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Journal articles on the topic 'Vertical Contracting'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 9 March 2023

Last updated: 10 March 2023

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1

Dequiedt, Vianney, and David Martimort. "Vertical Contracting with Informational Opportunism." American Economic Review 105, no. 7 (July 1, 2015): 2141–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.20121640.

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We consider vertical contracting arrangements between a manufacturer and a retailing network when retailers have private information and the organization is run through bilateral contracts. We highlight a new form of informational opportunism arising when the manufacturer manipulates information learned separately in each relationship. We characterize the set of allocations robust to such opportunism by means of simple ex post incentive compatibility constraints. Those constraints limit the manufacturer's ability to use yardstick competition among retailers. They simplify contracts and restore a rent/efficiency trade-off even with correlated information. We show that sell-out contracts are optimal under a wide range of circumstances. (JEL D21, D86, L14, L60, L81)

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2

Pagnozzi, Marco, Salvatore Piccolo, and Markus Reisinger. "Vertical contracting with endogenous market structure." Journal of Economic Theory 196 (September 2021): 105288. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jet.2021.105288.

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3

GANS, JOSHUA S. "VERTICAL CONTRACTING WHEN COMPETITION FOR ORDERS PRECEDES PROCUREMENT." Journal of Industrial Economics 55, no. 2 (June 2007): 325–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6451.2007.00313.x.

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4

Dementiev, Andrei. "Contracting out public transport services to vertical partnerships." Research in Transportation Economics 69 (September 2018): 126–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.retrec.2018.07.012.

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5

Ahearn, Mary Clare, Penni Korb, and David Banker. "Industrialization and Contracting in U.S. Agriculture." Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 37, no. 2 (August 2005): 347–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1074070800006830.

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This paper examines the industrialization process of U.S. agriculture by examining the trends in the number of farms, the concentration of production during the last decade, and the dynamics of farm survivability, entry, and exit underlying aggregate statistics. We next examine vertical coordination as part of the industrialization process and highlight contracting in the poultry industry. The analysis provides evidence that production is continuing to be concentrated on a smaller number of farms at a relatively rapid rate, in spite of the stability in the number of farms. Although contracting clearly dominates the broiler industry, it is less prevalent in egg and turkey production, where other forms of vertical coordination are likely established.

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6

Pandolfino, John E., Zhiyue Lin, Sabine Roman, and Peter J. Kahrilas. "The time course and persistence of “concurrent contraction” during normal peristalsis." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 301, no. 4 (October 2011): G679—G683. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00214.2011.

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Whereas conventional manometry depicts peristalsis as pressure variation over time, high-resolution manometry makes it equally feasible to depict pressure variation along the lumen (spatial pressure variation plots). This study analyzed the characteristics of spatial pressure variation plots during normal peristalsis. High-resolution manometry studies of 72 normal subjects were analyzed with custom MATLAB programs. A coordinate-based strategy was used to normalize both timing of peristalsis and esophageal length. A spatial pressure variation function was devised to localize the proximal (P) and the distal troughs (D) on each subject's composite pressure topography and track the length within the P-D segment contracting concurrently in the course of peristalsis. The timing at which this function peaked was compared with that of the contractile deceleration point (CDP). The length of concurrent contraction during normal peristalsis had an average span of 9.3 cm, encompassing 61% of the distal P-D length of the esophagus. The timing of the CDP position closely matched that of maximal length within the P-D segment contracting concurrently ( r = 0.90, P < 0.001). The pressure morphology of the maximal concurrent contraction was that of a smooth curve, and it was extremely rare to see multiple peaks along the vertical axis (seen in 4 of 72 subjects). Concurrent contraction involving ∼60% of the P-D span occurred with normal peristalsis. The segment of concurrent contraction progressively increased as peristalsis progressed, peaked at the CDP, and then progressively decreased. How abnormalities of the extent or timing of concurrent contraction relate to clinical syndromes requires further investigation.

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7

ACEMOGLU, DARON, SIMON JOHNSON, and TODD MITTON. "Determinants of Vertical Integration: Financial Development and Contracting Costs." Journal of Finance 64, no. 3 (May 20, 2009): 1251–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6261.2009.01464.x.

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8

Montez, João. "Controlling opportunism in vertical contracting when production precedes sales." RAND Journal of Economics 46, no. 3 (July 22, 2015): 650–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1756-2171.12101.

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9

Baranchuk, Nina, Seethu Seetharaman, and Andrei Strijnev. "Revenue Sharing Vertical Contracts in the Movie Industry: A Theoretical Analysis." Review of Marketing Science 17, no. 1 (November 18, 2019): 81–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/roms-2019-0059.

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Abstract For many years, the movie industry has been characterized by a unique (compared to other industries) type of vertical contracting practice, called sliding-scale contracting whereby the distributor (studio) takes a much larger (usually around 70%) share of box-office revenues than the exhibitor (theater) in the week of a movie’s release, with the exhibitor’s share increasing, in gradual steps, over subsequent weeks. In this paper, we propose a game-theoretic model that provides a new rationale for these contracting choices. Specifically, we show that these contracts effectively resolve conflicts of interest between studios and theaters over movie release timing and display length, in a way that is beneficial for both parties. Our model also stipulates conditions under which sliding scale become dominated by aggregate deals, i.e. deals based on total rather than weekly box office revenue. The testable predictions based on these conditions can be used by future empirical research once the available evidence on the use of aggregate deals in practice goes beyond anecdotal.

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10

Petrov, S. P., and V. M. Gilmundinov. "Supply chain integration as a form of vertical interaction in the theory of the firm." Voprosy Ekonomiki, no. 3 (March 10, 2022): 147–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2022-3-147-160.

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The form of organization and performance of both the entire supply chain and the markets at its individual links are determined by the structure and mechanisms of vertical interaction of its participants. Most existing approaches to explaining such forms emphasize the differences between hierarchy, market and hybrid contracting. This study specifies the forms of vertical interaction in supply chains and determines the factors of their choice. Supply chain integration on a par with vertical restrictive agreements is proposed to be considered as a form of hybrid contracting. On the basis of the theory of the firm the question of the choice of the form of vertical interaction is considered. It is shown that supply chain integration leads to a fundamental transformation of market multilateral relations into bilateral supply contracts and to the formation of transactional-specific assets which ensure the sustainability of this form of vertical interaction. As a result, compared to market interactions, there is a decrease in transaction costs while control costs increase, so supply chain integration occupies an intermediate place between the market and vertical restrictive agreements.

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11

Kliebenstein, James B., and John D. Lawrence. "Contracting and Vertical Coordination in the United States Pork Industry." American Journal of Agricultural Economics 77, no. 5 (December 1995): 1213–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1243350.

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12

Marx, Leslie M., and Greg Shaffer. "Opportunism in Multilateral Vertical Contracting: Nondiscrimination, Exclusivity, and Uniformity: Comment." American Economic Review 94, no. 3 (May 1, 2004): 796–801. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/0002828041464588.

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13

Mcafee, R. Preston, and Marius Schwartz. "Opportunism in Multilateral Vertical Contracting: Nondiscrimination, Exclusivity, and Uniformity: Reply." American Economic Review 94, no. 3 (May 1, 2004): 802–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/0002828041464632.

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14

Surti, Chirag, Pamela Ritchie, and John Rowcroft. "Supply chain contracting with product substitution and partial vertical integration." International Journal of Operational Research 19, no. 4 (2014): 435. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijor.2014.060416.

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15

Chen, Yongmin, and Philip G. Gayle. "Vertical contracting between airlines: An equilibrium analysis of codeshare alliances." International Journal of Industrial Organization 25, no. 5 (October 2007): 1046–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijindorg.2006.12.002.

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16

Du, Julan, Yi Lu, and Zhigang Tao. "Contracting institutions and vertical integration: Evidence from China’s manufacturing firms." Journal of Comparative Economics 40, no. 1 (February 2012): 89–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jce.2011.10.002.

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17

Yuliani, Fitria, Hermanto Siregar, Widyastutik, and Amzul Rifin. "DAMPAK FDI VERTIKAL DAN HORIZONTAL TERHADAP NILAI TAMBAH 18 SUB SEKTOR INDUSTRI MAKANAN DOMESTIK." Buletin Ilmiah Litbang Perdagangan 13, no. 2 (December 31, 2019): 233–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.30908/bilp.v13i2.422.

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Abstrak Untuk meningkatkan pertumbuhan ekonomi, Indonesia membutuhkan investasi asing langsung/Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) karena tingkat tabungan di Indonesia jauh lebih kecil dibandingkan kebutuhan investasi. FDI diyakini dapat meningkatkan nilai tambah suatu sektor atau industri. FDI terdiri dari dua jenis, yaitu FDI horizontal (intra industri) dan FDI vertikal (inter industri – dengan keterkaitan ke depan dan ke belakang). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui dampak FDI vertikal dan horizontal terhadap nilai tambah di 18 sub sektor industri makanan domestik. Dengan menggunakan metode estimasi fixed effect cross section SUR model dan random effect model, hasil penelitian menunjukkan FDI vertikal dengan keterkaitan ke belakang memberikan dampak paling besar terhadap nilai tambah perusahaan domestik dibandingkan FDI vertikal dengan keterkaitan ke depan dan horizontal. FDI vertikal dengan keterkaitan ke belakang berdampak positif terhadap nilai tambah perusahaan domestik dengan modal rendah dan padat tenaga kerja (padat karya). Oleh karena itu, investasi asing di industri makanan paling hilir, seperti industri minuman tidak beralkohol dan industri makanan lainnya perlu dibuka dengan persyaratan bagi investor asing melakukan kerja sama sub contracting dengan perusahaan domestik di industri makanan hulu. Kata kunci: Industri Makanan Domestik, FDI Horizontal, FDI Vertikal, Keterkaitan ke Belakang, Keterkaitan ke Depan, Nilai Tambah Abstract To boost its economic growth, Indonesia needs Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) since the national savings rate is relatively low compared to the high demand for investments. FDI has been proven to be able to enhance the value-added of a sector or industry. There are 2 types of FDI which are Horizontal FDI (intra-industry) and Vertical FDI (inter industry-with upstream and downstream linkages). This study aimed to analyze the impact of horizontal and vertical FDI on the value added to the 18 subsectors in the domestic food industry. By using the fixed-effect cross-section SUR and random effect model, the results showed that the vertical FDI on downstream linkages gives a more positive effect on value-added than vertical FDI on upstream linkages and horizontal FDI. The vertical FDI on downstream linkages gives a positive impact on local companies with a lower level of capital but higher labor (labor-intensive). Therefore, FDI on downstream linkages (for example other food industry, non-alcoholic beverages, etc) should be opened on conditions that it commits a sub-contracting cooperation with the domestic firms within the food processing industry in upstream sectors. Keywords: Domestic Food Industry, Downstream Linkages, Horizontal FDI, Vertical FDI, Upstream Linkages, Value Added JEL Classification: F21; E22; C23; O33

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18

Aamir, Muhammad, Muhammad Awais Yousaf, and Abdul Razaq. "Number of Distinct Homomorphic Images in Coset Diagrams." Journal of Mathematics 2021 (July 31, 2021): 1–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6669459.

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The representation of the action of PGL 2 , Z on F t ∪ ∞ in a graphical format is labeled as coset diagram. These finite graphs are acquired by the contraction of the circuits in infinite coset diagrams. A circuit in a coset diagram is a closed path of edges and triangles. If one vertex of the circuit is fixed by p q Δ 1 p q − 1 Δ 2 p q Δ 3 … p q − 1 Δ m ∈ PSL 2 , Z , then this circuit is titled to be a length- m circuit, denoted by Δ 1 , Δ 2 , Δ 3 , … , Δ m . In this manuscript, we consider a circuit Δ of length 6 as Δ 1 , Δ 2 , Δ 3 , Δ 4 , Δ 5 , Δ 6 with vertical axis of symmetry, that is, Δ 2 = Δ 6 , Δ 3 = Δ 5 . Let Γ 1 and Γ 2 be the homomorphic images of Δ acquired by contracting the vertices a , u and b , v , respectively, then it is not necessary that Γ 1 and Γ 2 are different. In this study, we will find the total number of distinct homomorphic images of Δ by contracting its all pairs of vertices with the condition Δ 1 > Δ 2 > Δ 3 > Δ 4 . The homomorphic images are obtained in this way having versatile applications in coding theory and cryptography. One can attain maximum nonlinearity factor using this in the encryption process.

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19

Liu, Xiaojing. "Contracting for Competitive Supply Chains under Network Externalities and Demand Uncertainty." Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society 2016 (2016): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/1565416.

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Based on network externalities and demand uncertainty environment, supply chain competition model is built; we identify the valid mechanism for the alternative range of profit-sharing contracts and also analyze the effect of product substitutability coefficient and network externalities on the alliance and profit-sharing contract. The results show that the vertical alliance contributes profit improvement to both the manufacturer and the retailer when the impact of network externalities on the product substitutability is not strong. However, vertical alliance will be out of operation when the effect of network externalities on the product substitutability is strong.

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20

Demer, Joseph L., and Robert A. Clark. "Magnetic resonance imaging demonstrates compartmental muscle mechanisms of human vertical fusional vergence." Journal of Neurophysiology 113, no. 7 (April 2015): 2150–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00871.2014.

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Vertical fusional vergence (VFV) normally compensates for slight vertical heterophorias. We employed magnetic resonance imaging to clarify extraocular muscle contributions to VFV induced by monocular two-prism diopter (1.15°) base-up prism in 14 normal adults. Fusion during prism viewing requires monocular infraduction. Scans were repeated without prism, and with prism shifted contralaterally. Contractility indicated by morphometric indexes was separately analyzed in medial and lateral vertical rectus and superior oblique (SO) putative compartments, and superior and inferior horizontal rectus extraocular muscle putative compartments, but in the whole inferior oblique (IO). Images confirmed appropriate VFV that was implemented by the inferior rectus (IR) medial compartment contracting ipsilateral and relaxing contralateral to prism. There was no significant contractility in the IR lateral compartment. The superior but not inferior lateral rectus (LR) compartment contracted significantly in the prism viewing eye, but not contralateral to prism. The IO contracted ipsilateral but not contralateral to the prism. In the infraducting eye, the SO medial compartment relaxed significantly, while the lateral compartment was unchanged; contralateral to prism, the SO lateral compartment contracted, while the medial compartment was unchanged. There was no contractility in the superior or medial rectus muscles in either eye. There was no globe retraction. We conclude that the vertical component of VFV is primarily implemented by IR medial compartment contraction. Since appropriate vertical rotation is not directly implemented, or is opposed, by associated differential LR and SO compartmental activity, and IO contraction, these actions probably implement a torsional component of VFV.

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21

Ben Ami, Noa, Ron Feldman, and Gali Dar. "Verbal Instruction for Pelvic Floor Muscle Contraction among Healthy Young Males." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 19 (September 23, 2022): 12031. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912031.

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Teaching Pelvic Floor Muscle (PFM) contraction is a challenging task for clinicians and patients, as these muscles cannot be directly visualized. Thus, this study’s objective is to compare the effectiveness of six verbal instructions for contracting the PFM among young men, as observed with transabdominal ultrasound imaging. Thirty-five male physiotherapy students, mean age 25.9 ± 1.9 years, participated in the study. A 6 MHz 35-mm curved linear array ultrasound transducer (Mindray M5) was placed in the transverse plane, supra-pubically, and angled 15–30° from the vertical plane. During crook lying, participants received six verbal instructions for contracting the PFM, with bladder base displacement and endurance evaluated. Following the instructions, “squeeze your anus”, “shorten the penis”, and “elevate the scrotum”, over 91% of the participants performed a cranial (upward) bladder base displacement. During instruction six, “draw in”, which involves breathing, the PFM, and the transversus abdominis, only 25% performed cranial bladder base displacement (p < 0.001), and the endurance was the lowest (p < 0.001). Our findings suggest that several simple verbal instructions can be used for teaching PFM contraction to young males. Moreover, two instructions should be avoided: “draw in” and the general instruction “squeeze your PFM”, as they did not produce effective elevation of the bladder base.

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22

Martinez, Octavio Jose. "Market Competition And Vertical Contracting: Evidence From The Trade Of Coffee Beans." Academy of Management Proceedings 2015, no. 1 (January 2015): 15712. http://dx.doi.org/10.5465/ambpp.2015.264.

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23

Xu, Lang, and Chuanxu Wang. "Contracting pricing and emission reduction for supply chain considering vertical technological spillovers." International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology 93, no. 1-4 (February 24, 2017): 481–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00170-017-0116-5.

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24

Brickley, James A., James S. Linck, and Clifford W. Smith. "Vertical integration to avoid contracting with potential competitors: Evidence from bankers' banks." Journal of Financial Economics 105, no. 1 (July 2012): 113–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jfineco.2011.09.001.

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25

Rawley, Evan, and Timothy S. Simcoe. "Diversification, Diseconomies of Scope, and Vertical Contracting: Evidence from the Taxicab Industry." Management Science 56, no. 9 (September 2010): 1534–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.1100.1207.

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26

Scott Johnson, C., and Kenneth A. Foster. "Risk Preferences and Contracting In the U.S. Hog Industry." Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 26, no. 2 (December 1994): 393–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1074070800026328.

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AbstractMuch of the increase use of vertical coordination in the U.S. swine industry has taken place through contract production. While the incidence of contracting is much higher in non-traditional hog production areas, a growing number of Midwestern producers are being faced with contract options. A variety of contractual arrangements are available through feed companies, integrators, genetics firms, and packers. However, little is known about the profitability and risk characteristics of these alternatives. This research suggests that risk neutral producers in the Midwest would prefer independent production, and risk averse producers would prefer to choose among the various types of coordination arrangements.

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27

Hayne, Graham, and Bimal Kumar. "BIM Capability Audit of Contracting-Based Organisations." International Journal of 3-D Information Modeling 5, no. 4 (October 2016): 12–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ij3dim.2016100102.

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The UK government set up a BIM Task Group in 2011 to provide guidance and support to the industry. This paper reports on BIM Capability audits that were undertaken on two contractor-based organisations to assess their level of readiness to implement BIM level 2 and to highlight training and upskilling needs. The audits were undertaken using a detailed set of 80 questions covering technology, workflows, processes and business strategies. Follow up interviews were undertaken to clarify any ambiguities in the responses received. A vertical cross section of each organisation was audited in order to provide a fully representative sample of the companies as the implementation of BIM will have an impact on the whole business model of the firms. The organisations had differing aspirations and timescales for the implementation of BIM and to some extent this was demonstrated by the outcome of the audits. The results were found to be consistent with the findings of another major similar HS2 upskilling study which the authors were also involved in.

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Asker, John, and Heski Bar-Isaac. "Raising Retailers’ Profits: On Vertical Practices and the Exclusion of Rivals." American Economic Review 104, no. 2 (February 1, 2014): 672–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.104.2.672.

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Resale price maintenance (RPM), slotting fees, loyalty rebates, and other related vertical practices can allow an incumbent manufacturer to transfer profits to retailers. If these retailers were to accommodate entry, upstream competition could lead to lower industry profits and the breakdown of these profit transfers. Thus, in equilibrium, retailers can internalize the effect of accommodating entry on the incumbent’s profits. Consequently, if entry requires downstream accommodation, entry can be deterred. We discuss policy implications of this aspect of vertical contracting practices. (JEL L14, L22, L25, L42, L81)

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29

Sofue, Yoshiaki. "Large-Scale Ejection Structures in the Galactic Center." Symposium - International Astronomical Union 136 (1989): 213–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0074180900186565.

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Radio continuum observations of the galactic center region have revealed a number of vertical structures running across the galactic plane, most of which are reasonably attributed either to vertical magnetic fields or to energy release out of the galactic plane. We review the observed radio structures and discuss their properties and origins with a particular attention to the unusual manifestation of energy release in the galactic center. The relation of the continuum structures to the expanding and/or contracting molecular gas rings is also discussed.

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30

RAWLEY, EVAN, and TIMOTHY S. SIMCOE. "HORIZONTAL DIVERSIFICATION AND VERTICAL CONTRACTING: FIRM SCOE AND ASSET OWNERSHIP IN TAXI FLEETS." Academy of Management Proceedings 2008, no. 1 (August 2008): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.5465/ambpp.2008.33649803.

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31

Curto, Vilsa, Anna D. Sinaiko, and Meredith B. Rosenthal. "Price Effects Of Vertical Integration And Joint Contracting Between Physicians And Hospitals In Massachusetts." Health Affairs 41, no. 5 (May 1, 2022): 741–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.2021.00727.

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32

Fedida, D., S. Sethi, B. J. Mulder, and H. E. ter Keurs. "An ultracompliant glass microelectrode for intracellular recording." American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 258, no. 1 (January 1, 1990): C164—C170. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.1990.258.1.c164.

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We describe the simple fabrication of a glass microelectrode that was designed for the stable impalement of contracting isolated cardiac preparations. The electrodes can be made with the aid of a standard pipette puller. The design uses a long-shanked glass electrode that is stepped below the shoulder at 70 degrees to the shaft and again near the tip. The electrodes are of marginally higher resistance than equivalent length straight electrodes (34.9 vs. 26.0 M omega). The stepped design imparts a low stiffness to the electrode in the vertical and horizontal planes, and the mechanical basis for this performance is described and discussed with regard to measured behavior. The duration of impalements with stepped electrodes is significantly longer than for straight electrodes and can usually be maintained for indefinite periods with minimal damage to small, highly contractile muscle preparations.

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33

Zinovchuk, Vitaly, and Vita Rud. "Veritical integration in meat industry: case of Ukraine." Management Theory and Studies for Rural Business and Infrastructure Development 38, no. 1 (March 21, 2016): 88–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/mts.2016.8.

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The meat industry is strategically important sector of Ukraine national economy due to its role in providing the country food security as well as its entering into international markets. The problem of research is connected with the need of meat industry in a new vision of management principles, organizational design and internal interaction mechanism as well as the changing development motivation. The aim of the research is the substantiation of the meat industry organizational structure development based on different models of vertical integration. The research methodology supposes the use of statistical analysis, the logical model construction, monographic analysis, the method of expert appraisals. As the study results, five organizational models have been proposed for vertical integration in meat industry (contracting, corporation, holding, cluster and a vertical marketing system). The models’ advantages and the ways of their development as well as the problem points and the possibilities to overcome them have been specified. The role of vertical integration in the creation of value-added products has been discovered.

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34

Lind, Hans. "Vertical integration in the real estate sector: three Swedish case studies." Journal of European Real Estate Research 10, no. 2 (August 7, 2017): 195–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jerer-07-2016-0029.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explain why some real estate companies choose to have a vertically integrated structure, instead of specializing in only stage of the production chain. Design/methodology/approach The first stage of the research was an extensive literature review to generate hypotheses. A case study method was then chosen, as more detailed knowledge about the companies were judged to be needed to evaluate the different hypothesis. Documents about the companies were studied and interviews carried out. Findings In the studies cases, there is no support for theories related to vertical integration as a way to monopolize a market and only marginal support for theories that focus on contracting problems related to the so called hold up problem. The most important factors for the companies were that vertical integration gives information and more options that are important in small number bargaining situations. The companies bargaining power increases when they are better informed about, e.g. costs and profits in nearby activities, and when they can use in-house units, if there are problems to find reasonable conditions on the outside market. Research limitations/implications The main limitation is that only three cases were studied. Practical/implications The study can be helpful both to companies that choose to integrate vertically and those that chose not to. There are similar problems related to information and bargaining power that needs to be handled. Originality/value This is the first study that test theories about vertical integration in the real estate sector.

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35

Benmehaia, Mohamed Amine. "FARMERS’ INCOME RISKS AND MARKETING CHANNEL CHOICES: CASE OF DATE PALM PROCESSING IN BISKRA, ALGERIA." New Medit 18, no. 3 (September 15, 2019): 47–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.30682/nm1903d.

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This article aims at analyzing Algerian farmers’ choices of marketing channels in the date-palm supply chain. Five main marketing channels were investigated: local market, intermediaries, conditioning structure, processors contracting and complete integration. Primary data collected from a sample of 118 date farmers through a field survey in Biskra region. Beside some basic statistical tools, a multinomial discrete choice model was used to analyze and evaluate the major factors affecting marketing channel choices. From the main results of this study, it was concluded that downstream vertical integration practices are lead by income-related risks minimization, and the upstream vertical integration is favorable for further downstream vertical integration. The research would provide valuable information about the date palm producer’s marketing decision-making process and thus would contribute to improving the efficiency and effectiveness of dates industry in Algeria.

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Kim, Soo-Bin, Hyoung-Moon Kim, Haeryun Ahn, You-Jin Choi, Kyung-Seok Hu, Wook Oh, and Hee-Jin Kim. "Anatomical Injection Guidelines for Glabellar Frown Lines Based on Ultrasonographic Evaluation." Toxins 14, no. 1 (December 25, 2021): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins14010017.

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When botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) is injected to treat glabellar frown lines, the corrugator supercilia muscle (CSM) and procerus muscles are the main targets. Although there have been many studies on the treatment of glabellar frown lines, no study has confirmed the dynamic movement under ultrasonography (US). This study examined and evaluated dynamic muscle movements under US, thereby providing more effective BoNT injection guidelines for glabellar frowning. Glabellar frowning was categorized as either Type A or B. Type A is the general frowning pattern in which vertical wrinkles are made by contracting the CSM and procerus muscles (81%, n = 13). On US images, the procerus muscle thickens and the bilateral CSMs contract. Type B is an upward frowning pattern demonstrating upward elevation of vertical wrinkles due to hyperactive contraction of the frontalis muscle during frowning (19%, n = 3). On US images, the hypoechoic frontalis muscle thickens, forming horizontal forehead lines. After BoNT injection into the CSM and frontalis muscle but not the procerus muscle, Type B patterns showed improvements in the vertical crease and horizontal forehead line. Both types showed improvement in glabellar frown lines after conventional injection, but the horizontal forehead line did not improve in Type B. Type B wrinkles improved after additional injections into the frontalis muscle. This study provided novel anatomical findings related to the injection of glabellar frown lines with BoNT. Preliminary analysis and optimized procedures using US will enable more effective and safer injections.

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Jacob, A. J., G. R. Sutherland, N. A. Boon, and C. A. Ludlam. "Dilated Cardiomyopathy in Haemophiliacs Infected with the Human Immunodeficiency Virus." Scottish Medical Journal 38, no. 4 (August 1993): 112–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/003693309303800406.

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Infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) can result in several cardiac abnormalities including dilated cardiomyopathy. These phenomena have been described in people contracting the virus through sexual intercourse, injection drug use and by vertical transmission. We have identified recently two Scottish haemophiliacs who have developed dilated cardiomyopathy in the context of HIV infection acquired through treatment with contaminated factor VIII. The significance of this finding is discussed.

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Gillespie, Jeffrey M., and Vernon R. Eidman. "The Effect of Risk and Autonomy on Independent Hog Producers' Contracting Decisions." Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 30, no. 1 (July 1998): 175–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1074070800008154.

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AbstractThe introduction of vertical coordination in the hog industry has provided producers with new business arrangements for raising hogs. While some researchers have elicited utility functions for hog producers on the basis of income risk, none have addressed autonomy, a factor which appears to be important in business arrangement selection for independent family hog operations. In this study, a method is developed for eliciting a multi-attribute function with attributes of income and autonomy. Utility functions are elicited for a group of Minnesota farrow-to-finish hog producers. For these producers, autonomy dominated risk as the most important attribute in business arrangement selection.

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Øksendal, Bernt, Leif Sandal, and Jan Ubøe. "Stackelberg equilibria in a continuous-time vertical contracting model with uncertain demand and delayed information." Journal of Applied Probability 51, A (December 2014): 213–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1239/jap/1417528477.

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We consider explicit formulae for equilibrium prices in a continuous-time vertical contracting model. A manufacturer sells goods to a retailer, and the objective of both parties is to maximize expected profits. Demand is an Itô-Lévy process, and to increase realism, information is delayed. We provide complete existence and uniqueness proofs for a series of special cases, including geometric Brownian motion and the Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process, both with time-variable coefficients. Moreover, explicit solution formulae are given, so these results are operational. An interesting finding is that information that is more precise may be a considerable disadvantage for the retailer.

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Øksendal, Bernt, Leif Sandal, and Jan Ubøe. "Stackelberg equilibria in a continuous-time vertical contracting model with uncertain demand and delayed information." Journal of Applied Probability 51, A (December 2014): 213–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002190020002129x.

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We consider explicit formulae for equilibrium prices in a continuous-time vertical contracting model. A manufacturer sells goods to a retailer, and the objective of both parties is to maximize expected profits. Demand is an Itô-Lévy process, and to increase realism, information is delayed. We provide complete existence and uniqueness proofs for a series of special cases, including geometric Brownian motion and the Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process, both with time-variable coefficients. Moreover, explicit solution formulae are given, so these results are operational. An interesting finding is that information that is more precise may be a considerable disadvantage for the retailer.

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Xausa, E., L. Beghi, and M. Zanforlin. "Stereokinetic phenomena revisited: The oscillating tilted bar, the swinging gate and the vertical contracting bar." Journal of Mathematical Psychology 50, no. 6 (December 2006): 562–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmp.2006.03.005.

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Crespi, John M., and Tina L. Saitone. "Are Cattle Markets the Last Frontier? Vertical Coordination in Animal-Based Procurement Markets." Annual Review of Resource Economics 10, no. 1 (October 5, 2018): 207–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-resource-100517-022948.

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Vertical integration and contracting have been documented as important developments in enhancing the efficiency of supply chains in agriculture. Despite the efficiency gains, movement toward greater integration remains controversial. Meanwhile, the diffusion of these alternative procurement mechanisms has been heterogeneous over time and across commodities. In this review we compare and contrast the livestock and poultry industries in the United States to provide insights into the future of integration and coordination throughout the beef cattle supply chain. While similarities exist across livestock and poultry industries, there are significant differences that placed the beef industry on a different trajectory, with a variety of structural and biological factors that have limited the industry's progression toward greater integration.

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Knellwolf, T. P., E. Hammam, and V. G. Macefield. "The vestibular system does not modulate fusimotor drive to muscle spindles in relaxed leg muscles of subjects in a near-vertical position." Journal of Neurophysiology 115, no. 5 (May 1, 2016): 2529–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.01125.2015.

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It has been shown that sinusoidal galvanic vestibular stimulation (sGVS) has no effect on the firing of spontaneously active muscle spindles in either relaxed or voluntarily contracting human leg muscles. However, all previous studies have been conducted on subjects in a seated position. Given that independent vestibular control of muscle spindle firing would be more valuable during postural threat, we tested the hypothesis that this modulation would become apparent for subjects in a near-vertical position. Unitary recordings were made from 18 muscle spindle afferents via tungsten microelectrodes inserted percutaneously into the common peroneal nerve of awake human subjects laying supine on a motorized tilt table. All recorded spindle afferents were spontaneously active at rest, and each increased its firing rate during a weak static contraction. Sinusoidal bipolar binaural galvanic vestibular stimulation (±2 mA, 100 cycles) was applied to the mastoid processes at 0.8 Hz. This continuous stimulation produced a sustained illusion of “rocking in a boat” or “swinging in a hammock.” The subject was then moved into a near-vertical position (75°), and the stimulation repeated. Despite robust vestibular illusions, none of the fusimotor-driven spindles exhibited phase-locked modulation of firing during sinusoidal GVS in either position. We conclude that this dynamic vestibular stimulus was insufficient to modulate the firing of fusimotor neurons in the near-vertical position. However, this does not mean that the vestibular system cannot modulate the sensitivity of muscle spindles via fusimotor neurons in free unsupported standing, when reliance on proprioceptive feedback is higher.

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Caprice, Stéphane. "Multilateral Vertical Contracting with an Alternative Supply: The Welfare Effects of a Ban on Price Discrimination." Review of Industrial Organization 28, no. 1 (February 2006): 63–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11151-006-0008-6.

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Sarojamma, G., R. V. Lakshmi, P. V. Satya Narayana, and Oluwole Daniel Makinde. "Non Linear Radiative Flow of a Micropolar Nanofluid through a Vertical Channel with Porous Collapsible Walls." Defect and Diffusion Forum 387 (September 2018): 498–509. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.387.498.

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In this paper we discuss the MHD unsteady flow of a micropolar nanofluid through a vertical channel with expanding/contracting walls under the influence of nonlinear thermal radiation considering weak permeability. The PDEs of the governing problem are reduced into a set of ODEs by using self-similar transformations and are then solved numerically. Influence of flow parameters such as wall dilation ratio, permeability Reynolds number, micropolar parameters, thermal radiation parameter, nanofluid parameters etc. on the flow, thermal energy and volume fraction of nanoparticles has been discussed in detail. We trust that the results of this study are not only useful for industrial applications but also present a basic understanding of the physical model.

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Yang, Xi, Nicholas D. Paulson, and Madhu Khanna. "Optimal Mix of Vertical Integration and Contracting for Energy Crops: Effect of Risk Preferences and Land Quality." Applied Economic Perspectives and Policy 38, no. 4 (December 10, 2015): 632–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aepp/ppv029.

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Leborgne, D., and A. Lipietz. "New Technologies, New Modes of Regulation: Some Spatial Implications." Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 6, no. 3 (September 1988): 263–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/d060263.

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New technologies can be implemented by means of intensified polarization of skills or by means of increased responsibility (involvement) for workers. These outcomes may be associated with rigid or flexible forms of wage contracting and with individual or collective forms of negotiation. Three classes of models emerge, labelled here neo-Taylorist, Californian, and Saturnian. In terms of industrial organization, new technologies tend to engender specialized firms and vertical quasi-integration, together with territorial integration or disintegration. These different tendencies give rise to distinctive patterns of regional development namely, specialized productive areas, local productive systems, and system-areas.

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Kao, Jui-Chung, Cheng-Chung Cho, and Kao Rui-Hsin. "Testing the organizational trust contents of coast guard organizations in Taiwan." Policing: An International Journal 45, no. 2 (December 8, 2021): 218–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/pijpsm-08-2021-0118.

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PurposeThe purpose is to verify the OTC of Taiwan coast guard organizations and to explore whether the views of coast guard personnel on the trust of supervisors, colleagues and subordinates are consistent based on vertical or horizontal relationship in the organization.Design/methodology/approachThis is an empirical study conducted with 412 participants from Taiwan coast guard organizations.FindingsThe main finding of this study was that, in Taiwan coast guard organizations, there are differences in the perceptions of organizational trust contents (OTC) in different measuring subjects that are nonexistent in previous studies on other cultures. In particular, the recognition of organizational trust (OT) in subordinates was higher than that in colleagues, while the recognition of OT in colleagues was higher than that in supervisors. Furthermore, measuring the same object with different dimensions, it was found that the OT of colleagues' honest negotiation was significantly higher than those of “not to take excessive advantage (NTEA)” and “keep commitments.” There was no difference in recognition of the three dimensions for subordinates and supervisors.Originality/valueThe result confirms the structure of the Organizational Trust Inventory model of Taiwan coast guard organizations. In addition, Chinese culture evidently influences the weight on each of the contracting behaviors expected of different referents; particularly, trustworthy subordinates are more expected to exhibit good contracting behaviors than supervisors and coworkers. This study contributes to the understanding of how to foster trust in terms of good contracting behaviors in Taiwan coast guard organizations.

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Khan, Umair, Aurang Zaib, Anuar Ishak, Iskandar Waini, Javali K. Madhukesh, Zehba Raizah, and Ahmed M. Galal. "Impact of Buoyancy and Stagnation-Point Flow of Water Conveying Ag-MgO Hybrid Nanoparticles in a Vertical Contracting/Expanding Riga Wedge." Symmetry 14, no. 7 (June 24, 2022): 1312. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym14071312.

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Riga surface can be utilized to reduce the pressure drag and the friction of the submarine by stopping the separation of the boundary layer as well as by moderating turbulence production. Therefore, the current symmetry of the work investigates the slip impacts on mixed convection flow containing water-based hybrid Ag-MgO nanoparticles over a vertical expanding/contracting Riga wedge. In this analysis, a flat surface, wedge, and stagnation point are also discussed. A Riga surface is an actuator that contains electromagnetic where a span-wise array associated with the permanent magnets and irregular electrodes accumulated on a smooth surface. A Lorentz force is incorporated parallel to the surface produced by this array which eases exponentially normal to the surface. Based on the considered flow symmetry, the physical scenario is initially modeled in the appearance of partial differential equations which are then rehabilitated into a system of ordinary differential equations by utilizing the pertinent similarity variables. A bvp4c solver is engaged to acquire the numerical solution. The flow symmetry and the influences of pertaining parameters involved in the problem are investigated and are enclosed in graphical form. The findings confirm that the velocity reduces, and temperature enhances due to nanoparticle volume fraction. A modified Hartmann number increases the velocity and diminishes the temperature. Moreover, the suction parameter enhances the velocity profiles and reduces the dimensionless temperature profiles. The heat transfer gradually increases by diminishing the contracting parameter and increasing the expanding parameter.

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Selemetas, D., and J. R. Standing. "Response of full-scale piles to EPBM tunnelling in London Clay." Géotechnique 67, no. 9 (September 2017): 823–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/jgeot.sip17.p.126.

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The installation and working test performance of four full-scale instrumented driven piles and their subsequent response to twin tunnels constructed below the pile bases are described. One pair was designed to be largely friction piles and the other pair end-bearing. Their locations relative to the new tunnels were carefully chosen to optimise understanding of pile responses at varying offsets from the centre-lines. The site conditions and the greenfield response to earth pressure balance machine tunnelling at the site were described in a companion paper that reported an expanding displacement field around the tunnels rather than the contracting fields usually observed. The field monitoring results indicated that, during construction, zones of influence existed around tunnels, where the ground and piles were subjected to different degrees and senses of relative vertical displacement. Redistributions of load along the pile lengths occurred as the tunnel boring machines approached, passed beneath and continued beyond the pile bases; lateral pile deflections and bending moments were also induced. Based on the results from this field study, implications for the capacity of existing piles (and design of new piles) subjected to tunnelling-induced movements are assessed for cases of expanding and contracting displacement fields.

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