Relevant bibliographies by topics / Vertical Contracting

Academic literature on the topic 'Vertical Contracting'

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Published: 9 March 2023
Last updated: 10 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Vertical Contracting"

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Dequiedt, Vianney, and David Martimort. "Vertical Contracting with Informational Opportunism." American Economic Review 105, no. 7 (July 1, 2015): 2141–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.20121640.

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We consider vertical contracting arrangements between a manufacturer and a retailing network when retailers have private information and the organization is run through bilateral contracts. We highlight a new form of informational opportunism arising when the manufacturer manipulates information learned separately in each relationship. We characterize the set of allocations robust to such opportunism by means of simple ex post incentive compatibility constraints. Those constraints limit the manufacturer's ability to use yardstick competition among retailers. They simplify contracts and restore a rent/efficiency trade-off even with correlated information. We show that sell-out contracts are optimal under a wide range of circumstances. (JEL D21, D86, L14, L60, L81)
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Pagnozzi, Marco, Salvatore Piccolo, and Markus Reisinger. "Vertical contracting with endogenous market structure." Journal of Economic Theory 196 (September 2021): 105288. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jet.2021.105288.

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GANS, JOSHUA S. "VERTICAL CONTRACTING WHEN COMPETITION FOR ORDERS PRECEDES PROCUREMENT." Journal of Industrial Economics 55, no. 2 (June 2007): 325–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6451.2007.00313.x.

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Dementiev, Andrei. "Contracting out public transport services to vertical partnerships." Research in Transportation Economics 69 (September 2018): 126–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.retrec.2018.07.012.

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Ahearn, Mary Clare, Penni Korb, and David Banker. "Industrialization and Contracting in U.S. Agriculture." Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 37, no. 2 (August 2005): 347–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1074070800006830.

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This paper examines the industrialization process of U.S. agriculture by examining the trends in the number of farms, the concentration of production during the last decade, and the dynamics of farm survivability, entry, and exit underlying aggregate statistics. We next examine vertical coordination as part of the industrialization process and highlight contracting in the poultry industry. The analysis provides evidence that production is continuing to be concentrated on a smaller number of farms at a relatively rapid rate, in spite of the stability in the number of farms. Although contracting clearly dominates the broiler industry, it is less prevalent in egg and turkey production, where other forms of vertical coordination are likely established.
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Pandolfino, John E., Zhiyue Lin, Sabine Roman, and Peter J. Kahrilas. "The time course and persistence of “concurrent contraction” during normal peristalsis." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 301, no. 4 (October 2011): G679—G683. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00214.2011.

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Whereas conventional manometry depicts peristalsis as pressure variation over time, high-resolution manometry makes it equally feasible to depict pressure variation along the lumen (spatial pressure variation plots). This study analyzed the characteristics of spatial pressure variation plots during normal peristalsis. High-resolution manometry studies of 72 normal subjects were analyzed with custom MATLAB programs. A coordinate-based strategy was used to normalize both timing of peristalsis and esophageal length. A spatial pressure variation function was devised to localize the proximal (P) and the distal troughs (D) on each subject's composite pressure topography and track the length within the P-D segment contracting concurrently in the course of peristalsis. The timing at which this function peaked was compared with that of the contractile deceleration point (CDP). The length of concurrent contraction during normal peristalsis had an average span of 9.3 cm, encompassing 61% of the distal P-D length of the esophagus. The timing of the CDP position closely matched that of maximal length within the P-D segment contracting concurrently ( r = 0.90, P < 0.001). The pressure morphology of the maximal concurrent contraction was that of a smooth curve, and it was extremely rare to see multiple peaks along the vertical axis (seen in 4 of 72 subjects). Concurrent contraction involving ∼60% of the P-D span occurred with normal peristalsis. The segment of concurrent contraction progressively increased as peristalsis progressed, peaked at the CDP, and then progressively decreased. How abnormalities of the extent or timing of concurrent contraction relate to clinical syndromes requires further investigation.
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ACEMOGLU, DARON, SIMON JOHNSON, and TODD MITTON. "Determinants of Vertical Integration: Financial Development and Contracting Costs." Journal of Finance 64, no. 3 (May 20, 2009): 1251–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6261.2009.01464.x.

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Montez, João. "Controlling opportunism in vertical contracting when production precedes sales." RAND Journal of Economics 46, no. 3 (July 22, 2015): 650–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1756-2171.12101.

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Baranchuk, Nina, Seethu Seetharaman, and Andrei Strijnev. "Revenue Sharing Vertical Contracts in the Movie Industry: A Theoretical Analysis." Review of Marketing Science 17, no. 1 (November 18, 2019): 81–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/roms-2019-0059.

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Abstract For many years, the movie industry has been characterized by a unique (compared to other industries) type of vertical contracting practice, called sliding-scale contracting whereby the distributor (studio) takes a much larger (usually around 70%) share of box-office revenues than the exhibitor (theater) in the week of a movie’s release, with the exhibitor’s share increasing, in gradual steps, over subsequent weeks. In this paper, we propose a game-theoretic model that provides a new rationale for these contracting choices. Specifically, we show that these contracts effectively resolve conflicts of interest between studios and theaters over movie release timing and display length, in a way that is beneficial for both parties. Our model also stipulates conditions under which sliding scale become dominated by aggregate deals, i.e. deals based on total rather than weekly box office revenue. The testable predictions based on these conditions can be used by future empirical research once the available evidence on the use of aggregate deals in practice goes beyond anecdotal.
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Petrov, S. P., and V. M. Gilmundinov. "Supply chain integration as a form of vertical interaction in the theory of the firm." Voprosy Ekonomiki, no. 3 (March 10, 2022): 147–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2022-3-147-160.

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The form of organization and performance of both the entire supply chain and the markets at its individual links are determined by the structure and mechanisms of vertical interaction of its participants. Most existing approaches to explaining such forms emphasize the differences between hierarchy, market and hybrid contracting. This study specifies the forms of vertical interaction in supply chains and determines the factors of their choice. Supply chain integration on a par with vertical restrictive agreements is proposed to be considered as a form of hybrid contracting. On the basis of the theory of the firm the question of the choice of the form of vertical interaction is considered. It is shown that supply chain integration leads to a fundamental transformation of market multilateral relations into bilateral supply contracts and to the formation of transactional-specific assets which ensure the sustainability of this form of vertical interaction. As a result, compared to market interactions, there is a decrease in transaction costs while control costs increase, so supply chain integration occupies an intermediate place between the market and vertical restrictive agreements.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Vertical Contracting"

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Williams, Ryan M. "Vertical Firm Boundaries: Supplier-Customer Contracts and Vertical Integration." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2012. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/finance_diss/20.

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I empirically examine the choice of a firm’s vertical boundaries—specifically, the decision to use supplier-customer contracts instead of either using markets or vertical integration. I examine the determinants of supplier-customer contracts using data on a customer’s contractual purchase obligations with its suppliers. Contracting propensity is positively related to supplier relationship-specific investments (RSI), the supplier’s relative bargaining power, and vertical integration costs, and negatively related to contracting costs, alternative sources of information about the customer, and the percentage of a customer’s input traded on financial markets. I also find that customer firms which have product market contracts with their suppliers have better relative performance. These performance effects are enhanced by relationship-specific investments and are robust to corrections for endogeneity. Additionally, I examine the choice between vertical integration versus supplier-customer contracts and find that the choice is predicted by the type of RSI. Consistent with theory, RSI measured using tangible (intangible) assets are positively related to integration (contracts). Further, positive (negative) shocks to industry-level intangible investment are related to increases in a firm’s contracting activity and decreases (increases) in the level of vertical integration, while positive (negative) shocks to industry-level tangible investment are related to decreases in contracting activity and increases (decreases) in the level of vertical integration. My results suggest that market frictions play an important role in shaping supplier-customer contracting activity and firm boundaries.
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Selvaggi, Mariano Pablo. "Exclusive vertical relationships between firms in incomplete contracting environments." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.404183.

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Rahman, Shaikh Mahfuzur. "Optimal contracting and vertical coordination in the beef industry." College Park, Md.: University of Maryland, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1903/7656.

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Thesis (Ph. D.) -- University of Maryland, College Park, 2007.
Thesis research directed by: Dept. of Agricultural and Resource Economics. Title from t.p. of PDF. Includes bibliographical references. Published by UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Mich. Also available in paper.
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KARAKOC, PALMINTERI GULEN. "ESSAYS ON INFORMATION ECONOMICS." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10281/198954.

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Questa tesi esplora il ruolo delle informazioni private in diversi scenari nella letteratura di economia dell'informazione. Il primo capitolo considera un ambiente di contrattazione verticale dinamico in cui un produttore si occupa di un rivenditore esclusivo per due periodi. Nel modello, un produttore progetta un contratto a lungo termine con un rivenditore che è informato privatamente della domanda e affronta la concorrenza da un concorrente integrato in futuro. I nostri risultati mostrano che la trasparenza con un operatore integrato danneggia i consumatori. Quando il concorrente non è un'impresa integrata, allora è il grado di persistenza della domanda a determinare se la transparenza avvantaggia, o meno, i consumatori. Il secondo capitolo affronta un semplice problema di progettazione dei meccanismi che descrive il comportamento ottimale di un paese preso di mira da un gruppo terroristico straniero. Il paese è incerto sulla forza dei terroristi e potrebbe decidere di acquisire tali informazioni dalla comunità che ospita i terroristi. Evidenziamo un nuovo compromesso tra il rafforzamento del target e le misure militari preventive volte a sradicare il problema alla radice. In contrasto con la letteratura esistente, i nostri risultati mostrano che è ottimale per il paese acquisire informazioni solo quando queste norme sono sufficientemente forti e quando le sue precedenti informazioni sulla forza dei terroristi sono sufficientemente scarse. L'ultimo capitolo analizza un modello di cheap talk in cui un decisore disinformato cerca consigli da uno o due esperti parzialmente informati i cui pregiudizi sono sconosciuti al decisore. Il nostro risultato suggerisce che chi prende le decisioni può trarre beneficio consultando un singolo esperto piuttosto che due esperti con pregiudizi sconosciuti. Questo risultato suggerisce che ottenere un secondo parere potrebbe non essere sempre utile per il processo decisionale.
This dissertation explores the role of private information under different scenarios in the literature of information economics. The first chapter considers a dynamic vertical contracting environment in which a manufacturer deals with an exclusive retailer for two periods. In the model, a manufacturer designs a long-term contract with a retailer who is privately informed about demand and faces competition by an integrated entrant in the future. Contrary to what intuition suggests, our results show that transparency with an integrated entrant harms consumers. When the entrant is not an integrated firm, whether transparency benefits consumers depends on the degree of demand persistency. The second chapter deals with a simple mechanism design problem that describes the optimal behavior of a country targeted by a foreign terrorist group. The country is uncertain about the terrorists' strength and may decide to acquire such information from the community hosting the terrorists. We highlight a novel trade-off between target hardening and preemptive military measures aimed at eradicating the problem at its root. In contrast with the existing literature, our results show that it is optimal for the country to acquire information only when these norms are strong enough and when its prior information about the terrorists' strength is sufficiently poor. The last chapter analyzes the effect of uncertain biases on strategic information transmission. We consider a simple cheap talk model in which an uninformed decision maker seeks advice from one or two partially informed experts whose biases are unknown to the decision maker. We show that the decision maker may benefit from consulting a single expert rather than two experts with unknown biases. This result suggests that getting second opinion may not be always helpful for decision making.
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BONAZZI, LEDA MARIA. "Essays on Entry in Vertical Relationships." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10281/258913.

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Dall'inizio degli anni '90, i problemi di contrattazione verticale e le loro implicazioni sono stati ampiamente studiati nella letteratura dell'Organizzazione Industriale. Infatti, l'analisi della relazione tra mercati upstream e downstream è importante non solo per valutare l'impatto che le diverse forme di contratti hanno sul benessere totale e sul surplus del consumatore, ma anche per comprendere la caratterizzazione della struttura del mercato. Questa tesi è divisa in due capitoli riguardanti la contrattazione verticale e la struttura del mercato. Tenuto conto del fatto che sono presenti numerosi elementi che giocano un ruolo interessante, come la contrattazione sotto l'informazione asimmetrica, le decisioni di entrata e la scelta del mercato da parte delle imprese verticali, tutto il lavoro è orientato ad un’analisi di come questi elementi interagiscono tra loro e come le diverse forme di accordi contrattuali tra produttori e dettaglianti (two-part tariffs, i contratti lineari, la clausola di mantenimento dei prezzi di rivendita o il quantity forcing) influiscano sulle decisioni di ingresso e sulla scelta del mercato. Inoltre, una novità di questo articolo è considerare la struttura del mercato come endogena e studiare le conseguenze di questa ipotesi, aggiungendo nuove intuizioni a questo fiorente filone di letteratura.
Since the beginning of 90's, vertical contracting issues and their implications have been widely studied in the Industrial Organization literature. For instance, analyzing the relationship between upstream and downstream markets is important not only to evaluate the impact that the different forms of vertical contracts have on total welfare and on consumer surplus, but also to better understand market structure. This thesis is organized in two chapters dealing with vertical contracting and market structure. Since, in this set-up there are many elements playing an interesting role, like contracting under asymmetric information, entry decisions and market choice by vertical related firm, throughout the work there is an analysis of how these elements interact between each others, and how different forms of contractual agreements between manufacturers and retailers, as two-part tariffs, resale price maintenance and quantity forcing, affect entry decisions and market choice. A novelty of this thesis is to consider market structure as endogenous and to study the consequences of this assumption, by adding new insights to the burgeoning existing literature on entry in vertical relationships.
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Ribeiro, Leonardo Lamas Leandro. "Treinamento de força máxima e potência: adaptações neurais, coordenativas e desempenho no salto vertical." Universidade de São Paulo, 2007. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/39/39132/tde-23092008-151108/.

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Força máxima (TF) e potência (TP) são métodos de treinamento considerados distintos, na prática profissional e em diversos designs experimentais. O presente estudo testou a capacidade destes métodos promoverem o aumento do desempenho, assim como a similaridade das adaptações entre os métodos. Trinta e sete sujeitos foram divididos nos grupos: força (TF), potência (TP) e controle (C), sendo submetidos a oito semanas de treinamento nas seguintes zonas: TF (4-10 RM) e TP (30-60% 1RM). Os resultados significantes foram: força dinâmica máxima TF de 145,3 (±17,1) para 178,5 (±18,8) kg, TP de 147,2 (±16,8) para 171,6 (±19,9) kg; pico de força na contração voluntária isométrica máxima (CVIM) TF de 2240,52 (±448,76) para 2651,82 (±700,22) N, TP de 2249,86 (±427,95) para 2674,80 (±507,68) N; salto vertical a partir da posição de semi-agachamento (SJ) TF de 31,35 (±4,63) para 37,18 (±4,74) cm, TP de 34,44 (±3,90) para 39,61 (±4,70) cm. Apenas o TP gerou aumento no salto com contra-movimento (CMJ) de 35,52 (±4,43) para 38,50 (±4,34) cm. Nenhum dos protocolos promoveu o aumento do sinal eletromiográfico, seja na CVIM ou nos saltos. Verificou-se efeito principal para deslocamento do centro de gravidade, torque de joelho e quadril no SJ, assim como para o deslocamento excêntrico no CMJ. Observou-se similaridade entre os grupos em diversas variáveis analisadas, assim como a possível transferência coordenativa do TP para o CMJ. Assim, força máxima e potência parecem constituir estímulos de treinamento equivalentes em muitos aspectos e por isso, os padrões de especificidade atribuídos a ambos devem ser reconsiderados
Strength and power are considered different training methods in promoting neuromuscular adaptations in practice and in several research designs as well. In the present research, the efficacy of these methods in improving performance and resultant neural adaptations in some motor tasks was investigated. Thirty sevens subjects were divided in groups: strength (TF), power (TP) and control (C) and submited to eight weeks of training in different zones: TF (4-10 RM) and TP (30%-60% 1RM). Results that reached significance were the following, pre and pos-test, respectively: Maximum dynamic strength TF:145,3 (±17,1) and 178,5(±18,8), TP:147,2 (±16,8) and 171,6 (±19,9). Peak force in maximum isometric voluntary contraction (MIVC) TF: 2240,52 (±448,76) and 2651,82 (±700,22), TP: 2249,86 (±427,95) and 2674,80 (±507,68). Squat jump (SJ) TF: 31,35 (±4,63) and 37,18 (±4,74), TP: 34,44 (±3,90) and 39,61 (±4,70). In countermovement jump (CMJ) only TP improved: 35,52 (±4,43) and 38,50 (±4,34). No method could improve electromiographical signal. A main effect was noticed for center of mass displacement, knee and hip moments in SJ and eccentric displacement in CMJ. Similar results for many parameters analysed could be observed. The results indicate a possible transference from TP to CMJ as well. This way, strength and power can be considered equivalent in promoting performance in many tasks. Therefore, specificity patterns between strength and power should be reconsidered
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Klabal, Petr. "Měření kontrakcí izolovaných srdečních buněk v reálném čase." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta elektrotechniky a komunikačních technologií, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-219637.

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Diploma thesis deals with the basic description of cardiac muscle cells, the mechanism of its contraction and events associated with contractions. There are different types of methods which can be used for measuring of contractions and for evaluation of cell length. This work describe these methods and evaluate their pros and cons. Based on available information and technical possibilities is one of the methods chosen and used for the design of block diagram system for measuring of contraction of isolated heart cells in real time. The practical part of this diploma thesis deals with the designing of a system which allows processing the image of isolated cardiac muscle cells that facilitate the detection of the cells edge. For this purpose it was created a device that allows the user to select a single row from television signal containing the image information from a location where is the currently selected row. Thus obtained image information can be used for cells edge detection and measuring of its length and contractions.
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Pedroso, Guilherme Fernandes. "Strategic forward contracting in vertical markets." Master's thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.14/25893.

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There is a widespread belief that the introduction of forward contracts bene ts rms if they compete in prices and harms them if they compete in quantities. The aim of this paper is analyze if this idea still holds in a vertical industry and, in order to do so, we build a model where forward contracts are introduced in a vertical industry where a manufacturer sells an input to two price setting retailers. We assume that rstly the input price is decided through bargaining. Then, the retailers decide on the amount of forward contracts they want to engage in and, nally, they set their prices (or quantities) in the spot market and the contracts are realized. We show that, under certain conditions, introducing a round of forward contracting might actually be detrimental to the retailers when they compete in prices and bene cial when competing in quantities.
O consenso na literatura é de que a introdução de contratos futuros ben- e cia as empresas caso estas concorram em preços, e as prejudica caso con- corram em quantidades. O objetivo desta tese é veri car se esta premissa se mantem numa industria vertical e, para esse efeito, um modelo foi criado onde os contratos futuros são introduzidos numa industria vertical caracterizada por um produtor que vende um input a dois retalhistas que competem em preços. Primeiro, assumimos que o preço do input é decidido através de uma negociação. Posteriormente, os retalhistas escolhem a quantidade de contratos futuros que querem assinar e, no nal, decidem sobre os preços (ou quanti- dades) a praticar no mercado nal e os contratos futuros são cumpridos. Nós mostramos que, em certos casos, introduzir uma ronda de contratos futuros pode ser prejudicial para os retalhistas caso compitam em preços e bené co caso concorram em quantidades.
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Uruba, David. "Veřejné zakázky mezi subjekty ve veřejném sektoru (in-house zadávání veřejných zakázek v judikatuře ESD)." Master's thesis, 2016. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-352531.

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The aim of this study is to provide a comprehensive analysis of the applicability of the exceptions of vertical (in-house) and horizontal cooperation among contracting authorities within the framework of public procurement law. For this purpose is in the thesis used descriptively analytic approach, which included the valid legislation of public procurement Czech Republic, as well as the relevant directives of European Union, although the focus of the thesis was based on the jurisprudence of the Court of Justice of the European Union. The thesis is structured into five chapters. The first chapter discusses the legislative framework of the European Union and the Czech Republic. The second chapter focuses on the basic principles of public procurement law. The third chapter deals with basic concepts and terminology of public procurement law.. The fourth chapter is divided into two major parts. The first part focuses on various factors related to the use of the exemption of vertical cooperation between contracting authorities (participation of private capital in the person of the supplier and contracting authority; the fulfillment of the control criterion and activity criterion; various forms of this exception). The second part is concentrated on the use of exception of horizontal cooperation between contracting...
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Books on the topic "Vertical Contracting"

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McFetridge, D. G. The economics of vertical disintegration. Vancouver, B.C., Canada: Fraser Institute, 1988.

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Grossman, Gene M. Integration vs. outsourcing in industry equilibrium. [Princeton, NJ]: Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs, 2001.

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Novak, Sharon. How does outsourcing affect performance dynamics?: Evidence from the automobile industry. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2007.

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Novak, Sharon. How does outsourcing affect performance dynamics?: Evidence from the automobile industry. Cambridge, Mass: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2007.

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Kirwan, Patricia Mary. The influence of a countermovement vertical jump training programme on the contractile characteristics of elderly human triceps surae. Birmingham: University of Birmingham, 1991.

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Anderson, R. Ernest. Heterogeneous neogene strain and its bearing on horizontal extension and horizontal and vertical contraction at the margin of the extensional orogen, Mormon Mountains area, Nevada and Utah. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1993.

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Jones, Alison, and Brenda Sufrin. 11. Vertical Agreements. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198723424.003.0011.

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All books in this flagship series contain carefully selected substantial extracts from key cases, legislation, and academic debate, providing able students with a stand-alone resource. This chapter, which discusses EU competition policy towards vertical agreements, begins by outlining the choices available to a supplier when deciding how best to market and sell its products or services to customers, and the impact that the competition rules may have on a supplier's choice. It then discusses the EU approach to vertical restraints; the application of Article 101(1) and Article 101(3) to vertical agreements; sub-contracting agreements; and the possible application of Article 102 to distribution agreements.
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Plyometrics and vertical jump training. 1985.

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Plyometrics and vertical jump training. 1987.

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The effects of weight training and plyometric training on vertical jump, standing long jump and forty-meter sprint. 1988.

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Book chapters on the topic "Vertical Contracting"

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Montesano, Joseph. "Elevator Specifying and Contracting." In The Vertical Transportation Handbook, 503–16. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470949818.ch17.

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Gow, Hamish R., and Johan F. M. Swinnen. "Foreign Direct Investment and Vertical Contracting in the Agri-Food Sector of Transition Economies." In Agricultural Globalization Trade and the Environment, 287–308. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-1543-2_14.

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Majid, Sofi Aamir, and Shivam Tripathi. "Experimental Study on Pressure Flow Due to Vertical Contraction." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 267–78. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-0304-5_20.

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Jones, Alison, Brenda Sufrin, and Niamh Dunne. "11. Vertical Agreements." In Jones & Sufrin's EU Competition Law, 736–808. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198824657.003.0011.

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This chapter, which discusses EU competition policy towards vertical agreements, begins by outlining the choices available to a supplier when deciding how best to market and sell its products or services to customers, and the impact that the competition rules may have on a supplier's choice, including the treatment of agency agreements. It then discusses the EU approach to vertical agreements, in the light of the Commission’s Verticals Guidelines of 2010, including exclusive dealing, single branding, franchising andselective distribution agreements, and the review of the 2010 regime. It considers the importance in EU law of parallel trade between Member States and how this has influenced policy towards vertical restraints. It analyses the application of Article 101(1) and Article 101(3) to vertical agreements, including the Verticals block exemption of 2010; sub-contracting agreements; and the possible application of Article 102 to distribution agreements.
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Whish, Richard, and David Bailey. "16. Vertical agreements." In Competition Law. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law-ocl/9780198779063.003.0016.

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This chapter examines the application of Article 101 TFEU and the Chapter I prohibition in the UK Competition Act 1998 to vertical agreements. The chapter begins by briefly describing the distribution chain, followed by sections on how the law applies to vertical integration and agency agreements. It discusses the competition policy considerations raised by vertical agreements, including the challenges presented by the emergence of online commerce. It explains the application of Article 101 to various vertical agreements while considering the case law of the EU Courts and the position of the Commission in its Guidelines on Vertical Restraints. The chapter goes on to discuss the provisions of Regulation 330/2010, the block exemption for vertical agreements; and the application of Article 101(3) to vertical agreements. The chapter then contains sections on Regulation 461/2010 on motor vehicle distribution and on sub-contracting agreements. Finally, it looks at the position in UK law.
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Lee, Robin S., Michael D. Whinston, and Ali Yurukoglu. "Structural empirical analysis of contracting in vertical markets." In Handbook of Industrial Organization, 673–742. Elsevier, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/bs.hesind.2021.11.009.

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Whish, Richard, and David Bailey. "16. Vertical agreements." In Competition Law, 648–714. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198836322.003.0016.

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This chapter examines the application of Article 101 TFEU and the Chapter I prohibition in the UK Competition Act 1998 to distribution agreements. The chapter begins with a discussion of distribution chains in the modern economy, looking at the various ways in which producers market their goods or services to consumers; these have been enormously enhanced by the emergence of the digital economy. This is followed by sections on how the law applies to producers carrying on their own distribution function (‘vertical integration’), commercial agency and vertical sub-contracting relationships. It discusses the competition policy considerations raised by distribution agreements, and explains the application of Article 101 to various different types of distribution agreements. This is followed by a section on the provisions of Regulation 330/2010, the block exemption for distribution agreements, and the individual application of Article 101(3) to distribution agreements. The chapter then contains sections on Regulation 461/2010 on motor vehicle distribution. Finally, it deals with the application of the Chapter I prohibition in the UK Competition Act 1998 to distribution agreements.
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Ross, Miriam. "Reconfigurations of Screen Borders: The New or Not-So-New Aspect Ratios." In Screen Space Reconfigured. Nieuwe Prinsengracht 89 1018 VR Amsterdam Nederland: Amsterdam University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9789089649928_ch04.

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The ubiquity of mobile phone cameras has resulted in many videos foregoing the traditional horizontal (landscape) frame in favour of a vertical (portrait) mode. While vertical framing is often derided as amateur practice, these new framing techniques are part of a wider contemporary screen culture in which filmmakers and artists are using unconventional aspect ratios and/or expanding and contracting aspect ratios over the course of their audio-visual work. This chapter briefly outlines historical contexts in which the border of the screen has been more flexible and open to changing configurations than is widely acknowledged. It then uses recent case studies to consider how our understanding of on-screen and off-screen space is determined by these framing configurations.
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Wong, Agnes. "Eye Rotations, the Extraocular Muscles, and Strabismus Terminology." In Eye Movement Disorders. Oxford University Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195324266.003.0007.

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To understand how eye muscles move the eyeball, it is necessary to understand the geometry of the eye and the functions of the muscles. The eyeball rotates about three axes: horizontal, vertical, and torsional. These axes intersect at the center of the eyeball. Eye rotations are achieved by coordinated contraction and relaxation of six extraocular muscles—four rectus and two oblique—attached to each eye. The action of the muscles on the globe is determined by the point of rotation of the globe, as well as the origin and insertion of each muscle. Recent evidence suggests that the muscles also exert their effects on the globe via the extraocular muscle pulleys. Considering that we make at least 100,000 saccades alone each day, it is not surprising that many extraocular muscles are very resistant to fatigue. Extraocular muscles are also different from other skeletal muscles in many respects. For example, eye muscle fibers are richly innervated, and each motoneuron innervates only 10–20 muscle fibers, the smallest motor unit known in the body. Extraocular muscles also have more mitochondria and a higher metabolic rate than other skeletal muscles. Thus, extraocular muscles are one of the fastest contracting muscles. This property allows animals to shift gaze swiftly, so that they can avoid approaching predators or detect prey in the vicinity. The unique immunologic and physiologic properties of extraocular muscles may also explain why they are more susceptible to certain disease processes, such as Grave’s disease and chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia, but more resistant to others such as Duchenne’s dystrophy, which mainly affects skeletal muscles in the rest of the body. The eyeball rotates about three axes: x-axis (naso-occipital or roll axis), y-axis (earthhorizontal or pitch axis), and z-axis (earth-vertical or yaw axis). Ductions refer to monocular movements of each eye. They include abduction, adduction, elevation (sursumduction), depression (deorsumduction), incycloduction or incyclotorsion, and excycloduction or excyclotorsion (see table on opposite page). Versions refer to binocular conjugate movements of both eyes, such that the visual axes of the eyes move in the same direction. They include dextroversion, levoversion, elevation (sursumversion), depression (deorsumversion), dextrocycloversion, and levocycloversion (see table).
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BEGHI, L., E. XAUSA, and M. ZANFORLIN. "MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF THE APPARENT DISPLACEMENT IN DEPTH OF A VERTICAL CONTRACTING BAR, ACCORDING TO THE TRAJECTORY METHOD: PART A: HYPERBOLIC DECREMENTS." In Neuronal Bases And Psychological Aspects Of Consciousness, 399–407. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789814313254_0039.

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Conference papers on the topic "Vertical Contracting"

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Kang, Zi Yang, and Ellen Muir. "Contracting and Vertical Control by a Dominant Platform." In EC '22: The 23rd ACM Conference on Economics and Computation. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3490486.3538260.

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de Hauteclocque, Adrien. "Legal uncertainty and competition policy: The case of long-term vertical contracting by dominant firms in the EU electricity markets." In 2008 5th International Conference on the European Electricity Market (EEM 2008). IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/eem.2008.4579098.

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Mahajerin, Enayat, and Gary Burgess. "Case Study of Buckling Failure of a Large Liquid Storage Tank." In ASME 2005 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2005-71072.

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Large cylindrical tanks are often used to store liquids like milk and chemicals for distribution. These structures are considered thin shells because of their geometry, dimensions, and aspect ratios. In this paper, an actual failure of a large vertical tank is investigated. The tank contained milk and buckled as a result of an internal vacuum caused by human error. Inspection done after failure revealed that an internal vacuum could have been created by a large drop in the inside air temperature. Such tanks are usually washed using extremely hot water. If the water temperature exceeded the manufacturer’s recommendations and the tank is not vented during the cool-down cycle, the contracting air would have drawn a vacuum. Another possibility is that the tank may have been drained without venting the headspace above the milk. This would cause the fixed mass of air above the milk to expand and draw a vacuum. To investigate these scenarios we consider stability of a vertical cylindrical shell under external pressure. The critical pressure differential for buckling of a vertical cylindrical shell with closed ends subjected to uniform axial and radial pressure is known from basic theories of buckling. These equations are used to determine the critical pressure for lobar buckling. The results show that each of these scenarios could have caused failure of the tank. Recommendations to prevent future failures in such storage tanks and design considerations for tanks having arbitrary dimensions and aspect ratios are presented in the paper.
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Lim, Seonbin, Junsun Yoo, and No-Cheol Park. "Calculation of Electromagnetic Forces for EDS Type Maglev Using 3-D Finite Element Model." In ASME 2021 30th Conference on Information Storage and Processing Systems. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/isps2021-65232.

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Abstract Electrodynamic (EDS) type suspension is appropriate for a high-speed maglev train as control is not essential to levitate a train. However, the trains might oscillate large in the vertical direction since there is no control for the EDS type maglev train. Linear Synchronous Motor (LSM) is used to propel trains as it can generate large propulsion force with high efficiency. LSM generate periodic, not uniform, Electromagnetic (EM) force and it cause vertical and lateral vibration. Therefore, EM forces acting on a maglev vehicle should be investigated to determine the vibration characteristics of a high-speed maglev train. An excitation force on bogies is nonlinearly changed by air gap between ground coils and magnets on bogies. Therefore, relative position of guide and a bogie could be defined to contracting time variant excitation force. The study focuses on verifying vertical and lateral vibration due to LSM that makes repeating propulsion force to a maglev vehicle. We made a transient 3-D EM analysis model that could simulate levitation and guidance force of a maglev vehicle. The model was constructed based on straight rail of the conventional maglev system, L0 series in Japan. We compared the simulation results, levitation, and guidance forces on single ground coil, with another study results. Also, total EM forces on a bogie in simulation results was compared with real track experimental results of another study. We could evaluate ride comport and running stability using our transient EM force by coupling with rigid body simulation.
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Marvi, Hamidreza, Gregory Meyers, Geoffrey Russell, and David L. Hu. "Scalybot: A Snake-Inspired Robot With Active Control of Friction." In ASME 2011 Dynamic Systems and Control Conference and Bath/ASME Symposium on Fluid Power and Motion Control. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dscc2011-6174.

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Snakes are one of the world’s most versatile locomotors, at ease slithering through rubble or ratcheting up vertical tree trunks. Their adaptations for movement across complex dry terrain thus serve naturally as inspirations for search-and-rescue robotics. In this combined experimental and theoretical study, we perform experiments on inclined surfaces to show a snake’s scales are critical anatomical features that enable climbing. We find corn snakes actively change their scale angle of attack by contracting their ventral muscles and lifting their bodies. We use this novel paradigm to design Scalybot, a two-link limbless robot with individually controlled sets of belly scales. The robot ascends styrofoam plates inclined up to 45°, demonstrating a climbing ability comparable to that of a corn snake in the same conditions. The robot uses individual servos to provide a spatial and temporal dependence of its belly friction, effectively anchoring the stationary part of its body while reducing frictional drag of its sliding section. The ability to actively modulate friction increases both the robot’s efficiency over horizontal surfaces and the limiting angles of inclination it can ascend.
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Rosseel, Thomas M., Mikhail A. Sokolov, and Randy K. Nanstad. "Machining Test Specimens From Harvested Zion RPV Segments." In ASME 2015 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2015-45237.

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The decommissioning of the Zion Nuclear Generating Station (NGS) in Zion, Illinois, presents a special and timely opportunity for developing a better understanding of materials degradation and other issues associated with extending the lifetime of existing nuclear power plants (NPPs) beyond 60 years of service. In support of extended service and current operations of the US nuclear reactor fleet, the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), through the Department of Energy (DOE), Light Water Reactor Sustainability (LWRS) Program, is coordinating and contracting with Zion Solutions, LLC, a subsidiary of Energy Solutions, an international nuclear services company, the selective procurement of materials, structures, components, and other items of interest from the decommissioned reactors. In this paper, we will discuss the acquisition of segments of the Zion Unit 2 Reactor Pressure Vessel (RPV), cutting these segments into blocks from the beltline and upper vertical welds and plate material and machining those blocks into mechanical (Charpy, compact tension, and tensile) test specimens and coupons for microstructural (TEM, SEM, APT, SANS and nano indention) characterization. Access to service-irradiated RPV welds and plate sections will allow through wall attenuation studies to be performed, which will be used to assess current radiation damage models [1].
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Miesner, Sebastian, Manuel Kessler, and Ewald Kramer. "High-fidelity Simulations of Rotors in Compact Configuration." In Vertical Flight Society 78th Annual Forum & Technology Display. The Vertical Flight Society, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4050/f-0078-2022-17466.

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High fidelity CFD simulations of seven rotors in compact configuration at three different flight scenarios are performed. The cases are hover, as well as 50 km/h and 100 km/h forward flight. For comparison each rotor is simulated isolated with the same RPM and pitch angle as in the configuration. Additionally, a bigger isolated rotor with the same area as the complete configuration is simulated. For the configuration as well as the bigger rotor a flight mechanic trim is performed using the flight mechanic tool VFAST. The CFD simulation is performed with FLOWer. In hover, only the center rotor showed a significant Figure of Merit (FM) drop of 16% compared to the isolated rotor. The thrust of the outer rotors is increased at the tip areas facing outwards, while the tip areas towards the center and the tip areas of the center rotor showed reduced thrust compared to the isolated rotor. The wake contraction at the outer rotors is increased compared to the bigger rotor. For the 50 km/h forward flight the efficiency of the front rotors is increased (10%-17%) and the rear ones decreased (11%-16%). In this case the wake is directly convected from the front rotors into the rear rotor planes and strong vortex interactions occur. For the 100 km/h case the efficiency gain of the front rotors is reduced to 3%-11% and the decrease to 5%-9%. Due to the higher pitch the wake of the rotors flows away from the rotor plane and the rotor-rotor interactions are reduced.
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Tian, Jianghong, Pan Han, Xiaolong Deng, Royce E. Lindengren, Geng Liu, Yan Ren, and Haibo Dong. "Kinematics and Hydrodynamics of Invertebrate Undulatory Swimming." In ASME 2018 5th Joint US-European Fluids Engineering Division Summer Meeting. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2018-83259.

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Dorsoventral undulation is adopted by aquatic mammals for propulsion. However, it is not too common to find invertebrate aquatic animals that undulate their bodies in the vertical plane, which results from antiphasic contractions of dorsal and ventral muscles. To explore the mechanisms of the soft-bodied propulsion, in this work, an annelid swimmer employing up and down undulatory swimming mode is chosen, and the related kinematics and hydrodynamics are studied using a combined experimental and computational approach. A fully calibrated photogrammetry system with three highspeed cameras from different views is used to record the forward swimming motion of this invertebrate swimmer, namely leech. The vertically undulating kinematics are then reconstructed from those videos. With the detailed reconstruction, the undulating wavelength and amplitude distribution the swimmer exhibits during propulsion are quantified. Kinematics analysis results show that the invertebrate swimmer swims in a vertical anguilliform mode and the wavelength is about 0.7BL (body length) when it swims at a velocity of 1.5BL/s. An in-house immersed-boundary-method based flow solver is used to conduct the numerical simulations, with which the hydrodynamic performance and wake structures are investigated. The thrust generation and power consumption of the undulating body are described quantitatively. Furthermore, along the undulating body, the pressure distributions are studied.
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Huang, C., O. Suaznabar, Z. Xie, J. Shen, N. Tsou, C. Lin, and K. Kerenyi. "Shallow foundations for the support of vertical-wall bridge abutments: Interaction between riprap and contraction scour." In The 8th International Conference on Scour and Erosion. Taylor & Francis Group, 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742: CRC Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315375045-99.

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Yoshida, Hiroyuki, Taku Nagatake, Kazuyuki Takase, Akiko Kaneko, Hideaki Monji, and Yutaka Abe. "Development of Prediction Technology of Two-Phase Flow Dynamics Under Earthquake Acceleration: (14) Numerical Simulation of Two-Phase Flow in Subchannels Under Accelerating Condition." In 2014 22nd International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone22-30153.

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An earthquake is one of the most serious phenomena to consider for the safety of a nuclear reactor in Japan. Therefore, structural safety of nuclear reactors has been studied and nuclear reactors were contracting with structural safety for a big earthquake. However, it is not enough for safety operation of nuclear reactors because thermal-fluid safety is not confirmed under the earthquake. For instance, behavior of gas-liquid two-phase flow is unknown in seismic conditions. Especially, fluctuation of void fraction is an important factor for the safety operation of the nuclear reactor. In previous work, fluctuation of void faction in bubbly flow was studied experimentally and theoretically to investigate the stability of the bubbly flow. In such studies, flow rate or void fraction fluctuations were given to the steady bubbly flow. In case of the earthquake, the fluctuation is not only the flow rate, but also a body force on the two-phase flow and shear force through the pipe wall. Interactions of gas and liquid through their interface also act on the behavior of the two-phase flow. The fluctuation of the void fraction is not clear for such complicated situation during the earthquake. Therefore, the behavior of gas-liquid two-phase flow is investigated experimentally and numerically in a series of studies. In this study, to develop the predictive technology of two-phase flow dynamics under earthquake acceleration, a detailed two-phase flow simulation code with an advanced interface tracking method TPFIT (Two-Phase Flow simulation code with Interface Tracking) was expanded to two-phase flow simulation in seismic conditions. In a previous study, we performed a numerical simulation of a two-phase bubbly flow in a horizontal pipe and a vertical bubble motion in a water tank in seismic conditions. And it was confirmed that the modified TPFIT can be applicable to the bubbly flow in seismic conditions. In this paper, the two-phase bubbly flow in a simulated single-subchannel excited by oscillation acceleration was simulated by using the expanded TPFIT. A calculation domain used in this simulation was a simplified subchannel in a BWR core. And time-series of void fraction distributions were evaluated based on predicted bubble distributions. When no oscillation acceleration was added, void fraction concentrated in a region near the wall. When oscillation acceleration was added, void fraction distribution was changed by time. And coalesces of bubbles occurred in the numerical simulation, and bubbles with relatively large diameter were observed. In the results, complicated void fraction distribution was observed, because the response of void fraction distribution on the oscillation acceleration was dependent on not only imposed acceleration, but also the bubble diameter.
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Reports on the topic "Vertical Contracting"

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Lee, Robin, Michael Whinston, and Ali Yurukoglu. Structural Empirical Analysis of Contracting in Vertical Markets. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w29282.

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Malkinson, Mertyn, Irit Davidson, Moshe Kotler, and Richard L. Witter. Epidemiology of Avian Leukosis Virus-subtype J Infection in Broiler Breeder Flocks of Poultry and its Eradication from Pedigree Breeding Stock. United States Department of Agriculture, March 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2003.7586459.bard.

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Objectives 1. Establish diagnostic procedures to identify tolerant carrier birds based on a) Isolation of ALV-J from blood, b) Detection of group-specific antigen in cloacal swabs and egg albumen. Application of these procedures to broiler breeder flocks with the purpose of removing virus positive birds from the breeding program. 2. Survey the AL V-J infection status of foundation lines to estimate the feasibility of the eradication program 3. Investigate virus transmission through the embryonated egg (vertical) and between chicks in the early post-hatch period (horizontal). Establish a model for limiting horizontal spread by analyzing parameters operative in the hatchery and brooder house. 4. Compare the pathogenicity of AL V-J isolates for broiler chickens. 5. Determine whether AL V-J poses a human health hazard by examining its replication in mammalian and human cells. Revisions. The: eradication objective had to be terminated in the second year following the closing down of the Poultry Breeders Union (PBU) in Israel. This meant that their foundation flocks ceased to be available for selection. Instead, the following topics were investigated: a) Comparison of commercial breeding flocks with and without myeloid leukosis (matched controls) for viremia and serum antibody levels. b) Pathogenicity of Israeli isolates for turkey poults. c) Improvement of a diagnostic ELISA kit for measuring ALV-J antibodies Background. ALV-J, a novel subgroup of the avian leukosis virus family, was first isolated in 1988 from broiler breeders presenting myeloid leukosis (ML). The extent of its spread among commercial breeding flocks was not appreciated until the disease appeared in the USA in 1994 when it affected several major breeding companies almost simultaneously. In Israel, ML was diagnosed in 1996 and was traced to grandparent flocks imported in 1994-5, and by 1997-8, ML was present in one third of the commercial breeding flocks It was then realized that ALV-J transmission was following a similar pattern to that of other exogenous ALVs but because of its unusual genetic composition, the virus was able to establish an extended tolerant state in infected birds. Although losses from ML in affected flocks were somewhat higher than normal, both immunosuppression and depressed growth rates were encountered in affected broiler flocks and affected their profitability. Conclusions. As a result of the contraction in the number of international primary broiler breeders and exchange of male and female lines among them, ALV-J contamination of broiler breeder flocks affected the broiler industry worldwide within a short time span. The Israeli national breeding company (PBU) played out this scenario and presented us with an opportunity to apply existing information to contain the virus. This BARD project, based on the Israeli experience and with the aid of the ADOL collaborative effort, has managed to offer solutions for identifying and eliminating infected birds based on exhaustive virological and serological tests. The analysis of factors that determine the efficiency of horizontal transmission of virus in the hatchery resulted in the workable solution of raising young chicks in small groups through the brooder period. These results were made available to primary breeders as a strategy for reducing viral transmission. Based on phylogenetic analysis of selected Israeli ALV-J isolates, these could be divided into two groups that reflected the countries of origin of the grandparent stock. Implications. The availability of a simple and reliable means of screening day old chicks for vertical transmission is highly desirable in countries that rely on imported breeding stock for their broiler industry. The possibility that AL V-J may be transmitted to human consumers of broiler meat was discounted experimentally.
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Heterogeneous Neogene strain and its bearing on horizontal extension and horizontal and vertical contraction at the margin of the extensional orogen, Mormon Mountains area, Nevada and Utah. US Geological Survey, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/b2011.

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