with concepts of how brains perceive the world. A 19th-century “camera” metaphor, in which sensory neurons project an image of the world captured by sense organs into the brain, gave way to a 20th-century view of sensory nerves as communication channels providing inputs to dynamical control systems. Now, in the 21st century, brains are being modeled as Bayesian observers who infer what is happening in the world given noisy, incomplete, and distorted sense data. The semicircular canals of the vestibular apparatus provide an experimentally accessible, low-dimensional system for developing and testing dynamical Bayesian generative models of sense data. In this review, we summarize advances in mathematical modeling of information transmission by semicircular canal afferent sensory neurons since the first such model was proposed nearly a century ago. Models of information transmission by vestibular afferent neurons may provide a foundation for developing realistic models of how brains perceive the world by inferring the causes of sense data.
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Kamakura, Takefumi, Daniel J. Lee, Barbara S. Herrmann, and Joseph B. Nadol Jr. "Histopathology of the Human Inner Ear in the Cogan Syndrome with Cochlear Implantation." Audiology and Neurotology 22, no. 2 (2017): 116–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000477534.

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The Cogan syndrome is a rare disorder characterized by nonsyphilitic interstitial keratitis and audiovestibular symptoms. Profound sensorineural hearing loss has been reported in approximately half of the patients with the Cogan syndrome resulting in candidacy for cochlear implantation in some patients. The current study is the first histopathologic report on the temporal bones of a patient with the Cogan syndrome who during life underwent bilateral cochlear implantation. Preoperative MRI revealed tissue with high density in the basal turns of both cochleae and both vestibular systems consistent with fibrous tissue due to labyrinthitis. Histopathology demonstrated fibrous tissue and new bone formation within the cochlea and vestibular apparatus, worse on the right. Severe degeneration of the vestibular end organs and new bone formation in the labyrinth were seen more on the right than on the left. Although severe bilateral degeneration of the spiral ganglion neurons was seen, especially on the right, the postoperative word discrimination score was between 50 and 60% bilaterally. Impedance measures were generally higher in the right ear, possibly related to more fibrous tissue and new bone found in the scala tympani on the right side.
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Aw, Swee T., Michael J. Todd, and G. Michael Halmagyi. "Latency and Initiation of the Human Vestibuloocular Reflex to Pulsed Galvanic Stimulation." Journal of Neurophysiology 96, no. 2 (August 2006): 925–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.01250.2005.

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Cathodal galvanic currents activate primary vestibular afferents, whereas anodal currents inhibit them. Pulsed galvanic vestibular stimulation (GVS) was used to determine the latency and initiation of the human vestibuloocular reflex. Three-dimensional galvanic vestibuloocular reflex (g-VOR) was recorded with binocular dual-search coils in response to a bilateral bipolar 100-ms rectangular pulse of current at 0.9 (near-threshold), 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, and 10.0 mA in 11 normal subjects. The g-VOR consisted of three components: conjugate torsional eye rotation away from cathode toward anode; vertical divergence (skew deviation) with hypertropia of the eye on the cathodal and hypotropia of the eye on the anodal sides; and conjugate horizontal eye rotation away from cathode toward anode. The g-VOR was repeatable across all subjects, its magnitude a linear function of the current intensity, its latency about 9.0 ms with GVS of ≥2.5 mA, and was not suppressed by visual fixation. At 10-mA stimulation, the g-VOR [ x, y, z] on the cathodal side was [0.77 ± 0.10, −0.05 ± 0.05, −0.18 ± 0.06°] (mean ± 95% confidence intervals) and on the anodal side was [0.79 ± 0.10, 0.16 ± 0.05, −0.19 ± 0.06°], with a vertical divergence of 0.20°. Although the horizontal g-VOR could have arisen from activation of the horizontal semicircular canal afferents, the vertical-torsional g-VOR resembled the vestibuloocular reflex in response to roll-plane head rotation about an Earth-horizontal axis and might be a result of both vertical semicircular canal and otolith afferent activations. Pulsed GVS is a promising technique to investigate latency and initiation of the human vestibuloocular reflex because it does not require a large mechanical apparatus nor does it pose problems of head inertia or slippage.
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Vinogradova, O. L., E. S. Tomilovskaya, and I. B. Kozlovskaya. "GRAVITATIONAL FACTOR AS A BASE OF THE EVOLUTIONARY ADAPTATION OF ANIMAL ORGANISMS TO ACTIVITIES IN THEEARTH CONDITIONS." Aerospace and Environmental Medicine 54, no. 6 (2020): 5–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.21687/0233-528x-2020-54-6-5-26.

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A review of the currently available ideas about the role of gravitational factor in the activity of the sensorimotor and cardiovascular systems, as well as new fundamental problems and questions for space medicine and physiology, is presented. The review presents data on the embryogenesis of animals under conditions of weightlessness, the evolution of the motor and cardiovascular systems and the peculiarities of their functioning under conditions of gravity, as well as in the change of gravitational load. Much attention is paid to the results of unique studies in modeling gravitational unloading on Earth: antiorthostatic hypokinesia, dry immersion and suspension, which made it possible to study the mechanisms of regulation of various body systems under conditions of altered gravity. Terrestrial organisms have learned to function in the gravitational field. Almost all systems of their body are gravitationally dependent. However, the extent and mechanisms of this dependence have long remained unclear. Space flights have opened up the possibility of studying the activity of living systems in the absence of gravity. Among the factors mediating the effect of weightlessness on the motor system, changes in the activity of sensory systems occupy an important place. Under the Earth conditions, the afferent support of motion control systems is polyreceptive: this is vision, and the vestibular apparatus, supporting and muscular afferentations. In zero gravity, the activity of some channels is completely eliminated (support afferentation), others are distorted (vestibular apparatus), and still others are weakened (proprioception). Similar processes occur in the cardiovascular system: with the loss of the pressure gradient caused by gravity, profound changes occur in the structure and functioning of the heart and vessels, both resistive and capacitive. The question of how much the various changes occurring in the cardiovascular system are associated with the disappearance of the gravitationally dependent pressure gradient is still open. It is not possible to solve all the problems of gravitational physiology In space flights. Therefore, various methods have been developed for simulating gravitational unloading on Earth. New data on the mechanisms of changes occurring in the sensorimotor system were obtained by comparing flight data and data obtained in model experiments. The fundamental problem for the gravitational physiology of cardiovascular system is the degree of correspondence of the changes observed in laboratory animals and under model conditions (antiorthostatic hypokinesia, immersion, suspension) with the changes that are recorded in real space flight in humans. This problem is specially discussed in the review. At the same time, in the light of the upcoming interplanetary expeditions, many questions remain unresolved, in particular, the problems of post-flight readaptation of the motor and cardiovascular systems to gravity conditions. This is a fight against loss of strength, endurance, orthostatic instability. The development and improvement of a system for preventing the negative effects of space flight factors is impossible without understanding the mechanisms of development of the observed changes.
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af Klint, Richard, Jens Bo Nielsen, Thomas Sinkjaer, and Michael J. Grey. "Sudden Drop in Ground Support Produces Force-Related Unload Response in Human Overground Walking." Journal of Neurophysiology 101, no. 4 (April 2009): 1705–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.91175.2008.

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Humans maneuver easily over uneven terrain. To maintain smooth and efficient gait the motor system needs to adapt the locomotor output to the walking environment. In the present study we investigate the role of sensory feedback in adjusting the soleus muscle activity during overground walking in 19 healthy volunteers. Subjects walked unrestrained over a hydraulically actuated platform. On random trials the platform was accelerated downward at 0.8 g, unloading the plantar flexor muscles in midstance or late stance. The drop of the platform resulted in a significant depression of the soleus muscle activity of −17.9% (SD 2) and −21.4% (SD 2), with an onset latency of 49 ms (SD 1) and 45 ms (SD 1) in midstance and late stance, respectively. Input to the vestibular apparatus (i.e., the head acceleration) occurred at a latency 10.0 ms (SD 2.4) following the drop and ankle dorsiflexion velocity was decreased starting 22 ms (SD 15) after the drop. To investigate the role of length- and velocity-sensitive afferents on the depression in soleus muscle activity, the ankle rotation was arrested by using an ankle foot orthotic as the platform was dropped. Preventing the ankle movement did not significantly change the soleus depression in late stance [−18.2% (SD 15)], whereas the depression in midstance was removed [+4.9% (SD 13)]. It is concluded that force feedback from ankle extensors increases the locomotor output through positive feedback in late stance. In midstance the effect of force feedback was not observed, suggesting that spindle afferents may have a more significant effect on the output during this phase of the step cycle.
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Taube, J. S., and H. L. Burton. "Head direction cell activity monitored in a novel environment and during a cue conflict situation." Journal of Neurophysiology 74, no. 5 (November 1, 1995): 1953–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1995.74.5.1953.

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1. Recent conceptualizations of the neural systems used during navigation have classified two types of sensory information used by animals: landmark cues and internally based (idiothetic; e.g., vestibular, kinesthetic) sensory cues. Previous studies have identified neurons in the postsubiculum and the anterior thalamic nuclei that discharge as a function of the animal's head direction in the horizontal plane. The present study was designed to determine how animals use head direction (HD) cells for spatial orientation and the types of sensory cues involved. 2. HD cell activity was monitored in the postsubiculum and anterior thalamic nucleus of rats in a dual-chamber apparatus in an experiment that consisted of two phases. In the first phase, HD cell activity was monitored as an animal moved from a familiar environment to a novel environment. It was hypothesized that if HD cells were capable of using idiothetic sensory information, then the direction of maximal discharge should remain relatively unchanged as the animal moved into an environment where it was unfamiliar with the landmark cues. In the second phase, HD cells were monitored under conditions in which a conflict situation was introduced between the established landmark cues and the animal's internally generated sensory cues. 3. HD cells were initially recorded in a cylinder containing a single orientation cue (familiar environment). A door was then opened, and the rat entered a U-shaped passageway leading to a rectangular chamber containing a different prominent cue (novel environment). For most HD cells, the preferred direction remained relatively constant between the cylinder and passageway/rectangle, although many cells showed a small (6-30 degrees) shift in their preferred direction in the novel environment. This directional shift was maintained across different episodes in the passageway/rectangle. 4. Before the next session, the orientation cue in the cylinder was rotated 90 degrees, and the animal returned to the cylinder. The cell's preferred direction usually shifted between 45 and 90 degrees in the same direction. 5. The rat was then permitted to walk back through the passageway into the now-familiar rectangle. Immediately upon entering the passageway, the preferred direction returned to its original (prerotation) orientation and remained at this value while the rat was in the rectangle. When the rat was allowed to walk back into the cylinder, one of three outcomes occurred: 1) the cell's preferred direction shifted, such that it remained linked to the cylinder's rotated cue card; 2) the cell's preferred direction remained unchanged from its orientation in the rectangle; or 3) the cell's preferred direction shifted to a new value that lay between the preferred directions for the rotated cylinder condition and rectangle. 6. There was little change in the HD cell's background firing rate, peak firing rate, or directional firing range for both the novel and cue-conflict situations. 7. Simultaneous recordings from multiple cells in different sessions showed that the preferred directions remained "in register" with one another. Thus, when one HD cell shifted its preferred direction a specific amount, the other HD cell also shifted its preferred direction the same amount. 8. Results across different series within the same animal showed that the amount the preferred direction shifted in the first Novel series was about the same amount as the shifts observed in subsequent Novel series. In contrast, as the animal experienced more Conflict series, HD cells tended to use the cylinder's cue card less as an orientation cue when the animal returned to the rotated cylinder condition from the rectangle. 9. These results suggest that HD cells in the postsubiculum and anterior thalamic nuclei receive information from both landmark and idiothetic sensory cues, and when both types of cues are available, HD cells preferentially use the landmark cues as long as they are perceived
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Vestibular apparatus Physiology"

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Li, Chuan, and 李川. "Spatial coding of gravitational input to the vestibuloolivary pathway and its refinement in development." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2005. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31539609.

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Knox, Craig A. "A model for morphological change in the hominid vestibular system in association with the rise of bipedalism." Virtual Press, 2007. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1371468.

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This study re-examines the morphological data and conclusions of Spoor, Wood, and Zonneveld concerning the morphology of the vestibular apparatus in relation to locomotor behavior in hominids (1994). The pedal and labyrinthine morphology of early hominid taxa are functionally analyzed for classification as either obligate bipeds or habitual bipeds with primarily arboreal locomotion. The bony labyrinth is investigated since the anatomy of the semicircular canals of the vestibular auditory system can be determined in fossil crania through computed tomographical analysis. It is thought that a relationship exists between semicircular canal size and locomotor behavior. Functionally modern pedal morphology precedes modern vestibular morphology in the fossil record. Complete modern pedal morphology, however, appears concurrently with modern vestibular morphology first at Homo erectus. A comparison of the genes involved in the development of both pedal and labyrinthine morphology was undertaken. It was found that only fibroblast growth factor 8 (FgfS) and sonic hedgehog (Shh) are shared between these systems in the determination of positional information. It is found that the function of Fgf8 in otic induction and in limb bud formation is very different. It is also found that the function of Shh in vestibular and pedal morphogenesis is different. Therefore, it is unlikely for alteration in the function or in the expression of either gene to result in the observed differences in pedal and vestibular morphology between early hominid taxa: Australopithecus afarensis, Australopithecus africanus, Homo habilis; and Homo erectus. My examination of the data on the timing of changes in pedal morphology rejects Spoor, Wood, and Zonneveld's conclusion. Moreover I find no gene mutation which could account for simultaneous change in the shape of the semicircular canals and the proportions of the metatarsals and pedal phalanges. Instead, it is postulated that the change to modern vestibular morphology at Homo erectus is in response to a concurrent enlargement in cranial capacity. It is also postulated that persistence of panid vestibular morphology in the semicircular canals of hominid taxa: Australopithecus afarensis, Australopithecus africanus, and Homo habilis is a functionally neutral trait in regard to bipedal locomotor capability.
Department of Anthropology
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Sun, Bing, and 孫冰. "Vestibular influence on central cardiovascular regulation in the rat: functional and anatomical aspects." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2003. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31244774.

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Justina, Hellen Mathei Della. "Interação entre as áreas funcionais do sistema visual e do sistema vestibular: estudo com RMF e EGV." Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, 2014. http://repositorio.utfpr.edu.br/jspui/handle/1/850.

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CAPES, CNPq
O equilíbrio estático corporal é comandado por três sistemas sensoriais: o sistema vestibular, responsável pelas informações sobre a posição e os movimentos da cabeça; o sistema visual, que informa a posição espacial dos objetos em relação ao nosso corpo; e o sistema proprioceptivo, que controla a postura e a movimentação corporal. Estes três sistemas devem funcionar sempre em sintonia, caso contrário, o indivíduo apresentará problemas de equilíbrio. Dessa forma, é importante caracterizar as regiões corticais, bem como suas interações, envolvidas neste processo. Para isto, é necessário a utilização de técnicas de neuroimagem funcional, sendo a ressonância magnética funcional (RMf) uma das técnicas mais utilizadas neste campo nos dias de hoje. Entretanto, uma grande parte dos experimentos de RMf requer o uso de aparelhos eletrônicos para produzir estimulações somatosensoriais no corpo humano, onde a principal dificuldade é o seu ambiente hostil aos circuitos eletrônicos. A estimulação galvânica vestibular é um dos métodos mais utilizados para estimular o sistema vestibular. Esta consiste em fornecer uma corrente de baixa amplitude diretamente nas aferências vestibulares, a qual atua no disparo dos neurônios vestibulares primários atingindo principalmente as aferências otolíticas e as fibras dos canais semicirculares. O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar e avaliar as áreas cerebrais envolvidas com as estimulações visual e galvânica vestibular e suas interações, utilizando a técnica de RMf e um estimulador galvânico vestibular. Para tanto, como primeira etapa desta pesquisa, validou-se in vivo um estimulador galvânico vestibular. O estimulador elétrico não interferiu de forma significativa na qualidade das imagens de ressonância magnética e pode ser utilizado com segurança nos experimentos de RMf. Testes foram realizados para determinar um eletrodo suficientemente confortável para o voluntário durante a estimulação galvânica vestibular e que não causasse artefato nas imagens. Após estas etapas concluídas, 24 voluntários foram selecionados para realizarem três tarefas: uma puramente visual (um tabuleiro de xadrez piscante no centro da tela), uma puramente vestibular (pela aplicação da estimulação galvânica vestibular) e uma simultânea, com a apresentação em conjunto dos estímulos visual e vestibular. A estimulação puramente visual mostrou ativação dos córtices visual primário e associativo, enquanto que a estimulação puramente vestibular levou a ativação das principais áreas envolvidas com a função multimodal do sistema vestibular, como o córtex parietoinsular vestibular, o lóbulo parietal inferior, o giro temporal superior, o giro pré-central e o cerebelo. A estimulação simultânea dos sistemas visual e vestibular resultou na ativação dos giros frontal médio e inferior. Além do padrão de interação visual-vestibular inibitório recíproco ter sido mais evidente durante a condição simultânea, observou-se que as regiões frontais (córtex dorsomedial pré-frontal e giro frontal superior) estão envolvidas com o processamento da função executiva quando existem informações conflitantes dos sistemas visual e vestibular.
The static body equilibrium is controlled by three sensory systems: the vestibular system, responsible for informing the position and the movements of the head; the visual system, which informs the spatial objects position relative to the body; and the proprioceptive system, which controls posture and body movements. These three systems must always work in harmony, otherwise the individual will present balance problems. Thus, it is important to characterize the cortical regions, as well as their interactions, involved in this process. For this it is necessary to use functional neuroimaging techniques, the functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is one of the most used techniques in this field nowadays. However, a large fMRI experiments require the use of electronic devices for producing somatosensory stimulation in the human body, where the main difficulty is its hostile environment for electronic circuits. The galvanic vestibular stimulation is one of the most used methods to stimulate the vestibular system. This stimulation consist of applying a low current amplitude directly on vestibular afferents, which acts firing the primary vestibular neurons, affecting the otolithic afferents and the semicircular canals fibers. The objective of this work is to evaluate and analyze the brain areas involved with visual and galvanic vestibular stimulations and their interactions using fMRI. Therefore, as a first step of this research, a galvanic vestibular stimulator was validated in vivo. The electrical stimulator did not interfere in a significance way on magnetic resonance images quality and could be safely used in fMRI experiments. Tests were performed to select an electrode sufficiently comfortable for the volunteer during the galvanic vestibular stimulation and that do not cause artifacts in the images. After completed these steps, 24 subjects were selected to perform three tasks: a purely visual (a flashing checkerboard in the center of the screen), a purely vestibular (with application of galvanic vestibular stimulation) and a simultaneous, presenting the visual and vestibular stimuli together. The purely visual stimulation showed activation of the primary and associative visual cortices, while the purely vestibular stimulation led to activation of areas involved in multimodal function of the vestibular system, such as the parieto-insular vestibular cortex, the inferior parietal lobe, the superior temporal gyrus, the precentral gyrus and the cerebellum. The simultaneous stimulation of visual and vestibular systems resulted in activation of the middle and inferior frontal gyri. In addition to the reciprocal inhibitory visualvestibular interaction pattern had been more evident during the simultaneous condition, it was observed that frontal regions (dorsomedial prefrontal cortex and superior frontal gyrus) are involved with the executive function processing when there is conflicting information of visual and vestibular systems.
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Pakan, Janelle. "General principles of cerebellar organization : correlating anatomy, physiology and biochemistry in the pigeon vestibulocerebellum." Phd thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10048/530.

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Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Alberta, 2009.
A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, Centre for Neuroscience. Title from pdf file main screen (viewed on August 25, 2009). Includes bibliographical references.
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Books on the topic "Vestibular apparatus Physiology"

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Gans, Richard E. Vestibular rehabilitation: Protocols and programs. San Diego: Singular Pub. Group, 1996.

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A, Kerber Kevin, ed. Clinical neurophysiology of the vestibular system. 4th ed. New York: Oxford University Press, 2011.

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3

Ettore, Pirodda, ed. Clinical testing of the vestibular system: Selected papers of the Bárány Society Meeting, Bologna, June 1-4, 1987. Basel: Karger, 1988.

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Ettore, Pirodda, and Pompeiano O, eds. Neurophysiology of the vestibular system: Selected papers of the Bárány Society Meeting, Bologna, June 1-4, 1987. Basel: Karger, 1988.

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Auditory and vestibular research: Methods and protocols. New York, N.Y: Humana, 2009.

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Ryugo, David K. Auditory and vestibular efferents. New York: Springer, 2011.

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1957-, Cass Stephen P., ed. Balance disorders: A case-study approach. Philadelphia: F.A. Davis, 1996.

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1941-, Arenberg I. Kaufman, ed. Dizziness and balance disorders: An interdisciplinary approach to diagnosis, treatment, and rehabilitation. Amsterdam: Kugler Publications, 1993.

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A, Telian Steven, ed. Practical management of the balance disorder patient. San Diego: Singular Pub. Group, 1996.

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1957-, Cass Stephen P., and Furman Joseph M. 1952-, eds. Vestibular disorders: A case-study approach. 2nd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003.

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Book chapters on the topic "Vestibular apparatus Physiology"

1

Sembulingam, K., and Prema Sembulingam. "Vestibular Apparatus." In Essentials of Medical Physiology, 919. Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd., 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp/books/11696_74.

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Sembulingam, K., and Prema Sembulingam. "Vestibular Apparatus." In Essentials of Medical Physiology, 880. Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd., 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp/books/11093_158.

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Sembulingam, K., and Prema Sembulingam. "Vestibular Apparatus." In Essentials of Medical Physiology, 825. Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd., 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp/books/10283_158.

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Sembulingam, K., and Prema Sembulingam. "Vestibular Apparatus." In Essentials of Physiology for Dental Students, 659. Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd., 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp/books/12902_105.

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Sembulingam, K., and Prema Sembulingam. "Vestibular Apparatus." In Essentials of Physiology for Dental Students, 599. Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd., 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp/books/11397_112.

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Pal, Gopal, Pravati Pal, and Nivedita Nanda. "Vestibular Apparatus." In Comprehensive Textbook of Medical Physiology (Volume 2), 1097. Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd., 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp/books/12961_51.

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Bijlani, RL. "Chapter-13.11 The Vestibular Apparatus." In Understanding Medical Physiology, 657–63. Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp/books/11448_28.

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R.L., Bijlani. "Chapter 13.11 The Vestibular Apparatus." In Understanding Medical Physiology A Textbook for Medical Students (3rd Edition), 769–77. Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd., 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp/books/10999_109.

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