Academic literature on the topic 'Very large city'
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Journal articles on the topic "Very large city"
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Kumar, K., H. Ledoux, and J. Stoter. "A CITYGML EXTENSION FOR HANDLING VERY LARGE TINS." ISPRS Annals of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences IV-2/W1 (October 5, 2016): 137–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-iv-2-w1-137-2016.
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In addition to buildings, the terrain forms an important part of a 3D city model. Although in GIS terrains are usually represented with 2D grids, TINs are also increasingly being used in practice. One example is 3DTOP10NL, the 3D city model covering the whole of the Netherlands, which stores the relief with a constrained TIN containing more than 1 billion triangles. Due to the massive size of such datasets, the main problem that arises is: how to efficiently store and maintain them? While CityGML supports the storage of TINs, we argue in this paper that the current solution is not adequate. For instance, the 1 billion+ triangles of 3DTOP10NL require 686 GB of storage space with CityGML. Furthermore, the current solution does not store the topological relationships of the triangles, and also there are no clear mechanisms to handle several LODs. We propose in this paper a CityGML extension for the <i>compact</i> representation of terrains. We describe our abstract and implementation specifications (modelled in UML), and our prototype implementation to convert TINs to our CityGML structure. It increases the topological relationships that are explicitly represented, and allows us to compress up to a factor of &sim;&thinsp;25 in our experiments with massive real-world terrains (more than 1 billion triangles).
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Davison, Benjamin. "Super City." California History 93, no. 3 (2016): 9–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/ch.2016.93.3.9.
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Between 1914 and 1941, Los Angeles businessmen opened supermarkets across the city, beginning America's era of mass-food retailing. The very first in the world, Los Angeles supermarkets pioneered business practices and architectural standards that would, over the following decades, become industry standards. This includes self-service shopping, large low-slung buildings cooled by massive air conditioners, and a reliance on colorful displays of fresh fruits and vegetables. More significantly, Los Angeles supermarkets fundamentally reconfigured the ways Americans used urban space, first in Southern California and then across the rest of the United States.
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Wolf, Tobias, Lasse H. Pettersson, and Igor Esau. "A very high-resolution assessment and modelling of urban air quality." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 20, no. 2 (January 20, 2020): 625–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-625-2020.
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Abstract. Urban air quality is one of the most prominent environmental concerns for modern city residents and authorities. Accurate monitoring of air quality is difficult due to intrinsic urban landscape heterogeneity and superposition of multiple polluting sources. Existing approaches often do not provide the necessary spatial details and peak concentrations of pollutants, especially at larger distances from monitoring stations. A more advanced integrated approach is needed. This study presents a very high-resolution air quality assessment with the Parallelized Large-Eddy Simulation Model (PALM), capitalising on local measurements. This fully three-dimensional primitive-equation hydrodynamical model resolves both structural details of the complex urban surface and turbulent eddies larger than 10 m in size. We ran a set of 27 meteorological weather scenarios in order to assess the dispersion of pollutants in Bergen, a middle-sized Norwegian city embedded in a coastal valley. This set of scenarios represents typically observed weather conditions with high air pollution from nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and particulate matter (PM2.5). The modelling methodology helped to identify pathways and patterns of air pollution caused by the three main local air pollution sources in the city. These are road vehicle traffic, domestic house heating with wood-burning fireplaces and ships docked in the harbour area next to the city centre. The study produced vulnerability maps, highlighting the most impacted districts for each weather and emission scenario. Overall, the largest contribution to air pollution over inhabited areas in Bergen was caused by road traffic emissions for NO2 and wood-burning fireplaces for PM2.5 pollution. The effect of emission from ships in the port was mostly restricted to the areas close to the harbour and moderate in comparison. However, the results have contributed to implementation of measures to reduce emissions from ships in Bergen harbour, including provision of shore power.
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Cavagna, Romain, Jérôme Royan, Patrick Gioia, Christian Bouville, Maha Abdallah, and Eliya Buyukkaya. "Peer-to-peer visualization of very large 3D landscape and city models using MPEG-4." Signal Processing: Image Communication 24, no. 1-2 (January 2009): 115–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.image.2008.10.012.
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Abdul Muin and Heinrich Rakuasa. "Pemanfaatan Sistim Informasi Geografi Untuk Analisis Jarak Jangkauan Pelayanan Fasilitas Kesehatan di Kota Ambon." INSOLOGI: Jurnal Sains dan Teknologi 2, no. 4 (August 28, 2023): 664–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.55123/insologi.v2i4.2235.
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Ambon City is the most populous city in Maluku, and accessibility is one of the main challenges in meeting health service needs. To overcome this problem, it is necessary to conduct an in-depth analysis of the distance of health facility services in Ambon City. This study uses a spatial analysis method to map the location and distance between major health facilities such as hospitals, health centers, and clinics throughout Ambon City. The results show that there are diverse spatial patterns in the coverage of health facilities in Ambon City. The spatial pattern of health facility coverage in Ambon City is classified into 5 classes, namely very close covering 7,586, 42 ha, close covering 10,172, 23 ha, medium covering 3,697, 07 ha, far covering 3,473.59 ha and very far covering 7,644, 36 ha. The results of this study also show that Teluk Ambon sub-district has a very large percentage of area at the very close, close and very far reach levels of health facilities compared to other sub-districts in Ambon City, while the area at the medium and far reach levels is dominated by Nusaniwe sub-district which has a larger percentage of area than other sub-districts. This study makes an important contribution to understanding the spatial pattern of health facility coverage in Ambon City and provides a basis for spatially-based decision-making.
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Popa, Bogdan, Liana Ioana Vuta, Gabriela Elena Dumitran, Irina Picioroaga, Madalina Calin-Arhip, and Radu-Florin Porumb. "FPV for Sustainable Electricity Generation in a Large European City." Sustainability 14, no. 1 (December 29, 2021): 349. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14010349.
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There is a huge interest worldwide related to continuously increasing the use of renewable energy sources (RES) for electricity generation. Romania, at this moment, even though it has to attain a share of 30.7% of RES from total energy consumption by 2030, does not have any major investment project of this kind in the near future. Photovoltaic (PV) is one of the most promising technologies, with decreasing prices for PV panels but with the disadvantage of large, needed surfaces. This study presents a solution to install PV panels where there is a need for electricity, in a large city, by using the surface of a reservoir. “Lacul Morii” Reservoir in Bucharest is the choice for the case study. The insolation and the possibility to install floating PV, as well as electricity generation, benefits for water quality and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions reduction are assessed, and even the installation of charging stations for electric bikes and cars. The results are very promising, and the main conclusion is that, after its realization, the floating photovoltaic (FPV) plant on “Lacul Morii” Reservoir will be a source of clean electricity and a demonstration project on how to benefit from solar energy to produce electricity in large cities where there are reservoirs.
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Christen, M., and S. Nebiker. "VISUALISATION OF COMPLEX 3D CITY MODELS ON MOBILE WEBBROWSERS USING CLOUD-BASED IMAGE PROVISIONING." ISPRS Annals of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences II-3/W5 (August 20, 2015): 517–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsannals-ii-3-w5-517-2015.
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Rendering large city models with high polygon count and a vast amount of textures at interactive frame rates is a rather difficult to impossible task as it highly depends on the client hardware, which is often insufficient, even if out-of-core rendering techniques and level of detail approaches are used. Rendering complex city models on mobile devices is even more challenging. An approach of rendering and caching very large city models in the cloud using ray-tracing based image provisioning is introduced. This allows rendering large scenes efficiently, including on mobile devices. With this approach, it is possible to render cities with nearly unlimited number of polygons and textures.
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Sauter, Evan, Maqsood Mughal, and Ziming Zhang. "Evaluation of Machine Learning Methods on Large-Scale Spatiotemporal Data for Photovoltaic Power Prediction." Energies 16, no. 13 (June 23, 2023): 4908. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16134908.
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The exponential increase in photovoltaic (PV) arrays installed globally, particularly given the intermittent nature of PV generation, has emphasized the need to accurately forecast the predicted output power of the arrays. Regardless of the length of the forecasts, the modeling of PV arrays is made difficult by their dependence on weather. Typically, the model projections are generated from datasets at one location across a couple of years. The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of regression models in very short-term deterministic forecasts for spatiotemporal projections. The compiled dataset is unique given that it consists of weather and output power data of PVs located at five cities spanning 3 and 6 years in length. Gated recurrent unit (GRU) generalized the best for same-city and cross-city predictions, while long short-term memory (LSTM) and ensemble bagging had the best cross-city and same-city predictions, respectively.
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Wu, Songbing, Chun Du, Hao Chen, Yingxiao Xu, Ning Guo, and Ning Jing. "Road Extraction from Very High Resolution Images Using Weakly labeled OpenStreetMap Centerline." ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 8, no. 11 (October 24, 2019): 478. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi8110478.
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Road networks play a significant role in modern city management. It is necessary to continually extract current road structure, as it changes rapidly with the development of the city. Due to the success of semantic segmentation based on deep learning in the application of computer vision, extracting road networks from VHR (Very High Resolution) imagery becomes a method of updating geographic databases. The major shortcoming of deep learning methods for road networks extraction is that they need a massive amount of high quality pixel-wise training datasets, which is hard to obtain. Meanwhile, a large amount of different types of VGI (volunteer geographic information) data including road centerline has been accumulated in the past few decades. However, most road centerlines in VGI data lack precise width information and, therefore, cannot be directly applied to conventional supervised deep learning models. In this paper, we propose a novel weakly supervised method to extract road networks from VHR images using only the OSM (OpenStreetMap) road centerline as training data instead of high quality pixel-wise road width label. Large amounts of paired Google Earth images and OSM data are used to validate the approach. The results show that the proposed method can extract road networks from the VHR images both accurately and effectively without using pixel-wise road training data.
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Mega Yulia, Fakhri Luthfi, and Khairil Armal. "PROFIL PENYIMPANAN VAKSIN COVID-19 DI SELURUH PUSKESMAS KOTA BUKITTINGGI." Journal Pharmacopoeia 2, no. 1 (March 30, 2023): 41–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.33088/jp.v2i1.375.
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Bukittinggi is a city in the province of West Sumatera with a population of 121,028 people. From this large population, it is predicted that the need for vaccines is very large. For this reason, the role of health service facilities in terms of handling vaccines is urgently needed, especially in terms of vaccine storage so that vaccine quality can be maintained. This research is a descriptive study using a checklist which aims to find out whether the storage of the covid-19 vaccine in Bukittinggi City complies with the standards for storing the covid-19 vaccine. From the research conducted, it can be concluded that the suitability of the requirements for facilities and infrastructure is categorized as very good for all Puskesmas in Bukittinggi City with a percentage range of 86.66% -93.33%. Sari, Mandiangin Health Center, Plus Mandiangin Health Center, Gulai Bancah Health Center and Tigo Baleh Health Center with a percentage range of 89.47% -84.21%. The Guguk Panjang Health Center is categorized as good with a percentage of 78.94%. Meanwhile, the suitability of vaccine management requirements is categorized as very good for all health centers in Bukittinggi City with a percentage range of 92.85% -100%.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Very large city"
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Füzesséry, Stéphane. "L’expérience de la très grande ville. Berlin 1860-1930." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023SORUL040.
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Entre 1860 et 1930, Berlin connaît un cycle de croissance sans précédent : tandis que sa population est multipliée par huit, sa superficie est multipliée par cinquante. Le temps d’une génération, elle devient une très grande ville. Sans équivalent en Europe, ce gigantesque saut d’échelle suscite non seulement un doute quant à la viabilité de cette forme urbaine nouvelle, mais il bouleverse également le type d’expériences que l’on y fait au quotidien. Pour des millions de citadins, il s’agit en effet de composer avec des phénomènes inédits tels que le surpeuplement résidentiel, la promiscuité dans les transports, l’allongement des temps de parcours entre domicile et travail, les risques d’accident de la rue, l’accélération des rythmes ou encore l’artificialisation des ambiances urbaines. Déstabilisée par cette mutation, la société allemande s’engage sur la voie d’une double adaptation : adaptation de la très grande ville aux citadins, adaptation des citadins à la très grande ville. Tandis que la première est favorisée par des politiques portant sur l’amélioration de l’habitat, la réintroduction de la nature en ville ou encore la prévention des accidents de la rue, la seconde est permise par l’acquisition spontanée par les citadins de nouvelles compétences routinières pour tout à la fois se côtoyer en situation de congestion, se déplacer dans un environnement mécanisé ou encore faire face au trop-plein de sollicitations sensorielles. Même si les graves crises qui touchent l’Allemagne à partir de 1914 en perturbent le cours, un processus de normalisation de la vie métropolitaine s’observe donc, qui invalide en partie les doutes nés avec l’urbanisation explosiveBetween 1860 and 1930, Berlin underwent an unprecedented growth cycle: while its population increased eightfold, its area increased fiftyfold. In the space of one generation, it became a very large city. This gigantic leap in scale, unparalleled in Europe, not only raised doubts about the viability of this new urban form, but also changed the kind of everyday experiences one had in the city. For millions of city dwellers, it was a matter of coping with new phenomena such as residential overcrowding, crowded transport, longer journey times between home and work, the risk of street accidents, the acceleration of rhythms and the artificialisation of urban environments. Destabilized by this spatial and social mutation, German society embarked on a twofold adaptation process: an adaptation of the very large city to the city dwellers, and an adaptation of the city dwellers to the very large city. While the former was promoted by policies to improve housing, reintroduce nature into the city, and prevent street accidents, the latter was made possible by the spontaneous acquisition of new routine skills by city dwellers to cope with congestion, to evolve in a mechanized environment, and to deal with an overload of sensory stimuli. Even if the serious crises that affected Germany from 1914 onwards disrupted the course of the city, a process of normalization of metropolitan life can thus be observed, which partly invalidates the doubts that had arisen with the explosive urbanization
Books on the topic "Very large city"
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IEEE, VLSI Test Symposium (11th 1993 Atlantic City N. J. ). Digest of papers: Eleventh Annual 1993 IEEE VLSI Test Symposium, April 6-8, 1993, Atlantic City, New Jersey. Los Alamitos, Calif: IEEE Computer Society Press, 1993.
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Erik, Brunvand, Myers Chris J. 1969-, University of Utah, IEEE Electron Devices Society, and Intel Corporation, eds. 2001 Conference on Advanced Research in VLSI: ARVLSI 2001 : proceedings : March 14-16, 2001, Salt Lake City, Utah. Los Alamitos, Calif: IEEE Computer Society, 2001.
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IEEE VLSI Test Symposium (1991 Atlantic City, N.J.). Digest of papers: 1991 IEEE VLSI Test Symposium : chip-to-system test concerns for the 90's : April 15-17, 1991, Bally's Park Place Casino Hotel, Atlantic City, New Jersey, USA. New York, NY (345 E. 47th St., New York 10017): IEEE, 1991.
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IEEE, VLSI Test Symposium (1992 Atlantic City N. J. ). Digest of papers: 1992 IEEE VLSLI Test Conference 10th anniversary, April 7-9, 1992, Bally's Park Place Casino Hotel, Atlantic City, New Jersey, USA : design, test, and appliction--ASICs and systems-on-a-chip. [New York]: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, 1992.
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Utah) Agile Conference (2011 Salt Lake City. 2011 AGILE Conference (AGILE 2011): Salt Lake City, Utah, USA, 7-13 August 2011. Los Alamitos, California: IEEE Computer Society, 2011.
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ACM Special Interest Group on Design Automation., ed. GLSVLSI '02: Proceedings of the 12th ACM Great Lakes Symposium on VLSI, Holiday Inn Martinique, New York City, New York, USA, April 18-20, 2002. New York: Association for Computing Machinery, 2002.
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International, Conference on VLSI Design (13th 2000 Science City Calcutta India). VLSI Design 2000: Thirteenth International Conference on VLSI Design : 3-7 January 2000, Science City, Calcutta, India. Los Alamitos, Calif: IEEE Computer Society Press, 2000.
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Wilder, Thornton. The eighth day. New York: Harper Perennial Modern Classics, 2006.
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Wilder, Thornton. The eighth day. New York: Harper Perennial Modern Classics, 2006.
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Segre, Renata. Preludio al Ghetto di Venezia Gli ebrei sotto i dogi (1250-1516). Venice: Fondazione Università Ca’ Foscari, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.30687/978-88-6969-552-0.
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A history of the Jewish presence in Venice and in the Serenissima Republic before the establishment of the Venice Ghetto had not yet been written, because there was no relevant investigation into the documentary sources of archives and libraries. On the occasion of the celebrations for the five hundred years of the Ghetto, it was still maintained that only from 1516 did the Jews settle in the city. This book, the result of twenty years of systematic research, intends to controvert that myth, which is an integral part of the larger myth of Venice. The documentary scope covers almost three hundred years (between the midthirteenth century and the second decade of the sixteenth century), that is, from the first ascertained presence of Jews to their definitive settlement in the urban area called the Ghetto, in a particularly troubled period of Venetian history. In this historical context, Mestre had special importance, becoming, close to the fifteenth century, the capital of Venetian Judaism: not only did the loan banks operate there, but there were also the only official synagogue (with relative cult and rabbinate), the hostel for those who had business to see to in the capital, and the cemetery. Unfortunately, none of these testimonies was preserved, and the very memory of that community was soon erased. A very similar story took place in Treviso, a primary Ashkenazi centre, which disappeared at the end of the fifteenth century, unlike Padua that was the only one, among the largest and oldest Jewish communities, to overcome the centuries, without ever being able to contend for primacy with the Venice Ghetto.
Book chapters on the topic "Very large city"
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Ono, Kumiko, and Henning Schulzrinne. "One Server Per City: Using TCP for Very Large SIP Servers." In Principles, Systems and Applications of IP Telecommunications. Services and Security for Next Generation Networks, 133–48. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-89054-6_7.
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Cervini, Fulvio, Andrea Zorzi, Mauro Guerrini, Fabio Martini, and Margherita Azzari. "Intermittenze virtuose. Le istituzioni per i beni archeologici, artistici, archivistici e librari." In Dialoghi con la società, 235–48. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/979-12-215-0282-4.22.
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The University of Florence has always maintained very close relationships with the city's cultural institutions: libraries, museums, archives, research institutes. These relationships have been particularly significant with regards to the artistic heritage, even if sometimes the large museums of the city, on the one hand, and the university, on the other, have developed research independently without finding forms of collaboration. However, these relationships have strengthened in recent decades, enhancing the central role of the university in the city's cultural production.
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Küntgen-Nery, Alberto Domeniconi, Camila Mendonça Torres, Esdras Guerreiro Vasconcellos, and Wellington Zangari. "The First Discoveries and the Challenges of Researching Representations of Gods in a Continental Country Such as Brazil." In When Children Draw Gods, 363–82. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-94429-2_13.
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AbstractThis chapter presents the results of the first research on representations of gods in Brazil, within the context of the Children’s Drawings of Gods project. Brazil is a country of continental dimensions. It is also marked by a strong, predominantly Christian, religious scene. We collected data in the city of São Paulo, the largest and most urbanized city in the country, and in the Guajajara indigenous village in Maranhão, one of the less developed states. Our findings show a large number of representations influenced by Christianity (e.g., anthropomorphic representations of god). Anthromorphic representations appear across the entire sample, but were more prevalent in the children of São Paulo. Among the Guajajaras, there was a greater incidence of non-anthropomorphic representations of god, including animistic representations. The children of São Paulo employed a larger repertoire of representations than the Guajajaras children did. The data presented in this exploratory study reflect a small, convenience sample; they do not represent the Brazilian population as a whole. We suggest that further studies with other groups, religions, and ages. Exploration of the representations of gods in Brazil is still in its infancy; the country promises to be a very fertile field for future research.
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Ward, Lauck W., and Blake W. Blackwelder. "Late Pliocene and Early Pleistocene Mollusca from the James City and Chowan River Formations at the Lee Creek Mine." In Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology, 113–283. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.5479/si.00810266.61.113.
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A molluscan fauna consisting of 194 species is described from the Chowan River (upper Pliocene) and James City (lower Pleistocene) formations at the Lee Creek Mine, Aurora, North Carolina. These two formations are as much as 7 m thick in the mine and unconformably overlie strata that correlate with the Yorktown Formation in its type area. The Chowan River and James City formations are separated by an unconformity. The mollusks of the Chowan River Formation are assigned to the <i>Glycymeris hummi-Turritella perexilis</i> assemblage-zone and the mollusks in the overlying James City Formation are assigned to the <i>Marvacrassatella kauffmani-Astarte berryi</i> assemblage-zone. Although mollusks in these zones lived in a subtropical thermal regime, they include some warm-temperate species not found in contemporaneous deposits farther south. The units represented by these assemblage zones were deposited mostly under open marine conditions at a maximum depth of about 25 m. The <i>Marvacrassatella kauffmani-Astarte berryi</i> assemblage at Lee Creek lived in association with an offshore bar system, which has some large unidirectional current-bedded shelly sands. Although more than 65 percent of the species in the assemblages are now extinct, the composition and diversity of the mollusks in the different beds is very similar to that of the <i>Argopecten gibbus</i> community presently living off the North Carolina coast.
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Fouquet, Thomas. "Dakar by Night: Engaging with a Cosmopolitanism by Contrast." In IMISCOE Research Series, 41–53. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-67365-9_4.
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AbstractDrawing on 20 years of anthropological research in Dakar, this study aims at bringing to light some ways of being-in-town that organize towards desires for being-in-the-world. It relies on a simple and yet substantial premise: a very large number of urban Senegalese youths express a strong willingness to move North, or West, while only a small minority is able to achieve such an expectation. The questioning focuses on those who actually stay, but whose modes of sticking here are deeply influenced by their longings for a larger world. Such configurations can be understood through the concrete urban cosmopolitan experiences they convey, which rely on inherently relational terms, that is: being cosmopolitan ‘rather than…’, citizen of the world ‘rather than…’, and so on. This relative, relational and contrastive cosmopolitanism emerges in the wake of constant non-travelers’ paths into the city, as compared to “frequent travelers” moving around the world. Empirically, these issues are addressed from the standpoint of the contrasted uses of urban temporalities, the nocturnal one in particular. The Dakar-by-night is thus engaged as a scene revealing the cosmopolitical dynamics that inhabit, cross or impregnate the metropolis.
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Beani, Egle, Elisabetta Colucci, Luigi La Riccia, Andrea Maria Lingua, Paolo Felice Maschio, Francesca Matrone, Alberto Possa, and Ammj Traore. "The 3D Metric Survey for the Digital Cartographic Production to Support the Knowledge of the New Municipality of Mappano." In The Urban Book Series, 153–68. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-33894-6_12.
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AbstractThe complexity of the territories and cities is the genesis of the need to carry out spatial analyses, simulations of complex phenomena and urban planning, requiring an evolution of very large-scale numerical cartography. The representation of cities has not to ignore some essential aspects as well as: the three-dimensionality of the land and all its natural and artificial objects, the multi-scale of geometric and descriptive information to allow different levels of detail and granularity according to the operational purposes, and the interoperability, which enable sharing of map data among various stakeholders and applications for complex analysis. The outcome resulted in the evolution of traditional cartography into numerical cartography toward new instruments and applications such as digital twins. They constitute a virtual replica of physical, potential, and actual resources equivalent to objects, processes, people, places, infrastructures, systems, and devices related to the city and the territory. The case study selected for this research is the recent municipality of Mappano, in the metropolitan city of Turin. The methodology consists of a semiautomatic extraction of cartographic information and geometry essential for defining a digital twin. It has been developed investigating the existing Piedmontese regional geoportal (BDTRE) datasets and data models, and the Geographic Information System (GIS) standard specification for 3D city models, CityGML, mainly considering the first three levels of detail (LoD). The methodology and the resulting spatial data application have been validated by in-loco surveys and digital tools in GIS environment. The starting base map entities derived from a high-resolution acquisition from drone photogrammetry (UAV, Unmanned Aerial Vehicle, platforms have been adopted). The outputs of the aerial survey, orthophotos, and dense altimetric models (DTM, Digital Terrain Model and DSM, Digital Surface Model) were essential to extract various cartographic information.
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Mandpe, Ashootosh, Sweta Kumari, and Sunil Kumar. "Composting: A Sustainable Route for Processing of Biodegradable Waste in India." In Organic Waste Composting through Nexus Thinking, 39–60. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-36283-6_3.
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AbstractSurging populations, coupled with the ever-increasing demand for sustenance, have led to the generation of behemoth proportions of wastes throughout the globe. The processing of such a considerable amount of waste has raised concerns for environmental planners, policymakers, and researchers in regard to maintaining sustainability. Biodegradable waste is a part of the total waste stream. Consideration should be given to the importance of making better use of biodegradable waste. The technology that is adopted for the management of biodegradable waste should be ecologically sustainable and cost-effective, as well as beneficial to social well-being. The most efficient way of managing biodegradable waste must include different methods for the optimal utilisation of such waste, ranging from the small scale (single household) to the very large scale (entire city). Amid all the other waste processing technologies, composting stands out as a most potent option because of its ability to maintain and restore soil fertility, along with the transformation of waste into a resource. Composting is one of the few technologies which has a benefit–cost ratio higher than 1 at all scales of operation. This chapter analyses the most significant aspects of the composting process, including the recent developments and dynamics involved in it. The chapter discusses various aspects of composting via analysis of the integrated waste management system and composting-related projects implemented at the community level in the Indian context. Finally, the chapter presents policies and the efforts put in place by the Government of India with the aim of encouraging composting practice and related activities.
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Abbott, Carl. "The first suburban century." In Suburbs: A Very Short Introduction, 9–30. Oxford University PressNew York, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780197599242.003.0002.
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Abstract This chapter covers the first century of large-scale suburban growth in England, the United States, and Australia from roughly 1840 to 1940. A key determinant of suburb patterns was changing transportation technologies, from horse-drawn street railroads to steam railroads and electric trams or streetcars and then to automobiles. Each improvement greatly expanded the land available for development and allowed newer suburbs to have lower residential densities. Suburbs differentiated by economic status—small terrace houses and small cottages for England and for American workers, leafy neighborhoods of large houses for the affluent. Architectural styles differed by national taste, but variations on the bungalow were common in the early twentieth century. Ebenezer Howard’s plan for Garden City satellites inspired idealist planners from England to Germany, Australia, Brazil, and the United States. Even the more successful Garden City suburbs housed only miniscule numbers compared to English council housing and American subdivisions.
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Goldstone, Jack A. "Revolutions in the ancient world." In Revolutions: A Very Short Introduction, 42–52. 2nd ed. Oxford University PressNew York, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780197666302.003.0004.
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Abstract Revolutions were common in the ancient world, in both classical Greece and Rome. However, after the city-state republics were succeeded by large empires, revolutions went into abeyance, replaced by dynastic and regional conflicts. There were just two major exceptions, both in the Middle East—the Maccabean and Abbasid Revolutions.
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Asch, Chris Myers, and George Derek Musgrove. "Perfect for Washington." In Chocolate City. University of North Carolina Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469635866.003.0014.
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This chapter opens with the sense of hope, optimism, and possibility that many D.C. residents shared in the early years of Mayor Marion Barry’s administration. Black activists and their allies who entered local government in the late 1970s changed the very nature of city government, decoupling it from the federal bureaucracy and making it more representative of the city’s diverse population. They also redistributed wealth, building a large black working and middle class through public jobs and city contracts. Yet the man whom many District residents entrusted with their hopes ultimately let them down. Barry cozied up to big developers and used public programs to buy political allegiance, while several of his aides and friends took advantage of the disorganized bureaucracy and city contracting system to pad their wallets. Barry’s failures made the very people that he had worked his entire political career to help more susceptible to the crack epidemic. As violence soared and city services deteriorated, the residents most in need suffered most of all, and D.C. teetered on the edge of bankruptcy.
Conference papers on the topic "Very large city"
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Royan, Jerome, Patrick Gioia, Romain Cavagna, and Christian Bouville. "Peer-to-Peer Visualization of Very Large 3D Landscape and City Models Using MPEG-4." In 2008 3DTV Conference: The True Vision - Capture, Transmission and Display of 3D Video (3DTV-CON). IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/3dtv.2008.4547816.
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Chaves-Custodio, Bianca, Mireia Ballús Martínez, Fernando García Martínez, Sandra Karina Meza Parra, Liya Yang, Francesc Valls Dalmau, and Carlos Ramiro Marmolejo Duarte. "Geo-position technologies in city use research: accuracy evaluation in the context of university students mobility." In Virtual City and Territory. Barcelona: Centre de Política de Sòl i Valoracions, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.5821/ctv.8137.
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In the last years the broad potentiality and utility that geo tracking systems can offer have been explored in research fields not only related to geography, but medicine, leisure and tourism as well. Although this technology has been employed in mobility and transportation system analysis, there is still a lack of studies in the urbanism field.
This research seeks to evaluate the accuracy of geo-positioning technology tools in the analysis of peoples’ movement and flows in the city. Therefore, we have performed an experiment using Campus Mobility, an open source application for Android smartphones developed by the Mobility, Transport and Territory Studies Group (GEMOTT) of the Autonomous University of Barcelona (UAB) based on SpaceMapper by John Palmer. While activated, the app tracks and records automatically spatiotemporal data from volunteers’ smartphones every two minutes through the GPS. By the end of the experiment, a large dataset with more than 47.000 entries has been generated, including geographical position (latitude and longitude), date and time (timestamp) as well as an anonymous user ID. Additionally to the experiment, a survey has been applied to volunteers in order to contrast and complement results from automatically gathered data and users answers.
From the obtained dataset, we have investigated users’ paths, movement and meeting points analytically and graphically, aiming to recognize patterns in volunteers’ displacement and to detect possible anomalous data. For the graphic analyses we have created data visualizations in addition to dynamic maps that have been developed using ArcGIS and CartoDB tools. Both outcomes were combined in order to gain a deep understanding on the shortcomings and possibilities that geo-positioning technology tools offer to urban investigation field.
Finally we conclude that, despite minor errors, geo-position technology tools provide new great possibilities for city flows and mobility studies, being able to gather automatically a very large amount of detailed data that would be impossible to collect without an automated process. GPS tracking can be considered a powerful resource for urban studies, although those tools are not entirely accurate if applied to a very small scale analysis.
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Bellet Sanfeliu, Carme. "Nuevas tecnologias de transporte y metropolitanización discontiua del territorio: el tren de alta velocidad en Segovia." In International Conference Virtual City and Territory. Barcelona: Centre de Política de Sòl i Valoracions, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.5821/ctv.7521.
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El tren de alta velocidad (TAV) nació con la vocación de establecer relaciones entre grandes núcleos urbanos distantes entre sí, pero su posterior implantación, las características de los servicios y el uso de la infraestructura han originado nuevas vocaciones. Así hoy el TAV desarrolla otras nuevas funciones territoriales: la articulación de ciudades medias y grandes en una región (función regional) y la articulación de entornos metropolitanos discontinuos en el entorno de una hora de la metrópoli central que acaban vinculándose a ésta (función metropolitana).
La función metropolitana, cuya articulación se produce gracias a la contracción del espacio en el tiempo, puede leerse fácilmente a través de los servicios y las dinámicas de los viajeros pendulares que se dan entre Toledo, Ciudad Real, Segovia-Guiomar con Madrid. Estas ciudades se articulan a la gran metrópoli central en menos de una hora (en la estación de Atocha para las primeras y la estación de Chamartín para la tercera). Por posición y tiempo, la estación de Guadalajara-Yebes podría bien entrar en éste análisis; sin embargo la relación ferroviaria de ésta con Madrid se establece a través de los servicios del ferrocarril convencional que se prestan desde la estación central de Guadalajara y que están ya de hecho integrados a la red de cercanías de Madrid.
En el texto se analizan a través del caso de estudio de Segovia como va configurándose esta nueva realidad territorial, la metrópoli discontinua, a través del proceso de contracción espacio-temporal en que ha incidido la alta velocidad permitiendo los desplazamientos, en muchos casos pendulares, entre ciudades muy distantes. The high speed train (HST) was initially developed with the aim of establishing more contacts between relatively distant, large urban nuclei, but its introduction, the characteristics of the services established, and its use of infrastructure have given rise to new vocations. Today, the HST performs a number of new territorial functions: structuring large and medium-sized cities within a given region (regional function) and structuring discontinuous metropolitan environments located within approximately one hour of the central city with which they have recently become better connected (metropolitan function).
This metropolitan function, which is structured by the very sharp time-space contraction occasioned by the HST, is easily appreciated in the dynamics of the passenger shuttle services that run between the cities of Toledo, Ciudad Real, Segovia-Guiomar and Madrid. These cities are now connected to the central metropolis in less than one hour (to Atocha station in the first two cases and to Chamartín in the third). Based on time and location, the station of Guadalajara-Yebes could also be included in this analysis; but the railway connection between this city and Madrid is based on conventional rail services connecting the central station of Guadalajara with Madrid but already forming part of Madrid’s local rail service network.
In the text, we use the case study of Segovia to analyse how the new territorial reality of the discontinuous metropolis has gradually developed as a result of the process of space-time contraction caused by high speed services and which – in many cases - has allowed commuting between very distant cities.
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Niranjana, J. S., Feba Paul, Hridya D. Nambiar, Ashly Joy, and Neethu Roy. "Flood Risk Assessment of Thiruvananthapuram City, Kerala." In International Web Conference in Civil Engineering for a Sustainable Planet. AIJR Publisher, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21467/proceedings.112.21.
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Flood is one of the most dangerous and deadliest natural hazards in the world which devastates both life and economy to a very large extent. In Kerala, climate change induced floods are becoming an annual problem. In the midyear of 2018 and 2019, Thiruvananthapuram, the capital city of Kerala, witnessed heavy rainfall and strong winds which resulted in widespread damage in various parts of the City. Flood risk assessment study provides a comprehensive detail of geographic areas and elements that are vulnerable to the particular hazard. As far as Thiruvananthapuram is considered, most of the flood risk assessment studies available were found to be based only on a specific catchment or stream. This paper discusses the need of flood risk assessment study of Thiruvananthapuram City and also focuses on estimating the intensity of storm causing flood. In this work, the major natural drains and the places prone to drainage concentration are delineated from Digital Elevation Model of the study area. The drainage map and land use map are prepared using ArcGIS and ERDAS software respectively. The hydraulic modeling is done using HEC-RAS software and simulations for different rainfall intensities are carried out to estimate the magnitude of flood and to identify the major flood prone areas in the City. This study presents a systematic methodology that can be adopted for flood risk assessment of urban cities, especially when there is less available data.
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Watanabe, Yoshiyasu, Koichiro Yoshida, and Takeshi Nambara. "Ocean City Planning in the Waters of Okinotorishima." In ASME 2014 33rd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2014-24324.
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Okinotorishima is the Japanese southernmost tropical island and has the exclusive economic zone (EEZ) of about 430,000km2 area. It is located approximately 1,700km away from Tokyo and 1,100km away from Okinawa and consists of a coral reef of 7.6km2 area and two islands within the reef. In the waters of Okinotorishima, sea bottom mineral resources such as manganese nodule and cobalt rich manganese crust, biological resources such as fish and renewable energy resources such as ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC), wind force and solar power are promising. The objective of this research is to propose an OCEAN CITY Planning to administrate and utilize Okinotorishima and its surrounding waters (EEZ) and to report the development of mechanical connector, which is a key technology to construct the OCEAN CITY in its waters. In the OCEAN CITY, economic activity, research and development (R&D) activity and sightseeing/leisure activity are performed based on the resources mentioned above. The proposed OCEAN CITY consists of a semisubmersible floating ring structure and a semisubmersible floating rectangular runway. The ring structure and the runway are constructed with mechanically connected multiple floating units of about 300m length each. Both semisubmersible structures are also connected by mechanical connectors. In this paper, it is shown that the OCEAN CITY can produce electricity, water and food for the use in the city and for the sale outside the city. It is also shown that the mechanical connector, which is indispensable for very large floating structures such as the proposed OCEAN CITY used in open seas, has been promisingly developed.
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Satoh, Koyu, Naian Liu, Qiong Liu, and K. T. Yang. "Preliminary Study of Fire Spread in Cities and Forests, Using PMMA Specimen as a Fuel in CFD Simulations." In ASME 2009 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2009-10037.
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It is important to examine the behavior of forest fires and city fires to mitigate the property damages and victims by fires. There have been many previous studies on forest fires where the fire spreading patterns were investigated, utilizing artificial satellite pictures of forest fires, together with the use of corresponding weather data and GIS data. On the other hand, large area city fires are very scarce in the world, particularly in modern cities where high-rise concrete buildings are constructed with sufficient open spaces. Thus, the examples of city fires to be referred are few and detailed investigations of city fires are limited. However, there have still been existing old cities where traditional houses built with flammable material such as wood, maybe historically important, only separated with very small open spacing. Fires may freely spread in those cities, once a big earthquake happens there and then water supply for the fire brigade is damaged in the worst case along with the effect of strong wind. There are some fundamental differences between the forest fires and city fires, as the fuel may distribute either continuously or discretely. For instance, in forest fires, the dead fallen leaves, dry grasses and trees are distributed continuously on the ground, while the wooden houses in cities are discretely distributed with some separation of open spacing, such as roads and gardens. Therefore, the wooden houses neighboring the burning houses with some separation are heated by radiation and flames to elevate the temperatures, thus causing the ignition, and finally reaching a large city fire. The authors have studied the forest fire spread and are planning to start a laboratory experiment of city fire spreading. In the preliminary investigation, a numerical study is made to correlate with the laboratory experiment of city fire propagation, utilizing the three-dimensional CFD simulations. Based on the detailed experimental analysis, the authors are attempting to modify the three dimensional CFD code to predict the forest fires and city fires more precisely, taking into account the thermal heating and ignition processes. In this study, some fundamental information on the city fire propagation has been obtained, particularly to know the safe open spacing distances between the houses in the cities and also the wind speed.
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Moussafir, J., C. Olry, M. Nibart, A. Albergel, P. Armand, C. Duchenne, F. Mahé, L. Thobois, S. Loaëc, and O. Oldrini. "AIRCITY: A Very High Resolution Atmospheric Dispersion Modeling System for Paris." In ASME 2014 4th Joint US-European Fluids Engineering Division Summer Meeting collocated with the ASME 2014 12th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2014-21820.
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The AIRCITY project, partly funded by the European Union, is now successfully achieved. It aimed at developing a 4D innovative numerical simulation tool dedicated to the dispersion of traffic-induced air pollution at local scale on the whole urban area of PARIS. AIRCITY modeling system is based on PMSS (Parallel-Micro-SWIFT-SPRAY) software, which has been developed by ARIA Technologies in close collaboration with CEA and MOKILI. PMSS is a simplified CFD solution which is an alternative to micro-scale simulations usually carried out with full-CFD. Yet, AIRCITY challenge was to model the flow and pollutant dispersion with a 3 m resolution over the whole city of Paris covering a 14 km × 11,5 km domain. Thus, the choice was to run a mass-consistent diagnostic flow model (SWIFT) associated with a Lagrangian Particle Dispersion Model (SPRAY) on a massively parallel architecture. With a 3 m resolution on this huge domain, parallelization was applied to the computation of both the flow (by domain splitting) and the Lagrangian dispersion (management of particles is split over several processors). This MPI parallelization is more complex but gives a large flexibility to optimize the number of CPU, the available RAM and the CPU time. So, it makes possible to process arbitrarily large domains (only limited by the memory of the available nodes). As CEA operates the largest computing center in Europe, with parallel machines ranging from a few hundred to several thousand cores, the modeling system was tested on huge parallel clusters. More usual and affordable computers with a few tens of cores were also utilized during the project by ARIA Technologies and by AIRPARIF, the Regional Air Quality Management Board of Paris region, whose role was also to build the end-users requirements. These computations were performed on a simulation domain restricted to the hypercenter of Paris with dimensions around 2 km × 2 km (at the same resolution of 3 m). The focus was on the improvements needed to adapt simulation codes initially designed for emergency response to urban air quality applications: • Coupling with the MM5 / CHIMERE operational photochemical model at AIRPARIF (as the forecast background), • Turbulence generated by traffic / coupling with traffic model, • Inclusion of chemical reactions / Interaction with background substances (especially NO / NO2). Finally, in-depth validation of the modeling system was undertaken using both the routine air quality measurements in Paris (at four stations influenced by the road traffic) and a field experiment specially arranged for the project, with LIDARs provided by LEOSPHERE Inc. Comparison of PMSS and measurements gave excellent results concerning NO / NO2 and PM10 hourly concentrations for a monthly period of time while the LIDAR campaign results were also promising. In the paper, more details are given regarding the modeling system principles and developments and its validation. Perspectives of the project will also be discussed as AIRCITY system. The TRL must now be elevated from a demonstration to a robust and systematically validated modeling tool that could be used to predict routinely the air quality in Paris and in other large cities around the world.
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Martins, Tallys Gustavo, Nelson Lago, Higor Amario De Souza, Eduardo Felipe Zambom Santana, Alexandru Telea, and Fabio Kon. "Visualizing the structure of urban mobility with bundling: A case study of the city of São Paulo." In Workshop de Computação Urbana. Sociedade Brasileira de Computação - SBC, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5753/courb.2020.12362.
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Visualization of urban mobility data can facilitate the analysis and the decision-making process by public managers. However, mobility datasets tend to be very large and pose several challenges to the use of visualization, such as algorithm scalability and data occlusion. One approach to solve this problem is trail bundling, which groups motion trails that are spatially close in a simplified representation. This paper presents the results of adapting and using a recent bundling technique on a big dataset of urban mobility in São Paulo. The results show that bundling allows the visualization of various mobility patterns in the city.
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Campone, Maria Carolina, and Saverio Carrillo. "L’Arce medievale di Nola. Tecniche difensive per una struttura urbana." In FORTMED2024 - Defensive Architecture of the Mediterranean. Valencia: Universitat Politàcnica de València, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/fortmed2024.2024.17904.
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Abstract Research on the built heritage in the military field is a very topic study. The case of the medieval Tower of Nola, with its defensive system conditioned by a geometrically significant distribution system, clarifies how historically defense techniques have progressively changed. The lowering of the mammoth tuff building with wall thicknesses of almost one "canna", gave rise to the need to equip security facilities in the lower vicinity of the defensive system, also having to extend the defense to the quadrilateral base of the tower in question through a canalization with water to obtain an "umbone" to prevent enemy access with the creation of "vallum". The advent and introduction of gunpowder have also significantly influenced the geometric mutation of the militar system defense. This condition has given significant value to the large size of the territory close to the city which should not have vulnus constituted by building value to the large size of the territory close to the city which should not have vulnus constituted by building aggregates adhering to the structure of the urban masonry called upon to carry out defense work for the city.
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Childers, David R., and Xingru Wu Wu. "Recommended Practice for Determining the Maximum Surface Injection Pressure for Saltwater Disposal Wells." In SPE Oklahoma City Oil and Gas Symposium. SPE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/213093-ms.
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Abstract As more and more water is being co-produced with hydrocarbon, saltwater management has become an important enterprise. Out of many available tools in water management, saltwater disposal through Type II wells is critical to handling large quantities of produced brine. Since the produced water usually contains impurities such as solids, oil and grease, and bacteria, the well's injectivity deteriorates over time as the skin factor develops. Injecting over the formation parting pressure (FPP) gradient may lead to a matrix bypass event and other geohazards; accurately determining the FPP of the target formation is needed to maintain safe injection operations. However, using the step rate test (SRT) doesn't warrant an accurate result. As the target formations can have multilayers with distinct properties, we often find that SRT is often misused. SRT is often recommended based on oil field operational experience because it is easy to execute and interpret. One fundamental assumption for SRT is that the target formation is a single layer with relative isotropic properties; however, this isn't always true for saltwater disposal wells (SWDs), which usually penetrate through multilayers with very heterogeneous properties. To illustrate our concept, we present a case study using SRT results from an active SWD well located in the Anadarko Basin. We recommend a geomechanical model to determine the operating surface pressure in this paper. The geomechanical model considers the original stresses, variation of geomechanical parameters, injection pressure, and temperature. To consider the uncertainties of these parameters, we demonstrate how to use Monte Carlo simulation to determine the maximum operating surface pressure. We recommend several analyses for the collected data to determine the well's injectivity variation. The Monte Carlo simulation result yields a possible fracturing gradient and presents the probability of each fracturing gradient. Probability is crucial in decision-making as different operators/fields may have different risks, tolerance, and uncertainties. The recommended practice is an integration of data sets and analysis that yield the maximum injection pressure to maintain the well and formation integrity with different risk tolerance levels.
Reports on the topic "Very large city"
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Sabogal-Cardona, Orlando, Lynn Scholl, Daniel Oviedo, Amado Crotte, and Felipe Bedoya. Not My Usual Trip: Ride-hailing Characterization in Mexico City. Inter-American Development Bank, August 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003516.
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With a few exceptions, research on ride-hailing has focused on North American cities. Previous studies have identified the characteristics and preferences of ride-hailing adopters in a handful of cities. However, given their marked geographical focus, the relevance and applicability of such work to the practice of transport planning and regulation in cities in the Global South is minimal. In developing cities, the entrance of new transport services follows very different trajectories to those in North America and Europe, facing additional social, economic, and cultural challenges, and involving different strategies. Moreover, the determinants of mode choice might be mediated by social issues such as the perception of crime and the risk of sexual harassment in public transportation, which is often experienced by women in large cities such as Mexico. This paper examines ride-hailing in the Metropolitan Area of Mexico City, unpacking the characteristics of its users, the ways they differ from users of other transport modes, and the implications for urban mobility. Building on the household travel survey from 2017, our analytical approach is based on a set of categorical models. Findings suggest that gender, age, education, and being more mobile are determinants of ride-hailing adoption. The analysis shows that ride-hailing is used for occasional trips, and it is usually done for leisure and health trips as well as for night trips. The study also reflects on ride-hailings implications for the way women access the city.
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Lißner, Sven, Stefan Huber, and Maike von Harten. Influence of the cycling campaign CITY CYCLING on cycling behaviour in Germany. TU Dresden, Fakultät Verkehrswissenschaften 'Friedrich List', 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.26128/2023.65.
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The CITY CYCLING (STADTRADELN) campaign has been running since 2008 to motivate German citizens to use the bicycle for daily mobility routines. In the course of the MOVEBIS research project, nationwide GPS data of the CITY CYCLING participants were collected in the years 2018-2020 and were processed for planning purposes. This contribution addresses the question to which extent the participants in the CITY CYCLING campaign represent cyclists in the Federal Republic of Germany and whether the motivation during the campaign leads to a significant change in mobility behaviour. For this purpose, more than 73,000 complete questionnaires of campaign participants from a survey in the year 2020 were evaluated. The age and gender distribution of app users and non-users of the campaign are corresponding to those of cyclists from representative household surveys in Germany (MiD 2017). App users and non app users differ only insignificantly from each other and are, on average, rather older than in the cycling participants of nationwide MiD survey. The results reveal that the smartphone has no significant influence on the cycling behaviour of the users. The survey participants are regular cyclists. Around 88% of the respondents use the bicycle most frequently in everyday life, followed by the private car (national average) and public transport (in large cities). The influence of the campaign on the level of utilisation or the number of kilometres travelled by bike can be described as rather low, overall. Whereas 65% of the participants stated that they cycled to work just as often as outside the campaign period, 19% of the respondents used the bicycle less often for commuting and 16% more often. The results indicate that the CITY CYCLING campaign captures and represents the everyday transport behaviour of participants. During the COVID-19 pandemic, participants used their bicycles significantly more often (73%). The perception of safety is consistently high. The campaign was rated very positively and the majority of users (91%) would participate again or rather recommend the campaign to others (78%).
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Gómez-Lobo, Andrés, Santiago Sánchez González, Vileydy González Mejia, and Agustina Calatayud. Open configuration options Agglomeration and Congestion in Latin America. Inter-American Development Bank, February 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003984.
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In this paper we explore the possible impact of urban congestion on agglomeration economies for a cross-section set of cities in Latin America. We use travel time data from Tom Tom to estimate wage regressions equations controlling for city size and congestion. We use population in each city in the 19th and early 20th century as instruments for current city size (measures by population). In our baseline estimates, we find an elasticity of wages to city size of 0.05, very similar to previous research in the region. When congestion is included in the estimation, we find that agglomeration economies are reduced. This holds even after using rain-days and average yearly as an instrument for congestion. Our results imply that congestion is a drag on economic productivity. This indirect cost of congestion is considerably larger economically than the direct cost measured as the loss of valuable time for citizens.
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Zuloeta, José, and Roberto Machado. The Impact of the Business Cycle on Elasticities of Tax Revenue in Latin America. Inter-American Development Bank, September 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011409.
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This paper estimates short-run and long-run elasticities of tax revenue with respect to GDP in eight Latin American countries using quarterly data. Taxes considered are corporate income tax (CIT), personal income tax (PIT), value-added tax (VAT), and overall taxes. Results indicate that long-run elasticities are statistically and economically larger than 1, whereas short-run elasticities appear not to be statistically different from zero in the majority of cases. Tax systems seem very elastic in Argentina, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Venezuela. The CIT exhibits the largest estimated long-run elasticity in most countries. Focusing on short-run elasticities that show statistical significance, only the CIT in Colombia and the PIT in Brazil and Colombia show larger fluctuations over the business cycle than growth potential in the long run. Overall, our results indicate that tax systems in Latin America are significantly more elastic than previous estimations.
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Szałańska, Justyna, Justyna Gać, Ewa Jastrzębska, Paweł Kubicki, Paulina Legutko-Kobus, Marta Pachocka, Joanna Zuzanna Popławska, and Dominik Wach. Country report: Poland. Welcoming spaces in relation to social wellbeing, economic viability and political stability in shrinking regions. Welcoming Spaces Consortium, December 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.33119/welcoming_spaces_2022.
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This report aims to present findings of the research conducted in Poland within the Work Package 1 of the Welcoming Spaces project, namely “Welcoming spaces” in relation to economic viability, social wellbeing and political stability in shrinking regions. The main aim of the mentioned research was to examine how welcoming initiatives are organised and implemented in the selected shrinking localities in Poland. In particular, the creation of welcoming initiatives concerning social wellbeing, economic viability and political stability was assessed. To accomplish this objective, five localities were selected purposefully, namely Łomża (city with powiat status) and Zambrów (urban commune) in Podlaskie Voivodeship and Łuków (town), Wohyń (rural commune) and Zalesie (rural commune) in Lubelskie Voivodeship. Within these localities, 23 welcoming initiatives were identified, out of which 12 were chosen for in-depth research. The field research was conducted in all five localities between March and December 2021. During this period, the SGH Warsaw School of Economics team conducted 43 interviews with institutional stakeholders (representatives of local governments, schools, non-governmental organisations – NGOs, religious organisations and private companies) and individuals (both migrant newcomers and native residents). In addition, local government representatives were surveyed to compare their policies, measures and stances toward migrant inhabitants and local development. The research was also complemented with the literature review, policy documents analysis, and local media outlets discourse analysis. Until February 2022 and the outbreak of war in Ukraine, welcoming spaces in Poland were scarce and spatially limited to the big cities like Warsaw, Cracow, Wrocław, Gdańsk, Lublin or Białystok, governed by liberal mayors and city councils open to accept migrants and treat them as a valuable human asset of the city community. However, in smaller cities, towns and rural areas, especially in shrinking regions, welcoming spaces have been highly conditioned by welcoming initiatives carried out mainly by civil society organisations (CSOs). It is very likely that the war in Ukraine will completely change the situation we write about in this country report. However, this crisis and its consequences were not the subjects of our desk research and fieldwork in Poland, which ended in December 2021. As of late July 2022, the number of border crossings from Ukraine to Poland is almost 5 million and the number of forced migrants registered for temporary protection or similar national protection scheme concern 1.3 million people (UNHCR 2022). However, the number of those who have decided to stay in Poland is estimated at around 1.5 million (Duszczyk and Kaczmarczyk 2022). Such a large influx of forced migrants from Ukraine within five months already affects the demographic situation in the country and access to public services, mainly in large and medium-size cities1 . Depending on the development of events in Ukraine and the number of migrants who will decide to stay in Poland in the following months, the functioning of the domestic labour market, education, health service, and social assistance may significantly change. The following months may also bring new changes in the law relating to foreigners, aimed at their easier integration in the country. Access to housing in cities is already a considerable challenge, which may result in measures to encourage foreigners to settle in smaller towns and rural areas. Given these dynamic changes in the migration situation of the country, as well as in the area of admission and integration activities, Poland seems to be slowly becoming one great welcoming space. It is worth mentioning that the main institutional actors in this area have been NGOs and local governments since the beginning of the humanitarian crisis in Ukraine. An important supporting and coordinating role has also been played by international organisations such as the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), which launched its inter-agency Regional Refugee Response Plan (RRRP) in early spring to address the most urgent needs of the population of forced migrants and their host countries in this part of Europe (UNHCR 2022a; UNHCR 2022b; UNHCR 2022c). Based on the number of newly emerged welcoming initiatives and the pace of this emergence, they will soon become an everyday reality for every municipality in Poland. Therefore, it is difficult to find more up-todate circumstances for the “Welcoming Spaces” project objective, which is “to rethink ways forward in creating inclusive space in such a way that it will contribute firstly to the successful integration of migrants in demographically and economically shrinking areas and simultaneously to the revitalization of these places”. Furthermore, the initiatives we selected as case studies for our research should be widely promoted and treated as a model of migrants’ inclusion into the new communities. On the other hand, we need to emphasize here that the empirical material was collected between March and December 2021, before the outbreak of war in Ukraine. As such, it does not reflect the new reality in Poland