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1
Karis, Tomas, Mats Berg, and Sebastian Stichel. "Analysing the correlation between vehicle responses and track irregularities using dynamic simulations and measurements." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part F: Journal of Rail and Rapid Transit 234, no. 2 (April 2, 2019): 170–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954409719840450.
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Track irregularities play a key role in vehicle response, but it is not uncommon to find irregularities with similar statistical characteristics giving very different vehicle behaviour. It is therefore important to find a consistent way of describing track irregularities, which better matches the vehicle behaviour to facilitate an efficient track maintenance and vehicle acceptance testing. Various proposals have been made to resolve this issue, although with limited success. In the present paper, a methodology to break down the track–vehicle interaction into steps, by analysing the irregularity–response correlation in detail, is applied to both the measured and simulated data of a passenger coach. The results show a very good agreement and a high correlation coefficient between the vertical axle box acceleration and the second spatial derivative of the vertical track irregularities when analysing the simulated data, but not for the measured data. Parameter variations are carried out through simulations, in which the vertical track stiffness, vehicle unsprung mass, vertical primary suspension and different combinations of track irregularities are varied. The results show that track stiffness mainly affects the axle box acceleration whereas the primary vertical suspension stiffness and unsprung mass predominantly affect the vertical wheel–rail forces. Therefore, it is important to understand the influence of track stiffness, especially with the help of the measured data, and the methods that reduce its influence should be investigated in future works.
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Guerrini, A., G. Romano, C. Leardini, and M. Martini. "Measuring the efficiency of wastewater services through Data Envelopment Analysis." Water Science and Technology 71, no. 12 (April 7, 2015): 1845–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2015.169.
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Efficient water management is a priority in the European Union, since the operational efficiency of many water utilities is very low compared to best practice. Several countries are restructuring the water industry to save costs. Larger-scale operations and vertical integration are promoted to achieve scale and scope economies; however, the literature is not unanimous that such economies exist. There is also little evidence of the effect of customer density on costs. This article offers some insights into this matter, analysing the Danish water industry by a two-stage Data Envelopment Analysis approach to investigate the effects of size, scope and density in the wastewater industry. The results show that the Danish wastewater industry is positively affected by vertical integration and higher population density: firms that serve more than 100 person per km of sewer and combine water and wastewater services achieve better efficiency. Size does not have any significant influence on global efficiency, although technical pure efficiency decreases statistically with firm size.
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Alcalde, Juan, Clare E. Bond, Gareth Johnson, Armelle Kloppenburg, Oriol Ferrer, Rebecca Bell, and Puy Ayarza. "Fault interpretation in seismic reflection data: an experiment analysing the impact of conceptual model anchoring and vertical exaggeration." Solid Earth 10, no. 5 (October 9, 2019): 1651–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/se-10-1651-2019.
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Abstract. The use of conceptual models is essential in the interpretation of reflection seismic data. It allows interpreters to make geological sense of seismic data, which carries inherent uncertainty. However, conceptual models can create powerful anchors that prevent interpreters from reassessing and adapting their interpretations as part of the interpretation process, which can subsequently lead to flawed or erroneous outcomes. It is therefore critical to understand how conceptual models are generated and applied to reduce unwanted effects in interpretation results. Here we have tested how interpretation of vertically exaggerated seismic data influenced the creation and adoption of the conceptual models of 161 participants in a paper-based interpretation experiment. Participants were asked to interpret a series of faults and a horizon, offset by those faults, in a seismic section. The seismic section was randomly presented to the participants with different horizontal–vertical exaggeration (1:4 or 1:2). Statistical analysis of the results indicates that early anchoring to specific conceptual models had the most impact on interpretation outcome, with the degree of vertical exaggeration having a subdued influence. Three different conceptual models were adopted by participants, constrained by initial observations of the seismic data. Interpreted fault dip angles show no evidence of other constraints (e.g. from the application of accepted fault dip models). Our results provide evidence of biases in interpretation of uncertain geological and geophysical data, including the use of heuristics to form initial conceptual models and anchoring to these models, confirming the need for increased understanding and mitigation of these biases to improve interpretation outcomes.
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Al-Dajani, Mahmoud, Anas O. Abouonq, Turki A. Almohammadi, Mohammed K. Alruwaili, Rayan O. Alswilem, and Ibrahim A. Alzoubi. "A Cohort Study of the Patterns of Third Molar Impaction in Panoramic Radiographs in Saudi Population." Open Dentistry Journal 11, no. 1 (December 26, 2017): 648–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874210601711010648.
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Objectives: To evaluate the epidemiological patterns of third molar impaction in a cohort of patients living in the north of Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods: A retrospective cohort study comprised of analysing 2550 Orthopantomograms (OPGs) belonging to patients who attended Aljouf University College of Dentistry between September 2013 and December 2015. OPGs were examined to determine the frequency of third molar impaction, their levels of eruption and angulations. Mixed effects logistic regression analysis was performed to calculate adjusted odds ratios. Data were weighted by age and sex based on population regional estimates. Results: 1551 patients (60.8%) with a mean age of 33.5 years-old (95%CI: 32.9 to 34) demonstrated 2650 impacted third molars. Third molars were more likely present in patients aged from 20 to 39 years-old (p<0.001); and in mandible more than maxilla (p<0.001). It showed highest vertical impaction and higher impaction rate in mandible than maxilla. Level A impaction was the most common among other levels by 1365 (53.5%). Vertical impaction was the most common pattern (1354 patients; 53.1%). Mesioangular impaction ranked second in mandible, while distoangular impaction ranked second in maxilla. There was no statistically significant difference between males and females concerning impaction frequency, depth levels and angulations. Conclusion: Impacted third molars is still a public health concern among youth and young adults. Vertically impacted mandibular third molars with their occlusal plane at the same level as the occlusal plane of adjacent tooth is the most prevalent pattern of third molar impaction in the northern region of Saudi Arabia.
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Braesicke, P., C. Brühl, M. Dameris, R. Deckert, V. Eyring, M. A. Giorgetta, E. Mancini, et al. "A model intercomparison analysing the link between ozone and geopotential height anomalies in January." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 7, no. 6 (November 2, 2007): 15409–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-7-15409-2007.
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Abstract. A statistical framework to evaluate the performance of chemistry-climate models with respect to the interaction between meteorology and ozone during northern hemisphere mid-winter, in particularly January, is used. Different statistical diagnostics from four chemistry-climate models (E39C, ME4C, UMUCAM, ULAQ) are compared with the ERA-40 re-analysis. First, we analyse vertical coherence in geopotential height anomalies as described by linear correlations between two different pressure levels (30 and 200 hPa) of the atmosphere. In addition, linear correlations between (partial) column ozone and geopotential height anomalies at 200 hPa are discussed to motivate a simple picture of the meteorological impacts on ozone on interannual timescales. Secondly, we discuss characteristic spatial structures in geopotential height and (partial) column ozone anomalies as given by their first two empirical orthogonal functions. Finally, we describe the covariance patterns between reconstructed anomalies of geopotential height and (partial) column ozone. In general we find good agreement between the models with higher horizontal resolution (E39C, ME4C, UMUCAM) and ERA-40. Some diagnostics seem to be capable of picking up model similarities (either that the models use the same dynamical core (E39C, ME4C), or that they have a high upper boundary (ME4C, UMUCAM)). The methodology allows to identify the leading modes of variability contributing to the overall ozone-geopotential height correlations and points to interesting differences between the chemistry-climate models and ERA-40. Those discrepancies have to be taken into account when providing confidence intervals for climate change integrations.
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Bian, Longlong, Jianwei Chen, Mukesh Soni, Jyoti Bhola, Harish Kumar, and Malik Jawarneh. "Research on computer 3D image encryption processing based on the nonlinear algorithm." Nonlinear Engineering 11, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 664–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nleng-2022-0232.
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Abstract This article uses the nonlinear digital chaos theory algorithm to generate the corresponding encryption system initial parameters, by analysing the correlation degree of image elements from the angles of horizontal, vertical, and diagonal direction, in order to study computer three-dimensional (3D) image encryption processing. The correlation degree of the cypher text obtained by the nonlinear algorithm is weak in the image's adjacent pixels, and the adjacent pixels are not related at all, horizontal angle: 0.915989, vertical angle: 0.968184, diagonal angle: 0.913533. The nonlinear algorithm distributes the image's statistical features into the random cypher text. By applying permutations and replacements in 3D space, the proposed approach improves performance parameters and widens key space in comparison to previous image cryptography investigations. The important qualities of such a secure system are its simplicity and efficacy. Simulations and analysis show that the proposed method can produce a large key space while also surviving standard cipher attacks. Because of its powerful cryptographic properties, it is suited for image applications. The nonlinear algorithm has very high sensitivity to the secret key and plaintext, as well as better statistical performance, higher security, and higher efficiency in the operation of the algorithm.
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Stefanović, Natalija, Ivana Ćirić, Snežana Pavlović, Braca Kundalić, Saša Bubanj, Emilija Petković, Miloš Puletić, and Vlada Antić. "Evaluation of Some Anatomical and Anthropometric Characteristics of the Chest Based on the Analysis of Digital Images of the Anterior Aspect of Trunk in Top Athletes." Acta Facultatis Medicae Naissensis 29, no. 1 (January 1, 2012): 43–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10283-012-0007-5.
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Evaluation of Some Anatomical and Anthropometric Characteristics of the Chest Based on the Analysis of Digital Images of the Anterior Aspect of Trunk in Top Athletes The aim of this research was to assess the size and shape of the chest in students and top athletes. The research involved 23 first-year students of the Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, and 23 top athletes of the Athletic Federation of Serbia. The digital images of the frontal trunk aspect were made and further analyzed in ImageJ program. The vertical and horizontal distances and as well as the angles were determined: the infrasternal angle and the angle of umbilicus (sides of the angle connect the points on the left and right). Both students and athletes were divided into three height groups (I - 165-174 cm; II - 175-184 cm; III - 185-194 cm). BMI and BI were determined (shoulder width). No statistical differences in height, weight and BMI among the groups of students and top athletes were found, which pointed to the homogeneity of the groups. All the parameters determined, the vertical and horizontal ones, except AAD, were significantly higher in top athletes (p ≤ 0.05) compared to the same parameters obtained in students of all three height groups. Acromial distance increases with height, but not statistically significantly. The above mentioned indicates a significantly better development of the bone-joint-muscle system of the chest in top athletes. The infrasternalni angle correlates with the angle of the umbilicus and it can be used to assess the shape of the chest. In our researches, analysing the individual cases, the presence of normasthenic, asthenic (elongated) and barrel-shaped chest was determined. The program ImageJ is very precise, objective and easily applicable for determining the lenghtwise parameters and angles in anatomic and anthropometric measurements. The method does not require anthropometric equipment, digital images can be made quickly and efficiently. Therefore, we consider it particularly suitable for measurements in childhood and athletes.
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Braesicke, P., C. Brühl, M. Dameris, R. Deckert, V. Eyring, M. A. Giorgetta, E. Mancini, et al. "A model intercomparison analysing the link between column ozone and geopotential height anomalies in January." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 8, no. 9 (May 9, 2008): 2519–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-8-2519-2008.
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Abstract. A statistical framework to evaluate the performance of chemistry-climate models with respect to the interaction between meteorology and column ozone during northern hemisphere mid-winter, in particularly January, is used. Different statistical diagnostics from four chemistry-climate models (E39C, ME4C, UMUCAM, ULAQ) are compared with the ERA-40 re-analysis. First, we analyse vertical coherence in geopotential height anomalies as described by linear correlations between two different pressure levels (30 and 200 hPa) of the atmosphere. In addition, linear correlations between column ozone and geopotential height anomalies at 200 hPa are discussed to motivate a simple picture of the meteorological impacts on column ozone on interannual timescales. Secondly, we discuss characteristic spatial structures in geopotential height and column ozone anomalies as given by their first two empirical orthogonal functions. Finally, we describe the covariance patterns between reconstructed anomalies of geopotential height and column ozone. In general we find good agreement between the models with higher horizontal resolution (E39C, ME4C, UMUCAM) and ERA-40. The Pacific-North American (PNA) pattern emerges as a useful qualitative benchmark for the model performance. Models with higher horizontal resolution and high upper boundary (ME4C and UMUCAM) show good agreement with the PNA tripole derived from ERA-40 data, including the column ozone modulation over the Pacfic sector. The model with lowest horizontal resolution does not show a classic PNA pattern (ULAQ), and the model with the lowest upper boundary (E39C) does not capture the PNA related column ozone variations over the Pacific sector. Those discrepancies have to be taken into account when providing confidence intervals for climate change integrations.
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Dižo, J., M. Blatnický, O. Kravchenko, V. Mamrai, D. Barta, and P. Gasper. "Simulation of a vehicle movement on a roadway with stochastic irregularities prescribed by the power spectral density." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1199, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012070. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1199/1/012070.
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Abstract A vehicle represents a mechanical system, which consists of bodies interconnected by joints, force elements, constraints and other coupling elements. When a vehicle moves on a roadway, it is excited due to roadway surface irregularities. It results to vibration of the vehicle mainly in the vertical direction. These vertical movements are known as a vertical dynamics of vehicles. The level of vibrations characterized by their frequency and amplitudes considerably effects two main phenomena, i.e. driving safety and ride comfort for passengers. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate and analyse response of vehicles to the vertical excitations. This article is aimed at evaluation and research of driving properties of a vehicle by means of simulation computations. In case of analysing vehicle’s mechanical system using a virtual model, it is necessary to define in a proper way not only parameters of an investigated vehicle, but also parameters of the excitations due to a roadway surface irregularities. In the reality, roadway surface irregularities have a stochastic behaviour. These fact is processed using statistical methods and it results to the power spectral density of the roadway surface irregularities. A presented research is focused on evaluation of selected output quantities of a vehicle, which moves on the road at various speeds and on various road qualities. An evaluated vehicle uses independent front wheels suspension, which design comes from the utility model. The rear axle is a rigid axle. Dynamic analyses and assessment of the resulting parameters were performed in the Simpack multibody software package. Based on reached results it is obvious, that vertical dynamics of the vehicle is affected by road quality and driving speed. Moreover, the performed analyses have proven, that the used independent front wheels suspension improves driving properties of the vehicle, contributes to better ride comfort and ensures required driving safety.
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Bi, H., W. Zheng, Q. Lei, and J. Zeng. "RECONSTRUCTION OF THE SLIP DISTRIBUTION ALONG THE WEST HELANSHAN FAULT, NORTHERN CHINA BASED ON HIGH-RESOLUTION TOPOGRAPHY." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLIII-B2-2020 (August 12, 2020): 1025–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xliii-b2-2020-1025-2020.
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Abstract. The increasing wealthy of high-resolution topography allows for remotely measuring and analysing offset features and their associated surface slip distributions at a very high resolution and along a significant length of a fault, hence providing important insights into many aspects of the fault behaviour. The West Helanshan Fault is a Holocene active fault located at the junction of the Tibetan Plateau, Alashan, and Ordos blocks. Despite its special tectonic location, it has rarely been studied before. In this study, a 2-m-resolution DEM of the West Helanshan Fault was built from the high-resolution (0.5 m) WorldView-3 stereo satellite imagery based on the photogrammetry method, and a total of 181 strike-slip offsets and 201 vertical displacements were acquired along different segments of the fault. By statistical analysis of the offset observations, we conclude that at least six large paleoearthquakes have ruptured the fault, producing a minimum rupture length of ∼50 km, and the paleoearthquakes have followed a characteristic slip pattern with a coseismic strike slip of ∼3 m and a vertical slip of ∼1 m, corresponding to a geologic moment magnitude of 7.1–7.5.
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Mahdi, Hussein Alwan. "Monitoring of the Vertical Settlement In Heavy Structures By Precise Levelling." Journal of Engineering 19, no. 9 (June 5, 2023): 1169–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.31026/j.eng.2013.09.10.
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Monitoring and analysing of the vertical deformations or the settlements of the structures is one of the main research fields in geodetic applications, which is considered a precise periodic measurement, made at different epochs to investigate these deformations on heavy structures.In this research, the deformation measurements were carried out on one of Baghdad University buildings,” Building of Computers Department” of dimensions (70.0 * 81.3 m.). Due to some cracks observed in their walls, it was necessary to monitor the vertical displacement of this building at some particular monitoring points by constructing a vertical network and measured in different epochs. The first epoch (zero epoch) was carried out in April 2006, the second in July 2006, the third in October 2006 and the last one in October 2012.These four epochs include precise levelling measurements were adjusted by Least Squares Adjustment with the aim of investigating the settlement of this building. The two approaches “the Global Congruency test” and “the simple test” are carried out to detect if there any deformation. These two approaches were employed in the analysis and found the difference in elevations between two epochs most be ensured and found that if the monitoring points (P1 to P4) stayed really stable, when compared with the time interval or not?Then according to the analysis procedure to determine the localization of settlement at specific points in the case may change in elevation must be applied. The results showed in two different statistical techniques a significant settlement in four selected corner points on building (P1, P2, P3 and P4). The statistics are based on the probability 95% test and the congruency test with Fisher distribution table
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STELLMACH, S., A. TRAXLER, P. GARAUD, N. BRUMMELL, and T. RADKO. "Dynamics of fingering convection. Part 2 The formation of thermohaline staircases." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 677 (May 4, 2011): 554–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.99.
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Regions of the ocean's thermocline unstable to salt fingering are often observed to host thermohaline staircases, stacks of deep well-mixed convective layers separated by thin stably stratified interfaces. Decades after their discovery, however, their origin remains controversial. In this paper we use three-dimensional direct numerical simulations to shed light on the problem. We study the evolution of an analogous double-diffusive system, starting from an initial statistically homogeneous fingering state, and find that it spontaneously transforms into a layered state. By analysing our results in the light of the mean-field theory developed in Part 1 (Traxler et al., J. Fluid Mech. doi:10.1017/jfm.2011.98, 2011), a clear picture of the sequence of events resulting in the staircase formation emerges. A collective instability of homogeneous fingering convection first excites a field of gravity waves, with a well-defined vertical wavelength. However, the waves saturate early through regular but localized breaking events and are not directly responsible for the formation of the staircase. Meanwhile, slower-growing, horizontally invariant but vertically quasi-periodic γ-modes are also excited and grow according to the γ-instability mechanism. Our results suggest that the nonlinear interaction between these various mean-field modes of instability leads to the selection of one particular γ-mode as the staircase progenitor. Upon reaching a critical amplitude, this progenitor overturns into a fully formed staircase. We conclude by extending the results of our simulations to real oceanic parameter values and find that the progenitor γ-mode is expected to grow on a time scale of a few hours and leads to the formation of a thermohaline staircase in about one day with an initial spacing in the order of 1–2 m.
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Tahir, H., and A. H. M. Din. "VERTICAL ACCURACY ASSESSMENT FOR OPEN-SOURCE DIGITAL ELEVATION MODEL: A CASE STUDY OF BASRAH CITY, IRAQ." International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLVIII-4/W6-2022 (February 7, 2023): 355–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlviii-4-w6-2022-355-2023.
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Abstract. In the diverse domains of earth observation, elevation data are essential for a wide range of applications with various technical requirements and use cases. The Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer-Global Digital Elevation Model (ASTER GDEM), Global Multi-resolution Terrain Elevation Data 2010 (GMTED2010), Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM), and other projects have made a large number of global Digital Elevation Model (DEM) datasets for environmental modelling and studies freely available. Global DEMs have undergone an accuracy review to measure their inherent vertical uncertainty to show how accurate information should be considered while planning and analysing. Comparing the DEMs with highly accurate geodetic control points as the independent reference data one of the best methods in the evaluation process. SRTM 30m, SRTM 90m, ALOS World 3D-30, Aster-GDEM, GMTED2010, and NASADEM are among the worldwide DEMs that were examined. Comparisons are made between 793 geodetic control points values and those from SRTM 30m, SRTM 90m, ALOS World 3D-30, Aster-GDEM, GMTED2010, and NASADEM. The statistical analysis of global DEMs from GPS reference elevations gave us that the accuracy of the ALOS World 3D-30m is much better than other models with RMSE and STD values of 1.2497 and 1.235 m, respectively. In contrast, Aster-GDEM exhibited the highest RMSE and residual error of STD values of 5.793 m and 3.394 m, respectively.
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Münch, Thomas, Sepp Kipfstuhl, Johannes Freitag, Hanno Meyer, and Thomas Laepple. "Regional climate signal vs. local noise: a two-dimensional view of water isotopes in Antarctic firn at Kohnen Station, Dronning Maud Land." Climate of the Past 12, no. 7 (July 22, 2016): 1565–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cp-12-1565-2016.
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Abstract. In low-accumulation regions, the reliability of δ18O-derived temperature signals from ice cores within the Holocene is unclear, primarily due to the small climate changes relative to the intrinsic noise of the isotopic signal. In order to learn about the representativity of single ice cores and to optimise future ice-core-based climate reconstructions, we studied the stable-water isotope composition of firn at Kohnen Station, Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica. Analysing δ18O in two 50 m long snow trenches allowed us to create an unprecedented, two-dimensional image characterising the isotopic variations from the centimetre to the 100-metre scale. Our results show seasonal layering of the isotopic composition but also high horizontal isotopic variability caused by local stratigraphic noise. Based on the horizontal and vertical structure of the isotopic variations, we derive a statistical noise model which successfully explains the trench data. The model further allows one to determine an upper bound for the reliability of climate reconstructions conducted in our study region at seasonal to annual resolution, depending on the number and the spacing of the cores taken.
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Chomiak, Lilianna. "Variation of lignite ash in vertical and horizontal sections of mining wallsin the Konin Lignite Mine, central Poland." Geology, Geophysics and Environment 46, no. 1 (May 29, 2020): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.7494/geol.2020.46.1.17.
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This paper focuses on the variations of lignite ash along selected sections and mining walls from three lignite opencast mines in central Poland. They are owned by the Konin Lignite Mine, where the first Mid-Polish lignite seam is being mined to produce electricity. Ash content in lignite is important because ash lowers the calorific value of the lignite. The results obtained are based on 266 samples of lignite collected from the Drzewce, Tomisławice, and Jóźwin IIB opencasts. All samples were tested according to ISO 1171 standard procedures, that is, they were first burned at a temperature of 850°C, then the ash content was determined on a dry basis (Ad), be-fore the basic statistical parameters were calculated. The studied lignite seam is characterised by a variable distribution pattern of ash both along selected vertical sections and lignite walls, as well as between the three open-casts. The ash content of individual samples ranged from 6.5 to 69.8 wt%, while the average content in opencast mines varied from 9.7 to 17.6 wt%. The coefficient of variation is large (80.23–96.33%) in the case of the Drzewce and Tomisławice, and low to average (14.53–37.75%) in the case of Jóźwin IIB. Significant ash enrichment of some beds is interpreted in this article as a consequence of floods occurring in a Mid-Miocene mire (backswamp), but also of chemical precipitation. When lignite is burned to generate electricity, a relatively large amount of ash is produced. Therefore, recognition of ash content in lignite, in addition to the chemical composition and phase of ash, is recommended to better protect the environment. At the first stage of protection, it can be best achieved by analysing field samples for ash content.
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Laine, M., N. Latva-Pukkila, and E. Kyrölä. "Analysing time-varying trends in stratospheric ozone time series using the state space approach." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 14, no. 18 (September 16, 2014): 9707–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-9707-2014.
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Abstract. We describe a hierarchical statistical state space model for ozone profile time series. The time series are from satellite measurements by the Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment (SAGE) II and the Global Ozone Monitoring by Occultation of Stars (GOMOS) instruments spanning the years 1984–2011. Vertical ozone profiles were linearly interpolated on an altitude grid with 1 km resolution covering 20–60 km. Monthly averages were calculated for each altitude level and 10° wide latitude bins between 60° S and 60° N. In the analysis, mean densities are studied separately for the 25–35, 35–45, and 45–55 km layers. Model variables include the ozone mean level, local trend, seasonal oscillations, and proxy variables for solar activity, the Quasi-Biennial Oscillation (QBO), and the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO). This is a companion paper to Kyrölä et al. (2013), where a piecewise linear model was used together with the same proxies as in this work (excluding ENSO). The piecewise linear trend was allowed to change at the beginning of 1997 in all latitudes and altitudes. In the modelling of the present paper such an assumption is not needed as the linear trend is allowed to change continuously at each time step. This freedom is also allowed for the seasonal oscillations whereas other regression coefficients are taken independent of time. According to our analyses, the slowly varying ozone background shows roughly three general development patterns. A continuous decay for the whole period 1984–2011 is evident in the southernmost latitude belt 50–60° S in all altitude regions and in 50–60° N in the lowest altitude region 25–35 km. A second pattern, where a recovery after an initial decay is followed by a further decay, is found at northern latitudes from the equator to 50° N in the lowest altitude region (25–35 km) and between 40° N and 60° N in the 35–45 km altitude region. Further ozone loss occurred after 2007 in these regions. Everywhere else a decay is followed by a recovery. This pattern is shown at all altitudes and latitudes in the Southern Hemisphere (10–50° S) and in the 45–55 km layer in the Northern Hemisphere (from the equator to 40° N). In the 45–55 km range the trend, measured as an average change in 10 years, has mostly turned from negative to positive before the year 2000. In those regions where the "V" type of change of the trend is appropriate, the turning point is around the years 1997–2001. To compare results for the trend changes with the companion paper, we studied the difference in trends between the years from 1984 to 1997 and from 1997 to 2011. Overall, the two methods produce very similar ozone recovery patterns with the maximum trend change of 10% in 35–45 km. The state space method (used in this paper) shows a somewhat faster recovery than the piecewise linear model. For the percent change of the ozone density per decade the difference between the results is below three percentage units.
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Berchet, A., I. Pison, F. Chevallier, P. Bousquet, S. Conil, M. Geever, T. Laurila, et al. "Towards better error statistics for atmospheric inversions of methane surface fluxes." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 13, no. 14 (July 29, 2013): 7115–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-7115-2013.
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Abstract. We adapt general statistical methods to estimate the optimal error covariance matrices in a regional inversion system inferring methane surface emissions from atmospheric concentrations. Using a minimal set of physical hypotheses on the patterns of errors, we compute a guess of the error statistics that is optimal in regard to objective statistical criteria for the specific inversion system. With this very general approach applied to a real-data case, we recover sources of errors in the observations and in the prior state of the system that are consistent with expert knowledge while inferred from objective criteria and with affordable computation costs. By not assuming any specific error patterns, our results depict the variability and the inter-dependency of errors induced by complex factors such as the misrepresentation of the observations in the transport model or the inability of the model to reproduce well the situations of steep gradients of concentrations. Situations with probable significant biases (e.g., during the night when vertical mixing is ill-represented by the transport model) can also be diagnosed by our methods in order to point at necessary improvement in a model. By additionally analysing the sensitivity of the inversion to each observation, guidelines to enhance data selection in regional inversions are also proposed. We applied our method to a recent significant accidental methane release from an offshore platform in the North Sea and found methane fluxes of the same magnitude than what was officially declared.
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Siddiqui, Tanveer Ahmed, Aisha Shujat, Shabir Ahmed Jagirani, Zaheer Hussain Chachar, Fozia Rajput, and Madiha Khalid Memon. "An Examination of the Impact of Blue Heat Treatment on the Forced Caused by the Vertical Motion of Endodontic Files." Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 17, no. 3 (April 20, 2023): 319–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.53350/pjmhs2023173319.
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Objective: To assess the vertical forces produced during canal shaping by the Reciproc Blue (RB) and Reciproc (R) systems. Place and Duration: In the Operative Dentistry Department, Altamash Institute of Dental Medicine Karachi for one-year duration from January 2022 to December 2022. Methods: A total of 32 maxillary premolar teeth were selected, each with two distinct constricted and straight canals. Every tooth was positioned in a standing position on a platform attached to a force analysing device after access cavity preparation (M5-20 Advanced Digital Force Gauge; Mark-10 Corporation, NY, USA). Until the K file size was up to 15, the glide route was prepared manually. Then, using an R25/RB25 file, all of the groups' canals were completely shaped (0.08 taper, size 25). The canal was shaped with a mild and steady pressure on the file that produced a gradual, 2 mm amplitude "in-and-out" movement. It took three attempts for the file to successfully reach the WL. The canal was irrigated and recapitulated with sodium hypochlorite (1%) solution following each insertion. The Student's t-test was used to analyze the shaping time. The Mann Whitney test was applied to analyse the upward and inward peak forces. With a 95% level of confidence, SPSS software was used for all statistical analyses. Results: A single file was inserted into each root canal successfully three times for shaping till the WL achieved. With each additional file insertion, the overall real-time force increased in each group grew. The R group displayed lower peak forces in comparison to the RB group in the 3 insertions, and both groups inward peak forces varied from 1.76 to 8.64 N. (P<0.05). Complete canal shaping of the RB and R systems took an average of 24.30±3.98 s and 21.91±3.56s, respectively (P>0.05). During canal shaping in this experiment, no file fracture occurred. Conclusion: The forces generated during canal shaping were influenced by the blue heat treatment. Higher inward peak forces were higher in the RB file than the R file. Keywords: Root canal preparation, Endodontics, vertical force and shaping time.
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Alshimmeri, Ahmad Jabbar Hussain, Esraa Kamal Jaafar, Lina Abdulsalam Shihab, Hadi Naser Ghadhban Al-Maliki, Ali Al-Balhawi, and Binsheng Zhang. "Structural Efficiency of Non-Prismatic Hollow Reinforced Concrete Beams Retrofitted with CFRP Sheets." Buildings 12, no. 2 (January 23, 2022): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings12020109.
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Non-prismatic reinforced concrete (RC) beams are widely used for various practical purposes, including enhancing architectural aesthetics and increasing the overall thickness in the support area above the column, which gives high assurance to services that this will not result in the distortion of construction features and can reduce heights. The hollow sections (recess) can also be used for the maintenance of large structural sections and the safe passage of utility lines of water, gas, telecommunications, electricity, etc. They are generally used in large and complex civil engineering works like bridges. This study conducted a numerical study using the commercial finite element software ANSYS version 15 for analysing RC beams, hollow longitudinally sectioned and retrofitted with carbon fibre reinforced polymers (CFRPs), which were subjected to concentrated vertical loads. The numerical analysis results on the simulated beam models were in excellent agreements with the previous experimental test results. This convergence was confirmed by a statistical analysis, which considered the correlation coefficients, individual arithmetic means and standard deviations for all the calculated deflections of the simulated beam models. A proposed numerical simulation model with the hypotheses can be considered suitable for modelling the behaviours of simple supported non-prismatic RC beams under vertical concentrated loads. The numerical results showed that altering the cross-section from solid to hollow could reduce the load carrying capacities of the beams by up to 53% and increase the corresponding deflections by up to 40%, respectively. Using steel pipes for making recesses could enhance the loading capacity by up to 56%, increase the ductility, and reduce the corresponding deflections by up to 30%, respectively. Finally, it was found that bonding the CFRP sheets in the lower middle tensile areas of the hollow beams could improve the resistance and reduce the deformations by up to 27%. The failure patterns for all the numerical models were shear failure. The cylinder compressive strength could be used as a mechanical parameter for modelling and assessing the structural behaviours of the beam models, as its increase could improve the load carrying capacities and reduce the deflections by 30–50%.
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Silina, A. S., E. V. Liperovskaya, V. A. Liperovsky, and C. V. Meister. "Ionospheric phenomena before strong earthquakes." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 1, no. 3 (September 30, 2001): 113–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-1-113-2001.
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Abstract. A statistical analysis of several ionospheric parameters before earthquakes with magnitude M > 5.5 located less than 500 km from an ionospheric vertical sounding station is performed. Ionospheric effects preceding "deep" (depth h > 33 km) and "crust" (h < 33 km) earthquakes were analysed separately. Data of nighttime measurements of the critical frequencies foF2 and foEs, the frequency fbEs and Es-spread at the middle latitude station Dushanbe were used. The frequencies foF2 and fbEs are proportional to the square root of the ionization density at heights of 300 km and 100 km, respectively. It is shown that two days before the earthquakes the values of foF2 averaged over the morning hours (00:00 LT–06:00 LT) and of fbEs averaged over the nighttime hours (18:00 LT–06:00 LT) decrease; the effect is stronger for the "deep" earthquakes. Analysing the coefficient of semitransparency which characterizes the degree of small-scale turbulence, it was shown that this value increases 1–4 days before "crust" earthquakes, and it does not change before "deep" earthquakes. Studying Es-spread which manifests itself as diffuse Es track on ionograms and characterizes the degree of large-scale turbulence, it was found that the number of Es-spread observations increases 1–3 days before the earthquakes; for "deep" earthquakes the effect is more intensive. Thus it may be concluded that different mechanisms of energy transfer from the region of earthquake preparation to the ionosphere occur for "deep" and "crust" events.
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Sofi, Muhammad Hafizuddin, Noor Hafiza Harun, Anis Haryati Mansor, Zaki Yamani Zakaria, and Mazura Jusoh. "Progressive Freeze Concentration Performance Prediction based on Polynomial Curve Model for Star Fruit Juice Concentration." Malaysian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Sciences 18, no. 2 (May 16, 2022): 245–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.11113/mjfas.v18n2.2386.
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Progressive freeze concentration (PFC) is a simpler freeze concentration process of removing water content in fruit juice through ice crystal formation in order to concentrate a solution. Vertical finned crystallizer (VFC) was used in the PFC system as the ice crystallizer in this study. A mathematical model is highly needed to be developed so that theories can be validated and to understand the system developed better with minimal risk and cost. Mathematical modelling is also essential to analyze the performance of the system. In this work, the use of mathematical model was explored based on a polynomial regression in analysing and predicting the performance of PFC system. The polynomials curve fitting were first performed to develop the models followed by the simulations to predict the target variables of effective partition constant (K value) and solute recovery (Y value). The relationship of operating parameters including coolant temperature and operation time on the PFC performance values were also discovered via the correlated polynomial regression models. Based on simulations result, the highest efficiencies of PFC process were achieved at approximately - coolant temperature of 10oC and operation time of 55 minutes. To validate the models’ accuracy, the statistical assessment parameters of R-squared and Absolute Average Relative Deviation (AARD) were determined. The findings of this study conferred satisfactory results of the prediction performance of polynomial regression model, in which the least analysis error of AARD (i.e., below 10%) and the highest R-squared (i.e., above 0.97) were successfully achieved. It is concluded that polynomials-based predictive models are promising alternatives to replace time-consuming and expensive experimental evaluation of PFC process for fruit juices.
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Beirle, S., U. Platt, M. Wenig, and T. Wagner. "Weekly cycle of NO<sub>2</sub> by GOME measurements: a signature of anthropogenic sources." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 3, no. 6 (December 16, 2003): 2225–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-3-2225-2003.
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Abstract. Nitrogen oxides (NO+NO2=NOx and reservoir species) are important trace gases in the troposphere with impact on human health, atmospheric chemistry and climate. Besides natural sources (lightning, soil emissions) and biomass burning, fossil fuel combustion is estimated to be responsible for about 50% of the total production of NOx. Since human activity in industrialized countries largely follows a seven-day cycle, fossil fuel combustion is expected to be reduced during weekends. This "weekend effect" is well known from local, ground based measurements, but has never been analysed on a global scale before. The Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment (GOME) on board the ESA-satellite ERS-2 allows measurements of NO2 column densities. By estimating and subtracting the stratospheric column, and considering radiative transfer, vertical column densities (VCD) of tropospheric NO2 can be determined (e.g. Leue et al., 2001). We demonstrate the statistical analysis of weekly cycles of tropospheric NO2 VCDs for different regions of the world. In the cycles of the industrialized regions and cities in the US, Europe and Japan a clear Sunday minimum of tropospheric NO2 VCD can be seen. Sunday NO2 VCDs are about 25-50% lower than working day levels. Metropolitan areas with other religious and cultural backgrounds (Jerusalem, Mecca) show different weekly patterns corresponding to different days of rest. In China, no weekly pattern can be found. The presence of a weekly cycle in the measured tropospheric NO2 VCD may help to identify the different anthropogenic source categories. Furthermore, we estimated the lifetime of tropospheric NO2 by analysing the mean weekly cycle exemplarily over Germany, obtaining a value of about 6 h in summer and 18-24 h in winter.
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Münch, T., S. Kipfstuhl, J. Freitag, H. Meyer, and T. Laepple. "Regional climate signal vs. local noise: a two-dimensional view of water isotopes in Antarctic firn at Kohnen station, Dronning Maud Land." Climate of the Past Discussions 11, no. 6 (November 26, 2015): 5605–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cpd-11-5605-2015.
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Abstract. In low-accumulation regions, the reliability of δ18O-derived temperature signals from ice cores within the Holocene is unclear, primarily due to small Holocene climate changes relative to the intrinsic noise of the isotopic signal. In order to learn about the representativity of single ice cores and to optimise future ice-core-based climate reconstructions, we studied the stable-water isotope composition of firn at Kohnen station, Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica. Analysing δ18O in two 50 m long snow trenches allowed us to create an unprecedented, two-dimensional image characterising the isotopic variations from the centimetre to the hundred-metre scale. Our results show a clear seasonal layering of the isotopic composition, consistent with the accumulation rate, as well as high lateral isotopic variability caused by local stratigraphic noise. Based on the horizontal and vertical structure of the isotopic variations, we derive a statistical model for the stratigraphic noise. Our model successfully explains the trench data and allows to determine an upper bound of the reliability of climate reconstructions from seasonal to inter-annual time scales, depending on the number and the spacing of the cores taken. Implications for our study region include that reliably detecting a warming trend (0.1 °C decade−1) in 50 years of data would require ∼10–50 replicate cores with a horizontal spacing of at least 10 m. More generally, our results suggest that in order to obtain high-resolution records of Holocene temperature change, fast measurements, thus allowing multiple cores, are more important than to minimise analytic uncertainty as the latter only plays a minor role in the total uncertainty.
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Li, Ying, Xiangjun Zhao, Xuejiao Deng, and Jinhui Gao. "The impact of peripheral circulation characteristics of typhoon on sustained ozone episodes over the Pearl River Delta region, China." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 22, no. 6 (March 24, 2022): 3861–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-3861-2022.
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Abstract. The peripheral circulation of typhoon forms sustained ozone episodes. However, how it impacts the day-to-day ozone pollution levels during the episodes has not been clearly studied, which is crucial for better prediction of the daily ozone variation. In this study, the analysis of ground observation, wind profile data, and model simulation is integrated. By analysing the wind profile radar observations, we found a weak wind deepening (WWD; vertical depth of the weak winds increased), more correlated with the ground-level ozone variation than surface weak wind. Long-term statistical analyses showed that the WWD is a common weather phenomenon in the peripheral subsidence region of typhoons and is generally accompanied by ozone pollution episodes. The Weather Research and Forecasting model coupled with Chemistry (WRF-Chem) with process analysis simulation showed that the peripheral subsidence chemical formation (CHEM) and vertical mixing (VMIX) effects are two major contributors to the enhancement of ozone levels to form the episode, while the advection (ADV) showed negative values. However, the day-to-day variation of the daytime ozone levels during the episode is not determined by the daily variation of daytime CHEM and VMIX but is dominated by the ADV terms. Therefore, the ozone and its precursors accumulation, including the enhancement during the night-time, contribute to the daytime ozone increase in the following day. A detail day-to-day process analysis showed that in additional to decrease of negative ADV values (e.g. the weakened advection outflow or dispersion) on the ground, the integrated effect of the daily variation of the accumulative CHEM and ADV above the ground throughout the planetary boundary layer (PBL) together determined the overall day-to-day daytime ozone variation on the ground through the VMIX process. The results indicate that the peripheral characteristics of approaching typhoon not only form the ozone episode by the enhanced photochemical reactions, but also could increase the day-to-day daytime ozone levels via pollution accumulation throughout the PBL due to the WWD up to 3–5 km. These results illustrate the important role of the WWD in the lower troposphere for the formation of sustained ozone episodes due to the peripheral circulation of the typhoon, which helps to better predict the daily changes of daytime ozone levels.
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Lux, Oliver, Christian Lemmerz, Fabian Weiler, Uwe Marksteiner, Benjamin Witschas, Stephan Rahm, Alexander Geiß, and Oliver Reitebuch. "Intercomparison of wind observations from the European Space Agency's Aeolus satellite mission and the ALADIN Airborne Demonstrator." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 13, no. 4 (April 23, 2020): 2075–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-2075-2020.
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Abstract. Shortly after the successful launch of the European Space Agency's wind mission Aeolus, co-located airborne wind lidar observations were performed in central Europe; these observations employed a prototype of the satellite instrument – the ALADIN (Atmospheric LAser Doppler INstrument) Airborne Demonstrator (A2D). Like the direct-detection Doppler wind lidar on-board Aeolus, the A2D is composed of a frequency-stabilized ultra-violet (UV) laser, a Cassegrain telescope and a dual-channel receiver to measure line-of-sight (LOS) wind speeds by analysing both Mie and Rayleigh backscatter signals. In the framework of the first airborne validation campaign after the launch and still during the commissioning phase of the mission, four coordinated flights along the satellite swath were conducted in late autumn of 2018, yielding wind data in the troposphere with high coverage of the Rayleigh channel. Owing to the different measurement grids and LOS viewing directions of the satellite and the airborne instrument, intercomparison with the Aeolus wind product requires adequate averaging as well as conversion of the measured A2D LOS wind speeds to the satellite LOS (LOS*). The statistical comparison of the two instruments shows a positive bias (of 2.6 m s−1) of the Aeolus Rayleigh winds (measured along its LOS*) with respect to the A2D Rayleigh winds as well as a standard deviation of 3.6 m s−1. Considering the accuracy and precision of the A2D wind data, which were determined from comparison with a highly accurate coherent wind lidar as well as with the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) model winds, the systematic and random errors of the Aeolus LOS* Rayleigh winds are 1.7 and 2.5 m s−1 respectively. The paper also discusses the influence of different threshold parameters implemented in the comparison algorithm as well as an optimization of the A2D vertical sampling to be used in forthcoming validation campaigns.
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Beirle, S., U. Platt, M. Wenig, and T. Wagner. "Weekly cycle of NO<sub>2</sub> by GOME measurements: A signature of anthropogenic sources." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 3, no. 4 (July 3, 2003): 3451–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-3-3451-2003.
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Abstract. Nitrogen oxides (NO+NO2=NOx) are important trace gases in the troposphere with impact on human health, atmospheric chemistry and climate. Besides natural sources (lightning, soil emissions) and biomass burning, fossil fuel combustion is estimated to be responsible for about 50\\% of the total production of NOx. Since human activity in industrialized countries largely follows an artificial seven-day cycle, fossil fuel combustion is expected to be reduced during weekends. This "weekend effect" is well known from local, ground based measurements, but has never been analysed on a global scale before. The Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment (GOME) on board the ESA-satellite ERS-2 allows measurements of NO2 column densities. Applying sophisticated algorithms, vertical column densities (VCD) of tropospheric NO2 can be determined. We demonstrate the statistical analysis of weekly cycles of tropospheric NO2 VCDs for different regions of the world. In the cycles of the industrialized regions and cities in the US, Europe and Japan a clear Sunday minimum of tropospheric NO2 VCD can be seen. Sunday NO2 VCDs are about 25–50% lower than working day levels. Metropolitan areas with other religious and cultural backgrounds (Jerusalem, Mecca) show different weekly patterns corresponding to different days of rest. In China, no weekly pattern can be found. The presence of a weekly cycle in the measured tropospheric NO2 VCD allows the identification of anthropogenic sources. In addition, the fraction of emissions subjected to a weekly cycle (mainly transport, power generation) with respect to a constant background (all kind of natural sources, biomass burning, heavy industry) can be estimated. Furthermore, we estimated the lifetime of tropospheric NO2 by analysing the mean weekly cycle over Germany in detail, obtaining a value of about 12 h.
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Borsellino, Valeria, Francesca Varia, Cinzia Zinnanti, and Emanuele Schimmenti. "The Sicilian cooperative system of wine production." International Journal of Wine Business Research 32, no. 3 (March 31, 2020): 391–421. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijwbr-10-2018-0062.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to verify whether, besides the traditional organisational models mainly implemented by wine-making cooperatives, more modern and hybrid organisational forms can be profitably applied within an increasingly competitive wine market. Design/methodology/approach The study outlined in this paper deployed a mixed method. Specifically, an archived analysis, a survey and a descriptive case study (including visits, interviews and documentary analysis) were the methodological techniques used in this study, which were “in series but integrated” between themselves. In this paper, the landscape of Sicilian wine cooperatives is described by collating and processing different types of statistical sources, which have been integrated by direct surveys undertaken in 2017. Thereafter, the study focussed on a wine cooperative with a specific business model and a strategic edge by analysing its strategic choices and main structural and governance characteristics. Within this case study, a financial ratio analysis, which was based on 2011-2017 financial statements, was conducted to analyse the profitability, financial balance, capital structure and debt relationships of the wine cooperative. Findings The Sicilian wine cooperative system is still predominantly characterised by partial and vertical integration, implemented by cooperatives which elect to sell mainly bulk wine to wine merchants. In such a context, there is scope for other degrees of integration and strategic inter-firm alliances; the latter includes “vertical quasi-integration”. The study demonstrated how the wine cooperative under investigation is overcoming the structural problems of the regional wine sector and why it is retaining such a strategic alliance with one of the most important Italian wine conglomerates. Indeed, it has acquired greater strength and reliability since its collaboration with the aforementioned wine company. Thus, total revenue and the company’s market share of packaged wine have increased. However, there are still margins for improving sales’ profitability. Research limitations/implications This study has territorial limitations but Sicilian wine cooperatives generally play an important role in the regional, Italian and European wine industries. As such, this research should be considered as an exploratory study, deserving further investigation into different strategic choices within the wine cooperative system by performing cross-case comparisons. Results may also be useful in orienting cooperative strategies in Sicily (or further afield) to small-to-medium wine cooperatives, often lacking specific abilities relating to the distribution, marketing and selling of their wine. Public agricultural policies may also be enlightened by these research pathways. Originality/value The authors contend that their study provides hitherto missing information relating to inter-firm strategic alliances, which wine cooperatives might implement to enhance their competitiveness and survive in the long-run.
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Druzhinin, Oleg A., and Wu-Ting Tsai. "Numerical Simulation of Micro-Bubbles Dispersion by Surface Waves." Algorithms 15, no. 4 (March 24, 2022): 110. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/a15040110.
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This paper presents an algorithm for numerical modeling of bubble dispersion occurring in the near-surface layer of the upper ocean under the action of non-breaking two-dimensional (2D) surface waves. The algorithm is based on a Eulerian-Lagrangian approach where full, 3D Navier-Stokes equations for the carrier flow induced by a waved water surface are solved in a Eulerian frame, and the trajectories of individual bubbles are simultaneously tracked in a Lagrangian frame, taking into account the impact of the bubbles on the carrier flow. The bubbles diameters are considered in the range from 200 to 400 microns (thus, micro-bubbles), and the effects related to the bubbles deformation and dissolution in water are neglected. The algorithm allows evaluation of the instantaneous as well as statistically stationary, phase-averaged profiles of the carrier-flow turbulence, bubble concentration (void fraction) and void-fraction fluxes for different flow regimes, both with and without wind-induced surface drift. The simulations results show that bubbles are capable of enhancing the carrier-flow turbulence, as compared to the bubble-free flow, and that the vertical water velocity fluctuations are mostly augmented, and increasingly so by larger bubbles. The results also show that the bubbles dynamics are governed by buoyancy, the surrounding fluid acceleration force and the drag force whereas the impact of the lift force remains negligible.
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Sedlak, René, Patrick Hannawald, Carsten Schmidt, Sabine Wüst, and Michael Bittner. "High-resolution observations of small-scale gravity waves and turbulence features in the OH airglow layer." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 9, no. 12 (December 12, 2016): 5955–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-9-5955-2016.
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Abstract. A new version of the Fast Airglow Imager (FAIM) for the detection of atmospheric waves in the OH airglow layer has been set up at the German Remote Sensing Data Center (DFD) of the German Aerospace Center (DLR) at Oberpfaffenhofen (48.09° N, 11.28° E), Germany. The spatial resolution of the instrument is 17 m pixel−1 in zenith direction with a field of view (FOV) of 11.1 km × 9.0 km at the OH layer height of ca. 87 km. Since November 2015, the system has been in operation in two different setups (zenith angles 46 and 0°) with a temporal resolution of 2.5 to 2.8 s. In a first case study we present observations of two small wave-like features that might be attributed to gravity wave instabilities. In order to spectrally analyse harmonic structures even on small spatial scales down to 550 m horizontal wavelength, we made use of the maximum entropy method (MEM) since this method exhibits an excellent wavelength resolution. MEM further allows analysing relatively short data series, which considerably helps to reduce problems such as stationarity of the underlying data series from a statistical point of view. We present an observation of the subsequent decay of well-organized wave fronts into eddies, which we tentatively interpret in terms of an indication for the onset of turbulence. Another remarkable event which demonstrates the technical capabilities of the instrument was observed during the night of 4–5 April 2016. It reveals the disintegration of a rather homogenous brightness variation into several filaments moving in different directions and with different speeds. It resembles the formation of a vortex with a horizontal axis of rotation likely related to a vertical wind shear. This case shows a notable similarity to what is expected from theoretical modelling of Kelvin–Helmholtz instabilities (KHIs). The comparatively high spatial resolution of the presented new version of the FAIM provides new insights into the structure of atmospheric wave instability and turbulent processes. Infrared imaging of wave dynamics on the sub-kilometre scale in the airglow layer supports the findings of theoretical simulations and modellings.
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Karlström, O., A. Wacker, K. Nilsson, G. Astromskas, S. Roddaro, L. Samuelson, and L.-E. Wernersson. "Analysing the capacitance–voltage measurements of vertical wrapped-gated nanowires." Nanotechnology 19, no. 43 (September 22, 2008): 435201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0957-4484/19/43/435201.
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GALLO TORRES, MARLON, ENEKO MOLA SANZ, IGNACIO MUGURUZA FERNANDEZ DE VALDERRAMA, AITZOL UGARTEMENDIA ITURRIZAR, GONZALO ABAD BIAIN, and DAVID CABEZUELO ROMERO. "STATE OF THE ART OF SMALL WIND ENERGY ANALYSING DIFFERENT CONTROLS." DYNA 97, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.6036/10376.
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There are two wind turbine topologies according to the axis of rotation: horizontal axis, "Horizontal Axis Wind Turbines" (HAWT) and vertical axis, "Vertical Axis Wind Turbines" (VAWT) [2]. HAWT turbines are used for high power generation as they have a higher energy conversion efficiency [2]. However, VAWTs are used in mini wind applications because they do not need to be oriented to the prevailing wind and have lower installation cost.
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Liu, Chen Xi, Wei Jin, and Jun Jie Liu. "Research on Molten Iron Vertical Flow Rate and Level Based on Dynamic Infrared Radiation and Time Intervals." Applied Mechanics and Materials 128-129 (October 2011): 417–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.128-129.417.
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In the foundry, it's difficult to measure the level of molten iron in pouring package and the flow of molten iron each pouring during casting control process, which will result in the control problem of over-pouring and under-pouring.So,a new measurement method about molten iron level and dynamic detection of vertical flow rate has been developed in this paper.The method is based on infrared radiation and time intervals under the state of vertical flow rate of molten iron. By analysing the flow rate of molten iron in the casting ladle taphole theoretically, building field experimental device and analysing experimental results, it shows that the proposed iron level measurement and dynamic detection of vertical flow rate based on infrared radiation and time intervals are feasible. And then it lays a foundation for controlling the flow of molten iron.
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SZYCA, MIKOŁAJ. "ANALYSIS OF THE BMA K2400 VERTICAL CENTRIFUGE TURBINE IN TERMS OF BALANCING AND VIBRATION DIAGNOSTICS." HERALD OF KHMELNYTSKYI NATIONAL UNIVERSITY 297, no. 3 (July 2, 2021): 71–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.31891/2307-5732-2021-297-3-71-80.
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Physical damage to a material is a diffuse defect in the form of vacancies, microcracks, micro-voids or damaged micro-volumes, which reduce the effective or load-bearing part of the material. Surface fatigue defects, such as deformation and cracks, occur in the bearing during the load transfer. Imbalance is a practical problem in the operation of many rotating machines, causing not only increased vibration of the machine, but also leading to accelerated wear of the rotor bearings. The subject of this work is the analysis of the dynamics of the BMA K2400 centrifuge in terms of the possibility of correcting the balance in the given dynamic state. The paper describes the individual stages of solving the problem of excessive machine vibrations, assuming that its bearings were replaced before the diagnostic test. As a result of the lack of effects after replacing the motor bearings and after analyzing the vibration measurement results presented in article, a decision was made to inspect the centrifuge bearings. The diagnostics was performed again, but it concerned only the bearing node No. 1 with the disassembled basket. The measurements were performed using the DIAMOND 401 AX device, equipped with Wilcoxon 780B acceleration sensors with a sensitivity of 100mV/g. The appearance of a technological defect on the outer ring of the bearing, which is a friction pair with a housing, is not a typical damage for this type of machines and was an interesting problem. The consequence of the occurrence of bearing defects may be an increase in statistical values of the vibration signal and the appearance of new amplitudes in the FFT spectra. A vicious circle is created here, where bearings in poor dynamic condition increase the transmission of vibrations through the machine, and high vibrations accelerate the degradation of the bearings. The poor condition of rolling bearings may also prevent dynamic balancing of the rotor, and thus – lead to further propagation of bearing damage caused by an increased level of the machine’s own vibrations.
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Akman, A., O. Oram, and P. Aydin. "Optic Disc Measurements with the 78 Diopter Lens, Zeiss 4-Mirror Contact Lens and Computerized Image Analysing System." European Journal of Ophthalmology 8, no. 1 (January 1998): 22–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/112067219800800106.
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We evaluated the 78 diopter (D) lens and Zeiss 4-mirror lens for the measurement of vertical and horizontal optic disc diameters during slit-lamp biomicroscopy and compared the results with the measurements made with the computerized image analysing system (IMAGEnet 640, Topcon, Japan) in 30 eyes of 30 patients. The 78D lens and Zeiss 4-mirror lens measurements both correlated well with the computerized image analysis measurements (r=0.881 for vertical and r=0.895 for horizontal disc diameter measurements with the 78D lens and r=0.883 for vertical and r=0.891 for horizontal disc diameter measurements with the Zeiss 4-mirror lens). The 78D lens measurements overestimated vertical disc diameter by 5.3% and horizontal disc diameter by 4.4%. The Zeiss 4-mirror lens underestimated the vertical disc diameter by 2.4% and horizontal disc diameter by 2.2%. Thus either lens can be used for a quick estimation of the optic disc size, since the results correlate well with the computerized image analysis measurements.
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Wu, Yu Yin. "Vertical Shaft Impact Crusher Wear Analysis and Research on Antiwear Measures." Applied Mechanics and Materials 155-156 (February 2012): 1066–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.155-156.1066.
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Analysing the wear characteristics and features of vertical shaft impact crusher in the use of the principles of Tribology. Obtain the wear types and mechanism. Summarizes the factors which impact wear and tear, life and reliability. By selecting appropriate material and structure to optimize two respects its anti-wear measures were studied. Put forward to solve the method of reducing the wear problem.
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Durey, Matthew, and Paul A. Milewski. "Faraday wave–droplet dynamics: discrete-time analysis." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 821 (May 22, 2017): 296–329. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2017.235.
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A droplet may ‘walk’ across the surface of a vertically vibrating bath of the same fluid, due to the propulsive interaction with its wave field. This hydrodynamic pilot-wave system exhibits many dynamics previously believed to exist only in the quantum realm. Starting from first principles, we derive a discrete-time fluid model, whereby the bath–droplet interactions are modelled as instantaneous. By analysing the stability of the fixed points of the system, we explain the dynamics of a walking droplet and capture the quantisations for multiple-droplet interactions. Circular orbits in a harmonic potential are studied, and a double quantisation of chaotic trajectories is obtained through systematic statistical analysis.
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Fobbe, Lea. "Analysing Organisational Collaboration Practices for Sustainability." Sustainability 12, no. 6 (March 20, 2020): 2466. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12062466.
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The complex sustainability challenges that society faces require organisations to engage in collaborative partnerships. Stakeholders affect, and are affected by an organisation’s sustainability activities, making it an important element when deciding with whom to collaborate. A large number of studies have focussed on collaboration for sustainability, especially on vertical and dyadic partnerships and collaborative networks, while there is limited research on overarching collaboration activities from the perspective of individual organisations (for example, the Kyosei approach), and even less that includes a stakeholder perspective. The objective of this paper is to analyse with whom individual organisations collaborate and how stakeholders affecting and being affected by sustainability efforts are considered when choosing collaboration partners. A survey was sent to a database of 5216 organisations, from which 271 responses were received. The responses were analysed using non-parametric tests. The results show that organisations are engaged in collaboration activities for sustainability, collaborating mostly with two to three external stakeholders. However, the focus on collaboration for sustainability does not extend to a point that it would lead to a change of organisational practice nor do organisations necessarily consider how stakeholders affect and are affected by their efforts when choosing their collaboration partners. An update to the Kyosei process is proposed, in order to provide guidance on how to strengthen and extend collaborative partnerships for sustainability.
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Celik, Salih, Mevlut Celikoglu, Suleyman K. Buyuk, and A. Ercan Sekerci. "Mandibular vertical asymmetry in adult orthodontic patients with different vertical growth patterns: A cone beam computed tomography study." Angle Orthodontist 86, no. 2 (June 11, 2015): 271–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2319/030515-135.1.
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ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate condylar and ramal vertical asymmetry in adult orthodontic patients with different vertical growth patterns and a clinically normal sagittal skeletal pattern using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). Materials and Methods: The study sample consisted of 101 adult orthodontic patients (48 men and 53 women) divided into three groups according to their vertical growth patterns: high- (33 patients; mean age, 25.06 ± 6.05 years), low- (34 patients; mean age, 24.88 ± 5.22 years), and normal-angle (34 patients; mean age, 24.14 ± 4.26 years) groups. Condylar, ramal, condylar plus ramal height, and index measurements were performed using CBCT images and analyzed using one-way analysis of variance and post hoc Tukey tests. Results: There was no statistically significant difference in height measurements between right and left sides in each group, except a slight difference of approximately 0.5 mm for condylar height (CH) in the low-angle group (P < .05). No statistically significant gender differences were found for the values (P > .05). In the high-angle group, the ramal height (RH) and condylar plus ramal height (CH + RH) on both sides were found to be less than those of the low- (P < .001) and normal-angle groups (P < .017 and P > .017, respectively), and the asymmetry index values were slightly higher than those of the low- and normal-angle groups (P > .05). Conclusions: The high-angle group showed statistically significantly smaller values of RH and CH + RH on both sides and statistically insignificantly higher asymmetry index values than the low- and normal-angle groups.
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Aldridge, David F. "Statistically perturbed geophone array responses." GEOPHYSICS 54, no. 10 (October 1989): 1306–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1442590.
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Seismic‐receiver arrays implemented under typical field conditions are subject to a variety of perturbing influences. The array responses that are actually achieved differ, perhaps substantially, from the nominal response associated with ideal conditions (precise positioning, vertical plants, identical geophones, perfect ground coupling, etc.). Variations in receiver array response may degrade the effectiveness of multichannel processing and analysis schemes that rely upon channel‐to‐channel waveform constancy. In effect, array‐response variation is a form of noise added to recorded waveforms and is thus potentially harmful. A rigorous physical treatment of the response of a geophone array to incident plane‐wave elastic radiation forms the point of departure for assessing the importance of response perturbations. The hard‐wired multiple seismometer group, long transmission line, and recording‐system input impedance are considered an electromechanical system. An individual geophone may have arbitrarily specified position and axial orientation and is modeled as a ground‐motion transducer that incorporates, to first order, the effect of compliant coupling to the earth. Elastic waves (of either vibratory mode) can be incident from any direction. This generality built into the mathematical description of receiver‐array response allows numerous array types (including those designed to record shear waves) to be analyzed. All parameters that determine the response value are then subjected to controlled random perturbations in order to evaluate the statistical variability of the complex valued array‐response function. Transformation of the perturbed responses to the time domain indicates the extent of waveform variability induced by geophone‐array diversity. Computational studies indicate that, for vertical or near‐vertical plane P‐wave incidence, reasonable variations in the controlling parameters do not reduce waveform coherence by any major amount. Peak times of reflection signal recorded on well planted geophone arrays typically vary by up to 4 ms. As the angle of incidence increases or the quality of the field‐array implementation degrades, the wavelets exhibit increasing amplitude loss, wave‐shape alteration, and incoherence that may affect an interpretation.
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Hernández, Diego. "Drawing the Boundaries Between Hub-and-Spoke Cartels and Vertical Agreements: Lessons from the United Kingdom and the United States to Chilean Competition Law." World Competition 41, Issue 2 (June 1, 2018): 275–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/woco2018014.
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Indirect contacts or exchanges of information between competitors through a common third party can sometimes lead to the existence of a cumulus of vertical agreements and, sometimes, can imply the configuration of a horizontal agreement. In competition law, vertical and horizontal agreements are treated in very different ways. Therefore, establishing whether a set of facts amounts to one or the other is critical. After analysing the situation in the United Kingdom and in the United States, this presentation will explain why the limit between the hub-and-spoke (horizontal) conspiracies and a mere aggregation of vertical agreements lies in the existence not only of vertical information exchanges (or, to phrase it differently, in an indirect horizontal exchange) but also in the established existence of an additional mental element. Towards the end, relevant conclusions will be reached in relation to the application of the Chilean Competition Act.
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Frleta, Daniela. "Analysing off-season tourist expenditure." European Journal of Tourism Research 17 (October 1, 2017): 215–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v17i.304.
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The majority of researches deal with the issue of micro-level expenditure in the high season, leaving off-season expenditure an under-researched topic. Moreover, the relationship between tourist satisfaction and expenditure has been also rarely explored. Thus, the aim of this study is to determine the factors that influence the off-season expenditure levels of light spenders and heavy spenders. Among the set of predictors, various dimensions of satisfaction were tested as possible off-season expenditure predictors. Descriptive analysis was used for sample profiling, independent t-tests were conducted to determine significant differences between light and heavy spenders in terms of their characteristics, and Principal Components Analysis (PCA) was applied to identify the dimensions of tourist satisfaction with the destination’s offering. In the end, multiple regression analyses were made to identify the expenditure determinants of light and heavy spenders. The main findings indicate that different predictors influence the daily off-season expenditure levels of light and heavy spenders. When it comes to light spenders, among the set of other significant predictors, it was found that those who are more satisfied with the cleanliness and preserved environment tend to spend more in the destination in comparison with those who are less satisfied with this dimension. In the case of heavy spenders, the results revealed that satisfaction with safety, quality and hospitality turned out to be a statistically significant predictor of their daily off-season expenditure.
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Thibodeau, J., D. S. Chanasyk, and L. G. Fuller. "Variability of vertical bromide redistribution within hummocky landscape." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 88, no. 3 (May 2, 2008): 349–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjss07037.
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Groundwater quality is a major issue for rural communities, and intensive agricultural practices have the potential to contaminate groundwater via leaching. By analysing the movement of a bromide tracer over three slope positions (top, middle and low) within two hummocky landscapes in central Alberta, the intensity of short-term leaching potential was measured, and the accuracy of a leaching potential index was assessed. Concentrations of bromide > 1 mg kg-1 were found at a 120-cm depth at each slope position, from both landscapes, after one snowmelt event and one growing season. However, the depth of a bromide concentration > 100 mg kg-1 varied significantly among slope positions after the snowmelt event, and after the growing season. The leaching potential index successfully distinguished between high leaching potential, and low and very low leaching potential. This index will become a useful tool to determine the variability of leaching within an agricultural landscape. Key words: Soil-landscape, leaching, tracer, soil moisture, soil profile index
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Rautiainen, Laura, Jani Tyynelä, Mikko Lensu, Simo Siiriä, Ville Vakkari, Ewan O’Connor, Karoliina Hämäläinen, et al. "Utö Observatory for Analysing Atmospheric Ducting Events over Baltic Coastal and Marine Waters." Remote Sensing 15, no. 12 (June 8, 2023): 2989. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs15122989.
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Maritime safety relies on navigation, detection, and radio communication technologies that function through electromagnetic radiation. Propagation of electromagnetic radiation can be impacted by a disruptive phenomenon known as ducting. Our four-week study using a X-band coastal radar and various meteorological and marine observations, including vertical profiles of temperature, humidity and wind, in early spring 2022 concluded that the combination of measurements at the Utö observatory provides a reliable means of detecting ducting in the Archipelago Sea. The modified refractivity calculated from the vertical profiles for the 22–59 m and 32–59 m altitude layers and coastal radar over-the-horizon observations agree 77% and 85% of the time, respectively. As such, the modified refractivity gradient can be considered a good indicator for over-the-horizon detection with the Utö coastal radar over the open sea. The horizontal wind profiles also revealed a low-level jet at the radar height that often coincided with the ducting observations. To quantify the results, we created an empirical ducting index which showed that ducting is spatially variable, showing the capabilities of the Utö observatory for research oriented towards monitoring and improving maritime safety and security.
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Adani, Wia, Rossa Turpuk Gabe, Joko Adianto, and Antony Sihombing. "Analysing implications of visibility for crime occurrence in low income vertical rental-housing complex." A/Z : ITU journal of Faculty of Architecture 17, no. 3 (2020): 79–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.5505/itujfa.2020.89266.
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Chandra, Pratik, Rohit S. Kulshrestha, Ragni Tandon, Abhishek Singh, Ashish Kakadiya, and Mohammed Wajid. "Horizontal and vertical changes in anchor molars after extractions in bimaxillary protrusion cases." APOS Trends in Orthodontics 6 (May 30, 2016): 154–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/2321-1407.183147.
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Objective To evaluate changes in the anchor molar position (horizontal, vertical) after retraction in bimaxillary protrusion maximum anchorage cases. Materials and Methods Thirty patients requiring maximum anchorage after extraction of the first premolars were selected for this study. The second molars were banded in both arches along with trans-palatal arch in the maxillary arch and lingual arch in the mandibular arch. En mass retraction was done using sliding mechanics. Horizontal and vertical positions of the anchor first molars were evaluated cephalometrically before and after orthodontic retraction. Results In the horizontal plane, maxillary first molars showed net mesial movement of 1.72 mm, and there was a statistical difference between the pre- and post-values (P < 0.001). The mandibular molars showed a net horizontal movement of 2.26 mm, and there was a statistically significant difference between the pre- and post-values (P < 0.001). In the vertical plane, there was vertical movement of the maxillary anchor molars by a net value of 0.95 mm which was statistically significant (P < 0.001). The mandibular anchor molars moved vertically by a net value of 0.45 mm. This difference was statistically not significant. Conclusion There was anchorage loss seen in both the planes (horizontal, vertical) of the maxillary anchor molars. In the mandibular anchor molars, there was anchorage loss seen only in the horizontal plane. No anchorage loss was seen in the vertical plane.
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Atallah, Samer, Alaa Salloum, and Naji Kharouf. "Vertical Occlusal Dimension Changes of Complete Dentures between Autoclave and Traditional Processing Techniques." Applied Sciences 13, no. 10 (May 14, 2023): 6031. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13106031.
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The aim of the present in vitro study was to investigate the effect of using an autoclave with three different programs and the traditional water bath method (short cycle) on the changes in the vertical occlusal dimension of the complete acrylic dentures. Forty complete acrylic dentures were divided into four groups: G1, dentures were polymerized by water bath method (short cycle for 90 min at 74 °C and then 30 min at 100 °C); G2, dentures were polymerized with an autoclave (134 °C/2.1 bar/10 min); G3, dentures were polymerized with an autoclave (121 °C/1.1 bar/20 min); and G4, dentures were polymerized with an autoclave (121 °C/1.1 bar/5 min). The vertical occlusal dimension of the dentures was measured before and after the polymerization process. The difference between the initial and final measurements expressed the change in the vertical occlusal dimension. Data were statistically analyzed by t-test and one-way ANOVA test. Statistically significant lower vertical dimension changes were detected in G1 (0.703 ± 0.078 mm) compared to the other groups (p < 0.05), whilst statistically greater changes were detected in G4 (1.263 ± 0.063 mm) compared to the other groups. No statistically significant differences were found between G2 (0.844 ± 0.061 mm) and G3 (0.88 ± 0.059 mm) (p > 0.05). Within the limitations of the present in vitro study, it can be concluded that all polymerization methods increase the vertical occlusal dimension of complete acrylic dentures. The increase in the vertical occlusal dimension in Groups 1, 2 and 3 was less than 1 mm which is clinically acceptable and can be overcome by selective abrasion. Therefore, the traditional curing technique using a water bath and the autoclave methods using two settings (134 °C/2.1 bar/10 min or 121 °C/1.1 bar/20 min) could be used for the complete acrylic denture with acceptable augmentation in the vertical occlusal dimension. In contrast, the method used in G4 increases the vertical occlusal dimension by more than 1 mm, which is not clinically acceptable.
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Burkett, Lee N., Joana Ziuraitis, and Wayne T. Phillips. "The Effect of Four Different Warm-Ups on the Maximum Vertical Jump Test Scores for Female College Athletes." Women in Sport and Physical Activity Journal 10, no. 2 (October 2001): 83–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/wspaj.10.2.83.
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The effectiveness of two specific and two non-specific warm-ups on the vertical jump test for female athletes was the focus of this research. The four warm-up procedures were: (a) weighted jumping (WT), (b) submaximal vertical jumping (SUB), (c) stretching (ST), and (d) no warm-up (NW). To control for learning and fatigue, a counter-balanced design was used to test all participants over four different days. Thus all groups were tested in a predetermined order. Participants were 15 university female athletes (age 18 to 23 years). After warming up using one of the four warm-up procedures, three vertical jumps were measured and the best score was used for analysis. A single factors repeated measure analysis of variance and LSD post hoc tests revealed that the weighted jump warm-up procedure was statistically superior (p<0.01) to all other warm-up procedures. No warm-up was statistically inferior to all other warm-ups and submaximal vertical jumping was not statistically different than stretching. It was concluded; (a) performing a warmup is better than no warm-up, and (b) utilizing a weighted resistance-jumping warm-up will produce the highest scores when performing the vertical jump test for female athletes.
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Yadav, Rajiv, Kishor Dutta, Nabin Gosain, Anil K. Yadav, Neelam Yadav, and Kaushal K. Singh. "Vertical Proportion of the Face: A Cephalometric study." Orthodontic Journal of Nepal 11, no. 1 (August 16, 2021): 24–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ojn.v11i1.39044.
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Introduction: Balance in vertical facial proportion is an important criteria for good esthetics. Variations in vertical growth are common and have certain orthodontic implications. The objectives of this study were to determine mean upper anterior facial height and lower anterior facial height, ratio between UAFH to LAFH and their difference among genders in skeletal Class I patients with different vertical growth pattern among patients visiting department of Orthodontic and Dentofacial orthopedics, Tribhuvan University Dental Teaching Hospital, Kathmandu. Materials and Method: This study was descriptive observational cross sectional study with 105 sample aged from 18-25 years. Pretreatment cephalometric radiograph of Skeletal Class I patients were taken and divided into three growth patterns as group I (normal growth pattern), group II (horizontal growth pattern ) and group III (vertical growth pattern ). Upper anterior facial height (N-ANS) and lower anterior facial height (ANS-Me) of all samples were measured on lateral cephalogram with cephalometric tracing ruler parallel to true vertical line. Descriptive statistics was used to calculate mean, minimum, and maximum values standard deviations with p value <0.05. Result: The upper anterior facial height (UAFH) and lower anterior facial height (LAFH) measurements in normal growth pattern was 52.37 and 64.4 , in horizontal growth pattern was 53.0 and 62.2, in vertical growth pattern was 53.37 and 64.42 respectively. The mean ratio of upper and lower anterior facial height in normal, horizontal and vertical growth pattern was 0.81, 0.85 and 0.79 respectively. There was no statistically significant difference in upper and lower facial heights between males and females. There was no statistically significant difference in UAFH between normal, horizontal and vertical growth pattern but statistically significant difference was observed in LAFH between groups. Conclusion: The cephalometric values for different vertical groups in skeletal class I can be used more specifically for diagnosis and treatment planning of Nepali population.
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Özdayi, Nahit. "Analysing the Self-Efficacy Levels of Coaches of Different Branches." Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 15, no. 7 (July 30, 2021): 2206–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.53350/pjmhs211572206.
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Aim: This paper aims to analyse the self-efficacies of coaches of different branches. Methods: This study, which was conducted by using coach self-efficacy scale, reached totally 192 volunteering coaches who lived in Çanakkale and Balıkesir. The data collected were then analysed on the SPSS programme. The kurtosis and skewness values were examined so as to check the distribution of the data, and consequently, the data were found to have normal distribution. Results: As a result, statistically significant differences were found between the coaches aged 28-32 and coaches aged 33-37 in their levels of self-efficacy in general and in the sub-factor of efficacy in impersonating. Accordingly, the coaches who were in 28-32 age group had higher self-efficacy and efficacy in impersonating than the ones who were in 33-37 age group. On the other hand, there were no statistically significant differences between the participants’ levels of self-efficacy according to gender, branch and professional experience. Conclusion: The coaches in the 28-32 age group were found to have higher self-efficacy and efficacy in impersonating than the coaches in the 33-37 age group on examining the results obtained. No differences were found between the participants in the other factors. Key Words: Self-efficacy, coaches, sport
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García-Torres, Samy, and Gopal Santana Phani Madabhushi. "Performance of vertical drains in liquefaction mitigation under structures." Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering 17, no. 11 (September 12, 2019): 5849–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10518-019-00717-x.
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Abstract Several techniques have been developed in order to mitigate damage to buildings during and after liquefaction events. Benefits of using vertical drains have been verified by analysing their performance in the soil and evaluating their effectiveness in dissipation of excess pore pressures generated by the earthquake. However, the effect of drains in the soil below structures requires further investigation. In this paper, a dynamic centrifuge test series was carried out to evaluate the performance of a vertical drains arrangement below shallow foundations. High permeable rubble brick was used as coarse material inside the drains to provide positive results not only from a geotechnical point of view but also from an environmental and sustainable perspective. The behaviour of drains was analysed when they are located under shallow foundations of a building, in terms of the excess pore pressures generated during the earthquake and subsequent post-seismic dissipation, the foundation settlement and its dynamic response.