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1
Fleming, Robert Dale. "Work characteristics of standing broad and vertical jumping." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/26351.
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The purpose of this study was to determine the contributions made by the leg muscle groups to the work done in standing broad and vertical jumping. A secondary purpose was to examine the principles of summation and continuity of joint forces as they apply to these jumps.
Twelve subjects were filmed while jumping from a force platform. They performed a minimum of three maximal standing broad and vertical jumps, with countermovements and use of the arms permitted. The jumps were filmed at a rate of 50 frames per second while, synchronously, ground reaction force data were collected at 50 Hz. Link segment analysis and inverse dynamics methods were used to compute the net muscle moments of force and the power and work outputs created by these moments of force.
The jumps were examined over two time periods, during both the propulsive phase of jumping and the entire jump. The work-energy approach was used to determine the relative contributions of the muscles crossing the ankle, knee and hip joints to the total work done at the leg joints. A work-energy analysis (i.e. the ratio of net mechanical work done at 6 joints to the gain in total mechanical energy) for the two types of jumps during the two time intervals of interest produced values all less than 1.0. This suggests that there were other sources of work that subjects were using and which were not measured in the analysis. As well, this suggests that the link segment model utilized may not have been appropriate for all subjects.
For the standing broad jump the contributions of the ankle, knee and hip muscles during the propulsive phase were 30.2, 18.6 and 51.2 percent, respectively, while their contributions over the entire jump were 31.5, 17.0 and 51.5 percent, respectively. The respective contributions of the ankle, knee and hip joints for the vertical jump during the propulsive phase were 33.0, 24.8 and 42.2 percent and over the entire jump the contributions were 39.2 (ankle), 22.4 (knee) and 38.4 (hip) percent.
Two-tailed correlated t-tests were done to check for differences in relative contributions of both the ankle and knee joints to the work done at the leg joints in standing broad and vertical jumping. The only significant difference (p<.01) occurred at the ankle joint over the entire jump. Relatively, the muscles crossing the ankle joint did significantly more work in vertical jumping than in standing broad jumping.
One-way ANOVAs with repeated measures were utilized to test the differences between relative joint contributions for each type of jump during the two time periods examined. Neuman-Keuls post hoc method was used to evaluate the multiple pairwise comparisons. There were two main findings. First, over the entire jump, the muscles crossing the hip joint did significantly more work than those of the knee joint during both standing broad (p<.01) and vertical jumping (p<.05). Then for the propulsive phase, there was significantly more work generated at the hip joint than at either the knee joint or the ankle joint during both vertical jumping (knee: p<.01; ankle: p<.05) and standing broad jumping (knee: p<.01; ankle: p<.01).
Results for the evaluation of the summation and continuity principles supported the principle of summation of joint forces as the muscles of all three leg joints, for all subjects, were net generators of positive work during the propulsive phase of standing broad and vertical jumping. The continuity of joint forces principle, however, was not fully supported as the sequencing of muscular contractions was not always from proximal to distal as expected.Education, Faculty of
Curriculum and Pedagogy (EDCP), Department of
Graduate
2
Montford, Gordon Hugh. "Elimination of muscle recoil energy in vertical jumping." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/26355.
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This is an empirical study which investigates the possibility of isolating the muscle's contractile component in dynamic jump training exercises.
Cavagna, et al.(1968); Asmussen and Bonde-Petersen, (1974); Komi and Bosco, (1978) are some of the researchers confirming the presence of elastic energy in lengthened (stretched) human muscle. This recoil energy provides an additive effect when integrated with the human muscle's contractile component during dynamic muscular contractions. Komi and Bosco (1978) asserted that the rate of stretching the muscle immediately prior to the concentric contraction is the key to producing higher levels of recoil energy. Plyometric exercises, such as depth jumping, exploit this characteristic in jump training. Cavagna, et al. (1971) suggested that speed of shortening by the contractile component is the limiting factor in integrating this recoil energy with the concentric contraction. This identifies to this researcher, that by eliminating recoil energy and isolating the contractile component in jump training, greater long term jumping improvement may be achieved more efficiently over a shorter training period.
To eliminate the recoil energy in a dynamic vertical jumping movement the. eccentric contraction phase is slowed by an absorbent jumping/landing surface. Three types of vertical jumps (a squat jump, a countermovement jump and a depth jump from a 0.40 m height) were performed by 15 female subjects on two types of jumping/landing surfaces. A Kistler Force Plate is the "normal" 1anding/jumping surface; a foam pad (0.64 x 0.44 x 0.20 m) placed upon the Kistler Force Plate is the "absorbent" jumping/landing surface. The data collected comprised: Height jumped, generated positive mechanical work, accrued negative mechanical work, change in positive mechanical work with respect to the squat jump, and height of drop for each depth jump.
This study found a significant difference at the 0.01 level between a "normal" and an "absorbent" jumping/landing surface when performing vertical jumps. Enhanced mechanical work was observed for the countermovement and depth jumps with respect to the squat jump.(the baseline measure of the contractile component's ability to do mechanical work). This enhanced work was attributed to the recovery of stored recoil energy and converted to a percentage of recovered eccentric energy (reduced potential energy). The "normal" surface showed a recovery of 13.4% and 4.8% for the countermovement jump and depth jump respectively; similarly, the "absorbent" surface showed recovery of 11.3% and -0.5%.
These results indicate that a highly absorbent jumping/landing surface degrades the recovery of stored recoil energy in depth jumping; and can be used to eliminate recoil energy in plyometric training, specifically depth jumptraining.Education, Faculty of
Curriculum and Pedagogy (EDCP), Department of
Graduate
3
Coffman, Steven A. "Development of a youth database for five-hop and vertical jump tests." Virtual Press, 2003. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1260493.
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The purpose of this study was to initiate the development of a database of values for the five-hop and vertical jump field tests for dominant and non-dominant legs in youth nine to seventeen years of age. Two hundred one youths, 102 males and 99 females, participated in all facets of the study. One trial of the five-hop test was performed on each leg and one trial was performed on each leg, then both legs, for the vertical jump test. Stature ranged from 1.41 ± 0.06 to 1.70 ± 0.07 meters for females and 1.44 ± 0.08 to 1.81 ± 0.06 meters for males. Mass ranged from 34.8 ± 4.8 to 64.3 ± 11.4 kilograms for females and 35.2 ± 10.5 to 73.1 ± 16.0 kilograms for males. Significant differences (p < 0.05) were found in dominant and non-dominant leg hops between males and females ages 12-17. Significant differences (p < 0.05) were found in dominant leg vertical jumps between males and females at ages 12-14 and 16-17 and in non-dominant leg vertical jumps at ages 12, 16 and 17. Twelve year olds had a significant difference (p < 0.05) between males and females when dominant leg hop distance was normalized to mass. When comparing non-dominant hop distance to dominant hop distance, significant differences (p < 0.05) were found between males and females 15 years of age. Values obtained for this ratio agree with the literature for adult hop ratios and suggest that limb asymmetry/deficiency determination be set at 0.85 for youth.School of Physical Education
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Connell, Robert. "A kinematic analysis of the role of the upper-extremities during vertical jumping." Thesis, University of Chester, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10034/326122.
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Over the last two decades, plyometric training has been extensively adopted by athletes, coaches and sport scientists with a primary aim to improve vertical jump height. The focus of these plyometric programmes has been to train the lower-extremity musculature in order to enhance jump performance. However, the lower-extremities are not the only contributing factor to vertical jump performance, as the use of an arm-swing during vertical jumping has also been shown to contribute to achieving maximum vertical jump height, yet training programmes for improving the arm-swing during the vertical jump are limited. Therefore, the primary aim of this thesis was to examine the full arm-swing mechanics during vertical jumping, and to then develop and assess the suitability of an upper-extremity plyometric programme for increasing both arm-swing kinematics and jump height. Firstly, a descriptive study was conducted to assess if an arm-swing countermovement was utilised during the vertical jump, which was deemed the prerequisite for using plyometric training to improve the arm-swing. Then an experimental study was conducted comparing vertical jumps performed with and without an arm-swing countermovement. The results showed that jumps performed with an arm-swing countermovement significantly increased mean peak shoulder angular velocity (ω) (+67.5 deg·s-1) and mean jump height (+ 6.2 cm) when compared to jumps performed using no arm-swing countermovement. During the final chapter of this thesis, a group of elite basketball players volunteered to participate in upper-extremity plyometric training aimed at increasing vertical jump height by training only the upper-extremities. Vertical jump height and full body kinematics were analysed using a 3 dimensional (3D) motion capture system, and key kinematic jump variables and various arm-swing performance measurements were collated both before and after a 4 week upper-extremity plyometric intervention. The use of upper-extremity plyometric training significantly increased the mean jump height (+ 7.2 cm), mean peak shoulder ω (+ 167.1 deg·s-1), mean peak frontal shoulder ω (+ 121 deg·s-1) and mean active range of motion at the shoulder joint (+ 5.3°), when compared to a control group. Furthermore, the use of a large active range of motion armswing during the arm-swing countermovement was shown to be the preferred arm-swing condition for increasing arm-swing kinematics. The increase in arm-swing kinematics and jump height after the 4 week upper-extremity plyometric programme was attributed to the participants’ improved ability to use the stretch-shortening cycle, elastic energy transfer system and stretch reflex system. Therefore, the use of upper-extremity plyometric exercises as part of a training regime for improving vertical jump performance should be advocated.
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Claether, Daniel John. "Forces in the knee during vertical jumping and weightlifting." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.530474.
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Mizuguchi, Satoshi. "Net Impulse and Net Impulse Characteristics in Vertical Jumping." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2012. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/1459.
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The purpose of this dissertation was to explore the potential use of net impulse and its characteristics in vertical jumping to monitor athletes' performance status and responses/adaptations to interventions. Five variables were proposed as net impulse characteristics: net impulse height and width, rate of force development, shape factor, and net impulse proportion. The following were then examined: 1) test-retest reliability of a new approach to identify net impulse in a force-time curve and of net impulse characteristics and criterion validity of the new approach; 2) effective measures of net impulse characteristics; 3) relationships between training-induced changes in its characteristics and force production ability.
The following are major findings of the dissertation. Rate of force development particularly for the countermovement jump require a large magnitude of change to overcome the variable's inherent variability. Shape factor and net impulse proportion for the static jump should be used with caution and requires further investigations. Alternative net impulse can be used interchangeably to criterion net impulse. Of the proposed net impulse characteristics, net impulse height and width and shape factor were found to contribute to countermovement jump height, whereas all the net impulse characteristics were found to contribute to static jump height. Of the characteristics found to contribute, relative net impulse height (net impulse height divided by system mass) appears to be an important characteristic to achieve a high jump height for the countermovement and static jumps and net impulse proportion for the static jump. A mechanism behind increased countermovement jump height may be an increased countermovement displacement as a result of increased force production ability. A mechanism behind increased static jump height is the increased proportion of the entire positive impulse occupied by net impulse (i.e. increased net impulse proportion).
The findings of this dissertation show the possibility of the use of the net impulse characteristics to monitor athletes' performance status and responses/adaptations to interventions. However, because this dissertation was the first to explore the potential use of the net impulse characteristics for athletes' performance monitoring, the existing knowledge is still preliminary and further research is required before practical recommendations are made.
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Cimadoro, G. "A MODEL BASED COMPUTATIONAL APPROACH TO HUMAN VERTICAL JUMPING." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/204577.
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A subject specific forward dynamic 3-actuator torque-driven model of the human musculoskeletal system was created, based on measure- ments of individual subject characteristics. The goal was to simu- late a common strength exercise: squat jump with and without extra load. Hip, knee and ankle resultant net torques were modeled from experimental data. Elastic components were not considered. Two models were created for each joint, and then implemented into sim- ulations. Subsequently they were compared to each other to estab- lished which one best matched actual performances. By analyzing kinematic and kinetic experimental data at the instant of the toe-off, it was shown that accurate joint torque models implemented in a sim- ple computer simulation could reproduce squat jumps. The model that best matched actual jumps was used to optimize jump height performance with and without extra load. A linear decreasing of the jump height was found as the load increased. The load at which the model would not be able to take-off was predicted. In addition, joint and global power outputs for different extra load conditions were es- timated. It seemed that global power output probably suffered from a slight inaccuracy of simulated vertical ground reaction forces. It was concluded that a computational approach combined with exper- imental data, is an original way to conduct research in strength and conditioning training. It would help coaches, athletes and scientists to better understand human performances. This investigation is the first step in a wider project aiming to evaluate the advantages of the individual subject approach for understanding strength exercise tasks.
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Evans, Tom. "The effects of static stretching on vertical jump performance." Huntington, WV : [Marshall University Libraries], 2006. http://www.marshall.edu/etd/descript.asp?ref=635.
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Kowalski, Craig Adam. "Correlation between time to peak torque and peak torque to vertical jump in college age athletes." Huntington, WV : [Marshall University Libraries], 2003. http://www.marshall.edu/etd/descript.asp?ref=245.
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Thompson, William Kevin. "T2 Mapping of Muscle Activation During Single-Leg Vertical Jumping Exercise." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1194982561.
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Jenkins, Karen M. "The effect of wearing strength shoes during plyometric training on vertical jump performance." Thesis, This resource online, 1993. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-06232009-063100/.
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Bazett-Jones, David M. "Comparing the effects of different whole-body vibration intensities on vertical jump performance." Virtual Press, 2006. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1339140.
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Whole-body vibration (WBV) has been shown to enhance vertical jump performance. The purpose of this study was to determine which WBV intensity has the greatest effect on counter movement jump (CMJ) height and the duration of that affect. Forty-four participants, of varying training statuses, were tested. They participated in > 4 familiarization sessions, to eliminate learning effects. Participants performed a pre-test, followed randomly by one of 5 WBV intensities. Participants performed 3 maximal CMJs immediately, 5, and 10 min following treatment. The best performance was used and calculated as a percentage of the pre-treatment values. A multivariate model (treatment X time X gender) was used to analyze the data. The three-way interaction approached significance (p=0.053) and significance was found for all two way interactions. Females performed the best immediately following the 2.71g treatment (116.9 + 38.4%). Male participants did not increase their performance; however, they may require longer durations of vibration exposure to elicit effects. The differences between males and females may also indicate that the effects of WBV are dependent on strength, stiffness, and/or training levels. Future research should continue to systematically investigate the effects of vibration and participant characteristics on WBV and performance.Keywords: power, frequency, amplitude, training, potentiation, stiffness.School of Physical Education, Sport, and Exercise Science
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Williams, Morgan, and res cand@acu edu au. "Exploration of Differences in Vertical Jump Performance Between Typically Developing Children and those Identified with DCD: A kinematic and kinetic analysis." Australian Catholic University. School of Exercise Science, 2008. http://dlibrary.acu.edu.au/digitaltheses/public/adt-acuvp186.29112008.
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This study compared the motor performance of children identified with Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) with those of a matched group categorised as typically developing (TD). Based on the existing literature, vertical jumping was the task selected as it is a fundamental movement skill (Gallahue & Ozmun, 2002), and a single optimal coordination pattern has been shown to exist (e.g., Bobbert & van Ingen Schenau, 1998).Within the conceptual framework developed for this enquiry, jump height, the performance outcome, was the highest level variable. Level 2 variables described the centre of mass displacement at key instants during the jumping movement. Level 3 variables identified measures of velocity, force and power, which underpin the movement, and level 4 variables described the countermovement specific to this task. This provided a more thorough analysis than previously reported in DCD literature for jumping. The objective of this study was to identify possible mechanisms of DCD in order to advance the understanding of this impairment. A cross-sectional sample (n = 165) of males and females aged between 5 and 12 years was drawn from a school in Victoria, Australia. Using the Movement–Assessment Battery for Children (M-ABC), 62 children from the sample were identified as having DCD with total impairment scores below the 15th percentile for their age-band (Henderson & Sugden, 1992). From the remaining children assessed, who all scored above the 15th percentile, 62 were matched with the DCD group to form the TD group (n= 62). Participants performed three maximal vertical jumps, standing on a single forceplate. Each child’s best vertical jump was analysed using forceplate (700 Hz) and 2D sagittal kinematic data from a single camera video (50 Hz) capture. The results confirmed previous findings that DCD children jump lower than their TD peers, although there was a considerable overlap in motor ability between the groups. Peak VCOM occurred earlier in the jumping movement in the DCD group, when compared to the TD group. This meant a longer elapsed time from the instant of peak VCOM to take-off, which was attributed to coordination error. The earlier occurrence of peak VCOM in the DCD group could be explained by the lower shank angular velocity at take-off. In addition, the DCD group produced lower jump impulse and peak power. Further probing of the jump height data revealed an interesting relationship between age band and jump height that was gender specific. It was noted that for the DCD males, less than 1% of the variance found in jump height could be accounted for by age-band. In contrast, the explained variance for jump height by age-band was 24% for the TD males. The females showed similar relationships for jump height and age-band in both groups. It was thought that this may reflect physical activity avoidance caused by greater social pressures on boys to be good at sports (e.g., Parker & Larkin, 2003).In addition, a further analysis of the DCD group data was undertaken to compare those who had difficulties in dynamic balance and those who did not. In this analysis, body mass was found to have a significant effect on leg stiffness (Kleg), and when accounted for as a covariate, greater Kleg in the DCD group with dynamic balance difficulties was found. A possible explanation is that for the DCD group with dynamic balance difficulties, the transition from joint flexion to extension during the countermovement was problematic, and resulted in excessive muscle co-activation. This study provides some possible directions for further investigations into coordination issues for DCD children. The time elapsed from peak VCOM to take-off and the shank angular velocities at take-off were identified as key indicators of a poorly coordinated jump. High levels of Kleg reflected difficulties in the transition from joint flexion to extension during the countermovement in those DCD children with dynamic balance problems. Based on these key variables and others that differentiated between groups a more parsimonious conceptual framework is presented. For future enquiry, a more holistic approach for the study of children with such impairments is recommended. This includes exploring the environment these children are exposed to in order to gain a more thorough understanding of practice and learning effects. Understanding of differences in motor ability requires an expanded framework to include information on genetic and socio-cultural factors, and their impact upon important psychology, physical fitness, nutrition, body composition and physical activity parameters.
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Tornio, Ashley. "BIOMECHANICAL STUDY OF JUMPING & LANDING TECHNIQUES: BALLET VS NON-BALLET ATHLETES." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2019. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/2112.
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INTRODUCTION: The prevalence of ACL injuries is increasing in previous years. One of the most common studied kinematic risk factors related to ACL injuries is a resultant weak, leg axis alignment known as the dynamic knee valgus angle presented during a vertical drop jump [8, 14, 15]. Hewett et. al. concluded that a knee valgus angle was a primary predictor of the mechanism that leads to an ACL rupture [8]. By increasing the excessive knee valgus angle during a two-legged DVJ, an athlete is in turn increasing the possibility of a high knee valgus moment, which can increase the anterior tibial translation as well as the load on the ACL several-fold and the chances for an ACL tear [4].
METHODS: In our study, ten collegiate female participants, including ballet and non-ballet athletes performed two-legged DVJs for 6 different flexor and extensor muscles while digital recordings of knee valgus angle were captured at initial contact and push off with simultaneous collection of EMG data.
RESULTS: Results displayed statistical significance for the average valgus angle to estimated GRF ratio for the non-dominant leg at push-off between the ballet and non-ballet athletes (0.8 ± 0.43 vs. 1.8 ± 0.33 degrees/N, p < 0.05). In addition, we also found that the hip extensor activity significantly increased for the non-ballet group and that the lateral thigh CCI noticeably increased for the non-dominant leg for the non-ballet group, which could be indicative of the noticeable difference in the biceps femoris muscle activation for the non-ballet group when comparing sports type. In addition, statistically significant interactions between sports type and leg type for vastus medialis and gluteus maximus were produced. Observed results also indicated that there was an increase in overall variability for the dominant leg of the non-ballet athletes amongst all studied muscles and for the non-dominant leg for the ballet group specifically studying the gluteus maximus muscle activity.
DISCUSSION: Relatively, the non-ballet group could be at a higher risk for increase in femoral adduction, hip adduction, and tibial external rotation, and overall predict a larger knee valgus moment; therefore, the non-ballet group could potentially be at a higher risk for an ACL injury than the ballet group. In addition, there is potential in continued research of neuromuscular differences between ballet and non-ballet athletes to further investigate the vastus medialis and the gluteus maximus muscle activations as well as to investigate the knee valgus moment values.
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Waggener, Wesley R. "The effects of the Skyflex on vertical jump height and speed." Virtual Press, 1997. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1041904.
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The purpose of the study was to determine the affect of SkyFlex training would have on jumping ability. The SkyFlex is a shoe constructed with a forefoot platform elevating the heel. The design purports enhancement of the stretch reflex in the Gastrocnemius and Soleus muscles. The SkyFlex includes an Airlon Flexfit sock liner designed to keep the ankle warm during training, minimizing tightness and flexibility reductions. Division I varsity male volleyball players (n= 17) were tested for the following: standing vertical jump, approach jump, court sprint, shuttle run, and anthropometry. Two-way AN OVA found no statistical significance (p<0.05) on any of the variables except for the differences between sessions of reaction forces. SkyFlex test group Ankle flexibility decreased with dorsiflexion while the control group increased both dorsal and plantar flexion. Based on the results of this study, training in the SkyFlex does not provide training advantages over training in a regular athletic shoe.School of Physical Education
16
Johnson, Douglas L. "Power output prediction determined from vertical jump and reach test for male and female university athletes." Virtual Press, 1994. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/917037.
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The purpose of this study was to devise a simple mechanical power formula for both peak and average power using a countermovement jump and reach test for both college male and female athletes. Forty-nine female and 69 male athletes were measured for height, weight, thigh circumference, thigh skinfold, upper leg length, and lower leg length. The athletes performed a countermovement jump and reach test off of a force platform. A Vertec jumping apparatus was used to measure vertical jump height and the force platform was used to acquire force/time data to determine actual peak and average power output. Eight anthropometric measurements, vertical jump height, and gender were the variables presented to develop the equations. A stepwise multiple regression statistical procedure was used to develop the prediction equations. Vertical jump height, mass, and body height were the significant (p<.05) variables loaded into both peak and average mechanical power prediction equations. Gender was not significant (p>.05) and, therefore, not loaded into either equation. Predicted peak power and actual peak power values were 4,707 t 1,511 and 4,687 ± 1,612 watts, respectively. Predicted averagepower and actual average power values were 2,547 ± 760 and 2,463 ± 753 watts, respectively. The following best model regression-derived equations produced R2 values of .91 for peak power and .82 for average power:Peak Power (W) = 78.47 • VJ (cm) + 60.57 • Mass (kg) - 15.31 • Ht (cm) - 1,308 Average Power (W) = 41.41 • VJ (cm) + 31.18 • Mass (kg) - 13.86 • Ht (cm) + 431 Results of this study conclude that the two regression equations are good predictors of peak and average mechanical power output.School of Physical Education
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Peeni, Manu H. "The effects of the front squat and back squat on vertical jump and lower body power index of Division 1 male volleyball players /." Diss., CLICK HERE for online access, 2007. http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/ETD/image/etd1892.pdf.
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Stevenson, Deja Lee. "Whole-Body Vibration and Its Effects on Electromechanical Delay and Vertical Jump Performance." Diss., CLICK HERE for online access, 2005. http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/ETD/image/etd867.pdf.
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Horton, Micheal Milo. "Improving vertical jump: A program design." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2003. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/2185.
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The purpose of this project is to review current literature on the mechanics and physiology of the vertical jump and to provide an understanding of the jump itself. The second purpose is to develop a step by step program to increase vertical jump from grade school through high school.
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Hinkel-Lipsker, Jacob Wesley. "EFFECT OF WARM-UP ACTIVITY ON VERTICAL GROUND REACTION FORCES IN BASKETBALL PLAYERS DURING DROP JUMP LANDINGS." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2013. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/1088.
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ABSTRACT
Effect of Warm-Up Activity on Vertical Ground Reaction Forces in Basketball Players During Drop Jump Landings
Jacob Hinkel-Lipsker
Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of certain warm-up activities on vertical ground reaction forces (GRFv) during a drop jump landing. Methods: Eight women and twelve men (mean age 22.6 ± 1.82 years) completed three warm-up activities on three separate days in a counterbalanced order: a passive stretching warm-up, a dynamic warm-up, and a no warm-up control. After completing each activity, participants were asked to perform eight drop jump landings on a force platform. GRFv data was sampled at 1000 Hz during each landing, and the variables analyzed were: peak forefoot and rearfoot magnitude, forefoot and rearfoot rate of loading, and impulse. Results: The dynamic warm-up had significantly greater values (p < 0.05) for forefoot peak magnitude, rearfoot peak magnitude, and forefoot rate of loading compared to the passive stretching and control conditions. Also, there were no significant differences among all activities for rearfoot rate of loading and impulse. Conclusions: The significantly greater values for forefoot peak magnitude, rearfoot peak magnitude, and forefoot rate of loading that the dynamic warm-up produced indicates that this activity may be effective in increasing muscular stiffness in the lower limbs. The failure of the passive stretching warm-up to reach significance indicates that this activity may not be effective in decreasing lower extremity muscular stiffness.
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Farthing, Daniel Gerald. "The relationship between vertical jumping ability and lower extremity strength measured eccentrically and concentrically at five angular velocities." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape17/PQDD_0013/MQ39138.pdf.
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Gatti, Roberta Gabriela Oliveira. "Características biomecânicas do salto vertical de crianças." Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, 2005. http://tede.udesc.br/handle/handle/342.
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It to use the biomechanic in moviment's analyse propritiate informations in several characteristics of locomotion and performance. The objective was to estimate the biomechanics characteristics of vertical jump in children in the periods initial, elementary and mature, according to development's model of Gallahue e Ozmun (2003). The study descritive, exploratory has the participation of 39 students children of Florianópolis-SC city, elected of sistematic casual way. The colect of data it used a force plataform (AMTI OR6-5-2000) joint a câmera of frequency hight (HSC 180) both conected the Peak Motus system. It used in dynamic data a sample rate of 900Hz and in kinematics 60Hz. After indentification, weigh check and adaptation, the children realized three vertical jumps for dynamics, kinematics analyses and to classify the maturation period of qualitative way using the avaliation matrix suggest by Gallahue e Ozmun (2003). The data was procedured in Peak Motus program, filtered by FFT (Fast Fourier Transform) with window 4%, and normalized by the body weigh. The ANOVA one-way was used for means comparation mid periods; the test t of Student was used for means comparation mid sex and the Spearman Brown correlation was used to verify the relationship mid variables, the significance was p≤0,05. In the results, by global way, it was verified significant differences in dynamics variables in comparation mid sex but not there were differences in comparation mid maturation period, there by, it had differences significant in kinematics variables in comparation mid period and sex. All the groups (initial, elementary, mature, female and male) showed significant correlations mid impulse's period, principally among rate of increase load and impulse's peak, except for male group. The shape of vertical GRF's curves was different in the values and force's aplication's time. The initial period and the male sex showed greater homogeneity in the force's aplication's time. In the shape of angles's curves it was not observed great differernces, the greatest differences were observed in joint angles of flight and landing's period, principally to initial period, the greatest differences mid sex were in landing's period. In resume, the hight varibility show the individuals characteristics of vertical jump's execute among children, independent of period and of sex.
O uso da biomecânica na análise do movimento proporciona informações nos vários aspectos da locomoção e da performance. O objetivo geral foi avaliar as características biomecânicas do salto vertical em crianças nos estágios inicial, elementar e maduro, segundo o modelo de desenvolvimento de Gallahue e Ozmun (2003). O estudo descritivo, exploratório teve a participação de 39 crianças escolares da cidade de Florianópolis-SC, selecionadas de forma casual sistemática. Na coleta de dados utilizou-se uma plataforma de força (AMTI - OR6-5- 2000), acoplada a filmadora de alta frequência (HSC-180) ambos integrados ao sistema Peak Motus. Nos dados dinâmicos utilizou-se uma taxa de amostragem de 900Hz e nos cinemáticos 60Hz. Após a identificação, pesagem e adaptação, as crianças executaram três salto verticais para análises dinâmicas, cinemáticas e classificação do estágio maturacional de forma qualitativa através da matriz de avaliação porposta por Gallahue e Ozmun (2003). Os dados foram processados no programa Peak Motus, filtrados via FFT (Fast Fourier Transform) com abertura de janela de 4% e normalizados pelo peso corporal. Para comparação das médias nos estágios utilizou-se ANOVA one-way, o teste t de Student para comparação das médias nos sexos e para verificar relação entre as variáveis, correlação de Sperman Brown, a p=0,05. Nos resultados, de modo geral, verifica-se diferenças significativas nas variáveis dinâmicas na comparação dos sexos e não houve diferenças na comparação dos estágios de maturação, entretanto, houve diferenças significativas nas variáveis cinemáticas na comparação dos estágios e sexos. Todos os grupos (inicial, elementar, maduro, feminino e masculino) apresentaram correlações significativas entre as variáveis da fase de propulsão, principalmente entre a taxa de carga crescente x pico de propulsão, exceto para o grupo masculino. O formato das curvas de FRS vertical foi diferente na magnitude de força aplicada e no tempo de aplicação para todos os grupos. O estágio inicial e o sexo masculino apresetnaram maior homogeneidade no tempo de aplicação de força. Também não se observou muita diferença nos formatos das curvas dos ângulos, as maiores diferenças foi observada nos ângulos da fase de vôo e aterrissgem, principalmente no estágio inicial, entre os sexos as maiores diferenças foram na fase de aterrissagem. Em síntese a alta variabilidade representa as características individuais de estratégias de execução do salto vertical, independente do estágio e do sexo.
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Sheppard, Jeremy Matthew. "The competitive, physiological and trainable aspects of vertical jump performance : a series of studies on the strength and conditioning of elite volleyball players." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2009. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/1905.
Full textAbstract:
This is a thesis 'by publication' that comprises 11 manuscripts (Chapters 2- 12) that have passed the peer-reviewed process and have been accepted for publication. The 11 manuscripts have been published or are in press in 4 different journals, and are in general presented in this thesis in the format of the particular journal, with the exception of referencing, which has been formatted to a uniform style. Of the 11 manuscripts, 7 are full papers, and 4 are case-studies/brief research notes. The references relevant to this thesis are outlined below.
Manuscripts:
Sheppard, J.M., J. Cronin, T. J. Gabbett, M. R. McGuigan, N. Extebarria, and R. U. Newton. Relative importance of strength and power qualities to jump performance in elite male volleyball players. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 22:758-765, 2007.
Sheppard, J. M., T. J. Gabbett, K. L. Taylor, J. Dorman, A. J. Lebedew, and B. R. Development of a repeated-effort test for elite men's volleyball. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance. 2:292-304, 2007.
Sheppard, J. M., M. McGuigan, and R. U. Newton. The effect of accentuated eccentric load on vertical jump kinetics kinematics in elite male athletes. International Journal of Sports Science and Coaching. 2:267-273, 2007.
Sheppard, J. M., S. Cormack, K. L. Taylor, M. R. McGuigan, and R. U. Newton. Assessing the force-velocity characteristics of well trained athletes: the incremental load power profile. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 22: 1320-1326, 2008.
Sheppard, J. M. and T. L. Doyle. Increasing compliance to instructions in the squat jump. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 22:648-651, 2008.
Sheppard, J. M. and R. Borgeaud. Influence of stature on movement speed and repeated efforts in elite volleyball players. Jo11111al of Australian Strength and Conditioning. 16:12- 14, 2008.
Sheppard, J. M., T. L. Doyle, and K. L. Taylor. A methodological and performance comparison of Smith-machine and free weight jump squats. Jou111al of Australian Strength and Conditioning. 16:5-9, 2008.
Sheppard, J. M., T. Gabbett, and R. Borgeaud. Training repeated effort ability in national team male volleyball players. lnternational Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance. 3:397-400, 2008.
Sheppard, J. M., S. Hobson, D. Chapman, K. L. Taylor, M. McGuigan, and R. U. Newtqn. The effect of training with accentuated eccentric load counter-movement jumps on strength and power characteristics of high-performance volleyball players. International Journal of Sports Science and Coaching. 3:355-363, 2008.
Sheppard, J. M., D. Chapman, C. Gough, M. R. McGuigan, and R. U. Newton. Twelve month training induced changes in elite international volleyball players. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, In press.
Sheppard, J. M., M. R. McGuigan, and R. U. Newton. The effects of depth-jumping on vertical jump performance of elite volleyball players: an examination of the transfer of increased stretch-load tolerance to spike jump performance. Journal of Australian Strength and Conditioning, In Press.
Conference Presentations & Posters
Sheppard, J.M., J. Cronin, N. Extebarria, T. Gabbett, M. McGuigan, and R. U. Newton. The relative importance of strength and power for vertical jumping in elite male volleyball players. In National Strength and Conditioning Association Annual Conference. Atlanta, Georgia, 2007.
Sheppard, J. M., R. U. Newton, and M. McGuigan. The effects of accentuated eccentric load on kinetic and kinematic factors in vertical jump performance of elite male athletes. In 2nd Annual Sports Innovation Summit. Vancouver, Canada, 2007.
Sheppard, J. M. and T. Gabbett. The development and evaluation of a repeated effort test for volleyball. In National Strength and Conditioning Association Annual Conference. Atlanta, Georgia, 2007.
Sheppard, J. M., D. Chapman, C. Gough, M. McGuigan, and R. U. Newton. The association between changes in vertical jump and changes in strength and power qualities in elite volleyball players over 1 year. In National Strength and Conditioning Association Annual Conference. Las Vegas, Nevada, 2008.
Sheppard, J. M., M. McGuigan, and R. U. Newton. The effect of increased stretch load tolerance on vertical jump ability in elite male volleyball players. In National Strength and Conditioning Association Annual Conference. Las Vegas, Nevada, 2008.
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Mizuguchi, Satoshi, William A. Sands, H. S. Lamont, and Michael H. Stone. "Identification of Force-Time Curve Characteristics That Contribute to Net Impulse in Vertical Jumping – a Multiple Regression Analysis Approach." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2012. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/4548.
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Benesh, Traci A. (Traci Ann). "A Comparison of Two Plyometric Training Techniques." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1989. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc500914/.
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The purpose of this study was to investigate two different plyometric training techniques for increasing vertical jumping ability. Twenty-four female high school volleyball players were matched for height and weight and distributed equally among three groups. Each subject performed a vertical jump test, Margaria power test, Wingate bicycle test, and an isokinetic leg strength test prior to and following six weeks of training. Plyometric training significantly (p<.05) improved vertical jumping ability and some indices of leg strength and power. Weighted plyometrics did not enhance performance more than plyometrics alone. These data support the view that plyometric training with or without added weights enhances vertical jumping and leg power.
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Salci, Yasar. "Effects Of Eccentric Hamstring Training On Lower Extremity Strength &." Phd thesis, METU, 2008. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12609693/index.pdf.
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The purpose of this study was to display increase in eccentric hamstring strength after 10-weeks training program. Secondly, if such an increase occurred, would this strength change result in altered landing kinetics and improved jumping performance?
27 recreational female athletes assigned into experimental (n = 14) and control (n = 13) groups. Baseline measures of landing kinetics were collected using a force plate, strength data and proprioceptive measurements were evaluated using an isokinetic dynamometer and vertical jump performance were determined by a jumping mat.
Results indicated that NHST group increased their eccentric hamstring strength after eccentric strength training program (week-1 = 233.6±27.5, week-10 = 253.8±
28.4 Nm/kgbw
p<
.05). The results demonstrated that there were significant differences in landing mechanics for NHST group. PVGRF (week-1 = 6.2±
0.9, week-5 = 5.3±
0.9
p<
.05), PAPGRF (week-1 = 1.1±
0.2 &
week-10 = 0.8±
0.3
p<
.05) and APImp results demonstrated significant differences in trained group (week-1 = 78.1±
13.6 &
week-10 = 67.8±
9.2
p<
.05). NHST group exhibited significant increase in vertical jumping ability (week-1 = 0.25±
0.0 &
week-10 = 0.27±
0.0 cm
p<
.01). This study supported the following points: 1) increases in the eccentric hamstring strength were evident after NHST program, 2) the increases in isokinetic strength were sufficient to cause alterations in landing kinetics to decrease the applied joint forces, so the NHST program would be an influential factor in decreasing the lower extremity injuries, and 3) the increase in the efficiency of force transfer at the final take off phase of jumping contributed to a higher performance in vertical jump.
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Kotani, Yosuke. "Factors related to creating force-velocity and load-velocity profiles with the squat jump." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2021. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/2487.
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It is well recognized that the ability to rapidly generate high levels of force is an important factor underpinning vertical jump performance. Recently, it has become popular to use forcevelocity (FV) and load-velocity (LV) profiles created from progressively loaded squat jumps (SJs) to guide the resistance training process. By creating FV profiles, the coach can determine if the athlete has a force or velocity deficit and then create an individualized training program based upon the determined deficit. Alternatively, the LV profile can be used to monitor performance and as a method for prescribing training load. While several recent studies have explored the efficacy of the use of training methods based on the FV or LV profile, there is limited research examining the various methodologies and technologies that are commonly used to create these profiles with SJs. Therefore, the primary purpose of this thesis project was to investigate the reliability and validity of various methods for assessing the FV and LV profile during the SJ. In Study 1, progressively loaded SJs were performed on a force plate in order to determine the overall reliability of the FV and LV profiles. After this was completed, Study 2 was used to compare three methods of determining the FV and LV profiles. Specifically, the FV and LV profiles created from data collected with the PUSH BandTM 2.0 (PUSH) and GymAware (GYM) were compared with the profiles created from data collected with a force plate in order to determine if the velocities determined with these methods agreed. In Study 3, the FV and LV profiles created with two accelerometers (Bar Sensei [BS] and Beast Sensor [BEAST]) were compared with a laboratory based four-linear position transducer system (4- LPT) in order to determine if the velocities measured with these devices agreed and were reliable. In Study 4, the mode of exercise (free-weight or Smith Machine) was compared to determine if there was agreement between the FV and LV profiles created with each mode. Finally, in Study 5, SJs that were performed with free-weights and the Smith Machine were compared in order to determine if there was agreement between the FV and LV profiles created with a force plate, the PUSH, and GYM. The primary finding of this thesis was that the FV and LV profiles created from SJs with a force plate were unreliable regardless of which mode of exercise was utilized. Additionally, the PV quantified with the GYM agreed with the PV determined with the force plate regardless of whether the SJ was performed with free-weights or a Smith Machine. Conversely, the PV determined with the PUSH did not agree with the force plate regardless of which mode of exercise was performed. Finally, the PVs determined with the BEAST agreed with the 4-LPT system, whilst the BS did not. Based upon these findings, it is important that coaches are aware that there is a lack of reliability with these profiles and that velocities measured by different devices do not always agree.
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Mache, Melissa A. "The use of biomechanical feedback to improve vertical jump performance." 2005. http://www.oregonpdf.org.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (M.A.)--California State University, Chico, 2005.Includes bibliographical references (leaves: 83-87). Also available online (PDF file) by a subscription to the set or by purchasing the individual file.
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Crockett, Benjamin A. "Intense acoustic stimulation does not affect subsequent vertical jump performance in humans." 2009. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:1462710.
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Feng-yi, Huang, and 黃鳳怡. "Investigation of Vertical Jumping Patterns in Young Adults with Down Syndrome." Thesis, 2001. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/07261584689400089664.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立臺灣師範大學
體育研究所
89
The purpose of this study was to investigate the level of vertical jumping patterns in young adults with Down syndrome and the factors influencing vertical jumping pattern. Twelve Down syndrome young adults with middle mental retardation (mean age =18.0±1.7 years) served as participants. Participants were required to perform the highest vertical jump, and movement patterns were video recorded and analyzed. BMI, grip strength, leg strength and range of motion of hips, knees and ankles ere measured, participation’s parents were interviewed to understand the physical activities after schools. The experimental data were processed with statistical methods of Spearman Rank Correlation to investigate the factors influencing vertical jumping patterns. The results were as follows: (1) Vertical jumping patterns of young adults with Down syndrome were immature. The major leg movement pattern was at levelⅡ, the arm movement pattern was at levelⅡ, and the body movement pattern was at levelⅢ. There were intrapattern different in vertical jumping patterns of young adults with Down syndrome. (2) The higher level of leg and body movement patterns of young adults with Down syndrome, the higher vertical jumping height. There were no significant correlation between the level of arm movement pattern and the jumping height. (3) The stronger of leg strength, the higher level of leg movement pattern and body movement pattern. The stronger of arm strength, the higher level of arm movement pattern. There were no significant correlations between the levels of movement pattern and the rest of test items. (4) Full movement experiences may improve the level of vertical jumping patterns, particularly in the skill of vertical jump.
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Hsu, Chih-Yung, and 許志雍. "Design and Analysis of Vertical Jumping Mechanism for a Hexapod Robot." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/ttvrka.
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碩士國立勤益科技大學
機械工程系
105
In recent years, more and more on the Hopping Robot research, in response to avoid obstacles on the ground, jumping movement is the bests and easiest option. In this paper, a simple hexapod robot model is established. Law of conservation of mechanical energy, and vector loop method are used to establish the analytical equation, for the vertical jump of hexapod robot. In addition, the model of jumping action is divided into six stages, the analytical equation of establishing respective stage, to solve such as height, speed, and other specific unknowns. Use SOLIDWORKS to build the model and obtain the data needed for the calculation. These data are entered into the program of establishing in the commercial mathematics software MATLAB and the calculation results are taken as the basis for designing the robot. According to the calculation results, when the jumping action not yet left ground and the spring is placed on the mass center of Link3 and Link4, and the spring constant is 4000N/m, the maximum balance torque is 10.93N-m and the maximum distance the ground height is 99.8mm. Crucial the jumping mechanism, It is the use of non-binding characteristics of the gear to design, when the gear from the binding state to non-binding state, will make the original pure rolling movement changes, resulting in the mechanism separate, and then make the rod movement to make the body obtain upward force.
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Ambegaonkar, Jatin P. "Effect of ankle stabilizers on vertical jump, agility, and dynamic balance." 2003. http://www.oregonpdf.org.
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Chi, Chen Chin, and 陳進劼. "The Effects of Core Strength Training on Vertical Jumping Stability of Trampoline Performance." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/29697233253013049584.
Full textAbstract:
碩士中國文化大學
體育學系運動教練碩博士班
100
The Effects of Core Strength Training on Vertical Jumping Stability of Trampoline Performance June, 2012 Student: Chin-Chi CHEN Adviser: Jasson CHIANG Abstract Trampoline sport has become an extensive recreational and competitive sport since 2000 Sydney Olympic Games, and has attracted great attention in sport science studies. Purpose: to investigate the effects of an - 8week core muscular strength training on vertical jumping stability during performing trampoline exercise. 15 collegiate students were recruited and divided into three groups including athlete group(AG, N=5), non-athlete group(NAG, N=5), and control group (CG, N=5). EVaRT4.4 Motion Analysis System was used to exam core stability and position offset surface and two-way ANOVA mixed design was used to exam the difference of pre and post training among three groups and Fisher’s Least Significant Different (LSD) test was used for post comparisons and the significant level wasα=.05. Results: 1. an 8-week of core strength training decreased forward and backward displacement during vertical jump significantly (p＜.05), LSD test indicated that AG was superior to NAG and CG; 2. an 8-week of core strength training decreased left and right displacement during vertical jump significantly (p＜.05), LSD test indicated that AG was superior to NAG and CG; 3. an 8-week of core strength training was not found to decrease the stability of area displacement during vertical jump (p＞.05). Conclusion: an 8-week of core strength training increased core stability and enhanced vertical jump consistency during trampoline performance. Key words：Core strength training, trampoline, vertical jumping stability
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Liu, Shiue-Feng, and 呂學峰. "Investigation of Vertical Jumping Patterns and Technical Cognition in Grade four With Elementary Students." Thesis, 2003. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/37058373822251486167.
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碩士國立體育學院
運動科學研究所
91
Both Vertical Jumping and Power are highly related, and the Power is one of the basic athletic abilities. In this case, Vertical Jumping becomes the main category for testing stamina or real athletic competitions. This study utilizes a Vertical Jumping Motion Development Chart to examine 4th Graders’ Vertical Jumping Motion Steps, and by making Vertical Jumping Motion Awareness Questionnaire to study kids’ performance. Result of study: Elementary school kids’ almost part of Vertical Jumping belongs to the 2nd level, and there’s significant difference between boys and girls regarding Motion Levels. Vertical Jumping Motion Self-Perception has a middle ratio compared to Motion Levels. There’s difference between the sexes in regards of Self-Perception and Motion Awareness. The Regression Equation will be used to examine kids’ Jumping Height, Motion Levels, Self-Perception, and Motion Awareness. It’s just Motion Levels works.
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Friend, Lori J. "The effects of training load on mood state and vertical jump factors in collegiate athletes." 2007. http://www.oregonpdf.org/index.cfm.
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Wilson, Andrew C. "Acute effects of complex training as a warm-up on vertical jump, standing long jump, and 20-M sprint." 2004. http://www.oregonpdf.org.
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Hanson, Erik. "The acute effects of heavy- and light-load squat exercises on vertical ground reaction forces." 2005. http://www.oregonpdf.org.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (M.A.)--University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2005.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 73-77). Also available online (PDF file) by a subscription to the set or by purchasing the individual file.