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Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

Zhang, Simin, and Zhikai Wang. "Effects of Vertical Fiscal Imbalance on Fiscal Health Expenditure Efficiency—Evidence from China." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 3 (January 23, 2023): 2060. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20032060.

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Improving fiscal health expenditure efficiency is an inherent requirement of the strategy of “healthy China” and “high-quality development”. The outbreak of COVID-19 has highlighted the importance of efficient health system. First, this paper systematically sorts out the multiple theoretical mechanisms of the positive and negative relationship between vertical fiscal imbalance and fiscal health expenditure efficiency. Secondly, a comprehensive index system, including the quantity and quality of medical services, is constructed, and the super-efficiency DEA model is used to measure fiscal health expenditure efficiency. There are obvious differences between eastern and western regions. Finally, the fixed effect model is constructed to carry out empirical research and it is found that the vertical fiscal imbalance in China has an overall positive and significant impact on the fiscal health expenditure efficiency, which is mainly achieved by optimizing the resources allocation between primary medical institutions and hospitals. Heterogeneity analysis shows that transfer payment scale has a corrective effect on the vertical fiscal imbalance’s effect. The result of quantile regression shows that the impact of vertical fiscal imbalance is not constant, and it gradually turns from positive to negative along with the improvement of fiscal health expenditure efficiency.
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2

Meloni, Osvaldo. "Electoral Opportunism and Vertical Fiscal Imbalance." Journal of Applied Economics 19, no. 1 (May 2016): 145–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1514-0326(16)30006-x.

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3

Bouton, Laurent, Marjorie Gassner, and Vincenzo Verardi. "Redistributing income under fiscal vertical imbalance." European Journal of Political Economy 24, no. 2 (June 2008): 317–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2008.01.003.

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4

Qin, Fengqin. "Fiscal Expenditure Structure, Vertical Fiscal Imbalance and Environmental Pollution." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 13 (July 1, 2022): 8106. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19138106.

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Based on China’s provincial panel data from 2007 to 2019, the authors of this paper conducted an empirical test on the direct effect of China’s fiscal expenditure structure on the reduction in environmental pollution with the use of a fixed effect model. We also creatively added an interaction item comprising vertical fiscal imbalance and the expenditure structure to further study the impact of vertical fiscal imbalance on reducing environmental pollution and its effect on the fiscal expenditure structure. The study results show that a structure in favor of expenditure on people’s welfare noticeably reduces environmental pollution. However, after the introduction of the vertical fiscal imbalance indicator, the pollution reduction effect decreases. That is, the vertical fiscal imbalance weakens and distorts the impact of the fiscal expenditure structure on the reduction in environmental pollution. Therefore, it is possible to further motivate local governments with incentive measures, such as fiscal decentralization and the centralization of administrative responsibilities, and regulate the environmental pollution of local governments through use of restrictive measures, such as the “green GDP” evaluation mechanism to further improve the fiscal expenditure structure of local governments, enhance the environmental pollution reduction capability of fiscal expenditure.
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5

Alekhin, B. I. "Vertical Fiscal Imbalance and Regional Economic Growth." Financial Journal 12, no. 6 (2020): 39–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.31107/2075-1990-2020-6-39-53.

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This study examines the impact of fiscal decentralization on regional economic growth using panel data for 82 subjects of the Russian Federation for the period 2005-2018. General theoretical framework was drawn from the second-generation theory of fiscal federalism, and panel data econometrics suggested the appropriate empirical model and estimation method. The pooled mean group method was used to estimate an autoregressive distributed lags model based on Solow-Swan theory of economic growth. The results indicate that vertical fiscal gap has a negative and significant long-term impact on regional economic growth while vertical fiscal imbalance has a positive and significant long-term effect. The study is consistent with the modern theory of fiscal federalism, W.E. Oates’ matching hypothesis and previous empirical work using Russian data. The study also found evidence of conditional convergence of regional economies.
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6

Kowalik, Paweł. "Measurement of vertical fiscal imbalance in Germany." Argumenta Oeconomica 2, no. 37 (2016): 131–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.15611/aoe.2016.2.05.

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7

Savchenko, Y. M. "The Fiscal Imbalances and Methodological Approaches to Their Assessment." Business Inform 6, no. 521 (2021): 219–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.32983/2222-4459-2021-6-219-228.

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This article generalizes and systematizes approaches to determining the essence of fiscal imbalances and their types, in particular, taking into account and without taking into account the aspect of possible problems in the sphere of fiscal policy. It is also emphasized that when determining the essence of fiscal imbalances, it is important to realize the difference between accounting and financial terms, since analytics in this terminology is also based on different methods of assessing fiscal imbalance. Such deterministic factors of fiscal imbalances as internal tax competition, tax transfer and tax imbalance in general are analyzed. The conception of marginal expenditures of public funds as a central concept in determining fiscal imbalances is characterized. In addition to the traditional types of fiscal imbalances (vertical and horizontal), there is also an imbalance of justice (according to the research of scientist Dolozina I. L.), which is manifested, in particular, in tax evasion, avoidance of taxation (including aggressive tax planning) and income inequality. The generalized classification of types of fiscal imbalances with the characterizations of causes and manifestations of their occurrence is provided. The results of researches of approaches to assessing fiscal imbalances and indicators used are systematized. It is emphasized that the researchers use most of the indicators to assess fiscal imbalances specified in this article to conduct a panel analysis in order to identify the impact of equalization instruments on different territories and groups of taxpayers.
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8

Kowalik, Paweł. "Horizontal Fiscal Imbalance In The United States." Folia Oeconomica Stetinensia 14, no. 2 (December 1, 2014): 140–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/foli-2015-0013.

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Abstract Regional inequalities are currently a challenge for the majority of countries, in particular large ones, certain of which are federations. The federal state system is more complex than the unitary system. This results in specific problems. One of them is the issue of differing level of economic development of individual territorial units, whereby the problem of income redistribution emerges. The difference between income and expenses results in the formation of fiscal gaps, both horizontal and vertical ones. The aim of the paper is to present the measures applied for measuring the horizontal fiscal imbalance. It is also the starting point for conducting measurements of those imbalances in the USA based on the presented measures. The paper presents the measures applied in the literature for the purposes of measuring horizontal fiscal imbalance. In addition, the measurement of those imbalances in the USA are presented.
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9

Guo, Gang. "Vertical Imbalance and Local Fiscal Discipline in China." Journal of East Asian Studies 8, no. 1 (April 2008): 61–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1598240800005099.

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This article examines local fiscal behavior in contemporary China against the backdrop of decentralized spending responsibilities and recentralized revenues. Vertical imbalance after the 1994 tax-sharing system reform, coupled with other features of the fiscal institutions, is not conducive to conservative local fiscal behavior. Moreover, a main driving force behind the expansion of local governments is the politically motivated intergovernmental transfer scheme. The center in effect “buys” political stability in sensitive areas while holding local leaders accountable for their tax efforts. A dynamic panel analysis of Chinese counties reveals that a million-yuan increase in general transfer payment and salary raise subsidies would add, respectively, fifteen and sixteen employees to the county government payroll, other things being equal. At the same time, increased subsidies from upper-level governments do not “crowd out” or significantly affect local tax effort. Additional dynamic panel data analysis at the provincial level produced similar findings.
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10

Mikhaylova, A. A., and E. N. Timushev. "Concept of Vertical Fiscal Imbalance in the Analysis of Fiscal Sustainability at the Regional Level." Financial Journal 13, no. 6 (2021): 98–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.31107/2075-1990-2021-6-98-116.

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The paper analyzes the concept and indicator of vertical fiscal imbalance (VFI) and its capability in assessing the creditworthiness (debt sustainability) of Russian regions. It is found that VFI does not replace other indicators of debt and broader fiscal sustainability, but complements them by providing diagnostics of the balance of incoming and outgoing intergovernmental transfers in addition to the balance of expenditures and revenues (budget deficit). Vertical fiscal imbalance has a close inverse pair correlation with the share of own (tax and non-tax) revenues and fiscal capacity, and can therefore reflect creditworthiness (along with the amount of debt and capital expenditures). Technically, it is advisable to carry out an analysis using VFI with a recalculation accounting for subventions. It is concluded that vertical fiscal imbalance is an important element of the methodology of diagnosing fiscal sustainability. Further study of features of the concept, as well as the use of VFI in the analysis and regulation of intergovernmental relations, suggests a promising outlook.
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11

Oh, Youngkyun. "Vertical Fiscal Imbalance between Governments and Local Government Accountability." Social Economy & Policy Studies 11, no. 3 (August 31, 2021): 133–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.22340/seps.2021.08.11.3.133.

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12

Hettich, Walter, and Stanley Winer. "Vertical Imbalance in the Fiscal Systems of Federal States." Canadian Journal of Economics 19, no. 4 (November 1986): 745. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/135324.

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13

Burton, Therese, Brian Dollery, and Joe Wallis. "A Century of Vertical Fiscal Imbalance in Australian Federalism." History of Economics Review 36, no. 1 (January 2002): 26–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10370196.2002.11733377.

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14

Li, Tianyu, and Tongwei Du. "Vertical fiscal imbalance, transfer payments, and fiscal sustainability of local governments in China." International Review of Economics & Finance 74 (July 2021): 392–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.iref.2021.03.019.

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15

Lin, Boqiang, and Yicheng Zhou. "Does fiscal decentralization improve energy and environmental performance? New perspective on vertical fiscal imbalance." Applied Energy 302 (November 2021): 117495. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2021.117495.

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16

Chakunda, Vincent, Canicio Dzingirai, and Arthur Chikerema. "Modelling Intergovernmental Fiscal Equalisation in Zimbabwe: Towards Resolving Vertical and Horizontal Fiscal Imbalances." Pénzügyi Szemle = Public Finance Quarterly 66, no. 4 (2021): 535–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.35551/pfq_2021_4_5.

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The paper deploys a mixed method approach in modelling intergovernmental fiscal equalisation in Zimbabwe. The desirability of the proposed fiscal capacity model is premised on the argument that the anecdotal vertical fiscal imbalance is a structural issue whose antidote is reassignment of revenue or expenditure responsibilities among different governmental tiers. The fiscal capacity model, as we have proposed, is underpinned by five variables, namely, total amount to be allocated as declared in the national budget, poverty index (poverty prevalence rate), population of the area, size of the local economy (revenue/GDP ratio) and the estimated intrinsic value of the sub-soil natural resource endowments of the area.
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17

Nantharath, Phouthakannha, Sirisak Laochankham, Peerasit Kamnuasilpa, and Eungoo Kang. "Fiscal Decentralization and Economic Growth in Thailand: A Cross-Region Analysis." International Journal of Financial Research 11, no. 1 (October 10, 2019): 147. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/ijfr.v11n1p147.

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Prior to the 1997 decentralization, over 90% of national revenue in Thailand were held at the central government and less than 10% of public expenditure were allocated to local governments across country. Lack of adequate revenue and access to sufficient expenditure budget has caused disparity and ineffectiveness of public services and economic development at the local level. This study examines the effects of the fiscal decentralization on the economic growth in Thailand from 2004 to 2017. The research methodology uses a cross panel data analysis across five provincial regions and considers revenue decentralization, expenditure decentralization, transfer dependency, and vertical fiscal imbalance as influential factors of growth. By applying Panel Fully Modified Least Squares (FMOLS) and Panel Dynamic Least Squares (DOLS) regression approaches, the study finds empirical evidence of positive effects of revenue decentralization, transfer dependency, and vertical fiscal imbalance on regional economic growth across five regions. However, this study also finds that expenditure decentralization has a negative impact on regional economic growth, but level of significance is weak. These findings suggest that the rapid increase in metropolis government expenditure budget following the years of political transition in 2006 and 2014 has caused stagnation in public investment at local level across country, thereby resulted in a lagged behind industrial output and gross provincial product. Lack of budget expenditures also weakens demand and stagnates growth in manufacturing, construction, and real estate activities, thereby rendering fiscal imbalances and development gaps in Thai economy.
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18

Ruggeri, G. C., D. Van Wart, G. K. Robertson, and R. Howard. "Vertical Fiscal Imbalance and the Reallocation of Tax Fields in Canada." Canadian Public Policy / Analyse de Politiques 19, no. 2 (June 1993): 194. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3551682.

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19

Ladvocat, Marcelo, and Vander Lucas. "REGIONAL DISPARITIES, PUBLIC POLICIES AND ECONOMIC GROWTH IN BRAZIL." Revista Baru - Revista Brasileira de Assuntos Regionais e Urbanos 5, no. 2 (December 20, 2019): 264. http://dx.doi.org/10.18224/baru.v5i2.7687.

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Fiscal Federalism, the division of economic responsibilities between the central and local government, has been an ongoing debate. The few existing studies on Brazilian’s fiscal structure facing regional economic growth shows conflicting results. However fiscal decentralization can lead to a more efficient provision of local public goods and services to promote welfare state, citizen’s preferences and economic growth, Brazil's policymakers seem to have a different view. In a country where only three states in 26 hold 53% of Brazil’s PNB, disparities shows-up claiming to be solved. There are still some questions as to whether all regions can achieve real gains with greater autonomy. Decentralization may not solve all subnational entities problems, especially the issue of the poorer regions losing competitiveness about the richer regions, which increases regional disparities. In this way, more recent studies have focused on the different channels through which fiscal decentralization can affect the issue of disparities such as taxes and duties, the autonomy of spending and vertical fiscal imbalance. The present work investigates the relationship between fiscal decentralization, regional disparities and economic growth within 26 Brazilian’s states and Federal District, in the period 2001-2012. Attention was given to channels through which decentralization can affect inequality: human capital, vertical fiscal imbalance, population’s geographic concentration, and local taxes. The empirical analysis suggests that a decentralized fiscal structure can reduce regional disparities by implementing better government policies that favor local economic development.
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20

Ghaus-Pasha, Aisha, Hafiz A. Pasha, and Asma Zubair. "Fiscal Equalisation Among Provinces in the NFC Awards." Pakistan Development Review 49, no. 4II (December 1, 2010): 563–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v49i4iipp.563-576.

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Fiscal equalisation refers to attempts within a federal system of government to reduce fiscal disparities among jurisdictions, which emerge due to variation in sub-national jurisdictions ability to raise revenues to meet the public expenditure needs of their residents. This is because of an imbalance in the assignment of revenue sources to sub-national levels and their expenditure needs, given the allocation of the inter-governmental fiscal powers and responsibilities. In the Pakistani context, the need for transfers is highlighted by the fact that while provincial governments generate only about 8 percent of total national resources, their share in total public spending is 28 percent. Also the fiscal capacity of the four provinces varies, with the relatively more developed provinces being able to self-generate a higher proportion of their resource requirements. As such, transfers take place, according to the provisions of the National Finance Commission (NFC) awards, with the objective of removing both vertical and horizontal imbalances between own-revenues and expenditure.
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21

Bonvecchi, Alejandro, Ernesto Calvo, and Ernesto Stein. "Legislating Fiscal Imbalance: Using Tax Policy to Protect Fiscal Decentralization in the Argentine Congress." Publius: The Journal of Federalism 50, no. 4 (2020): 620–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/publius/pjaa001.

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Abstract Why do common-pool problems persist over time in federations? The literature shows that macro institutional, economic, and political incentives facilitate bailouts through intergovernmental transfers and debt management. Little research, however, explores the legislative mechanisms that prevent common-pool problems from being effectively addressed. This article focuses on a most central mechanism: tax lawmaking. We argue that lawmakers, whose careers rest in the hands of provincial constituencies, administer the legislative process to promote bills that protect the federal transfers that finance vertical fiscal imbalances and to amend proposals that seek to change them. Using an expert-coded dataset designed to assess the direction and magnitude of tax policy change, as described by the amendments proposed by legislators to the full set of tax bills proposed to the Argentine Congress since 1983, we document the legislative dynamics underpinning the common-pool problems of decentralized fiscal federal arrangements.
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22

Feng, Tianchu, Meijuan Liu, and Chaozhu Li. "How Does Vertical Fiscal Imbalance Affect CO2 Emissions? The Role of Capital Mismatch." Sustainability 14, no. 17 (August 25, 2022): 10618. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su141710618.

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Climate warming caused by greenhouse gases is an important practical issue. This study aims to explore the impact of the vertical fiscal imbalance (VFI) on CO2 emissions from the perspective of theoretical analysis and empirical research. This study uses panel data from 30 provinces in China from 2004 to 2018 in order to test this issue. The results show that the VFI has a significant positive impact on CO2 emissions and that the capital misallocation exacerbates the positive impact of the VFI on CO2 emissions. These study results also have a significant temporal heterogeneity. The sample results dating after 2008 were more significant. These conclusions provide economic and political references for local governments in order to develop CO2 neutrality and CO2 peaking policy goals and to promote an in-depth reform of the fiscal system.
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23

Onofrei, Mihaela, Ionel Bostan, Elena Cigu, and Anca Florentina Vatamanu. "Ensuring Budgetary Resources at the Level of Local Communities in the Current Social-Economic Context: Evidence for Romanian Municipalities." Economies 11, no. 1 (January 10, 2023): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/economies11010022.

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This paper aims to examine whether the status of fiscal decentralization generates efficiency in local spending behavior and leads to local fiscal performance and local economic growth, revealing not only the status of Romania from the point of vertical fiscal imbalance but also the fiscal implication of spending decentralization and local government effectiveness. The methodological background includes qualitative sequential methodology, involving empiric analysis that provides coherence and viability for our study, but also quantitative methods, including Ordinary Least Squares regression (OLS). The empirical results show that fiscal decentralization determines more responsible and efficient local spending, enhancing local performance and contributing to economic growth. Furthermore, the analysis provides evidence on the importance of local fiscal consolidation and gives an overview in terms of spending responsibilities between the central government and local government. The paper contributes to the literature that studies fiscal imbalance, as well as the fiscal implications of decentralized spending and the effectiveness of local governments in driving economic growth. It also contributes to the literature that studies the relationship between fiscal decentralization and local economic growth, as well as the effectiveness of government reforms and strategies.
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24

Borge, Lars-Erik, and Jorn Rattso. "Spending Growth With Vertical Fiscal Imbalance: Decentralized Government Spending In Norway, 1880-1990." Economics and Politics 14, no. 3 (November 2002): 351–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0343.00111.

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25

Huang, Yue, and Yicheng Zhou. "How does vertical fiscal imbalance affect environmental pollution in China? New perspective to explore fiscal reform’s pollution effect." Environmental Science and Pollution Research 27, no. 25 (June 6, 2020): 31969–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-09072-w.

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26

Maličká, Lenka. "Formal Dimension of Fiscal Decentralization in the Context of Vertical Fiscal Imbalance and Financial Autonomy of Municipalities in Slovakia." Politická ekonomie 67, no. 3 (July 10, 2019): 273–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.18267/j.polek.1240.

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27

Timushev, E. N. "Fiscal decentralization in Russia and the world: trends and effects." Voprosy Ekonomiki, no. 11 (November 4, 2021): 89–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2021-11-89-107.

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The paper identifies the state of federal and local fiscal decentralization in Russia and its effects. Original classification of decentralization indicators by a consolidated parameter indicator and a single-level parameter indicator (fiscal autonomy) is proposed. The indicator of vertical imbalance is allocated to a separate group. Despite the upward trend of fiscal decentralization in the world, Russian federal fiscal decentralization (the size of fiscal powers of regional authorities) has not increased and lags most other federations. However, the state of local decentralization (the size of fiscal powers of local authorities) is much worse, since for 2008-2018 there was a significant reduction and local revenue decentralization is minimal compared to other federations. The results obtained may indicate that fiscal decentralization could not contribute to the efficiency of the Russian budgetary system. The decrease in local decentralization may have been caused by the growth of the regional debt, but the question of why there was a decrease remains open. Favorable role of significant local fiscal powers on business and alleged existence of a threshold in decentralization-macroindicators relationship are also confirmed.
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28

Lin, Boqiang, and Yicheng Zhou. "How does vertical fiscal imbalance affect the upgrading of industrial structure? Empirical evidence from China." Technological Forecasting and Social Change 170 (September 2021): 120886. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2021.120886.

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29

Row, Richard, and Alan Duhs. "Reducing Vertical Fiscal Imbalance in Australia: Is There a Need for State Personal Income Taxation?" Economic Analysis and Policy 28, no. 1 (March 1998): 69–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0313-5926(98)50005-7.

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30

Suyanto, Suyanto. "FLYPAPER EFFECT THEORY DALAM IMPLEMENTASI KEBIJAKAN DESENTRALISASI FISKAL." Jurnal Ekonomi Pembangunan: Kajian Masalah Ekonomi dan Pembangunan 11, no. 1 (June 27, 2015): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.23917/jep.v11i1.335.

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Fiscal decentralization can be considered as intergovernmental financial assistance within a state. This assistance is commonly called intergovernmental financial transfer that is transfer of fund from a level of government to another level. Generally, the transfer is usually occurred from a higher level of government the lower counterpart of a single state. The re- search is conducted to prove that Flypaper Effect has occurred in fiscal decentralization policy. The research finds that regional governments use the transfer for increasing their expenditures without raising the tax. The impact which is occurred from correlation of financial transfer by central government toward the income and expenditure of regional governments shows flypaper effect indication in the implementation of fiscal decentralization. In that case, the effect to the increase in regional expenditure is bigger than the effect toward its income. This is showing that transfer of the fund has caused the increase in vertical fiscal imbalance. Transfer of funds encourages the increase in the expenditure of autonomous regions.
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31

Lim, Setiadi Alim. "Reformulasi Pajak Daerah: Penerapan Pajak Pertambahan Nilai Provinsi Di Indonesia." BIP's JURNAL BISNIS PERSPEKTIF 5, no. 1 (January 31, 2013): 65–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.37477/bip.v5i1.126.

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In Indonesia, taxes are differentiated on central taxes and local taxes. Central taxes are levied by the central government, while local taxes are levied by the provincial government named as provincial taxes and local taxes which are levied municipal/ regency government called municipal/regency taxes. Partial results of the central government's tax collections will be allocated through transfer method called General Allocation Fund and the Special Allocation Fund to the provincial government and the municipal/regency government. The model used still causes an imbalance in both vertical and horizontal fiscal substantial. In line with a growing decentralization issue reverberating around the world, so one way to reduce the fiscal imbalance is that local governments should be allowed to levy taxes which potential is quite significant. In this regard, it is proposed that the VAT is not only levied by the central government, but also levied by the provincial government as an surtax, and this is the main income of the provincial government. While local taxes that are currently levied by the provincial government will be levied delegated to the municipal/regency government gradually.
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32

Bethlendi, András, and Csaba Lentner. "Subnational Fiscal Consolidation: The Hungarian Path from Crisis to Fiscal Sustainability in Light of International Experiences." Sustainability 10, no. 9 (August 21, 2018): 2978. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10092978.

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The purpose of this study is to broaden the literature on the factors that contribute to the over-indebtedness of the subnational sector and the related crisis management tools based on the experience of Hungary. In addition to the phenomena known from the literature (vertical imbalance, the fiscal tightening of the central government, the weakness of central control and transparency, and local government-owned companies), non-standard factors also contributed to the evolution of a subnational fiscal crisis in Hungary. The Hungarian municipalities had, in practice, built up a carry trade position for speculative purposes, mostly from Swiss Franc funding. The other relevant observation based on experience is that, when significant amounts of central development funds fail to form a carefully considered development policy, over the long term they could undermine local fiscal stability. In addition to extraordinary fiscal transfer and full assignment of debts, the Hungarian subnational fiscal consolidation also involved a novel technique: the obligations were transferred to the state through the assumption of duties. In Hungary, in line with international experiences, central financial assistance was accompanied by increased fiscal control and by a tightening of the requirements for budgetary transparency and data reporting. Central approval for the assumption of new debts became an important element of fiscal sustainability. In addition to the above, this study argues that in political, social, and legal terms, credible no-bailout regimes do not offer an optimum solution for the subnational sector.
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33

Timushev, E. N. "Revenues, grants, and fiscal incentives-evaluation and the causes of decentralization effectsin the budgetary system of Russia." Voprosy Ekonomiki, no. 1 (January 28, 2018): 71–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2018-1-71-90.

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The concept of the flypaper effect is used in analyzing fiscal incentives of the budgets of subjects of the Russian Federation receiving non-earmarked federal grants. The calculations for 2005-2015 revealed an absence of the flypaper effect in general. A federal grant produces downward pressure even on aggregate spending of a recipient budget, reflecting negative fiscal stimulus and loss of well-being, and demonstrating the negative effect of intergovern_mental relations in the current arrangement of the budgetary system of Russia. Depending on the evaluation parameters, the flypaper effect was identified in the budgets of the subjects of the South and North-Caucasian federal districts and was absent in North-West, Ural and Far East districts. Vertical imbalance and the use of discretionary balancing grants are ruled out as factors of the flypaper effect. At the same time, the effect of inelasticity of budget expenditures and indirect taxation are confirmed to generate the flypaper effect.
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34

Kozhina, Tatyana N., and Alexander V. Petukhov. "MODERN INSTITUTIONAL AND LEGAL MECHANISMS OF FISCAL FEDERALISM: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS." Oeconomia et Jus, no. 2 (June 25, 2021): 38–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.47026/2499-9636-2021-2-38-48.

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The article analyzes the tools and mechanisms of the Russian budget system used in the context of the global economic crisis and pandemic. A synchronous comparative analysis applied to the mechanisms and institutions of state-territorial administration in foreign federations was used as a research method. Under normal circumstances, ensuring a high degree of vertical coordination of the budget process implies special attention to its constitutional, legal and administrative aspects. However, in extreme circumstances, the need for quick decisions and urgent measures exacerbates the problems of vertical coordination and can subsequently result in deterioration in the quality of public services provided. Based on the study of actual data and analytical studies, general and special problems of the budget process in the federal states are identified. The necessary institutional and legal changes are identified to address such socio-economic problems as reorganization of health care and overcoming social poverty. The ways of solving these problems in the framework of various models of the budget process federal management are considered. The relevance of a comparative analysis of budget federalism mechanisms is due to the fact that centralized methods of the budget process prevail in the Russian budget system today, with obvious asymmetry in the subjects' economic development. The economic crisis has increased the imbalance between the donor and recipient regions. That is why at present, improving the mechanisms for inter-budgetary alignment, the search for optimal institutions of administrative and economic management, taking into account the lessons of the crisis and the experience of foreign countries, attract the attention of researchers from different countries. By comparing traditional institutions and innovations, it is possible to draw conclusions about the specifics of the budget mechanism in the Russian Federation and the goals of its economic policy. When implementing anti-crisis measures, it is of great importance to establish an optimal balance between vertical and horizontal alignment of regional budgets as a strategy for further development of the federation. The analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of decentralized and centralized management makes it possible to identify the most effective institutional and legal mechanisms for influencing socio-economic relations. For present-day Russian economy, the task of increasing the role of regions in the budget policy of the state, taking into accounts their specifics and opportunities for stimulating the economic growth, remains urgent.
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35

Dholakia, Ravindra H. "Regional Imbalance under Federal Structure: A Comparison of Canada and India." Vikalpa: The Journal for Decision Makers 31, no. 4 (October 2006): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0256090920060401.

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The problem of regional disparity in economic development in geographically large democratic countries gets inseparably linked with macro public policies and the economic philosophies behind them. Two such countries, India and Canada, are considered in this paper. Although the two countries share several common features, they differ considerably in the size of the population, nature of the federation, constitutional provisions defining property rights on minerals and revenue sharing arrangements between the centre and the states, and the economic philosophy behind the macro policies of the governments. This paper addresses the issue of regional imbalance under federal structure in a comparative perspective. The following variables are used to analyse the regional problem: worker rate capital productivity capital intensity industrial structure. The paper argues that free and barrier-less mobility of population and goods across the states in Canada has resulted in the regional problem getting diluted and less intense. In India, on the other hand, the economic philosophy behind macro policies has throughout been of direct intervention with emphasis on ensuring equity across regions. As a result, the problem of fiscal transfers from the centre to the states has become more complicated and less manageable in India than in Canada. The degree of autonomy and economic independence of provinces is far more in Canada than the states in India. Studies of regional disparity in the levels and rates of economic development in the two countries revealed that: capital intensity or capital-labour ratio was the major determinant of the regional disparity in the level of economic development technology or capital productivity was the main factor behind the disparity in regional growth rates. The government policies have to consider these findings while investing or encouraging investments in the lagging regions. The other revelations of the study are as follows: In India, the federal-fiscal transfers are used as a mechanism to address the regional problem through direct governmental intervention. In Canada, most tax-bases are directly shared by the centre and provinces with the rates differing. In India, the tax-bases are allocated to the centre and states by the constitution. The horizontal and vertical equity concepts are more relevant for Canada where both the layers of governments run in surplus and are not compelled to borrow in order to meet expenditures. In India, on the other hand, a majority of the states depend on the central government for borrowing due to their perennial deficits. In Canada, the provinces and the centre directly borrow from the market as per their credibility which is not the case in India where most states lack credibility in the market. Confusion regarding the notion of horizontal balance and regional equity leads the Indian political system to focus on the direct governmental intervention rather than market orientation. The Canadian experience suggests an urgent need to change the attitude, mindset, and philosophy behind the macro policies to achieve better and faster results on regional disparity reduction.
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36

Eyraud, Luc, and Lusine Lusinyan. "Vertical fiscal imbalances and fiscal performance in advanced economies." Journal of Monetary Economics 60, no. 5 (July 2013): 571–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmoneco.2013.04.012.

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37

Ara, Iffat, and Muhammad Sabir. "Decentralisation of GST Services and Vertical Imbalances in Pakistan." Pakistan Development Review 49, no. 4II (December 1, 2010): 479–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v49i4iipp.479-495.

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It is generally believed that the 7th National Finance Commission (NFC) Award and 18th Constitutional Amendment have taken a major step towards much needed fiscal decentralisation. While these two delegate more fiscal autonomy and transfers additional resources towards provinces, it seems difficult that tax decentralisation options provided in these two can practically be implemented. This assertion is based on historical tax decentralisation debate in Pakistan, which has made it a very complex issue in management of public finances. There are arguments both in favour and against tax decentralisation in Pakistan. Its proponents argue that tax decentralisation is an important principle of governance. They generally propose three advantages of fiscal decentralisation including; preference-matching, efficiency through competition, and increased accountability. In particular, a rational assignment of taxing powers helps providing each level of government, a control over its fiscal destiny by allowing it the choice in the level of spending. It helps assuring taxpayers that they are getting what they paid for and consequently may stimulate participation and improve/increase accountability. According to Bahl (1999), fiscal decentralisation assists in revenue mobilisation, innovation in economic activity, accountability of elected officials and grassroots participation in governance. Given this, it is probable that fiscal decentralisation lead towards improved efficiency in the use of resources as the residents in the sub-national governments can decide about their desired mix of public services and revenues that best suits them.
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38

Coen-Pirani, Daniele. "Comment on “Vertical Fiscal Imbalances and Fiscal Performance in Advanced Economies”." Journal of Monetary Economics 60, no. 5 (July 2013): 588–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmoneco.2013.04.013.

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39

Cevik, Serhan. "Fragmentation and Vertical Fiscal Imbalances Lessons from Moldova." IMF Working Papers 14, no. 233 (2014): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781498313414.001.

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40

Karpowicz, Izabela. "Narrowing Vertical Fiscal Imbalances in Four European Countries." IMF Working Papers 07, no. 3 (2012): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781475502664.001.

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41

Aldasoro, Inaki, and Mike Seiferling. "Vertical Fiscal Imbalances and the Accumulation of Government Debt." IMF Working Papers 14, no. 209 (2014): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781484357552.001.

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42

Cevik, Serhan. "Size matters: fragmentation and vertical fiscal imbalances in Moldova." Empirica 44, no. 2 (March 30, 2016): 367–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10663-016-9325-7.

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43

Sethia, Deepak. "Vertical Sharing and Horizontal Distribution of Federal-Provincial Transfers in Canada, 1983-2018." Canadian Tax Journal/Revue fiscale canadienne 69, no. 1 (April 2021): 35–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.32721/ctj.2021.69.1.sethia.

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The Canada health transfer (CHT), the Canada social transfer (CST), and the equalization program are the main pillars of intergovernmental transfers in Canada. These transfers aim to address the vertical and horizontal fiscal imbalances that arise within the Canadian federation. This article provides a framework for the decomposition of federal transfers into their vertical and horizontal components. The empirical analysis is carried out for the period 1983-2018, which is divided into seven subperiods for analytical purposes. The results for the most recent subperiod, 2015-2018, show that (1) vertical, horizontal, and surplus transfers account for 74.85, 24.27, and 0.88 percent, respectively, of the total federal transfers; (2) the federal transfers addressed nearly 77 percent of the initial horizontal fiscal inequalities; (3) the equalization program is the primary channel for reducing horizontal fiscal inequalities, accounting for 85 percent of the total horizontal transfers; and (4) the CHT and CST have effectively become a channel for vertical transfers, contributing little toward horizontal equalization. In this context, there is potential for reform in the federal transfer system. The author suggests that vertical fiscal imbalances could be reduced by transferring tax points to provinces instead of providing specific-purpose transfers. The author also argues that immediate reforms are required in the fiscal stabilization program to address the concerns of oil-producing provinces that face a revenue shortfall because of the decline in oil prices.
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44

Meloni, Osvaldo. "Feeding the Leviathan: political competition and soft budget constraints. Evidence from Argentine subnational districts." Investigaciones Regionales - Journal of Regional Research 52 (May 9, 2022): 119–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.38191/iirr-jorr.22.006.

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This paper presents evidence of the influence of political competition on the behavior of fiscal policy in Argentine provinces from 1987 to 2015. Contrary to the predominant theory and empirical evidence from subnational districts my estimations of a dynamic panel data show that political competition is associated with increases in public outlays and changes in its composition. This finding is strongly related to the large vertical fiscal imbalances that characterize the Argentine fiscal federalism. I conjecture that governors use the additional low-cost spending power given by federal transfers to feed clientelistic networks, increase public employment and direct subsidies to constituencies, thus enhancing their chances to remain in office.
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45

Podger, Andrew. "Federalism and Australia’s National Health and Health Insurance System." Asia Pacific Journal of Health Management 11, no. 3 (October 1, 2016): 26–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.24083/apjhm.v11i3.151.

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While health reform in Australia has been marked by piecemeal, incremental changes, the overall trend to increasing Commonwealth involvement has not been accidental or driven by power-hungry centralists: it has been shaped by broader national and international developments including technological change and the maturing of our nation and its place internationally, and by a widespread desire for a national universal health insurance system. In many respects the Australianhealth system performs well, but the emerging challenges demand a more integrated, patient-oriented system. This is likely to require a further shift towards the Commonwealth in terms of financial responsibility, as the national insurer. But it also requires close cooperation with the States, who could play a firmer role in service delivery and in supporting regional planning and coordination. The likelihood of sharing overall responsibility for the health system also suggests thereis a need to involve the States more fully in processes for setting national policies. This article draws heavily on a lecture presented at the Australian National University in October 2015. It includes an overview of Australia’s evolving federal arrangements and the context within which the current Federalism Review is being conducted. It suggests Australia will not return to ‘coordinate federalism’ with clearly distinct responsibilities, and that greater priority should be given to improving how we manage shared responsibilities. There is a long history of Commonwealth involvement in health, and future reform should build on that rather than try to reverse direction. While critical of the proposals from the Commission of Audit and in the 2014 Budget, the lecture welcomed the more pragmatic approaches that seemed to be emerging from the Federalism Review discussion papers and contributions from some Premiers which could promote more sensible measures to improve both the effectiveness and the financial sustainability of Australia’s health and health insurance system. The Commonwealth’s new political leadership in 2015 seemed interested in such measures and in moving away from the Abbott Government’s approach. But the legacy of that approach severely damaged the Turnbull Government in the 2016 federal election as it gave traction to Labor’s ‘Mediscare’ campaign. In addition to resetting the federalism debate as it affects health, the Turnbull Government now needs to articulate the principles of Medicare and to clarify the role of the private sector, including private health insurance, in Australia’s universal health insurance system. Labor also needs to address more honestly the role of the private sector and develop a more coherent policy itself. Abbreviations: COAG – Council of Australian Governments; NHHRC – National Health and Hospitals Reform Commission; PHI – Private Health Insurance; VFI – Vertical Fiscal Imbalance.
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46

Bönke, Timm, Carsten Schröder, and Beate Jochimsen. "Fiscal Equalization and Tax Enforcement." German Economic Review 18, no. 3 (August 1, 2017): 377–409. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/geer.12110.

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AbstractIn many countries organized as federations, fiscal equalization schemes have been implemented to mitigate vertical or horizontal imbalances. Such schemes usually imply that the member states of the federation can only partly internalize (marginal) tax revenue before redistribution. Aside from the internalized marginal revenue, referred to as the marginal tax-back rate, the remainder is redistributed. We investigate the extent to which state-level authorities in such federation under-exploit their tax bases. By means of a stylized model, we show that the member states have an incentive to align the effective tax rates on their residents with the level of the marginal tax-back rate. We empirically test the model using state-level and micro-level taxpayer data, OLS regressions and natural experiments. Our empirical findings support the results from our theoretical model. Particularly, we find that states with a higher marginal tax-back rate exploit the tax base to a higher extent.
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47

Turley, Gerard, and Stephen McNena. "Local government funding in Ireland: Contemporary issues and future challenges." Administration 67, no. 4 (December 1, 2019): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/admin-2019-0024.

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AbstractThe years since the 2008 financial crisis and subsequent economic crash have witnessed significant changes to the funding of the local government system in Ireland. This paper outlines these developments, while, at the same time, exploring some of the most important future challenges relating to the financing of Irish local authorities. The dominant local government revenue issues of the last decade outlined here are fiscal autonomy and the balance between own-source income and central government grants, income differences between urban and rural councils, the Local Property Tax, changes in commercial rates and fiscal equalisation. In terms of fiscal dependency and equalisation, our findings show reductions in the vertical and horizontal fiscal imbalances in the Irish local government system. Likely future challenges include the need to re-examine the balance between business taxes and non-business taxes, funding the expected growth in metropolitan areas and the financing options for capital investment by local authorities, including consideration of municipal bond issuance for the Greater Dublin Area.
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48

Fiorillo, Fabio. "Il vertical imbalance e federalismo fiscale in Italia: un possibile disegno per la finanza comunale." ECONOMIA PUBBLICA, no. 2 (November 2018): 79–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/ep2018-002004.

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49

Gervasoni, Carlos. "A Rentier Theory of Subnational Regimes: Fiscal Federalism, Democracy, and Authoritarianism in the Argentine Provinces." World Politics 62, no. 2 (March 23, 2010): 302–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043887110000067.

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Levels of subnational democracy vary significantly within countries around the world. Drawing on fiscal theories of the state, the author argues that this variance is often explained by a type of rentierism that is not geographically determined by natural resources but politically created by certain fiscal federalism arrangements. He posits that less democratic regimes are more likely in rentier provinces—those that receive disproportionately large central government transfers and practically forgo local taxation. Intergovernmental revenue-sharing rules that produce large vertical fiscal imbalances and favor the economically smaller districts provide their incumbents with generous “fiscal federalism rents” that allow them to restrict democratic contestation and weaken checks and balances. Statistical evidence from a panel data set of the Argentine provinces strongly confirms this expectation, even after controlling for standard alternative explanations such as level of development. Sensitivity analysis shows that this finding is extremely robust to alternative panel estimators. Qualitative and quantitative evidence suggests that the effect of heavy public spending on the economic autonomy of political actors is the main causal mechanism at work.
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50

Adams, C. F. "General Revenue Sharing." Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy 4, no. 3 (September 1986): 265–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/c040265.

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Enacted in 1972, general revenue sharing added a new dimension to the intergovernmental grant system in the United States of America. Unlike traditional categorical grant programs predicated on an externality or some other efficiency-based rationale, revenue sharing addressed issues of vertical and horizontal fiscal imbalances as well as political concerns about the growing influence of the federal bureaucracy in the fiscal affairs of states and localities. Scheduled to terminate at the end of fiscal year 1986, revenue sharing nevertheless remains a viable concept in reckoning the makeup of a well-ordered intergovernmental grant system. It is with an eye toward future deliberations about such a program that this paper is written. The findings from six years of research at the Brookings Institution are drawn upon, and a review is given of the lessons learned about the role of such a program and how the design of any future revenue sharing program might be enhanced, with specific emphasis on greater equity and more effective integration of federal and state roles in addressing the causes and consequences of local-area fiscal disparities.
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