Relevant bibliographies by topics / Vertical stacks

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Vertical stacks'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 6 September 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Vertical stacks"

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Bruce, MI, and ERT Tiekink. "The First Molecular Complex Containing Two Azoarenes. The Crystal Structure of Decafluoroazobenzene/Azomesitylene (1 : 1)." Australian Journal of Chemistry 42, no. 5 (1989): 741. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch9890741.

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The crystal and molecular structures of the title compound, C12F10N2.C18H22H2,are reported. The crystal structure is comprised of stacks of alternate decafluoroazobenzene and azomesitylene molecules with the vertical separation between successive molecules being approximately 3.42 � . The stacks are aligned so that the azobenzene molecules of one stack are adjacent to the azomesitylene molecules of the neighbouring stacks; there are no significant intercolumn contacts. Crystals are monoclinic, space group P21/n with unit cell dimensions a 7.197(2), b 15.432(3), c 12.513(3) � , β 96.33(2)� , and Z 2. The structure was refined by a full-matrix least-squares procedure to final R 0.059 for 915 reflections for which 1 ≥ 3.O σ(I).
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VONDRÁK, Jan, and Jiří KUBÁSEK. "Algal stacks and fungal stacks as adaptations to high light in lichens." Lichenologist 45, no. 1 (January 2013): 115–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0024282912000722.

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AbstractSome lichens that occur in mountains and arid regions have developed an unusual anatomy resembling window-leaved plants. In these lichens, algal cells occur in thick vertical stacks (algal stacks) separated by vertical channels of light-transferring fungal hyphae (fungal stacks). We present experimental evidence that this anatomy permits higher rates of area-based CO2 assimilation in strong light, but that it also leads to higher respiration resulting in higher compensation irradiance. The net effect of this anatomy must be beneficial in regions of high insolation, as it has arisen many times in different parts of the world, and in unrelated lichens, and these lichens often dominate the communities in which they occur.
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Guo Linhui, 郭林辉, 高松信 Gao Songxin, 武德勇 Wu Deyong, 吕文强 Lv Wenqiang, 李弋 Li Yi, and 李艾 Li Ai. "Beam collimation of diode laser vertical stacks." High Power Laser and Particle Beams 23, no. 3 (2011): 577–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/hplpb20112303.0577.

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Salak, Marc, and Halard L. Lescinsky. "Spygoria zappanianew genus and species, aCloudina-like biohermal metazoan from the Lower Cambrian of central Nevada." Journal of Paleontology 73, no. 4 (July 1999): 571–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002233600003239x.

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A new enigmatic Lower Cambrian fossil,Spygoria zappania,is described From theNevadellazone (Botoman) of Lander County, central Nevada. In gross morphology,Spygoriafossils consist of stacks of small (5–10 mm in diameter) irregular calcified cups that are preserved in vertical, concave-up life orientation. Stacks are linked laterally into large monospecific bioherms which flourished in a shallow turbulent marine environment.TheSpygoriaorganism is interpreted as a metazoan which presumably inhabited the uppermost cup in each stack and periodically secreted new cups as it grew upward. Absence of holdfast structures suggest that the organism was held in place by sticky mud until opportunistically cementing to adjacent individuals. The affinity ofSpygoriaremains problematical, though we suggest that its stacked structure somewhat resembles the cone-in-cone structure ofCloudina,which formed similar dense thickets in shallow turbulent carbonate environments during the terminal Proterozoic.
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Swaffield, J. A., and A. Thancanamootoo. "Modelling unsteady annular downflow in vertical building drainage stacks." Building and Environment 26, no. 2 (January 1991): 137–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0360-1323(91)90020-c.

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Geisler, Holm, Martin Brueckner, Petra Hofmann, Matthias U. Lehr, Michael Grillberger, and Eckhard Langer. "Testing the Mechanical Integrity of On-Chip Interconnects." EDFA Technical Articles 14, no. 2 (May 1, 2012): 4–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.edfa.2012-2.p004.

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Abstract The introduction of ultralow-k dielectrics is a recent milestone in the quest for higher clock speeds and lower power consumption in ICs. One tradeoff, however, is that interconnect stacks layered with low-k materials rather than SiO2 are more vulnerable to mechanical damage. This article presents a method that makes it possible to assess the mechanical integrity of interconnect stacks at the wafer level. The new bump-assisted BEOL stability indentation (BABSI) test uses a nanoindentation tool to apply lateral and vertical forces to solder bumps and copper pillars on the wafer surface. By applying appropriate stresses, various aspects of integrity, such as the onset of failure modes or the weakest interface in the stack, can be determined by subsequent SEM/FIB analysis. The authors describe the basic principles of the measurement technique and some of the applications in which it was used.
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Park, Jong-Hyeok, Soyee Choi, Gihwan Oh, and Sang-Won Lee. "SaS." Proceedings of the VLDB Endowment 14, no. 9 (May 2021): 1481–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.14778/3461535.3461538.

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Every database engine runs on top of an operating system in the host, strictly separated with the storage. This more-than-half-century-old IHDE (In-Host-Database-Engine) architecture, however, reveals its limitations when run on fast flash memory SSDs. In particular, the IO stacks incur significant run-time overhead and also hinder vertical optimizations between database engines and SSDs. In this paper, we envisage a new database architecture, called SaS (SSD as SQL database engine), where a full-blown SQL database engine runs inside SSD, tightly integrated with SSD architecture without intervening kernel stacks. As IO stacks are removed, SaS is free from their run-time overhead and further can explore numerous vertical optimizations between database engine and SSD. SaS evolves SSD from dummy block device to database server with SQL as its primary interface. The benefit of SaS will be more outstanding in the data centers where the distance between database engine and the storage is ever widening because of virtualization, storage disaggregation, and open software stacks. The advent of computational SSDs with more compute resource will enable SaS to be more viable and attractive database architecture.
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Pongtaveesap, Thongchai, Surapong Chirarattananon, Robert H. B. Exell, and Pipat Chaiwiwatworakul. "Air Flow in a Hot Water Induced Stack Subject to Wind Disturbance." Advanced Materials Research 622-623 (December 2012): 1564–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.622-623.1564.

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This paper reports results of an experimental and theoretical study of the air flow in a vertical stack driven by thermal buoyancy and induced by surrounding wind. Tubular stacks with water jacket were constructed for experiments. To investigate the effect of the buoyancy force on the air flow, hot water was circulated through the stack jacket each experimental case with a different temperature. The effect due to the surrounding wind was studied using a wind tunnel to produce wind at different velocities. In this study, a simple model was developed to characterize the air flow caused by the effects. From the experimental validation, it was found that the model can predict well the volumetric rate of the air flow in the stack.
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KOTKOVA, O. N. "SAFETY MONITORING OF SMOKE STACKS PETROCHEMICAL COMPANY." Urban construction and architecture 3, no. 3 (September 15, 2013): 81–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.17673/vestnik.2013.03.16.

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Industrial chimneys exposed to corrosive gases and temperatures frequently occur following injury - is the destruction of masonry lining and branching from the vertical. Monitoring the state of industrial structures allows to detect violations that occur in structures during the operation and can quickly deal with them.
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Jung, Jungkyo, Duk-jin Kim, Suresh Krishnan Palanisamy Vadivel, and Sang-Ho Yun. "Long-Term Deflection Monitoring for Bridges Using X and C-Band Time-Series SAR Interferometry." Remote Sensing 11, no. 11 (May 28, 2019): 1258. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11111258.

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This study aims to monitor the deformation of bridges, namely in the form of long-term deflection and thermal dilation, using multi-temporal interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) observations. To precisely estimate the vertical and longitudinal displacements, we used the InSAR time-series technique with multi-track stacks of Sentinel-1 SAR dataset and a single-track stack of COSMO-SkyMed SAR data over two extradosed bridge cases; Kimdaejung and Muyoung bridges between 2013 and 2017. The vertical and longitudinal displacements are estimated using multi-track Sentinel-1 SAR data and orientation angle of bridges, and we converted the displacements into thermal dilation and long-term vertical deflection. From COSMO-SkyMed data, we calculated the horizontal thermal dilation and long-term vertical deflection assuming that they dominantly contribute to the horizontal and vertical displacements, respectively. This assumption appeared reasonable based on the comparison with calculations from Sentinel-1 data. The deflection patterns exhibit downward movements at the mid-spans between towers. The results reveal that both bridges have been suffering long-term deflection over the observation period. Thus, this study verifies the potential to monitor the long-term deflection and implies that the bridges need to be monitored periodically.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Vertical stacks"

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Thancanamootoo, Aganaden. "A study of unsteady annular downflow in building drainage vertical stacks." Thesis, Heriot-Watt University, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10399/1037.

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Ng, Ricky Ming Yin. "Vertically stacked silicon nanowire : fabrication and characterization /." View abstract or full-text, 2008. http://library.ust.hk/cgi/db/thesis.pl?ECED%202008%20NG.

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Neumann, Dorothea, and Mattias Asplund. "Utrymning uppåt : Påverkan av vinterkläder vid utrymning uppåt via trappor." Thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för ekonomi, samhälle och teknik, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-33015.

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When cities grow larger the demand for more residential buildings and public transport increases. To be able to meet the demands and still make the city compact the interest for underground facilities grows. Underground facilities come with some drawbacks, one example is the evacuation where the people are expected to evacuate upwards. This master thesis is aiming to further develop the research done on the subject by examining the impact of winter clothing. Two tests were performed in Skrapan, which is 25 floors high. The participants went up for 22 of the floors and were recorded during the ascending. Some of the participants had a pulse watch and a breathing mask, which measured the oxygen consumption. The median for the walking speed varied between 0,81 m/s and 0,56 m/s with regular clothing and 0,78 m/s to 0,57 m/s with winter clothes. In the building codes it says that 0,6 m/s should be used when calculating evacuation times when ascending stairs. The heart rate did not change significantly between the two tests. However, the oxygen consumption was higher with the jacket on. The participants would not have been able to keep going for much longer than 5 minutes with their current pace. According to the results in this master thesis 0,6 m/s is too high because in the tests that were made the participants were physically active and still couldn’t keep that speed up for the whole test. Due to the test being two days in a row, almost all of the participants walked slower the second time. However, the ones that walked with winter clothes the second day walked more slowly than the ones with regular clothes compared to the first day. Therefore, it is safe to say that the clothes do affect the walking speed of evacuating people and that more clothes i.e. warm shoes or a hat will have an even greater impact.
I takt med att städerna växer, både till yta och befolkningsmängd, ökar behovet av infrastruktur bland annat inom kollektivtrafiken och transportvägar. Genom att bygga dessa anläggningar under marken går det att exploatera marken ovan till andra ändamål. Med undermarksanläggningar kommer vissa svårigheter, så som begränsade utrymningsmöjligheter. Riktlinjerna för utrymning uppåt är inte till för längre trappor, och är därför inte representativt för de nya användningsområdena. Vikten av att dimensionera utrymningsmöjligheterna utifrån vad dagens befolkning kan prestera är relevant för att säkerställa en trygg utrymning i händelse av en olycka. Examensarbetet inriktar sig därför på att vidareutveckla tidigare forskning om utrymning uppåt genom att undersöka hur gånghastigheterna i trappor påverkas av vinterkläder. Försök genomfördes med 21 personer under två dagar i ett av Skrapans utrymningstrapphus, där varje försöksperson fick gå en gång per dag. Mätmetoderna som användes var bland annat; pulsklocka, tidtagning, videoobservationer och andningsmask som mäter syreupptagningsförmågan. Medianen för gånghastigheten beräknades på varje våningsplan där de högsta värdet med vanliga kläder blev 0,81 m/s, 3 meter upp i trappan och det lägsta 0,56 m/s, 57 meter upp i trappan. Med vinterkläder blev motsvarande värden 0,78 m/s, 5 meter upp i trappan och 0,57 m/s, 33 meter upp i trappan. Enligt Boverkets allmänna råd om analytisk dimensionering ska den dimensionerande gånghastigheten i trappor sättas till 0,6 m/s. Denna riktlinje är inte godtagbar eftersom försökets urvalsgrupp hade svårt att hålla den hastigheten trots att majoriteten av försökspersonerna i examensarbetet var unga och i god kondition. Gånghastigheterna påverkades även av att försökstillfällena genomfördes dagarna efter varandra vilket gjorde att försökspersonerna inte hade möjlighet att återhämta sig helt mellan försöken. Dock var tidsskillnaden från första dagen till den andra större för de som gick med vinterkläder andra dagen än för de som gick med vanliga kläder andra dagen. Vilket visar på att försökspersonerna blivit påverkade av vinterkläderna och därför gått långsammare. Mätningarna av syreupptagningsförmågan hos försökspersonerna gav varierande resultat, mycket beroende på kön och om de hade vinterkläder på sig eller inte. Kvinnornas utnyttjande grad ökade från 70-85 % till 73-90 % av sin maximala syreförbrukning när de var iklädda vinterkläder. Jämfört med männens utnyttjande grad som sjönk från 63-85 % till 61-77 % vid användandet av vinterkläder. Försökspersonerna var nära sin maximala syreförbrukning, VO2,max, vilket tyder på att de inte skulle klara av att hålla samma tempo i en längre trappa. Männen skulle kunna hålla samma tempo i cirka 15 minuter medan kvinnorna som ligger på 90 % av sin kapacitet enbart skulle kunna hålla samma hastighet i cirka 5 minuter. Vilket är ett ytterligare tecken på att hastigheten i BBRAD är för hög i långa trappor.
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Hon, Chi Kwong. "3D packaging of multi-stacked flip chips with plugged through silicon vias for vertical interconnection /." View abstract or full-text, 2006. http://library.ust.hk/cgi/db/thesis.pl?MECH%202006%20HON.

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Harrison, Andrew J. "The development and application of biomechanical analysis techniques for evaluation of developmental stages in vertical jump." Thesis, University of Salford, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.265526.

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Tavares, Marcelo Botini [UNESP]. "Utilização de colunas verticais de filtração em manta e areia como pré-tratamento de filtro lento." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/98081.

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)
A Filtração Lenta é um processo de tratamento de água que tem como principal característica a eficiente remoção de patógenos, algas e cianobactérias, as quais nos últimos anos têm-se desenvolvido muito nos reservatórios de abastecimento de água devido à eutrofização causada principalmente pelas atividades antrópicas. As cianobactérias produzem substâncias tóxicas conhecidas como cianotoxinas, que causam problemas gástricos, dermatológicos e toxicológicos nos humanos, além de problemas nas estações de tratamento de água. Apesar da eficiência da Filtração Lenta na remoção destes organismos, ela possui restrições quanto à área necessária aos filtros lentos, quanto ao processo de limpeza destes e dos pré-filtros de pedregulho quando utilizados no tratamento. Esta pesquisa teve então como objetivo desenvolver uma pré-filtração ao filtro lento, através das Colunas Verticais de Pré-Filtração, que fosse eficiente na remoção de parâmetros físico-químicos e bacteriológicos e também no procedimento de limpeza, tornando-o mais rápido e menos dispendioso. Este trabalho foi vinculado ao Programa de Pesquisa em Saneamento Básico (PROSAB) de número 5 do ano de 2007. Para tanto, foi utilizada uma instalação piloto de tratamento de água existente na cidade de Ilha Solteira/SP na qual o processo de tratamento foi o de Filtração em Múltiplas Etapas. Nela foram introduzidas quatro colunas verticais de pré-filtração com taxas diferentes entre si. Foram analisados parâmetros de qualidade de água, o período de desenvolvimento da camada biológica e o tempo de colmatação das unidades filtrantes. Como alguns resultados da pesquisa, foram notificados: a rapidez e facilidade no procedimento de limpeza das colunas, além de necessitarem de limpezas menos freqüentes que os pré-filtros de pedregulho; remoção de cerca de 95% de algas...
Slow filtration is a water treatment process that provides an efficient removal of pathogens, algae and cyanobacteria, which in recent years have been developed in a large amount in water reservoirs due to eutrophication, caused by human habits. The cyanobacteria produces toxic substances known as cyanotoxins, which cause gastric, skin and toxic disorders in humans, as well as problems in water treatment plants. Despite the efficiency of slow sand filtration in removing these bodies, it has restrictions on the required area for slow filters, on their cleaning process or rubble pre-filters cleaning when used in treatment. The objective of this research is developing a pre-filter to filter slowly through vertical columns pre-filtration, which would be efficient in the removal of physical, chemical and bacteriological bodies and also in cleaning process, making it faster and less expensive. This work was linked to the Programa de Pesquisa em Saneamento Básico (PROSAB) of 5th paragraph from the year of 2007. For this, we used an existing pilot plant for water treatment from of Ilha Solteira City - SP in which the process of treatment was Multiple Stages Filtration. Four pre-filtration vertical columns with different rates were introduced. We analyzed parameters of water quality, the period of organic layer development and the filter units clogging time. As some search results have been reported: the speed and ease of the columns cleaning procedure, less requiring of rubble pre-filters frequent cleaning; approximately 95% of algae and cyanobacteria removal by the columns; satisfactory turbidity removal, apparent color and true color, and smaller area required for its installation, because of their vertical shape.
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Bhatnagar, Sameer. "Fabrication of a vertically stacked grating coupler for optical waveguides in silicon-on-insulator." Thesis, McGill University, 2008. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=116025.

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Couplers that can couple light vertically between stacked waveguides are finding importance in the push towards higher density and lower cost optoelectronics. A compact grating coupler (12.8mum) designed by a former student is implemented in this project. The device is patterned by reactive-ion-etch into silicon-on-insulator with a 250 nm thick device layer, ensuring single mode operation. Alignment marks are patterned into the backside so that aligned bonding can be carried out. A die bonding recipe is developed using an intermediate adhesive film of SU-8-2. A novel approach to creating optically smooth input facets is included in the final steps of the process. Optical testing remains to be done.
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Wisch, Lucas Nataniel. "FLUTUAÇÃO POPULACIONAL DOS PRINCIPAIS NOCTUÍDEOS E DISTRIBUIÇÃO VERTICAL DE OVOS E LARVAS NA CULTURA DA SOJA." UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL DE PONTA GROSSA, 2011. http://tede2.uepg.br/jspui/handle/prefix/2215.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
Soybean is one of the main oleaginous crop produced in Brazil. Studies on populational dynamic and immature stage vertical distribution in soybean canopy are very important to improve technology application and control timing. We studied population dynamics and vertical distribution of eggs and larvae of the velvetbean caterpillar, Anticarsia gemmatalis and two Plusiinae species, during the cycle of two soybean cultivars of different growth habits in three sowing dates. Experiments were conducted on Coodetec 206 and BMX Potência RR cultivars during the 2010/2011 growing season in Ponta Grossa, Paraná state. Samples were collected through the crop cycle. Eggs and caterpillars from each third of the plant (bottom, middle and upper) and on different plant structures (main stem, branches, pods and adaxial or abaxial surfaces of leaves) were quantified. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis analysis. Plusiinae species occurred simultaneously with A. gemmatalis, which was the predominant species. Highest densities of eggs and larvae of A. gemmatalis were recorded during the second half of January and February. In February we observed the highest densities of Plusiinae. Through the late sowing season we recorded the highest densities of immature stages of Noctuidae. The highest eggs densities for A. gemmatalis and Plusiinae occurred in the middle third (44.03% and 45.99%, respectively) of the canopy followed by the lower (31.96% and 34.18%) and upper portion (24.01% e 19.83%). Small larvae of A. gemmatalis were found mainly in middle (44.08%) and lower third of the plant (36.97%), while medium larvae occurred in higher density in the middle (42.86%) and upper (41.90%) stratum. Meanwhile, most of the large larvae are found in the upper portion of the canopy (63.41%). Highest densities of small, medium and large Plusiinae larvae, we found in middle (43.37%, 44.63% e 44.83%, respectively) and lower (49.46%, 31.40% e 31.03%) third of the canopy. Eggs and caterpillars were found mainly on the abaxial surface of leaflets.
A soja é uma das principais oleaginosas cultivadas no Brasil. Os estudos sobre a ocorrência dos estádios imaturos de Noctuídeos e sua distribuição espacial no perfil da planta são de grande importância para definir o momento de controle e aprimorar a tecnologia de aplicação. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a flutuação populacional e a distribuição vertical de ovos e larvas dos principais Noctuídeos, Anticarsia gemmatalis e Plusiinae, durante o ciclo de duas cultivares de soja de diferentes hábitos de crescimento em três épocas de semeadura. Os experimentos foram conduzidos durante a safra 2010/2011 no município de Ponta Grossa – PR, em três épocas diferentes de semeadura das cultivares Coodetec 206 e BMX Potência RR. As amostragens foram realizadas durante todo o ciclo da cultura em diferentes alturas da planta (terço superior, médio e inferior) e em diferentes estruturas da planta (haste principal, ramos, vagens e face adaxial ou abaxial das folhas). Os dados foram analisados através da estatística descritiva e do teste não-paramétrico de Kruskal-Wallis. As espécies de Plusiinae ocorreram simultaneamente a A. gemmatalis, a qual foi a espécie predominante. As maiores densidades de ovos e lagartas de A. gemmatalis foram registradas na segunda quinzena de janeiro e durante o mês de fevereiro, mês em que se observou maior densidade de Plusiinae. As semeaduras mais tardias apresentaram as maiores densidades de estádios imaturos de Noctuídeos. A maior oviposição, tanto para A. gemmatalis quanto a Plusiinae ocorreu no terço médio (44,03% e 45,99%, respectivamente) seguido pelo inferior (31,96% e 34,18%) e superior (24,01% e 19,83%). As lagartas pequenas de A. gemmatalis foram encontradas principalmente nos terços médio (44,08%) e inferior (36,97%), enquanto as lagartas médias ocorreram em maior densidade nos estratos médio (42,86%) e superior (41,90%) e os indivíduos grandes, na região apical (63,41%) do dossel. A maior densidade de lagartas de Plusiinae pequenas, médias e grandes foi observada no terço médio (43,37%, 44,63% e 44,83%, respectivamente) e inferior (49,46%, 31,40% e 31,03%). Os ovos e as lagartas dos Noctuídeos foram encontrados, principalmente, na face abaxial dos folíolos.
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Steht, Markus von. "Imaging of vertical seismic profiling data using the common-reflection-surface stack Abbildungsverfahren für seismische Daten aus Bohrlochmessungen mit der Common-Reflection-Surface Stapelung /." [S.l. : s.n.], 2008. http://digbib.ubka.uni-karlsruhe.de/volltexte/1000007747.

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Tavares, Marcelo Botini. "Utilização de colunas verticais de filtração em manta e areia como pré-tratamento de filtro lento /." Ilha Solteira : [s.n.], 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/98081.

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Orientador: Edson Pereira Tangerino
Banca: Tsunao Matsumoto
Banca: Luiz Di Bernardo
Resumo: A Filtração Lenta é um processo de tratamento de água que tem como principal característica a eficiente remoção de patógenos, algas e cianobactérias, as quais nos últimos anos têm-se desenvolvido muito nos reservatórios de abastecimento de água devido à eutrofização causada principalmente pelas atividades antrópicas. As cianobactérias produzem substâncias tóxicas conhecidas como cianotoxinas, que causam problemas gástricos, dermatológicos e toxicológicos nos humanos, além de problemas nas estações de tratamento de água. Apesar da eficiência da Filtração Lenta na remoção destes organismos, ela possui restrições quanto à área necessária aos filtros lentos, quanto ao processo de limpeza destes e dos pré-filtros de pedregulho quando utilizados no tratamento. Esta pesquisa teve então como objetivo desenvolver uma pré-filtração ao filtro lento, através das Colunas Verticais de Pré-Filtração, que fosse eficiente na remoção de parâmetros físico-químicos e bacteriológicos e também no procedimento de limpeza, tornando-o mais rápido e menos dispendioso. Este trabalho foi vinculado ao Programa de Pesquisa em Saneamento Básico (PROSAB) de número 5 do ano de 2007. Para tanto, foi utilizada uma instalação piloto de tratamento de água existente na cidade de Ilha Solteira/SP na qual o processo de tratamento foi o de Filtração em Múltiplas Etapas. Nela foram introduzidas quatro colunas verticais de pré-filtração com taxas diferentes entre si. Foram analisados parâmetros de qualidade de água, o período de desenvolvimento da camada biológica e o tempo de colmatação das unidades filtrantes. Como alguns resultados da pesquisa, foram notificados: a rapidez e facilidade no procedimento de limpeza das colunas, além de necessitarem de limpezas menos freqüentes que os pré-filtros de pedregulho; remoção de cerca de 95% de algas... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: Slow filtration is a water treatment process that provides an efficient removal of pathogens, algae and cyanobacteria, which in recent years have been developed in a large amount in water reservoirs due to eutrophication, caused by human habits. The cyanobacteria produces toxic substances known as cyanotoxins, which cause gastric, skin and toxic disorders in humans, as well as problems in water treatment plants. Despite the efficiency of slow sand filtration in removing these bodies, it has restrictions on the required area for slow filters, on their cleaning process or rubble pre-filters cleaning when used in treatment. The objective of this research is developing a pre-filter to filter slowly through vertical columns pre-filtration, which would be efficient in the removal of physical, chemical and bacteriological bodies and also in cleaning process, making it faster and less expensive. This work was linked to the Programa de Pesquisa em Saneamento Básico (PROSAB) of 5th paragraph from the year of 2007. For this, we used an existing pilot plant for water treatment from of Ilha Solteira City - SP in which the process of treatment was Multiple Stages Filtration. Four pre-filtration vertical columns with different rates were introduced. We analyzed parameters of water quality, the period of organic layer development and the filter units clogging time. As some search results have been reported: the speed and ease of the columns cleaning procedure, less requiring of rubble pre-filters frequent cleaning; approximately 95% of algae and cyanobacteria removal by the columns; satisfactory turbidity removal, apparent color and true color, and smaller area required for its installation, because of their vertical shape.
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Books on the topic "Vertical stacks"

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Wijckmans, Frank. Vertical agreements in EC competition law. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006.

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Greg, Child, ed. Climbing free: My life in the vertical world. London: HarperCollinsEntertainment, 2002.

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Besley, Timothy. Vertical externalities in tax setting: Evidence from gasoline and cigarettes. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1998.

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Barone, Umberto. Vertical art: The enduring beauty of antique canes and walking sticks. Manchester, Vermont: Hudson Hills Press, 2008.

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Armitage's vines and climbers: A gardener's guide to the best vertical plants. Portland, Or: Timber Press, 2010.

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Pilgrims of the vertical: Yosemite rock climbers and nature at risk. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 2010.

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Goshen, Zohar. The interplay of the agency trio in corporate law: Horizontal and vertical dimensions. [Toronto]: Law and Economics Programme, Faculty of Law, University of Toronto, 2001.

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Henriksson, Lars. Distributionsavtal: Vertikala avtal och konkurrensrättsliga aspekter. Stockholm: Norstedts Juridik, 2012.

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Donoghue, Edward A. ADA & vertical transportation: A handbook on accessibility regulations for elevators, wheelchair lifts, and escalators. Mobile, AL (P.O. Box 6507, Mobile 36660): Elevator World, Educational Division, 1993.

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Donoghue, Edward A. ADA & vertical transportation: A handbook on accessibility regulations for elevators, wheelchair lifts and escalators. Mobile, Ala: Elevator World, 1993.

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Book chapters on the topic "Vertical stacks"

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Eargle, John M. "Beamwidth Narrowing with Vertical Stacked Horn Arrays." In Electroacoustical Reference Data, 120–21. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-2027-6_59.

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Hall, Judith A., Ioana Maria Latu, Dana R. Carney, and Marianne Schmid Mast. "Nonverbal Communication and the Vertical Dimension of Social Relations." In The Psychology of Social Status, 325–43. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-0867-7_15.

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Zhong, Jiling, and Yi Pan. "An Upper Bound on Blocking Probability of Vertical Stacked Optical Benes Networks." In Parallel and Distributed Processing and Applications, 239–51. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/11576235_29.

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Johnston, Craig M. T., Brad Stennes, and G. Cornelisvan Kooten. "Modeling bilateral forest products trade." In International trade in forest products: lumber trade disputes, models and examples, 43–82. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789248234.0043.

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Abstract The focus in this chapter is on the development of mathematical programming models used to model bilateral forest products trade. Theoretical outlines are provided of a multi-region, single product trade model and of an integrated, multi-region, multi-product trade model. The objective function and constraints are described mathematically, while the analysis takes into account horizontal and vertical chains and the need to calibrate the model using observed trade flows. Data sources are discussed, and the GAMS code is provided for the uncalibrated and calibrated versions of the model. The Canada-U.S. softwood lumber dispute is the raison d'être for much applied work in modeling forest products trade, especially on Canada's side. In this chapter, we examine several spatial price equilibrium (SPE) trade models that are currently used to investigate the implications of trade barriers imposed on Canadian exports of softwood lumber to the United States. The reason we consider bilateral trade is so that we can determine the impacts of trade restrictions on various regions in North America. We begin in the next section by specifying a general but vertically integrated SPE trade model.
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Johnston, Craig M. T., Brad Stennes, and G. Cornelisvan Kooten. "Modeling bilateral forest products trade." In International trade in forest products: lumber trade disputes, models and examples, 43–82. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789248234.0004.

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Abstract The focus in this chapter is on the development of mathematical programming models used to model bilateral forest products trade. Theoretical outlines are provided of a multi-region, single product trade model and of an integrated, multi-region, multi-product trade model. The objective function and constraints are described mathematically, while the analysis takes into account horizontal and vertical chains and the need to calibrate the model using observed trade flows. Data sources are discussed, and the GAMS code is provided for the uncalibrated and calibrated versions of the model. The Canada-U.S. softwood lumber dispute is the raison d'être for much applied work in modeling forest products trade, especially on Canada's side. In this chapter, we examine several spatial price equilibrium (SPE) trade models that are currently used to investigate the implications of trade barriers imposed on Canadian exports of softwood lumber to the United States. The reason we consider bilateral trade is so that we can determine the impacts of trade restrictions on various regions in North America. We begin in the next section by specifying a general but vertically integrated SPE trade model.
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Giudici, Massimo, Francesco Pedaci, Emilie Caboche, Patrice Genevet, Stephane Barland, Jorge Tredicce, Giovanna Tissoni, and Luigi Lugiato. "Cavity Solitons in Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Lasers and their Applications." In Localized States in Physics: Solitons and Patterns, 141–67. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-16549-8_8.

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Stewart, Miranda. "Australia." In The Forum of Federations Handbook of Fiscal Federalism, 1–58. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-97258-5_1.

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AbstractThis chapter discusses Australia’s unique brand of fiscal federalism, which has evolved under a Constitution that is more than 120 years old. While Australia’s fiscal federation is stable, Australia has high vertical fiscal imbalance with strong centralisation of taxing power and revenues at the national level, while many expenditure and governance responsibilities remain with subnational States and Territories. Vertical equalisation is delivered through unconditional and conditional grants from the federal government to subnational governments, and horizontal equalisation by a formula based on taxing capacity and spending needs, combined with conditional grants, politicised in various ways. The Chapter recommends reform to establish a new fiscal bargain supporting sharing of income tax and GST by both levels of government and to update fiscal arrangements to recognise and support Indigenous sovereignty self-government in the federation.
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De Giorgi, M., A. Passaseo, R. Cingolani, A. Taurino, and M. Catalano. "Effect of vertical size uniformity on diffraction contrast images of stacked InGaAs/GaAs quantum dots." In Springer Proceedings in Physics, 369–70. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-59484-7_170.

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Bisht, Arvind, Yogendra Pratap Pundir, and Pankaj Kumar Pal. "Electro-Thermal Analysis of Vertically Stacked Gate All Around Nano-sheet Transistor." In Communications in Computer and Information Science, 126–36. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-21514-8_12.

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Schaer, Martine. "Early-Career Academics’ Transnational Moves: The Gendered Role of Vertical Social Ties in Obtaining Academic Positions Abroad." In IMISCOE Research Series, 205–26. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-94972-3_10.

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AbstractMoving across borders to take up academic positions is one form of occupational mobility (or migration), one that is often presented as constitutive of an academic career. Drawing on biographical and qualitative egocentric network interviews with early-career academics working in Switzerland and the United States, this chapter shows that the transnational career moves of young scholars are embedded in social relationships in subtle ways. The analysis reveals that it is mainly one type of social tie that is important: vertical ties with higher-status academics. But the support these ties provide varies according to discreet and inconspicuous gendered mechanisms in which institutional resources also play a role. On the one hand, traces of strong male support networks persist in obtaining transnational academic positions. On the other, the digitalisation of academic labour-markets, fellowship schemes, and dual-career support make it possible to advance in one’s academic career while relegating vertical ties to a secondary role.
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Conference papers on the topic "Vertical stacks"

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Malba, Vincent, Leland B. Evans, Christopher D. Harvey, and Anthony F. Bernhardt. "V-PAC: Vertical Packaging for Assembly-Compatible Chip Stacks." In ASME 2003 International Electronic Packaging Technical Conference and Exhibition. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipack2003-35194.

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A new process for making high-density memory stacks which are completely compatible with typical electronic assembly techniques is presented. The process uses PECVD-SiO2 passivation, laser direct-writing, electrodeposited photoresist, and metal electroplating to form a reroute pattern extending from the input/output (I/O) pads on top of the chip directly onto the chip sidewalls. With the I/O available for interconnection on the side of the chip, four memory chips are stacked together with one silicon reroute chip. A high-temperature compatible anisotropically conductive adhesive is used to connect a flex circuit to the sidewall I/O pads of the memory chips and the reroute die. The reroute die’s sidewall pads connect to a pattern on the die surface which redistributes the I/O for connection to a leadframe. The lead frame is epoxied to the reroute die, and wirebonded to complete the electrical connection. The leadframe/stack assembly is then encapsulated with an epoxy potting compound, and the leads are formed and trimmed, creating a chip stack which is indistinguishable from a standard IC package.
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Bessette, Jonathan T., and Donghwan Ahn. "Microring stacks for vertical coupling between photonic planes." In 2013 IEEE 10th International Conference on Group IV Photonics (GFP). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/group4.2013.6644455.

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Altazin, Stephane, Raphael Clerc, Romain Gwoziecki, Damien Boudinet, Jean-Marie Verilhac, Romain Coppard, Gerard Ghibaudo, Georges Pananakakis, and Christophe Serbutoviez. "Vertical transport in spin coated ultra thin polycrystalline pentacene organic stacks." In 2009 IEEE International Electron Devices Meeting (IEDM 2009). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iedm.2009.5424342.

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Davoli, F., M. Marchese, and M. Mongelli. "Bandwidth Adaptation for Vertical QoS Mapping in Protocol Stacks for Wireless Links." In GLOBECOM 2009 - 2009 IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference. IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/glocom.2009.5425539.

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Sayed, Ali, and Robert Stewart. "Multi-component corridor stacks from vertical-vibrator near-offset 3C VSP data: Tenerife oilfield, Colombia." In SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts 2013. Society of Exploration Geophysicists, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/segam2013-1383.1.

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Veloso, A., E. Simoen, A. Oliveira, A. Chasin, S. C. Chen, Y. Lin, T. Miyashita, et al. "Scaled, Novel Effective Workfunction Metal Gate Stacks for Advanced Low-VT, Gate-All-Around Vertically Stacked Nanosheet FETs with Reduced Vertical Distance between Sheets." In 2019 International Conference on Solid State Devices and Materials. The Japan Society of Applied Physics, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.7567/ssdm.2019.n-1-03.

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Lin, Hung-Yun, Kritika Upreti, Allen Tippmann, Ganesh Subbarayan, Dae Young Jung, and Bahgat Sammakia. "Simulations of Deformation and Stress During Copper Wirebond on ULK Chips." In ASME 2013 International Technical Conference and Exhibition on Packaging and Integration of Electronic and Photonic Microsystems. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipack2013-73178.

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In this paper, we develop a multi-level modeling procedure for copper wirebonding that provides insights into (a) deformation and stress in wire, pad, and die (b) an assessment of the risk of ULK fracture during impact stage and ultrasonic vibration steps. First, we construct a nonlinear, dynamic finite element model (global) to study the mechanical responses of wire, pad, and the underlying ULK stacks during the impact stage and the last cycle of ultrasonic vibration in copper wirebonding. Specifically, these process steps are modeled through prescribing touch down and in-plane oscillatory motions on capillary, which result in dissimilar critical states of stress locally in the ULK stacks. Next, we develop a isogeometric model (local) for a generic configuration of ULK stacks with eight levels of metallization by composing the geometric primitives representing ILD layers, copper lines/vias, as well as the material interfaces following the Hierarchical Partition of Unity Field Composition technique. The description for material moduli in the entire ULK stacks is further enriched with a bi-linear damage law. The critical states of stress obtained in the global wirebond model are then converted into boundary conditions for the local ILD model under plane strain condition to simulate the crack initiation in the ULK stacks. We observe, from the simulation results, potential crack initiation sites along vertical /horizontal interfaces in the ULK stacks due to local compressive/tensile loading during impact/vibration step, respectively.
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Wiesenfeld, J. M., G. Hasnain, T. C. Damen, J. Shah, J. D. Wynn, R. E. Leibenguth, Y. H. Wang, and A. Y. Cho. "Gain-switched GaAs vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers." In OSA Annual Meeting. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oam.1992.fw1.

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The production of ultrashort optical pulses from GaAs vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) has been demonstrated by electrical and optical gain switching. The monolithically grown devices have four quantum wells in the active region, and have dimensions and mirror reflectivities (distributed Bragg reflector stacks) optimized for cw operation under current injection. Pulses as short as 24 ps were produced by electrical gain switching and optical gain switching. The pulse durations were determined by the photon lifetime of the VCSEL, whose value is constrained by the requirements for cw operation under current injection. Thus, there are design tradeoffs for VCSELs between short pulse production versus efficient cw electrical operation. Measurements of the optical spectra show the time-bandwidth product can be as small as 0.6, suggesting very small chirp for a gain-switched laser. This is a consequence of the small thickness of the active region of the VCSEL. Also, for lasers operating at different wavelengths, there is an increase in pulse duration as the wavelength increases, which results from band-filling effects.
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Yang, Gye Mo, Michael H. MacDougal, and P. Daniel Dapkus. "Low threshold current vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers with enhanced resistance to heating." In Semiconductor Lasers: Advanced Devices and Applications. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/slada.1995.tud.4.

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Vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSEL's) fabricated by selective oxidation are attractive to achieve ultralow threshold currents [1-3]. Efficient heat dissipation, along with low threshold, is critical for uses as optical interconnects where massive integration is required. In this paper, we report an ultralow threshold of 8.7 µA and a high output power over 1.9 mW in single quantum well VCSEL's fabricated by selective oxidation from an all epitaxial structure with intracavity p-contact layers grown by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition. The design of this structure is optimized for low thermal resistance by using distributed Bragg reflectors (DBR's) composed completely of binary materials. Fig.l shows a schematic cross-section of the fabricated VCSEL's. The epitaxial structure consists of a 30-pair n-doped AlAs/GaAs quarter-wave stacks, an Al0.22Ga0.78As/GaAs/In0.2Ga0.8As resonant λ-cavity, p-doped contact layers, and a 22-pair undoped AlAs/GaAs quarter-wave stacks. The p-doped contact layers are formed from a 0.25 λ AlAs current constriction layer and a 0.75 λ GaAs intracavity contact layer. After growth, the top DBR is selectively wet etched into 14 and 5 µm square mesas down to the p-type GaAs contact layer. Then, 50 µm square mesas, whose centers coincide with the centers of the top mesas, are formed by wet chemical etching. Current flow apertures of 10 and ~3 µm are formed below the 14 and 5 µm square top mirrors, respectively, by selective oxidation.
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Jun Wu, Kristofer Jansson, Aein Shiri Banadi, Erik Lind, and Lars-Erik Wernersson. "Low-frequency and radio-frequency C-V characterization of epitaxially grown InAs/high-k vertical nanowire MOS gate stacks." In 2016 Compound Semiconductor Week (CSW) [Includes 28th International Conference on Indium Phosphide & Related Materials (IPRM) & 43rd International Symposium on Compound Semiconductors (ISCS)]. IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iciprm.2016.7528570.

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Reports on the topic "Vertical stacks"

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Boyd, Brandon, and Duncan Bryant. Evaluation of capacitance staffs to measure vertical accretion in tidal environments. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), December 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/30623.

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Revi, Aromar, Madhumitha Srinivasan, Amir Bazaz, Manish Dubey, and Midhat Fatima Safdar. Indian Municipal Finance 2022. Indian Institute for Human Settlements, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.24943/imf02.2022.

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The Constitution (Seventy-fourth) Amendment Act 1992 sought to empower urban local bodies as a third-tier of governance. Thirty years hence, the reality of Indian ULBs is far from their initial aspirations. ULBs in most states continue to struggle on almost all dimensions of the funds, functions, and functionaries continuum. Most have limited autonomy of functioning and capacities for planning, budgeting, expenditure management, procurement, implementation, and monitoring. The fiscal space for ULBs has been shrinking in most states, especially with constraints in expansion of the overall tax base, the growing central and state fiscal deficit, and the weakening of the vertical and horizontal institutional mechanisms for resource mobilisation, coordination, and transfer.
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Kerber, Steve. Study of the Effectiveness of Fire Service Vertical Ventilation and Suppression Tactics in Single Family Homes. UL Firefighter Safety Research Institute, June 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.54206/102376/iwzc6477.

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Under the United States Department of Homeland Security (DHS) Assistance to Firefighter Grant Program, Underwriters Laboratories examined fire service ventilation and suppression practices as well as the impact of changes in modern house geometries. There has been a steady change in the residential fire environment over the past several decades. These changes include larger homes, more open floor plans and volumes, and increased synthetic fuel loads. This investigation examined the influence of these changes to the fire behavior and subsequent impact on firefighter tactics relative to horizontal and vertical ventilation and suppression. It is anticipated that the results of this investigation will be incorporated into improved firefighting tactics and decision making to reduce firefighter injuries and fatalities. Vertical ventilation has been used successfully but also resulted in firefighter fatalities in the past, as it is not easily coordinated with suppression and other fire ground tasks such as horizontal ventilation. It is not straightforward for firefighters to train on the effects of vertical ventilation since fire service training structures and props do not allow for ventilation-limited fire conditions with representative fuel loads and floor plans that will be encountered on the fire ground. Thus, guidance on the effectiveness of vertical ventilation comes from experience gained during real incidents, but under many different fire ground conditions. This has made it difficult to develop comprehensive guidance on the coordination of vertical ventilation with other firefighter tactics, and how these tactics may influence the fire dynamics in the burning home. The purpose of this study was to improve the understanding of the fire dynamics associated with the use of vertical ventilation so that it may be more effectively deployed on the fire ground. Two houses were constructed in the large fire facility of Underwriters Laboratories in Northbrook, IL. The first house was a one-story house (1200 ft, three bedrooms, one bathroom) with a total of 8 rooms. The second house was a two-story house (3200 ft, four bedrooms, two and a half bathrooms) with a total of 12 rooms. The second house featured a modern open floor plan, two-story great room and open foyer. A total of seventeen experiments were conducted varying the ventilation locations and the number of ventilation openings. Ventilation scenarios included ventilating the front door and a window near the seat of the fire (with modern and legacy furnishings) to link to the previous research on horizontal ventilation, opening the front door and ventilating over the fire and remote from the fire. Additional experiments examined controlling the front door, making different sized ventilation holes in the roof and the impact of exterior hose streams. The results from the experiments led to identification of tactical considerations for the fire service to integrate into their education and fire ground strategies and tactics where applicable.
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Carden, R. S. Technology assessment of vertical and horizontal air drilling potential in the United States. Final report. US: Grace, Shursen, Moore and Associates, Amarillo, TX (United States), August 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10117887.

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Budzich, Jeffrey. PR-685-184506-R05 Fluvial Geomorphology Equations and Mechanics. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), April 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011666.

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Channel hydrology, hydraulics, and sediment composition are key variables to calculating vertical and horizontal channel movement. A variety of methods are available for estimating channel bed scour, bank erosion, and channel migration with fewer available to predict avulsion potential. These methods vary in complexity from simplified empirical and theoretical equations to complex multi-dimensional models that may be used to understand potential hydrotechnical threats to pipelines and other structures. Furthermore, there are a variety of publicly available resources of relevant information to enhance pipeline operators' development and implementation of an effective water crossing program. The public resources include the United States Geological Survey, the National Weather Service within the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Federal Emergency Management Administration, United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resource Conservation Service, and the Government of Canada.
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Mullin, Joseph, and Wallace Mullin. United States Steel's Acquisition of the Great Northern Ore Properties: Vertical Foreclosure or Efficient Contractual Governance? Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, July 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w5662.

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Allen, S. J. High Electric Field Quantum Transport: Submillimeter Wave AC Stark Localization in Vertical and Lateral Superlattices. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, March 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada313811.

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Baldini, Angel A. Astrogeodetic Deflections of the Vertical from Stars Observations with the Danjon Astrolabe, or Similar Instruments. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada166886.

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Hutchinson, Paul, Adolor Aisiri, Udochisom Anaba, Elizabeth Omoluabi, Akanni Akinyemi, U. C. Ifunanya Ozoadibe, and Dele Abegunde. Behavioral sentinel surveillance survey in Nigeria: Endline technical report. Population Council, June 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/sbsr2023.1020.

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This technical report presents results from the Behavioral Sentinel Surveillance (BSS) endline survey undertaken by Breakthrough RESEARCH/Nigeria in Kebbi, Sokoto, and Zamfara states between October 1 and November 10, 2022. BSS surveys are intended to assess changes in indicators targeted by the integrated social and behavior change (SBC) activities of the USAID-funded Breakthrough ACTION/Nigeria project. The Breakthrough ACTION/Nigeria project, which began in 2019 and is slated to run until 2025, focuses on the health areas of malaria; family planning; and maternal, newborn, and child health plus nutrition (MNCH+N) in Kebbi and Sokoto states, as well as malaria-only SBC activities in Zamfara State. The project uses three primary SBC approaches: advocacy outreach to opinion leaders and community influencers at the state and local government area (LGA) levels, direct engagement of community members through community dialogues and group meetings, and SBC messaging campaigns through mass media and digital media. The primary objective of this study is to compare the effectiveness of integrated SBC programming, as implemented by Breakthrough ACTION/Nigeria in Kebbi and Sokoto states, with single-focused vertical SBC programming, used by Breakthrough ACTION/Nigeria to target malaria outcomes in Zamfara state.
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Swaffield, J. A., and Lawrence S. Galowin. A preliminary study of the vertical stack to horizontal drain entry condition as an extension to the modeling of unsteady partially filled pipe flow. Gaithersburg, MD: National Bureau of Standards, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nbs.ir.85-3108.

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