Relevant bibliographies by topics / Vertical illuminance

Academic literature on the topic 'Vertical illuminance'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Vertical illuminance"

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Košir, M., A. Krainer, M. Dovjak, and Ž. Kristl. "Automatically controlled daylighting for visual and non-visual effects." Lighting Research & Technology 43, no. 4 (July 20, 2011): 439–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1477153511406520.

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This is a study of daylighting in an automatically controlled office environment. The objective is to identify any correlations between horizontal and vertical illuminances and to determine if daylight controls can be applied to predict and regulate both illuminances. Two sets of real-time measurements were made, complemented by computer simulations. The results showed that the vertical illuminance at the eye depends on the portion of sky in the visual field. The average ratio between vertical and horizontal illuminances was relatively constant at 1.5, even though the external sky conditions were variable. This implies that the vertical illuminance at the eye can be predicted with acceptable level of accuracy if the horizontal illuminance on the working plane is known.
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Mahdavinejad, M., S. Matoor, R. Fayaz, and M. Bemanian. "Estimation of Daylight Availability and Illuminance on Vertical South Facing Surfaces in Tehran." Advanced Materials Research 518-523 (May 2012): 1525–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.518-523.1525.

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To effectively design daylight in buildings, daylight availability data are necessary. Although there is a great potential of daylight energy in Iran, its use is hindered by absence of measured data. In this paper the illuminance data on vertical south facing surfaces of Tehran were estimated using IESNA model. For this propose an illuminance measuring set was used for measuring vertical illuminances for standard times over 20 days at one minute intervals from 9 a.m. to 4 p.m. Then the measured data were compared with IESNA model calculated data. A regression model between measured and calculated data was developed which showed an acceptable linear correlation (r2=0.9535). Also mean hourly and monthly vertical illuminance was obtained from the new equation between measured and calculated data for a whole working year. To estimate daylight availability, frequency curves for vertical illuminance on south facing surfaces were created.
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Sakamoto, Shoetsu, and Kenichi Sasaki. "Semicylindrical illuminance and vertical illuminance in the street lighting." JOURNAL OF THE ILLUMINATING ENGINEERING INSTITUTE OF JAPAN 72, Appendix (1988): 67–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2150/jieij1980.72.appendix_67.

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Saraiji, Riad. "Vertical Illuminance Based Crosswalk Illumination." LEUKOS 6, no. 2 (October 1, 2009): 153–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1582/leukos.2009.06.02005.

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Li, DHW, and JC Lam. "Predicting vertical luminous efficacy using horizontal solar data." Lighting Research & Technology 33, no. 1 (March 2001): 25–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/136578280103300107.

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Daylighting is recognized as an important and useful strategy in the design of energy-efficient buildings. Daylight illuminance, particularly on vertical surfaces, plays a major role in determining and evaluating the daylighting performance of a building. Luminous efficacy approach is considered as a versatile and easily applied way to calculate outdoor illuminance. This paper presents an approach to estimate the vertical outdoor illuminance from computed vertical luminous efficacy based on the measured horizontal solar irradiance and illuminance data. Hourly data recorded from January 1996 to December 1998 in Hong Kong were used for the model development. The performance of the proposed model and two well-known anisotropic inclined surface models (Muneer and Perez) was evaluated against data measured in 1999. Statistical analysis indicated that the proposed model gives reasonably good agreement with measured data for all vertical planes. The proposed model can provide an alternative to building designers in estimating the vertical solar illuminance and irradiance where only the horizontal measurements are available.
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Mangkuto, RA, B. Paramita, and SS Utami. "Mitigation of even harmonics in the Fourier components of vertical illuminance around a reference point." Lighting Research & Technology 52, no. 5 (October 9, 2019): 675–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1477153519880584.

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The use of Fourier components analysis has been recently proposed by Lynes to describe harmonics in vertical illuminance at various azimuth angles around a reference point. In cases with multiple light sources, it has been argued that the removal of even harmonics in the resulting Fourier components may correspond with good lighting practice. This paper therefore aims to demonstrate optimisation methods to mitigate even harmonics in Fourier components of vertical illuminance around a reference point due to two and three point light sources, by adjusting maximum vertical illuminance and subtended angles between the sources using sensitivity analysis and genetic algorithms. The results suggest that the genetic algorithm method yields more precise optimum solutions compared with the sensitivity analysis method, particularly for scenes with three point sources. For two point sources, the smallest root mean square value of even harmonics is achieved when the vertical illuminance due to the second source is 0.92 (relative to the vertical illuminance due to the first source) and the subtended angle is 90°. For three point sources, the optimum vertical illuminance due to the second and third sources is respectively 0.81 and 0.78, whereas the optimum subtended angles for the second and third sources with respect to the first are 64.4° and 116.8°, respectively.
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Lin, Yusen, Cheng-Chen Chen, and Yasser Ashraf Gandomi. "Strategies on Visual Display Terminal Lighting in Office Space under Energy-Saving Environment." Energies 16, no. 3 (January 26, 2023): 1317. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16031317.

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In this work, we have studied how the vertical illuminance of the human eye position, illuminance of the horizontal work surface, and the brightness of the computer screen in the office space lighting are correlated under an energy-saving environment. This investigation was conducted in a full-scale laboratory that simulates an office space with 20 adults. It was found that when the indoor ambient lighting illuminance changes, the vertical illuminance of the subject’s eye position is affected accordingly, and the two factors are strongly correlated. On the other hand, when the surrounding environment is brighter and the vertical illuminance increases, the illuminance of the horizontal working surface adjusted by the subject during the visual display terminal (VDT) operation is significantly reduced. The horizontal illuminance value can even be lower than the value frequently employed in various countries around the world, since the computer screen brightness will be adjusted accordingly. Therefore, in an energy-saving environment, the illuminance of the horizontal working surface and the brightness of the computer screen adjusted by the users will vary with the ambient lighting. Especially in the current mainstream VDT operating environment and within a certain range of conditions, the interior setting can be lower than the current horizontal illuminance benchmark for additional energy conservation.
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Hraška, Jozef. "Nonvisual aspects of daylight in the built environment." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1252, no. 1 (September 1, 2022): 012063. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1252/1/012063.

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Abstract This paper investigates melanopic equivalent daylight vertical and horizontal illuminances within an indoor space as a metric for the nonvisual effects of its lighting. The article is based on the findings of photobiological research and the recommendations of several institutions for the threshold values of melanopic illuminance at the eyes of users of indoor spaces, which is sufficient for the proper functioning of the circadian system. This study uses a computer workplace as an environment to investigate experimentally the applicability of melanopic daylight metrics for the practical evaluation of the circadian potential of the indoor daylight environment. The article points out a number of problems associated with the practical evaluation of vertical melanopic daylight illuminance in a specific space. The paper also outlines practical guidelines for designing facades and color treatment of building surfaces in terms of their circadian potential.
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Kito, Kazuaki, Shuntaro Higa, and Yoshiyuki Uchida. "The ratio of the vertical illuminance to the global horizontal illuminance in the clear sky." JOURNAL OF THE ILLUMINATING ENGINEERING INSTITUTE OF JAPAN 80, Appendix (1996): 149. http://dx.doi.org/10.2150/jieij1980.80.appendix_149.

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Edwards, Christopher J., and Ronald B. Gibbons. "Relationship of Vertical Illuminance to Pedestrian Visibility in Crosswalks." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2056, no. 1 (January 2008): 9–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2056-02.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Vertical illuminance"

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Wu, Chia-wei, and 吳佳薇. "Design of Better Uniform Vertical Illuminance Distribution of Luminaires and Their Applications." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/pz7p5a.

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碩士
國立臺灣科技大學
電機工程系
100
Conventionally, the uneven luminance distribution and great discomfort glare were found in vertical illuminance applications due to inadequate selection of luminaires and placement, especially in stadium, museums, blackboard in the classroom etc. It caused players misjudging the ball down position, visual feeling in exhibitions and visual fatigue. The purpose of the thesis is to develop a design procedure and methodology for luminaires, by light emitted diodes LED, which are vertical illuminance distribution oriented in order to raise the light quality. A luminaire for blackboard in the classroom is selected as example for discussion, the LED light tube and asymmetric reflector are used to simulate luminous distribution by commercial software TracePro. Then, we applied the lighting simulation software DIALux to set up the lighting environment of classroom and simulate the lighting parameters, including the average illuminance, the unified glare ratio UGR, illuminance uniformity, contrast uniformity and lighting power density etc., for traditional fluorescent lamps luminaire and better designed LED luminaries respectively. A systematic lighting quality evaluation technique was used to evaluate the lighting quality from the two different luminaries based on the results above. The redesigned LED luminaire has better performances than the traditional fluorescent lamps luminaire does, such as higher average illuminance, better even luminous distribution and less lighting power density. The total performance score of the redesigned LED luminaire is 86.5, higher than 73.9 of T8 and 76.9 of T5, traditional fluorescent lamps luminaires, to prove the feasibility and effectiveness of LED sources used in the vertical illuminance applications.
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Books on the topic "Vertical illuminance"

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Robbins, Claude. Model for Illuminance on Horizontal and Vertical Surfaces. Amer Solar Energy Society, 1985.

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Book chapters on the topic "Vertical illuminance"

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"How to Trim." In Acquiring Learning Skills With Digital Technology, 10–39. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-4426-6.ch002.

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In this chapter, the authors introduce trimming as a way to be concise, to uncover the heart of arguments being made, and to make students more effective communicators. They point out the ways in which modern technology can be used to help students trim. They include examples that show how Sherlock Holmes would have been comfortable on Twitter. They discuss how trimming can be done with ancient Buddhist texts. They next provide examples from Adam Smith and Christof Koch's view of human consciousness. They show how trimming can be done in writing to illuminate both the horizontal and vertical planes of a text. Finally, they show how Twitter can be used to send signals about the meanings and significance of our statements.
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Zeeman, Nicolette. "Ethical Adjacency in Piers Plowman." In The Arts of Disruption, 75–113. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198860242.003.0004.

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The chapter argues that the intellectual tradition that underlies medieval personification debate is Aristotelian and medieval logical teaching on ‘opposites’, the relationship by which opposed terms illuminate each other—available in Aristotle’s elementary logical works. This teaching has a special relevance to personification debate, where the heuristic drive is dramatized in speakers that represent opposed positions and phenomena, each of which is explored in the process of debate itself. This suggests why personification debate provides for over a thousand years one of the main tools with which allegory unpacks its structuring terms and reflects on its conflictual work. Aristotle’s teaching on opposites also enables us to query some aspects of the literary history of medieval debate literature; it suggests that a critical concern about resolution in debate, or its lack, fails to see where the real intellectual work of debate occurs. It also suggests that the critical distinction between supposedly open ‘horizontal’ debates and closed ‘vertical’ debates may be misguided. In fact, Aristotle’s subcategory of the ‘relative’ opposition (master and slave, artisan and tool) often involves a hierarchy. The chapter uses these materials to argue that personification debate can be formally unresolved and ‘vertical’, and yet also challenging and seriously investigative. This is illustrated with analyses of some debates, several hierarchical: ‘four daughters of God’, body and soul, Nature and Grace (Deguileville) and the Middle English Pearl.
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Emery, K. O., and David Neev. "Introduction." In The Destruction of Sodom, Gomorrah, and Jericho. Oxford University Press, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195090949.003.0004.

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The thrilling biblical saga of Sodom and Gomorrah leaves a deep impression on the spirit of its readers, especially the young. Basic ethical concepts such as right and wrong were dramatically portrayed by that simple and cruel, yet humane, story. Memories of even more ancient disastrous geological events apparently were interwoven into the saga. A geologist cannot remain indifferent when investigating the Dead Sea region and observing stratigraphical and structural evidence of past and continuing similar events. Forceful dynamics indicated by vertically tilted beds of rocksalt layers that have penetrated upward through the ground and by later processes that have shaped some beds into pillars trigger association with the ancient story. Such features are abundant and clearly recognizable along the foot of the diapiric structure of Mount Sedom (Arabic Jebel Usdum). A gas blowout during the drilling of a water well near the Amazyahu fault in 1957 only by good luck failed to produce a gush of fire and smoke. Such an event could have happened in ancient times as a natural result of faulting. Knowledge of the regional geological background permits translation of the biblical descriptions into scientific terms, which suggests that the sagas of Sodom, Gomorrah, and Jericho described real events that occurred during ancient times before much was known about geology. Thirty-five years of the authors' professional experience in the Dead Sea region encompasses many geological aspects of the basin: deep and shallow stratigraphy, structural history, seismology, sedimentological processes, and the physical and chemical properties of the water. Archaeological studies in the region are reviewed. Although most of these studies are applicable to exploration for oil and gas or extraction of salts from brines, their results illuminate the role of changing paleogeography and paleolimnology on human environments. Climate changes and lake-level fluctuations have occurred since Mid-Pleistocene, especially during the past 50,000 years. Studies of sediments from shallow core holes delimit coastal areas that when exposed by drops in the level of the Dead Sea, quickly developed soils that could be used for agriculture.
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Conference papers on the topic "Vertical illuminance"

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Lou, Di, and Yingdong Wei. "Vertical Illuminance Uniformity for LED Road Lighting." In 2021 18th China International Forum on Solid State Lighting & 2021 7th International Forum on Wide Bandgap Semiconductors (SSLChina: IFWS). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/sslchinaifws54608.2021.9675282.

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Rogers, Zack, Caroline Clevenger, Brik Zivkovich, and Moatassem Abdallah. "Exploring Horizontal and Vertical Illuminance Daylighting Uniformity Metrics." In Construction Research Congress 2016. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784479827.237.

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Kusznier, Jacek, and Maciej Zajkowski. "Side light fiber in the measurement of vertical illuminance." In 15th Conference on Optical Fibers and Their Applications, edited by Jan Dorosz and Ryszard S. Romaniuk. SPIE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2066970.

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Sliney, David. "RETINAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT - HORIZONTAL OR VERTICAL ALPHA IRRADIANCE OR ILLUMINANCE?" In Proceedings of the 29th Quadrennial Session of the CIE. International Commission on Illumination, CIE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.25039/x46.2019.op22.

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Kalelioğlu, Sezgi, and Leyla Dokuzer Öztürk. "An Approach to Control the Illuminance Distribution on Vertical Display Surfaces." In 5th International Conference of Contemporary Affairs in Architecture and Urbanism – Full book proceedings of ICCAUA2020, 11-13 May 2022. Alanya Hamdullah Emin Paşa University, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.38027/iccaua2022en0050.

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Bartsev, A. A., and A. A. Bartseva. "ILLUMINANCE DISTRIBUTION MEASUREMENT OF MUSEUM EXHIBITS USING DIGITAL IMAGING LUMINANCE METER." In CIE 2021 Conference. International Commission on Illumination, CIE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.25039/x48.2021.po17.

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The method for estimating the illuminance distribution in the vertical plane of museum objects (paintings) using a digital imaging luminance meters (ILMD) is considered. In order to pass from the luminance distribution to the illuminance distribution, a screen with reflective properties close to diffuse (Lambert) reflection is used. The theoretical and experimental uncertainty estimation of the measurement method done.
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Bayan, Fawzi P., Thomas A. Timbario, Jonathan D. Nelson, Stuart Sheldon, Ronny E. Wahba, and Brandon Keys. "A Systematic Study of Pedestrian Contrast and Detection From Vehicle Headlights." In ASME 2021 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2021-71215.

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Abstract An important factor in evaluating the visibility of pedestrians at night is the contrast they offer an observer. This paper investigates and quantifies the influence of various parameters on contrast. An experiment was conducted using pedestrians and surrogate human models positioned along a grid in relation to the illuminated headlights of vehicles positioned on a dry asphalt roadway with no additional overhead lighting. As part of this experiment, headlight illuminance was mapped, and pedestrian luminance data were comprehensively collected to provide parametric data necessary to evaluate patterns affecting contrast. Luminance and illuminance data are presented in the form of three-dimensional plots and further related to visibility levels using the Adrian model. The results of this study highlight and quantify important factors present in night visibility of pedestrians. These include position of the pedestrian both longitudinally and laterally, reflectivity of the clothing, vertical variations in luminance and illuminance, the background, and headlamp characteristics. They emphasize that three-dimensional modeling of headlight illuminance and pedestrian luminance enhances the understanding of pedestrian contrast and visibility.
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Di Pede, M., F. Leccese, G. Salvadori, E. Di Ciolo, and S. Piccini. "On the vertical illuminance in indoor sport facilities: Innovative measurement procedure to verify international standard requirements in fencing halls." In 2017 IEEE International Conference on Environment and Electrical Engineering and 2017 IEEE Industrial and Commercial Power Systems Europe (EEEIC / I&CPS Europe). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/eeeic.2017.7977611.

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Giovannini, Luigi, Fabio Favoino, Valerio R. M. Lo Verso, Anna Pellegrino, and Valentina Serra. "A novel methodology to spatially evaluate DGP classes by means of vertical illuminances. Preliminary results." In 7th International Building Physics Conference. Syracuse, New York: International Association of Building Physics (IABP), 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.14305/ibpc.2018.ie-3.01.

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Berssenbru¨gge, Jan, Sven Kreft, and Ju¨rgen Gausemeier. "Using a Virtual Reality-Based Night Drive Simulator as a Tool for the Virtual Prototyping of an Advanced Leveling Light System." In ASME 2008 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2008-49827.

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Modern automobiles contain various mechatronical components to support the task of driving. To enhance driver vision and driving safety at night time, advanced lighting systems, such as a predictive advanced front lighting system (PAFS) enhance automotive lighting by swiveling the headlights horizontally into approaching curves on a winding road. In addition to this, basic leveling light systems tilt the headlights vertically, in order to adjust to the vehicle chassis pitch due to the vehicle load or suspension effects based on the vehicle dynamics from driving on a rough road. More advanced leveling systems even account for the vertical course of an undulating road using GPS-data to locate the vehicle’s position plus digital map data to predict the vertical course of the road in front of the vehicle. That way, the headlights follow the road curvature and illuminate the road ahead of the vehicle without glaring oncoming traffic. In order to design, evaluate, and optimize the control algorithm within the electronic control unit (ECU) of the leveling light system, various control parameter values need to be adjusted and fine-tuned to ensure an optimal response of the system to the current road scenario. For this task, numerous time-consuming and costly test drives at night are necessary. This paper proposes to use a Virtual Reality-based night driving simulator as tool to simulate and evaluate an advanced leveling light system. The PC-based night drive simulator visualizes the complex beam patterns of automotive headlights in high detail and in real-time. The user drives a simulated vehicle over a virtual test track at night, while the vehicle motion directly affects the lighting direction of headlights. Thus, the effect of the vehicle dynamics on the lighting can be evaluated directly in the simulator. The system is connected to the control algorithm of the advanced leveling light system, which controls the headlights tilting angle. This provides a close-to-reality simulation of the advanced leveling light system during a simulated drive at night. That way, within the virtual prototyping process of the advanced leveling light system, good combinations of control parameter values can be indentified, based on virtual test drives in the night driving simulator, and the number of real test drives can be reduced significantly. Promising combinations of the control parameter values then can be validated during a real test drive a night.
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Reports on the topic "Vertical illuminance"

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Bhagavathula, Rajaram, Ronald Gibbons, and Andrew Kassing. Roadway Lighting’s Effect on Pedestrian Safety at Intersection and Midblock Crosswalks. Illinois Center for Transportation, August 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36501/0197-9191/21-028.

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This study evaluates the visual performance of four intersection lighting designs and five midblock crosswalk lighting designs along with two pedestrian safety countermeasures (rectangular rapid flashing beacons and flashing signs) at three light levels. The study involved a pedestrian detection task, which was completed at night on a realistic roadway intersection and a midblock crosswalk. The results from the study showed that driver nighttime visual performance at intersection and midblock crosswalks was influenced by the lighting design and light level. Intersections should be illuminated to an average horizontal illuminance of 14 lux (1.3 fc). This light level ensures optimal visibility of pedestrians regardless of the lighting design (or luminaire layout) of the intersection. The average horizontal illuminance of 14 lux (1.3 fc) also increases the visibility of pedestrians when glare from oncoming vehicles is present. The 14 lux (1.3 fc) average horizontal illuminance is valid for all lighting designs evaluated except the lighting design that illuminated the exits of the intersection. When the exits of the intersection are illuminated, an average horizontal illuminance of 24 lux (2.2 fc) is needed to offset the disability glare from opposing vehicles. Midblock crosswalks should be illuminated to an average vertical illuminance of 10 lux (0.9 fc) to ensure optimal pedestrian visibility. Where overhead lighting is available, midblock crosswalk lighting designs that render the pedestrian in positive contrast are recommended. Where overhead lighting is not available, crosswalk illuminators can be used to illuminate midblock crosswalks. At night, pedestrian crossing treatments such as rectangular rapid flashing beacons and flashing signs should not be used for pedestrian visibility at midblock crosswalks. Pedestrians crossing treatments should be used in conjunction with overhead lighting or crosswalk illuminators at the established vertical illuminance to ensure optimal pedestrian visibility at midblock crosswalks.
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Nafakh, Abdullah Jalal, Franklin Vargas Davila, Yunchang Zhang, Jon D. Fricker, and Dulcy M. Abraham. Workzone Lighting and Glare on Nighttime Construction and Maintenance Activities. Purdue University, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284317379.

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Over the last two decades, an increasing number of highway construction and maintenance projects in the United States have been completed at night to avoid or alleviate traffic congestion delays. Working at night entails several advantages, including lower traffic volumes, less impact on local businesses, cooler temperatures for equipment and material, and fewer overall crashes. Although nighttime roadway operations may minimize traffic disruptions, there are several safety concerns about passing motorists and workers in the nighttime work zone. For instance, improper lighting arrangements or excessive lighting levels at the job site could cause harmful levels of glare for the traveling public and workers, which can lead to an increased level of hazards and crashes in the vicinity of the work zone. To address the issue of glare, the current report focuses on determining and evaluating disability glare on nighttime work zones in order to develop appropriate strategies for improving the safety of workers and motorists during nighttime highway construction and maintenance projects. Disability glare is the glare that impairs our vision of objects without necessarily causing discomfort, and it can be evaluated using the veiling luminance ratio (VL ratio). In this study, disability glare values were determined by using lighting data (vertical illuminance and pavement luminance measurements) from the testing of 49 lighting arrangements. Two LED balloon lights, a metal-halide light tower, and an LED light tower were utilized for the field lighting experiments. The glare assessment analyzed the effects of the lighting system setup’s parameters, such as the mounting height, power output, rotation angle, and aiming angle of luminaires on the veiling luminance ratio values (which is a criterion for limiting disability glare). The study revealed the following key findings: (1) an increase in mounting heights of both balloon lights and light towers resulted in lower disability glare levels; (2) compared to the "perpendicular" and "away" orientations, orienting the light towers "towards" the traffic (45 degrees) significantly increases the disability glare levels of the lighting arrangement; and (3) increasing the tilt angles of portable light tower luminaries resulted in an increase in disability glare levels.
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Doo, Johnny. Unsettled Issues Concerning eVTOL for Rapid-response, On-demand Firefighting. SAE International, August 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/epr2021017.

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Recent advancements of electric vertical take-off and landing (eVTOL) aircraft have generated significant interest within and beyond the traditional aviation industry, and many novel applications have been identified and are in development. One promising application for these innovative systems is in firefighting, with eVTOL aircraft complementing current firefighting capabilities to help save lives and reduce fire-induced damages. With increased global occurrences and scales of wildfires—not to mention the issues firefighters face during urban and rural firefighting operations daily—eVTOL technology could offer timely, on-demand, and potentially cost-effective aerial mobility capabilities to counter these challenges. Early detection and suppression of wildfires could prevent many fires from becoming large-scale disasters. eVTOL aircraft may not have the capacity of larger aerial assets for firefighting, but targeted suppression, potentially in swarm operations, could be valuable. Most importantly, on-demand aerial extraction of firefighters can be a crucial benefit during wildfire control operations. Aerial firefighter dispatch from local fire stations or vertiports can result in more effective operations, and targeted aerial fire suppression and civilian extraction from high-rise buildings could enhance capabilities significantly. There are some challenges that need to be addressed before the identified capabilities and benefits are realized at scale, including the development of firefighting-specific eVTOL vehicles; sense and avoid capabilities in complex, smoke-inhibited environments; autonomous and remote operating capabilities; charging system compatibility and availability; operator and controller training; dynamic airspace management; and vehicle/fleet logistics and support. Acceptance from both the first-responder community and the general public is also critical for the successful implementation of these new capabilities. The purpose of this report is to identify the benefits and challenges of implementation, as well as some of the potential solutions. Based on the rapid development progress of eVTOL aircraft and infrastructures with proactive community engagement, it is envisioned that these challenges can be addressed soon. NOTE: SAE EDGE™ Research Reports are intended to identify and illuminate key issues in emerging, but still unsettled, technologies of interest to the mobility industry. The goal of SAE EDGE™ Research Reports is to stimulate discussion and work in the hope of promoting and speeding resolution of identified issues. These reports are not intended to resolve the challenges they identify or close any topic to further scrutiny.
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