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Journal articles on the topic 'Very small glacier'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 1 April 2023

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1

Bahr, D. B., and V. Radić. "Significant contribution to total mass from very small glaciers." Cryosphere 6, no. 4 (2012): 763–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-6-763-2012.

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Abstract. A single large glacier can contain tens of millions of times the mass of a small glacier. Nevertheless, very small glaciers (with area ≤1 km2) are so numerous that their contribution to the world's total ice volume is significant and may be a notable source of error if excluded. With current glacier inventories, total global volume errors on the order of 10% are possible. However, to reduce errors to below 1% requires the inclusion of glaciers that are smaller than those recorded in most inventories. At the global scale, 1% accuracy requires a list of all glaciers and ice caps (GIC,

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2

CAPT, M., J. B. BOSSON, M. FISCHER, N. MICHELETTI, and C. LAMBIEL. "Decadal evolution of a very small heavily debris-covered glacier in an Alpine permafrost environment." Journal of Glaciology 62, no. 233 (2016): 535–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jog.2016.56.

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AbstractGlacier response to climate forcing can be heterogeneous and complex, depending on glacier system characteristics. This article presents the decadal evolution of the Tsarmine Glacier (Swiss Alps), a very small and heavily debris-covered cirque glacier located in the Alpine periglacial belt. Archival aerial photogrammetry and autocorrelation of orthophotos were used to compute surface elevation, volume and geodetic mass changes, as well as horizontal displacement rates for several periods between 1967 and 2012. A GPR survey allowed us to investigate glacier thickness (15 m mean) and vol

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3

Gachev, Emil M. "Response of Very Small Glaciers to Climate Variations and Change: Examples from the Pirin Mountains, Bulgaria." Atmosphere 13, no. 6 (2022): 859. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos13060859.

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Very small glaciers (glacierets) react strongly to climatic variations. This is well expressed in their interannual size changes, which are most evident in autumn, at the end of the glacial mass balance year. This study presents results from the detailed research of two very small glaciers in the highest northern part of the Pirin Mountains of Bulgaria: Snezhnika and Banski suhodol. Systematic size measurements of these firn-ice bodies, which started in the 1990s and have been made simultaneously for a period of 13 years, show large inter-annual amplitudes against the background of a decreasin

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4

Ziaja, Wiesław, Justyna Dudek, and Krzysztof Ostafin. "Landscape transformation under the Gåsbreen glacier recession since 1899, southwestern Spitsbergen." Polish Polar Research 37, no. 2 (2016): 155–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/popore-2016-0010.

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Abstract Landscape changes of the Gåsbreen glacier and its vicinity since 1899 are described. Maps at 1:50 000 scale of changes of the glacier’s elevation and extent for the periods 1938–1961, 1961–1990, 1990–2010, and 1938–2010 are analyzed in comparison with results of the authors’ field work in the summer seasons 1983, 1984, 2000, 2005 and 2008. During all the 20th century, the progressive recession of the glacier revealed in a dramatic decrease in the thickness of its lower part, with a small reduction of its area and length. However, further shrinkage produced significant shortening and r

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Van Wyk de Vries, Maximillian, and Andrew D. Wickert. "Glacier Image Velocimetry: an open-source toolbox for easy and rapid calculation of high-resolution glacier velocity fields." Cryosphere 15, no. 4 (2021): 2115–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-2115-2021.

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Abstract. We present Glacier Image Velocimetry (GIV), an open-source and easy-to-use software toolkit for rapidly calculating high-spatial-resolution glacier velocity fields. Glacier ice velocity fields reveal flow dynamics, ice-flux changes, and (with additional data and modelling) ice thickness. Obtaining glacier velocity measurements over wide areas with field techniques is labour intensive and often associated with safety risks. The recent increased availability of high-resolution, short-repeat-time optical imagery allows us to obtain ice displacement fields using “feature tracking” based

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Barrand, Nicholas E., Robert G. Way, Trevor Bell, and Martin J. Sharp. "Recent changes in area and thickness of Torngat Mountain glaciers (northern Labrador, Canada)." Cryosphere 11, no. 1 (2017): 157–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-11-157-2017.

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Abstract. The Torngat Mountains National Park, northern Labrador, Canada, contains more than 120 small glaciers: the only remaining glaciers in continental northeast North America. These small cirque glaciers exist in a unique topo-climatic setting, experiencing temperate maritime summer conditions yet very cold and dry winters, and may provide insights into the deglaciation dynamics of similar small glaciers in temperate mountain settings. Due to their size and remote location, very little information exists regarding the health of these glaciers. Just a single study has been published on the

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7

Miles, Evan S., C. Scott Watson, Fanny Brun, et al. "Glacial and geomorphic effects of a supraglacial lake drainage and outburst event, Everest region, Nepal Himalaya." Cryosphere 12, no. 12 (2018): 3891–905. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-3891-2018.

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Abstract. A set of supraglacial ponds filled rapidly between April and July 2017 on Changri Shar Glacier in the Everest region of Nepal, coalescing into a ∼180 000 m2 lake before sudden and complete drainage through Changri Shar and Khumbu glaciers (15–17 July). We use PlanetScope and Pléiades satellite orthoimagery to document the system's evolution over its very short filling period and to assess the glacial and proglacial effects of the outburst flood. We also use high-resolution stereo digital elevation models (DEMs) to complete a detailed analysis of the event's glacial and geomorphic eff

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Machguth, H., and M. Huss. "The length of the world's glaciers – a new approach for the global calculation of center lines." Cryosphere 8, no. 5 (2014): 1741–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-8-1741-2014.

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Abstract. Glacier length is an important measure of glacier geometry. Nevertheless, global glacier inventories are mostly lacking length data. Only recently semi-automated approaches to measure glacier length have been developed and applied regionally. Here we present a first global assessment of glacier length using an automated method that relies on glacier surface slope, distance to the glacier margins and a set of trade-off functions. The method is developed for East Greenland, evaluated for East Greenland as well as for Alaska and eventually applied to all ~ 200 000 glaciers around the gl

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9

Machguth, H., and M. Huss. "The length of the glaciers in the world – a straightforward method for the automated calculation of glacier center lines." Cryosphere Discussions 8, no. 3 (2014): 2491–528. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tcd-8-2491-2014.

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Abstract. Glacier length is an important measure of glacier geometry but global glacier inventories are mostly lacking length data. Only recently semi-automated approaches to measure glacier length have been developed and applied regionally. Here we present a first global assessment of glacier length using a fully automated method based on glacier surface slope, distance to the glacier margins and a set of trade-off functions. The method is developed for East Greenland, evaluated for the same area as well as for Alaska, and eventually applied to all ∼200 000 glaciers around the globe. The eval

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10

Knight, Peter G. "Ice deformation very close to the ice-sheet margin in West Greenland." Journal of Glaciology 38, no. 128 (1992): 3–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022143000009539.

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AbstractThis paper describes fine-resolution measurements of glacier surface strain rates very close to the margin of Russell Glacier, West Greenland. Measurements at a small scale make possible detailed analysis of strain patterns close to the glacier margin, and suggest that strain rates vary over small areas. The strain pattern is determined by ice flexure over subglacial obstacles as well as by seasonally variable marginal retardation and by the orientation of the ice margin relative to the flow direction.

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Knight, Peter G. "Ice deformation very close to the ice-sheet margin in West Greenland." Journal of Glaciology 38, no. 128 (1992): 3–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/s0022143000009539.

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AbstractThis paper describes fine-resolution measurements of glacier surface strain rates very close to the margin of Russell Glacier, West Greenland. Measurements at a small scale make possible detailed analysis of strain patterns close to the glacier margin, and suggest that strain rates vary over small areas. The strain pattern is determined by ice flexure over subglacial obstacles as well as by seasonally variable marginal retardation and by the orientation of the ice margin relative to the flow direction.

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12

Rasmussen, L. A., and L. M. Andreassen. "Seasonal mass-balance gradients in Norway." Journal of Glaciology 51, no. 175 (2005): 601–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/172756505781828990.

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AbstractPreviously discovered regularity in vertical profiles of net balance, bn(z), on ten glaciers in Norway also exists in profiles of both winter, bw(z), and summer, bs(z), seasonal balances. All three profiles, unlike those of many glaciers elsewhere in the world, are remarkably linear. Variations of gradients, dbw/dz and dbs/dz, from year to year are small and correlate poorly with glacier-total balances bw and bs. Glacier-to-glacier correlation is weak for both gradients but is strongly positive for bw and bs. There are two direct consequences of these properties of the gradients that a

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Vikulina, Marina, Mihail Zimin, and Fedor Romanenko. "Assessment of the size of very small glaciers in Khibiny mountains." InterCarto. InterGIS 27, no. 1 (2021): 409–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.35595/2414-9179-2021-1-27-409-417.

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The presence of very small glaciation in the Khibiny mountains was discovered by V.F. Perov in 1958. Since then and until the beginning of the 21st study of glaciers in this area has not been carried out. In general, warming is recorded on the Kola Peninsula. The average annual increase in temperature is 2.3°C ± 1°C during the last 50 years, which correlates with the data of other researchers. The glaciers in the Khibiny mountains should have significantly reduced their size in this connection. In other Arctic regions degradation of glaciation is noted. Some researchers predicted to disappear

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Fischer, Mauro, Matthias Huss, Mario Kummert, and Martin Hoelzle. "Application and validation of long-range terrestrial laser scanning to monitor the mass balance of very small glaciers in the Swiss Alps." Cryosphere 10, no. 3 (2016): 1279–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-10-1279-2016.

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Abstract. Due to the relative lack of empirical field data, the response of very small glaciers (here defined as being smaller than 0.5 km2) to current atmospheric warming is not fully understood yet. Investigating their mass balance, e.g. using the direct glaciological method, is a prerequisite to fill this knowledge gap. Terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) techniques operating in the near infrared range can be applied for the creation of repeated high-resolution digital elevation models and consecutive derivation of annual geodetic mass balances of very small glaciers. This method is promising,

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DeBeer, Christopher M., and Martin J. Sharp. "Topographic influences on recent changes of very small glaciers in the Monashee Mountains, British Columbia, Canada." Journal of Glaciology 55, no. 192 (2009): 691–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/002214309789470851.

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AbstractAn analysis of the local topographic setting of very small (<0.4 km2) glaciers within a small region of the Monashee Mountains, British Columbia, was conducted to investigate its influence on recent changes in the extent of these glaciers. Net changes in glacier extent were determined from a detailed manual comparison of remotely sensed imagery acquired in 1951, 2001 and 2004. Most of the 86 glaciers included in the study showed no observable net change in area over the study period, while six glaciers retreated, four disappeared entirely and only one advanced. Indices derived to ch

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Benn, Douglas I., Lene Kristensen, and Jason D. Gulley. "Surge propagation constrained by a persistent subglacial conduit, Bakaninbreen–Paulabreen, Svalbard." Annals of Glaciology 50, no. 52 (2009): 81–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/172756409789624337.

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AbstractGlacier surges tend to be initiated in relatively small regions, then propagate down-glacier, up-glacier and/or across-glacier. The processes controlling patterns and rates of surge propagation, however, are incompletely understood. In this paper, we focus on patterns of surge propagation in two confluent glaciers in Svalbard, and examine possible causes. One of these glaciers, Bakaninbreen, surged in 1985–95. The surge propagated ∽7 km down-glacier, but did not cross the medial moraine onto the other glacier, Paulabreen. When Paulabreen surged between 2003 and 2005, the surge wave tra

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17

Paul, F., H. Frey, and R. Le Bris. "A new glacier inventory for the European Alps from Landsat TM scenes of 2003: challenges and results." Annals of Glaciology 52, no. 59 (2011): 144–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/172756411799096295.

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AbstractMeltwater from glaciers in the European Alps plays an important role in hydropower production, and future glacier development is thus of economic interest. However, an up-to-date and alpine-wide inventory for accurate assessment of glacier changes or modelling of future glacier development has not hitherto been available. Here we present a new alpine-wide inventory (covering Austria, France, Italy and Switzerland) derived from ten Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) scenes acquired within 7 weeks in 2003. Combined with the globally available digital elevation model from the Shuttle Radar Topo

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18

Matthews, John A., Richard A. Shakesby, and Derek Fabel. "Very low inheritance in cosmogenic surface exposure ages of glacial deposits: A field experiment from two Norwegian glacier forelands." Holocene 27, no. 9 (2017): 1406–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959683616687387.

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Terrestrial cosmogenic nuclide dating has been widely used to estimate the surface exposure age of bedrock and boulder surfaces associated with deglaciation and Holocene glacier variations, but the effect of inherited age has been rarely directly addressed. In this study, small clasts, embedded in flute surfaces on two cirque glacier forelands in Jotunheimen, southern Norway and deposited within the last ~60 years, were used to test whether such clasts have the modern surface exposure age expected in the absence of inheritance. Two different approaches were taken involving dating of (1) a sing

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19

Leigh, J. R., C. R. Stokes, R. J. Carr, I. S. Evans, L. M. Andreassen, and D. J. A. Evans. "Identifying and mapping very small (<0.5 km2) mountain glaciers on coarse to high-resolution imagery." Journal of Glaciology 65, no. 254 (2019): 873–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jog.2019.50.

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AbstractSmall mountain glaciers are an important part of the cryosphere and tend to respond rapidly to climate warming. Historically, mapping very small glaciers (generally considered to be <0.5 km2) using satellite imagery has often been subjective due to the difficulty in differentiating them from perennial snowpatches. For this reason, most scientists implement minimum size-thresholds (typically 0.01–0.05 km2). Here, we compare the ability of different remote-sensing approaches to identify and map very small glaciers on imagery of varying spatial resolutions (30–0.25 m) and investigate h

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Colucci, Renato R., Manja Žebre, Csaba Zsolt Torma, et al. "Recent Increases in Winter Snowfall Provide Resilience to Very Small Glaciers in the Julian Alps, Europe." Atmosphere 12, no. 2 (2021): 263. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos12020263.

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Very small glaciers (<0.5 km2) account for more than 80% of the total number of glaciers and more than 15% of the total glacier area in the European Alps. This study seeks to better understand the impact of extreme snowfall events on the resilience of very small glaciers and ice patches in the southeastern European Alps, an area with the highest mean annual precipitation in the entire Alpine chain. Mean annual precipitation here is up to 3300 mm water equivalent, and the winter snow accumulation is approximately 6.80 m at 1800 m asl averaged over the period 1979–2018. As a consequence, very

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Tielidze, Levan G., Gennady A. Nosenko, Tatiana E. Khromova, and Frank Paul. "Strong acceleration of glacier area loss in the Greater Caucasus between 2000 and 2020." Cryosphere 16, no. 2 (2022): 489–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-489-2022.

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Abstract. An updated glacier inventory is important for understanding glacier behaviour given the accelerating glacier retreat observed around the world. Here, we present data from a new glacier inventory for two points in time (2000, 2020) covering the entire Greater Caucasus (Georgia, Russia, and Azerbaijan). Satellite imagery (Landsat, Sentinel, SPOT) was used to conduct a remote-sensing survey of glacier change. The 30 m resolution Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer Global Digital Elevation Model (ASTER GDEM; 17 November 2011) was used to determine aspect, slope

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Rodrigo, Cristian, Andrés Varas, César Grisales, Diana Quintana, and Ricardo Molares. "Glacimarine sediment flows in small bays on the Danco Coast, Antarctic Peninsula." Boletín de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras 50, SuplEsp (2021): 149–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.25268/bimc.invemar.2021.50.suplesp.950.

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Global atmospheric warming and rising ocean temperatures can contribute to the acceleration of glacier melting and influence the generation and physical characteristics of sediment flows in bays and fjords of the Antarctic Peninsula. During the First Scientific Expedition of Colombia to the Antarctic, carried out between January and February 2015, hydrographic variables (temperature, salinity, pressure and turbidity) were measured in the water column, from very close to the main glacier front towards the offshore, on 5 bays of the Danco Coast, Western Antarctic Peninsula. Glacimarine sediment

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Arie, Kenshiro, Chiyuki Narama, Ryohei Yamamoto, Kotaro Fukui, and Hajime Iida. "Characteristics of mountain glaciers in the northern Japanese Alps." Cryosphere 16, no. 3 (2022): 1091–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1091-2022.

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Abstract. Since 2012, seven perennial snow patches in the northern Japanese Alps have been determined to be very small glaciers (VSGs: <0.5 km2). However, it had not been determined how such glaciers could be maintained in such a warm climate. In this study, we calculate the annual mass balance, accumulation depth, and ablation depth of five of these VSGs, covering 2015–2019 for four of them (2017–2019 for the fifth) using multi-period digital surface models (DSMs) based on structure-from-motion–multi-view-stereo (SfM–MVS) technology and images taken from a small airplane. The results indic

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Rankl, M., S. Vijay, C. Kienholz, and M. Braun. "Glacier changes in the Karakoram region mapped by multi-mission satellite imagery." Cryosphere Discussions 7, no. 4 (2013): 4065–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tcd-7-4065-2013.

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Abstract. Glaciers in the Karakoram region are known to show stable and advancing terminus positions or surging behavior, which contrasts the worldwide retreat of many mountain glaciers. The present study uses Landsat imagery to derive an updated and extended glacier inventory. Surging and advancing glaciers and their annual termini position changes are mapped in addition. Out of 1334 glaciers, 134 show advancing or surging behavior, with a marked increase since 2000. The length distribution of surging glaciers differs significantly from non-surging glaciers. More than 50% of the advancing/sur

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Du, Weibing, Weiqian Ji, Linjuan Xu, and Shuangting Wang. "Deformation Time Series and Driving-Force Analysis of Glaciers in the Eastern Tienshan Mountains Using the SBAS InSAR Method." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 8 (2020): 2836. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17082836.

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Glacier melting is one of the important causes of glacier morphology change and can provide basic parameters for calculating glacier volume change and glacier mass balance, which, in turn, is important for evaluating water resources. However, it is difficult to obtain large-scale time series of glacier changes due to the cloudy and foggy conditions which are typical of mountain areas. Gravity-measuring satellites and laser altimetry satellites can monitor changes in glacier volume over a wide area, while synthetic-aperture radar satellites can monitoring glacier morphology with a high spatial

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Cogley, J. Graham, and W. P. Adams. "Mass balance of glaciers other than the ice sheets." Journal of Glaciology 44, no. 147 (1998): 315–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/s0022143000002641.

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AbstractSmall glaciers appear to have been at equilibrium or shrinking very slightly during 1961–90, according to analysis of an essentially complete set of published measurements. Simple calculations give an average annual mass balance of –195 ± 59 mm a−1 (water equivalent) but this is too low because of systematic errors. Neglect of internal accumulation is responsible for some tens of millimeters of underestimate. Uneven spatial coverage, with fewer measurements where mass balances are less negative, accounts for about 50 mm a−1 of underestimate. This figure derives from spatial interpolati

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Cogley, J. Graham, and W. P. Adams. "Mass balance of glaciers other than the ice sheets." Journal of Glaciology 44, no. 147 (1998): 315–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022143000002641.

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AbstractSmall glaciers appear to have been at equilibrium or shrinking very slightly during 1961–90, according to analysis of an essentially complete set of published measurements. Simple calculations give an average annual mass balance of –195 ± 59 mm a−1(water equivalent) but this is too low because of systematic errors. Neglect of internal accumulation is responsible for some tens of millimeters of underestimate. Uneven spatial coverage, with fewer measurements where mass balances are less negative, accounts for about 50 mm a−1of underestimate. This figure derives from spatial interpolation

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28

Kunz, Julius, and Christof Kneisel. "Glacier–Permafrost Interaction at a Thrust Moraine Complex in the Glacier Forefield Muragl, Swiss Alps." Geosciences 10, no. 6 (2020): 205. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences10060205.

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The internal structures of a moraine complex mostly provide information about the manner in which they develop and thus they can transmit details about several processes long after they have taken place. While the occurrence of glacier–permafrost interactions during the formation of large thrust moraine complexes at polar and subpolar glaciers as well as at marginal positions of former ice sheets has been well understood, their role in the formation of moraines on comparatively small alpine glaciers is still very poorly investigated. Therefore, the question arises as to whether evidence of for

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Zhang, Jingxiao, Li Jia, Massimo Menenti, and Guangcheng Hu. "Glacier Facies Mapping Using a Machine-Learning Algorithm: The Parlung Zangbo Basin Case Study." Remote Sensing 11, no. 4 (2019): 452. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11040452.

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Glaciers in the Tibetan Plateau are an important indicator of climate change. Automatic glacier facies mapping utilizing remote sensing data is challenging due to the spectral similarity of supraglacial debris and the adjacent bedrock. Most of the available glacier datasets do not provide the boundary of clean ice and debris-covered glacier facies, while debris-covered glacier facies play a key role in mass balance research. The aim of this study was to develop an automatic algorithm to distinguish ice cover types based on multi-temporal satellite data, and the algorithm was implemented in a s

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Sugiyama, Shin, Daiki Sakakibara, Shun Tsutaki, Mihiro Maruyama, and Takanobu Sawagaki. "Glacier dynamics near the calving front of Bowdoin Glacier, northwestern Greenland." Journal of Glaciology 61, no. 226 (2015): 223–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/2015jog14j127.

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AbstractTo better understand recent rapid recession of marine-terminating glaciers in Greenland, we performed satellite and field observations near the calving front of Bowdoin Glacier, a 3 km wide outlet glacier in northwestern Greenland. Satellite data revealed a clear transition to a rapidly retreating phase in 2008 from a relatively stable glacier condition that lasted for >20 years. Ice radar measurements showed that the glacier front is grounded, but very close to the floating condition. These results, in combination with the results of ocean depth soundings, suggest bed geometry in f

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Podgórski, Julian, and Michał Pętlicki. "Detailed Lacustrine Calving Iceberg Inventory from Very High Resolution Optical Imagery and Object-Based Image Analysis." Remote Sensing 12, no. 11 (2020): 1807. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12111807.

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In the field of iceberg and glacier calving studies, it is important to collect comprehensive datasets of populations of icebergs. Particularly, calving of lake-terminating glaciers has been understudied. The aim of this work is to present an object-based method of iceberg detection and to create an inventory of icebergs located in a proglacial lagoon of San Quintín glacier, Northern Patagonia Icefield, Chile. This dataset is created using high-resolution WorldView-2 imagery and a derived DEM. We use it to briefly discuss the iceberg size distribution and area–volume scaling. Segmentation of t

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Paul, F. "Revealing glacier flow and surge dynamics from animated satellite image sequences: examples from the Karakoram." Cryosphere Discussions 9, no. 2 (2015): 2597–623. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tcd-9-2597-2015.

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Abstract. Although animated images are very popular on the Internet, they have so far found only limited use for glaciological applications. With long time-series of satellite images becoming increasingly available and glaciers being well recognized for their rapid changes and variable flow dynamics, animated sequences of multiple satellite images reveal glacier dynamics in a time-lapse mode, making the otherwise slow changes of glacier movement visible and understandable for a wide public. For this study animated image sequences were created from freely available image quick-looks of orthorec

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Goerlich, Franz, Tobias Bolch, and Frank Paul. "More dynamic than expected: an updated survey of surging glaciers in the Pamir." Earth System Science Data 12, no. 4 (2020): 3161–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-3161-2020.

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Abstract. The investigation of surging glaciers using remote sensing has recently seen a strong increase as freely available satellite data and digital elevation models (DEMs) can provide detailed information about surges that often take place in remote and inaccessible regions. Apart from analysing individual surges, satellite information is increasingly used to collect valuable data on surging glaciers. Related inventories have recently been published for several regions in High Mountain Asia including the Karakoram or parts of the Pamir and western Kunlun Shan, but information for the entir

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Paul, F. "Revealing glacier flow and surge dynamics from animated satellite image sequences: examples from the Karakoram." Cryosphere 9, no. 6 (2015): 2201–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-9-2201-2015.

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Abstract. Although animated images are very popular on the internet, they have so far found only limited use for glaciological applications. With long time series of satellite images becoming increasingly available and glaciers being well recognized for their rapid changes and variable flow dynamics, animated sequences of multiple satellite images reveal glacier dynamics in a time-lapse mode, making the otherwise slow changes of glacier movement visible and understandable to the wider public. For this study, animated image sequences were created for four regions in the central Karakoram mounta

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Buri, Pascal, and Francesca Pellicciotti. "Aspect controls the survival of ice cliffs on debris-covered glaciers." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 17 (2018): 4369–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1713892115.

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Supraglacial ice cliffs exist on debris-covered glaciers worldwide, but despite their importance as melt hot spots, their life cycle is little understood. Early field observations had advanced a hypothesis of survival of north-facing and disappearance of south-facing cliffs, which is central for predicting the contribution of cliffs to total glacier mass losses. Their role as windows of energy transfer suggests they may explain the anomalously high mass losses of debris-covered glaciers in High Mountain Asia (HMA) despite the insulating debris, currently at the center of a debated controversy.

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Stokes, C. R., V. Popovnin, A. Aleynikov, S. D. Gurney, and M. Shahgedanova. "Recent glacier retreat in the Caucasus Mountains, Russia, and associated increase in supraglacial debris cover and supra-/proglacial lake development." Annals of Glaciology 46 (2007): 195–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/172756407782871468.

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AbstractThis paper reports changes in supraglacial debris cover and supra-/proglacial lake development associated with recent glacier retreat (1985–2000) in the central Caucasus Mountains, Russia. Satellite imagery (Landsat TM and ETM+) was used to map the surface area and supraglacial debris cover on six neighbouring glaciers in the Adylsu valley through a process of manual digitizing on a false-colour composite of bands 5, 4, 3 (red, green, blue). The distribution and surface area of supraglacial and proglacial lakes was digitized for a larger area, which extended to the whole Landsat scene.

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Blatter, Heinz, and Kolumban Hutter. "Polythermal conditions in arctic glaciers." Journal of Glaciology 37, no. 126 (1991): 261–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022143000007279.

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AbstractEnglacial temperature measurements in Arctic valley glaciers suggest in the ablation zone the existence of a basal layer of temperate ice lying below the bulk of cold ice. For such a polythermal glacier, a mathematical model is presented that calculates the temperature in the cold part and the position of the cold-temperate transition surface (CTS). The model is based on the continuum hypothesis for ice and the ice-water mixture, and on the conservation laws for moisture and energy. Temperate ice is treated as a binary mixture of ice and water at the melting point of pure ice. Boundary

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Blatter, Heinz, and Kolumban Hutter. "Polythermal conditions in arctic glaciers." Journal of Glaciology 37, no. 126 (1991): 261–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/s0022143000007279.

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AbstractEnglacial temperature measurements in Arctic valley glaciers suggest in the ablation zone the existence of a basal layer of temperate ice lying below the bulk of cold ice. For such a polythermal glacier, a mathematical model is presented that calculates the temperature in the cold part and the position of the cold-temperate transition surface (CTS). The model is based on the continuum hypothesis for ice and the ice-water mixture, and on the conservation laws for moisture and energy. Temperate ice is treated as a binary mixture of ice and water at the melting point of pure ice. Boundary

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39

Pomeroy, Joseph, Alex Brisbourne, Jeffrey Evans, and David Graham. "The search for seismic signatures of movement at the glacier bed in a polythermal valley glacier." Annals of Glaciology 54, no. 64 (2013): 149–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/2013aog64a203.

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AbstractA passive seismology experiment was conducted across the main overdeepening of Storglaciären in the Tarfala valley, northern Sweden, to investigate the spatial and temporal distribution of basal microseismic waveforms in relation to known dynamics of this small polythermal sub-arctic glacier. The high ablation rate made it difficult to keep geophones buried and well coupled to the glacier during the experiment and reduced the number of days of good-quality data collection. The characterization of typical and atypical waveforms showed that the dominant waveforms were from near-surface e

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Khan, S. A., K. K. Kjeldsen, K. H. Kjær, et al. "Glacier dynamics at Helheim and Kangerdlugssuaq glaciers, southeast Greenland, since the Little Ice Age." Cryosphere 8, no. 4 (2014): 1497–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-8-1497-2014.

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Abstract. Observations over the past decade show significant ice loss associated with the speed-up of glaciers in southeast Greenland from 2003, followed by a deceleration from 2006. These short-term, episodic, dynamic perturbations have a major impact on the mass balance on the decadal scale. To improve the projection of future sea level rise, a long-term data record that reveals the mass balance beyond such episodic events is required. Here, we extend the observational record of marginal thinning of Helheim and Kangerdlugssuaq glaciers from 10 to more than 80 years. We show that, although th

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Woodward, John, Martin Sharp, and Anthony Arendt. "The influence of superimposed-ice formation on the sensitivity of glacier mass balance to climate change." Annals of Glaciology 24 (1997): 186–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/s0260305500012155.

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The formation of superimposed ice at the surface of high-Arctic glaciers is an important control on glacier mass balance, but one which is usually modelled in only a schematic fashion. A method is developed to predict the relationship between the thickness of superimposed ice formed and the mean annual air temperature (which approximates the ice temperature at 14 m depth). This relationship is used to investigate the dependence of the proportion of snowpack water equivalent which forms superimposed ice on changes in mean annual temperature and patterns of snow accumulation.Increased temperatur

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Woodward, John, Martin Sharp, and Anthony Arendt. "The influence of superimposed-ice formation on the sensitivity of glacier mass balance to climate change." Annals of Glaciology 24 (1997): 186–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0260305500012155.

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The formation of superimposed ice at the surface of high-Arctic glaciers is an important control on glacier mass balance, but one which is usually modelled in only a schematic fashion. A method is developed to predict the relationship between the thickness of superimposed ice formed and the mean annual air temperature (which approximates the ice temperature at 14 m depth). This relationship is used to investigate the dependence of the proportion of snowpack water equivalent which forms superimposed ice on changes in mean annual temperature and patterns of snow accumulation. Increased temperatu

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43

Kaldybayev, Azamat, Yaning Chen, and Evgeniy Vilesov. "Glacier change in the Karatal river basin, Zhetysu (Dzhungar) Alatau, Kazakhstan." Annals of Glaciology 57, no. 71 (2016): 11–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/2016aog71a005.

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AbstractWe investigated glacier changes in the Karatal river basin, the largest basin in Zhetysu (Dzhungar) Alatau, Kazakhstan, for the periods 1956–89, 1989–2001 and 2001–12, based on Landsat TM/ETM+ data analysis. In 1989, we found 243 glaciers with a total area of 142.8 km2; by 2012 these had shrunk to 214 glaciers with a total area of 109.3 km2, a decrease of 33.5 km2 over 23 years (1.02%a-1). This very high shrinkage rate is likely connected with a general trend of increasing temperatures, and small glaciers being situated at the relatively low altitude of the outer Zhetysu Alatau ranges.

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Thomas, Robert H., Waleed Abdalati, Earl Frederick, William B. Krabill, Serdar Manizade, and Konrad Steffen. "Investigation of surface melting and dynamic thinning on Jakobshavn Isbræ, Greenland." Journal of Glaciology 49, no. 165 (2003): 231–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/172756503781830764.

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AbstractJakobshavn Isbræ is the most active glacier in Greenland, with an annual discharge of about 30 km3 of ice, and it is one of the few recently surveyed glaciers to thicken between 1993 and 1998, despite locally warm summers. Repeated airborne laser-altimeter surveys along a 120 km profile in the glacier basin show slow, sporadic thickening between 1991 and 1997, suggesting a small positive mass balance, but since 1997 there has been sustained thinning of several m a−1 within 20 km of the ice front, with lower rates of thinning further inland. Here, we use weather-station data from the co

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Rupper, Summer, and Gerard Roe. "Glacier Changes and Regional Climate: A Mass and Energy Balance Approach*." Journal of Climate 21, no. 20 (2008): 5384–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2008jcli2219.1.

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Abstract The mass balance of a glacier is a complex consequence of the combination of atmospheric variables that control it. However, the understanding of past, present, and future glacier states is often predicated on very simplified representations of the mass balance–climate relationship. Here, a full surface energy and mass balance (SEMB) model is developed to explore the relationship between glacier equilibrium-line altitudes (ELAs) and climate at a regional scale. This model is applied to central Asia because of the diverse climate regimes and glacier history. The model captures the patt

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De Marco, Jessica, Luca Carturan, Livia Piermattei, et al. "Minor Imbalance of the Lowermost Italian Glacier from 2006 to 2019." Water 12, no. 9 (2020): 2503. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12092503.

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The response of very small glaciers to climate changes is highly scattered and little known in comparison with larger ice bodies. In particular, small avalanche-fed and debris-covered glaciers lack mass balance series of sufficient length. In this paper we present 13 years of high-resolution observations over the Occidentale del Montasio Glacier, collected using Airborne Laser Scanning, Terrestrial Laser Scanning, and Structure from Motion Multi-View Stereo techniques for monitoring its geodetic mass balance and surface dynamics. The results have been analyzed jointly with meteorological varia

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Reid, T. D., and B. W. Brock. "Assessing ice-cliff backwasting and its contribution to total ablation of debris-covered Miage glacier, Mont Blanc massif, Italy." Journal of Glaciology 60, no. 219 (2014): 3–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/2014jog13j045.

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AbstractContinuous surface debris cover strongly reduces the ablation of glaciers, but high melt rates may occur at ice cliffs that are too steep to hold debris. This study assesses the contribution of ice-cliff backwasting to total ablation of Miage glacier, Mont Blanc massif, Italy, in 2010 and 2011, based on field measurements, physical melt models and mapping of ice cliffs using a high-resolution (1 m) digital elevation model (DEM). Short-term model calculations closely match the measured melt rates. A model sensitivity analysis indicates that the effects of cliff slope and albedo are more

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Osborn, Gerald. "Holocene tephrostratigraphy and glacial fluctuations in Waterton Lakes and Glacier national parks, Alberta and Montana." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 22, no. 7 (1985): 1093–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e85-111.

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Waterton Lakes National Park in Alberta and Glacier National Park in Montana lie along adjacent sections of the continental divide in the Rocky Mountains. In cirques or near divides there is evidence for two ages of glacial deposits. Younger deposits are generally well preserved, poorly vegetated, and bear no tephra and no or very small lichens. Older deposits are more poorly preserved, better vegetated, bear Rhizocarpon sp. lichens at least up to 92 mm in diameter, and bear tephra. The tephra often occurs in two different coloured horizons, but both are compositionally equivalent to Mazama te

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DeBeer, Christopher M., and Martin J. Sharp. "Recent changes in glacier area and volume within the southern Canadian Cordillera." Annals of Glaciology 46 (2007): 215–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/172756407782871710.

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AbstractNet changes in glacier area in the region 50–51˚ N, 116–125˚W, which includes the Columbia and Rocky Mountains (1951/52–2001) and the Coast Mountains (1964/65–2002), were determined through a comparison of historic aerial photography and contemporary Landsat 7 ETM+ imagery. The volumes of individual glaciers were estimated using an empirical volume–area scaling relationship. The area of glaciers in the Coast Mountains decreased by 120±10km2, or 5%of the initial ice-covered area here. The areas of glaciers in the Columbia and Rocky Mountains decreased by 20 and 6km2 respectively, corres

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Mazo, V. L. "Waves on Glacier Beds." Journal of Glaciology 35, no. 120 (1989): 179–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/s0022143000004469.

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Abstract A joint dynamical system comprising both an eroding glacier and an eroded bed is considered to describe the formation of cirques and stepped longitudinal profiles of trough valleys. A glacier is modelled as a layer of a very viscous incompressible fluid flowing down an inclined bed. The rate of erosion is assumed to be determined by the basal shear stress. The dynamics of small longitudinal perturbations are studied. The analysis shows that the perturbations propagate up the glacier bed with velocities that are different for the perturbations of different spatial scales. As a result,

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