Academic literature on the topic 'Vertical and Statistically Analysing'
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Journal articles on the topic "Vertical and Statistically Analysing"
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Karis, Tomas, Mats Berg, and Sebastian Stichel. "Analysing the correlation between vehicle responses and track irregularities using dynamic simulations and measurements." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part F: Journal of Rail and Rapid Transit 234, no. 2 (April 2, 2019): 170–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954409719840450.
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Track irregularities play a key role in vehicle response, but it is not uncommon to find irregularities with similar statistical characteristics giving very different vehicle behaviour. It is therefore important to find a consistent way of describing track irregularities, which better matches the vehicle behaviour to facilitate an efficient track maintenance and vehicle acceptance testing. Various proposals have been made to resolve this issue, although with limited success. In the present paper, a methodology to break down the track–vehicle interaction into steps, by analysing the irregularity–response correlation in detail, is applied to both the measured and simulated data of a passenger coach. The results show a very good agreement and a high correlation coefficient between the vertical axle box acceleration and the second spatial derivative of the vertical track irregularities when analysing the simulated data, but not for the measured data. Parameter variations are carried out through simulations, in which the vertical track stiffness, vehicle unsprung mass, vertical primary suspension and different combinations of track irregularities are varied. The results show that track stiffness mainly affects the axle box acceleration whereas the primary vertical suspension stiffness and unsprung mass predominantly affect the vertical wheel–rail forces. Therefore, it is important to understand the influence of track stiffness, especially with the help of the measured data, and the methods that reduce its influence should be investigated in future works.
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Guerrini, A., G. Romano, C. Leardini, and M. Martini. "Measuring the efficiency of wastewater services through Data Envelopment Analysis." Water Science and Technology 71, no. 12 (April 7, 2015): 1845–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2015.169.
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Efficient water management is a priority in the European Union, since the operational efficiency of many water utilities is very low compared to best practice. Several countries are restructuring the water industry to save costs. Larger-scale operations and vertical integration are promoted to achieve scale and scope economies; however, the literature is not unanimous that such economies exist. There is also little evidence of the effect of customer density on costs. This article offers some insights into this matter, analysing the Danish water industry by a two-stage Data Envelopment Analysis approach to investigate the effects of size, scope and density in the wastewater industry. The results show that the Danish wastewater industry is positively affected by vertical integration and higher population density: firms that serve more than 100 person per km of sewer and combine water and wastewater services achieve better efficiency. Size does not have any significant influence on global efficiency, although technical pure efficiency decreases statistically with firm size.
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Alcalde, Juan, Clare E. Bond, Gareth Johnson, Armelle Kloppenburg, Oriol Ferrer, Rebecca Bell, and Puy Ayarza. "Fault interpretation in seismic reflection data: an experiment analysing the impact of conceptual model anchoring and vertical exaggeration." Solid Earth 10, no. 5 (October 9, 2019): 1651–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/se-10-1651-2019.
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Abstract. The use of conceptual models is essential in the interpretation of reflection seismic data. It allows interpreters to make geological sense of seismic data, which carries inherent uncertainty. However, conceptual models can create powerful anchors that prevent interpreters from reassessing and adapting their interpretations as part of the interpretation process, which can subsequently lead to flawed or erroneous outcomes. It is therefore critical to understand how conceptual models are generated and applied to reduce unwanted effects in interpretation results. Here we have tested how interpretation of vertically exaggerated seismic data influenced the creation and adoption of the conceptual models of 161 participants in a paper-based interpretation experiment. Participants were asked to interpret a series of faults and a horizon, offset by those faults, in a seismic section. The seismic section was randomly presented to the participants with different horizontal–vertical exaggeration (1:4 or 1:2). Statistical analysis of the results indicates that early anchoring to specific conceptual models had the most impact on interpretation outcome, with the degree of vertical exaggeration having a subdued influence. Three different conceptual models were adopted by participants, constrained by initial observations of the seismic data. Interpreted fault dip angles show no evidence of other constraints (e.g. from the application of accepted fault dip models). Our results provide evidence of biases in interpretation of uncertain geological and geophysical data, including the use of heuristics to form initial conceptual models and anchoring to these models, confirming the need for increased understanding and mitigation of these biases to improve interpretation outcomes.
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Al-Dajani, Mahmoud, Anas O. Abouonq, Turki A. Almohammadi, Mohammed K. Alruwaili, Rayan O. Alswilem, and Ibrahim A. Alzoubi. "A Cohort Study of the Patterns of Third Molar Impaction in Panoramic Radiographs in Saudi Population." Open Dentistry Journal 11, no. 1 (December 26, 2017): 648–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874210601711010648.
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Objectives: To evaluate the epidemiological patterns of third molar impaction in a cohort of patients living in the north of Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods: A retrospective cohort study comprised of analysing 2550 Orthopantomograms (OPGs) belonging to patients who attended Aljouf University College of Dentistry between September 2013 and December 2015. OPGs were examined to determine the frequency of third molar impaction, their levels of eruption and angulations. Mixed effects logistic regression analysis was performed to calculate adjusted odds ratios. Data were weighted by age and sex based on population regional estimates. Results: 1551 patients (60.8%) with a mean age of 33.5 years-old (95%CI: 32.9 to 34) demonstrated 2650 impacted third molars. Third molars were more likely present in patients aged from 20 to 39 years-old (p<0.001); and in mandible more than maxilla (p<0.001). It showed highest vertical impaction and higher impaction rate in mandible than maxilla. Level A impaction was the most common among other levels by 1365 (53.5%). Vertical impaction was the most common pattern (1354 patients; 53.1%). Mesioangular impaction ranked second in mandible, while distoangular impaction ranked second in maxilla. There was no statistically significant difference between males and females concerning impaction frequency, depth levels and angulations. Conclusion: Impacted third molars is still a public health concern among youth and young adults. Vertically impacted mandibular third molars with their occlusal plane at the same level as the occlusal plane of adjacent tooth is the most prevalent pattern of third molar impaction in the northern region of Saudi Arabia.
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Braesicke, P., C. Brühl, M. Dameris, R. Deckert, V. Eyring, M. A. Giorgetta, E. Mancini, et al. "A model intercomparison analysing the link between ozone and geopotential height anomalies in January." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 7, no. 6 (November 2, 2007): 15409–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-7-15409-2007.
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Abstract. A statistical framework to evaluate the performance of chemistry-climate models with respect to the interaction between meteorology and ozone during northern hemisphere mid-winter, in particularly January, is used. Different statistical diagnostics from four chemistry-climate models (E39C, ME4C, UMUCAM, ULAQ) are compared with the ERA-40 re-analysis. First, we analyse vertical coherence in geopotential height anomalies as described by linear correlations between two different pressure levels (30 and 200 hPa) of the atmosphere. In addition, linear correlations between (partial) column ozone and geopotential height anomalies at 200 hPa are discussed to motivate a simple picture of the meteorological impacts on ozone on interannual timescales. Secondly, we discuss characteristic spatial structures in geopotential height and (partial) column ozone anomalies as given by their first two empirical orthogonal functions. Finally, we describe the covariance patterns between reconstructed anomalies of geopotential height and (partial) column ozone. In general we find good agreement between the models with higher horizontal resolution (E39C, ME4C, UMUCAM) and ERA-40. Some diagnostics seem to be capable of picking up model similarities (either that the models use the same dynamical core (E39C, ME4C), or that they have a high upper boundary (ME4C, UMUCAM)). The methodology allows to identify the leading modes of variability contributing to the overall ozone-geopotential height correlations and points to interesting differences between the chemistry-climate models and ERA-40. Those discrepancies have to be taken into account when providing confidence intervals for climate change integrations.
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Bian, Longlong, Jianwei Chen, Mukesh Soni, Jyoti Bhola, Harish Kumar, and Malik Jawarneh. "Research on computer 3D image encryption processing based on the nonlinear algorithm." Nonlinear Engineering 11, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 664–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nleng-2022-0232.
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Abstract This article uses the nonlinear digital chaos theory algorithm to generate the corresponding encryption system initial parameters, by analysing the correlation degree of image elements from the angles of horizontal, vertical, and diagonal direction, in order to study computer three-dimensional (3D) image encryption processing. The correlation degree of the cypher text obtained by the nonlinear algorithm is weak in the image's adjacent pixels, and the adjacent pixels are not related at all, horizontal angle: 0.915989, vertical angle: 0.968184, diagonal angle: 0.913533. The nonlinear algorithm distributes the image's statistical features into the random cypher text. By applying permutations and replacements in 3D space, the proposed approach improves performance parameters and widens key space in comparison to previous image cryptography investigations. The important qualities of such a secure system are its simplicity and efficacy. Simulations and analysis show that the proposed method can produce a large key space while also surviving standard cipher attacks. Because of its powerful cryptographic properties, it is suited for image applications. The nonlinear algorithm has very high sensitivity to the secret key and plaintext, as well as better statistical performance, higher security, and higher efficiency in the operation of the algorithm.
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Stefanović, Natalija, Ivana Ćirić, Snežana Pavlović, Braca Kundalić, Saša Bubanj, Emilija Petković, Miloš Puletić, and Vlada Antić. "Evaluation of Some Anatomical and Anthropometric Characteristics of the Chest Based on the Analysis of Digital Images of the Anterior Aspect of Trunk in Top Athletes." Acta Facultatis Medicae Naissensis 29, no. 1 (January 1, 2012): 43–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10283-012-0007-5.
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Evaluation of Some Anatomical and Anthropometric Characteristics of the Chest Based on the Analysis of Digital Images of the Anterior Aspect of Trunk in Top Athletes The aim of this research was to assess the size and shape of the chest in students and top athletes. The research involved 23 first-year students of the Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, and 23 top athletes of the Athletic Federation of Serbia. The digital images of the frontal trunk aspect were made and further analyzed in ImageJ program. The vertical and horizontal distances and as well as the angles were determined: the infrasternal angle and the angle of umbilicus (sides of the angle connect the points on the left and right). Both students and athletes were divided into three height groups (I - 165-174 cm; II - 175-184 cm; III - 185-194 cm). BMI and BI were determined (shoulder width). No statistical differences in height, weight and BMI among the groups of students and top athletes were found, which pointed to the homogeneity of the groups. All the parameters determined, the vertical and horizontal ones, except AAD, were significantly higher in top athletes (p ≤ 0.05) compared to the same parameters obtained in students of all three height groups. Acromial distance increases with height, but not statistically significantly. The above mentioned indicates a significantly better development of the bone-joint-muscle system of the chest in top athletes. The infrasternalni angle correlates with the angle of the umbilicus and it can be used to assess the shape of the chest. In our researches, analysing the individual cases, the presence of normasthenic, asthenic (elongated) and barrel-shaped chest was determined. The program ImageJ is very precise, objective and easily applicable for determining the lenghtwise parameters and angles in anatomic and anthropometric measurements. The method does not require anthropometric equipment, digital images can be made quickly and efficiently. Therefore, we consider it particularly suitable for measurements in childhood and athletes.
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Braesicke, P., C. Brühl, M. Dameris, R. Deckert, V. Eyring, M. A. Giorgetta, E. Mancini, et al. "A model intercomparison analysing the link between column ozone and geopotential height anomalies in January." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 8, no. 9 (May 9, 2008): 2519–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-8-2519-2008.
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Abstract. A statistical framework to evaluate the performance of chemistry-climate models with respect to the interaction between meteorology and column ozone during northern hemisphere mid-winter, in particularly January, is used. Different statistical diagnostics from four chemistry-climate models (E39C, ME4C, UMUCAM, ULAQ) are compared with the ERA-40 re-analysis. First, we analyse vertical coherence in geopotential height anomalies as described by linear correlations between two different pressure levels (30 and 200 hPa) of the atmosphere. In addition, linear correlations between column ozone and geopotential height anomalies at 200 hPa are discussed to motivate a simple picture of the meteorological impacts on column ozone on interannual timescales. Secondly, we discuss characteristic spatial structures in geopotential height and column ozone anomalies as given by their first two empirical orthogonal functions. Finally, we describe the covariance patterns between reconstructed anomalies of geopotential height and column ozone. In general we find good agreement between the models with higher horizontal resolution (E39C, ME4C, UMUCAM) and ERA-40. The Pacific-North American (PNA) pattern emerges as a useful qualitative benchmark for the model performance. Models with higher horizontal resolution and high upper boundary (ME4C and UMUCAM) show good agreement with the PNA tripole derived from ERA-40 data, including the column ozone modulation over the Pacfic sector. The model with lowest horizontal resolution does not show a classic PNA pattern (ULAQ), and the model with the lowest upper boundary (E39C) does not capture the PNA related column ozone variations over the Pacific sector. Those discrepancies have to be taken into account when providing confidence intervals for climate change integrations.
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Dižo, J., M. Blatnický, O. Kravchenko, V. Mamrai, D. Barta, and P. Gasper. "Simulation of a vehicle movement on a roadway with stochastic irregularities prescribed by the power spectral density." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1199, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012070. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1199/1/012070.
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Abstract A vehicle represents a mechanical system, which consists of bodies interconnected by joints, force elements, constraints and other coupling elements. When a vehicle moves on a roadway, it is excited due to roadway surface irregularities. It results to vibration of the vehicle mainly in the vertical direction. These vertical movements are known as a vertical dynamics of vehicles. The level of vibrations characterized by their frequency and amplitudes considerably effects two main phenomena, i.e. driving safety and ride comfort for passengers. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate and analyse response of vehicles to the vertical excitations. This article is aimed at evaluation and research of driving properties of a vehicle by means of simulation computations. In case of analysing vehicle’s mechanical system using a virtual model, it is necessary to define in a proper way not only parameters of an investigated vehicle, but also parameters of the excitations due to a roadway surface irregularities. In the reality, roadway surface irregularities have a stochastic behaviour. These fact is processed using statistical methods and it results to the power spectral density of the roadway surface irregularities. A presented research is focused on evaluation of selected output quantities of a vehicle, which moves on the road at various speeds and on various road qualities. An evaluated vehicle uses independent front wheels suspension, which design comes from the utility model. The rear axle is a rigid axle. Dynamic analyses and assessment of the resulting parameters were performed in the Simpack multibody software package. Based on reached results it is obvious, that vertical dynamics of the vehicle is affected by road quality and driving speed. Moreover, the performed analyses have proven, that the used independent front wheels suspension improves driving properties of the vehicle, contributes to better ride comfort and ensures required driving safety.
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Bi, H., W. Zheng, Q. Lei, and J. Zeng. "RECONSTRUCTION OF THE SLIP DISTRIBUTION ALONG THE WEST HELANSHAN FAULT, NORTHERN CHINA BASED ON HIGH-RESOLUTION TOPOGRAPHY." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLIII-B2-2020 (August 12, 2020): 1025–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xliii-b2-2020-1025-2020.
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Abstract. The increasing wealthy of high-resolution topography allows for remotely measuring and analysing offset features and their associated surface slip distributions at a very high resolution and along a significant length of a fault, hence providing important insights into many aspects of the fault behaviour. The West Helanshan Fault is a Holocene active fault located at the junction of the Tibetan Plateau, Alashan, and Ordos blocks. Despite its special tectonic location, it has rarely been studied before. In this study, a 2-m-resolution DEM of the West Helanshan Fault was built from the high-resolution (0.5 m) WorldView-3 stereo satellite imagery based on the photogrammetry method, and a total of 181 strike-slip offsets and 201 vertical displacements were acquired along different segments of the fault. By statistical analysis of the offset observations, we conclude that at least six large paleoearthquakes have ruptured the fault, producing a minimum rupture length of ∼50 km, and the paleoearthquakes have followed a characteristic slip pattern with a coseismic strike slip of ∼3 m and a vertical slip of ∼1 m, corresponding to a geologic moment magnitude of 7.1–7.5.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Vertical and Statistically Analysing"
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Meyer, Roland [Verfasser]. "Vertical Economies of Scope in Electricity Supply: Analysing the Costs of Ownership Unbundling / Roland Meyer." Bremen : IRC-Library, Information Resource Center der Jacobs University Bremen, 2012. http://d-nb.info/1035217465/34.
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Cheng, Yajuan. "Synthesis of well arrayed structures with assistance of statistical experimental design." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Materialvetenskap, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-172938.
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During the synthesis of well arrayed nano/micro structures through wet chemical methods, plenty of parameters are usually involved. Consequently, it is extremely time- and cost-consuming to find out the optimized synthesis conditions by using the conventional "changing one separate factor at a time" (COST) strategy. Instead, the "statistical experimental design" method has been proven in a few works to be an efficient method for experiments involving many parameters. With this method, the responses could be optimized efficiently by using only a few experiments. Besides, several responses can be optimized simultaneously. Also, models could be built up and the changing tendency can be plotted to predict the required experimental settings for specific tasks. Two types of well arrayed structures including monolayer arrays of silica spheres and vertically aligned ZnO rod arrays were investigated in this work. Monolayer arrays of silica spheres were synthesized by using a dual-speed spin coating method. With assistance of statistical experimental design, the accelerating rate, the second rotation speed and time of the dual-speed spin coating system were found as non-significant parameters to the ordering degree of the obtained monolayer, and thus they can be fixed. This finding could remarkably increase the feasibility of optimizing the practical process. On the other hand, the relative humidity, the first rotation speed and the suspension concentration are identified as the significant parameters to the structures of the monolayer. Moreover, the optimal values for these three parameters were identified: 23% for the relative humidity, 1000 rpm for the first rotation speed and 30 wt.% for the suspension concentration. With these optimized parameters, the area of the obtained silica sphere monolayers reached over 1 cm2 and the defect-free domain size reached over 4000 μm2. These values are considerably higher compared to the previously reported values. Vertically aligned ZnO rod arrays were fabricated by chemical bath deposition. Parameters including precursor concentration, pH value, reaction temperature, reaction time and addition of capping agent were optimized by using statistical experimental design to improve and optimize the growth quality of ZnO rod arrays. Through several stages of optimization, the growth quality of the obtained structures was remarkably enhanced from sparse or clustered ZnO rods to upright and dense ZnO rods. The boundary conditions to achieve vertically aligned ZnO rods, such as a neutral solution and a precursor concentration over 0.02M, were determined. The changing tendency of the texture coefficient and aspect ratio with the factors was also plotted to predict the required experimental settings for specific requests. The points or regions to achieve the optimal properties were identified as well. For instance, the concentration should be as close as to 0.1 M, while the reaction temperature should be limited to 80-90 ◦C, to achieve the ideal preferential growth. With the optimized parameters, the texture coefficient reached almost the perfect value 1, and the aspect ratio was elevated to 21. Moreover, to obtain a dense ZnO thin film, tri-sodium citrate was added to the reaction system. The diameter was systematically controlled through varying the parameters. When both the diameter and the texture coefficient reached the optimal values, the rods were merged together to form a dense ZnO thin film. Furthermore, comments on the statistical experimental method are proposed, and both the advantages and disadvantages are presented according to the present thesis work. This might help the researchers to avoid the disadvantages and thus to employ this method more efficiently in the future.QC 20150903
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Carn, Cheril, and cheril Carn@dsto defence gov au. "The inverse determination of aircraft loading using artificial neural network analysis of structural response data with statistical methods." RMIT University. Aerospace, Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, 2007. http://adt.lib.rmit.edu.au/adt/public/adt-VIT20080109.090600.
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An artificial Neural Network (ANN) system has been developed that can analyse aircraft flight data to provide a reconstruction of the aerodynamic loads experienced by the aircraft during flight, including manoeuvre, buffet and distributed loading. For this research data was taken from the International Follow-On Structural Test Project (IFOSTP) F/A-18 fatigue test conducted by the Royal Australian Air Force and Canadian Forces. This fatigue test involved the simultaneous application of both manouevre and buffet loads using airbag actuators and shakers. The applied loads were representative of the actual loads experienced by an FA/18 during flight tests. Following an evaluation of different ANN types an Ellman network with three linear layers was selected. The Elman back-propagation network was tested with various parameters and structures. The network was trained using the MATLAB 'traingdx' function with is a gradient descent with momentum and adaptive learning rate back-propagation algorithm. The ANN was able to provide a good approximation of the actual manoeuvre or buffet loads at the location where the training loads data were recorded even for input values which differ from the training input values. In further tests the ability to estimate distributed loading at locations not included in the training data was also demonstrated. The ANN was then modified to incorporate various methods for the calculation and prediction of output error and reliability Used in combination and in appropriate circumstances, the addition of these capabilities significantly increase the reliability, accuracy and therefore usefulness of the ANN system's ability to estimate aircraft loading.To demonstrate the ANN system's usefulness as a fatigue monitoring tool it was combined with a formulae for crack growth analysis. Results inficate the ANN system may be a useful fatigue monitoring tool enabling real time monitoring of aircraft critical components using existing strain gauge sensors.
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Grabkowiak, Alexia. "Analyse du géoïde de séparation des sources pour la compréhension de l'organisation verticale des anomalies de masse dans le manteau." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017USPCC101/document.
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Depuis le début des années 80, les progrès techniques permettent des estimations quantitatives des relations entre les structures internes de la Terre et sa forme. Des méthodes statistiques appliquées à un modèle tomographique de la Méditerranée permettent d’extraire 3 composantes qui capturent 70% de la variance des données. La première correspond à la réaction du manteau supérieur à la présence de lithosphère à 660 km, la seconde enregistre la réaction du manteau aux slabs subverticaux dans le manteau supérieur, la troisième capture les variations de vitesse sismiques du sommet des manteaux supérieur et inférieur. L’effet de ces 3 phénomènes sur le géoïde est modélisé en considérant : (i) Toutes les anomalies enregistrées par les données tomographiques constituent des sources d’anomalies. Leur effet est calculé en utilisant la gravito-visco-élasticité. Il semble que cette approche ne suffit pas à modéliser l’ensemble de la composante mantellique. (ii) les données tomographiques enregistrent les sources d’anomalies et tous les phénomènes de réajustement. En intégrant les anomalies de masses données par le modèle tomographique on obtient des structures détaillées qui surestiment la composante mantellique. (ii) Chaque composante isole des phénomènes du manteau liés à une source à laquelle est appliquée la théorie de la gravito-visco-élasticité. La composante mantellique obtenue est de longueur d'onde et amplitude compatibles avec le géoïde.La présence de calottes de lithosphère à la base de la zone de transition est susceptible d’être visible par le géoïde contrairement à la présence de slabs subverticaux dans le manteau supérieurProgress made in seismic tomography and geodesy open the way to estimations of relations between the structures within the Earth and its shape. Applying statistical analysis to tomographic data of the mediterranean area, we extract 3 components that capture almost 70 % of the variance of the tomographic data : first one isolates the mantle reaction to lithospheric masses from the bottom of the transition zone, the second one is legated to subvertical lithsopheric slabs in the upper mantle, the third one corresponds to the tops of upper- and lower- mantle expression. Effect of these dynamics on the geoid has been modelized using considering that : (i) all the structures of the tomographic model are geoid anomaly sources, mantle component of the geoid is computed applying the gravito-visco-elasticity theory to take into account deflection of viscosity interfaces. This approach provides a smooth and low amplitude geoid mantle component. (ii) the tomographic model can register sources but also the all readjustment. Mantle component of the geoid is computed integrating anomalies of the model. It provides a detailled but too large with respect with the regional geoid mantle component. (iii) each component has capacity to isolate a phenomenon legated to a specific source of geoid anomalies. We applied gravito-visco-elastic theory specifically to it. That provides a mantle component detailled and that has a magnitude low enough with respect to the geoid.The presence of lithospheric caps on the bottom of the transition zone can be detected by the mantellic component of the geoid, but the geoid is not sensitive to subvertical slabs within the upper mantle
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CORBETTA, ALESSANDRO. "Multiscale Crowd Dynamics: Physical Analysis, Modeling and Applications." Doctoral thesis, Politecnico di Torino, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11583/2659720.
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In this thesis we investigate the dynamics of pedestrian crowds in a fundamental and applied perspective. Envisioning a quantitative understanding we employ ad hoc large-scale experimental measurements as well as analytic and numerical models. Moreover, we analyze current regulations in matter of pedestrians structural actions (structural loads), in view of the need of guaranteeing pedestrian safety in serviceable built environments.
This work comes in three complementary parts, in which we adopt distinct perspectives and conceptually different tools, respectively from statistical physics, mathematical modeling and structural engineering. Chapter 1 introduces these perspectives and gives an outline of the thesis.
The statistical dynamics of individual pedestrians is the subject of Part I.
Although individual trajectories may appear random, once we analyze them in large ensembles we expect ``preferred'' behaviors to emerge. Thus, we envisage individual paths as fluctuations around such established routes. To investigate this aspect, we perform year-long 24/7 measurements of pedestrian trajectories in real-life conditions, which we analyze statistically and via Langevin-like models.
Two measurement locations have been considered: a corridor-shaped landing in the Metaforum building at Eindhoven University of Technology and the main walkway within Eindhoven Train Station.
The measurement technique we employ, based on overhead Microsoft \Kinect\ 3D-range sensors and on ad hoc tracking algorithms, is introduced in Chapter 2.
In Chapter 3 we describe the low density pedestrian flows in the Metaforum landing. In this location hundreds of thousands of high-resolution trajectories have been collected.
First, we discuss standard crowd-traffic descriptions based on average quantities such as fundamental diagrams. Then, thanks to our large dataset, we address the dynamics beyond average values via probability distributions of pedestrian positions and velocities.
Chapter 4 focuses on the dynamics of pedestrians crossing the landing alone, i.e. undisturbed by peers. The simple crossing dynamics is affected by stochastic fluctuations due to the variability of individuals' behavior as well as external factors. In the chapter we propose a quantitative Langevin-like model for these stochastic fluctuations, that we compare with the experimental data in terms of stationary velocity distributions and time correlation functions.
The avoidance regime which takes place when two pedestrians walk simultaneously in the landing and in opposite directions is addressed in Chapter 5. In this regime, the statistical features of pedestrian motion change from the undisturbed case (Chapter 4).
Here, we study the avoidance dynamics as a linear superposition of the undisturbed motion and an interaction force. First, we estimate average interaction force fields from the data. Then, we extend the Langevin model of Chapter 4 to reproduce statistics of the pair-wise interactions.
Finally, in Chapter 6, we discuss in brief the measurements collected at Eindhoven Train Station in view of future dense crowd analyses.
In Part II we zoom out from the perspective of individual pedestrians and we look at crowds, adopting a genuine mathematical modeling point of view. In this context a microscopic, i.e. particle-like, or a macroscopic, i.e. fluid-like, observation scale can be employed. In Chapter 7, we establish a general background of crowd dynamics modeling, which includes an introduction of the modeling framework by Cristiani, Piccoli and Tosin (CPT framework, in use in Chapters 8,9,11 and 12.
This framework is suitable to model systems governed by social interactions and stands on a first order measure-valued evolution equation. The use of measures is crucial in the following, as it enables a unified treatment of crowd flows at the microscopic and macroscopic scales.
Chapter 8 comprises a comparison of microscopic and macroscopic dynamics given via the CPT framework. In a Wasserstein space context, we wonder when these two dynamics are consistent as the number of agents involved grows. In this comparison we consider agents whose mass (in a measure sense) is independent on the size of the crowd.
In Chapter 9 we focus on the modeling of crowds moving across elongated geometries resembling footbridges. We address pedestrians' motion in a macroscopic perspective via the CPT framework. According to the framework, dynamics are prescribed as a linear superposition of two components: a desired velocity (that encodes the motion of pedestrians walking alone) and a social velocity (that weights the crowd mass via an interaction kernel to assess individual reactions to mutual presence). Footbridge-like geometries are simple scenarios in which, from phenomenological considerations, we are able to give these components a reasonable form and thus perform simulations.
In Part III we consider crowd flows on footbridges in relation to the way the safety of pedestrians is ensured by the current building practice and in terms of crowd-structure dynamics interaction. Chapter 10 addresses crowd-footbridge systems in terms of featured uncertainties. We provide a categorized review of the literature giving a synthetic comparison of uncertainties involved. In general, beside the uncertainties affecting the mechanical properties of the structure, the status of the crowd is itself uncertain. Taking inspiration from wind engineering, we approach the crowd dynamics through a separation of the approaching and the crossing traffic. Within the review, we consider how building regulations address the crowd load. On one hand, no uncertainty, nor variability, is considered on the crowd state, therefore the roughest possible model (constant load) is typically retained. On the other hand, we notice how a large dissent is present in the prescribed load values, suggesting a possible inadequacy in regulations.
Chapter 11 rises from the point made in Chapter 10. We propose a framework to deal with uncertainties related to the crowd traffic on footbridges. The framework addresses the pedestrian density, a major player in the determination of live loads. Following the previous categorization, the framework is a composition of different modeling blocks and it considers approaching and crossing traffic at different scales, respectively macroscopic and microscopic. The output is a probabilistic description of the spatial density of the crossing crowd.
In Chapter 12 we consider the dynamics of the human-structure system as a whole, targeting the vertical vibrations of slender footbridges excited by crowds of walking pedestrians. We combine the microscopic counterpart of the CPT modeling framework for the pedestrian dynamics with a simple single degree of freedom structural model to provide a modeling framework for the crowd-structure interaction. We realize the coupling modeling the dynamical forces exchanged by the structure and each pedestrian via per-pedestrian single degree of freedom vertical oscillators. We study how the active presence of pedestrians influences the structure dynamics in terms of vertical accelerations and varied effective damping.
A discussion chapter addressing independently the content of the parts and then commenting on them as a whole closes the thesis.
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THAKUR, VIPUL, and SRISH SAINI. "Comparing Clinic Plus Marketing Strategy with Competitors of Similar Product Vertical and Statistically Analysing the Current Market Trends." Thesis, 2021. http://dspace.dtu.ac.in:8080/jspui/handle/repository/18465.
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Introduction
1.1 Industry Profile
The global shampoo market size was valued at USD 29.38 billion in 2019 and is projected to
reach USD 37.92 billion by 2027, exhibiting a CAGR of 3.4% during the forecast period.
Shampoo market size is esteemed at USD 39,373.7 million by 2027 and is required to develop
at an accumulate yearly development pace of 4.60% in the conjecture time of 2020 to 2027.
Shampoo market report investigations the development, which is right now being becoming
because of expanding interest for items.
The developing pervasiveness of problems identified with hairs, for example, hair fall,
dandruff, slick hairs, and dryness of the hairs and irritation is one of the indispensable elements
whose effect is considerably solid in the current business situation and is relied upon to
increment over the estimate time of 2020 to 2027. The better way of life and contamination is
a key factor driving the development of the objective market. Fast urbanization, simplicity of
utilization and accessibility of little travel-size packs, developing mindfulness regarding hair
care, rising discretionary cashflow alongside change in way of life will decidedly affect the
development of the shampoo market. What is more, the usability of different kinds of shampoos
through various sorts of dissemination and aggressive showcasing, expansion sought after for
common and natural items, alongside the rising buyer mindfulness regarding the individual
consideration and cleanliness are additionally speeding up the interest of shampoo market. In
addition, the eating of inventive items, for example, natural shampoos and rising pattern of
utilizing various kinds of shampoos for various hair related issues are boosting different
rewarding freedoms for the shampoo market in the previously mentioned estimate time frame.
Be that as it may, the different results combined with the use of the item inferable from the
presence of a few synthetics will impede the development of the shampoo market in the
previously mentioned figure time frame.
This shampoo market report gives subtleties of new late turns of events, exchange guidelines,
import trade investigation, creation examination, esteem chain enhancement, portion of the
overall industry, effect of homegrown and limited market players, investigations openings as
far as arising income pockets, changes in market guidelines, key market development
investigation, market size, class market developments, application specialties and
predominance, item endorsements, item dispatches, geological extensions, mechanical
pg. 6
advancements on the lookout. To acquire information on shampoo market contact Information
Scaffold Statistical surveying for an Expert Brief, our group will help you take an educated
market choice to accomplish market development.
1.2 Organisation Profile
The organisation we chose is Hindustan Unilever to talk a bit about HUL. Let us dive into its
history. Hindustan Unilever Company was established in India in 1936 and if you care it was
not named as Hindustan Unilever at that time, it was registered as Hindustan Vanaspati
Manufacturing Company. But al of this this changed when HUL had to go through rigorous
mergers and acquisition deals which turned out to be perfect for the company in year 1956. In
this year only that is 1956 it was renamed as Hindustan Lever Limited. Everyone was happy
with this name for 51 years until 2007 when Hindustan Lever Limited was rebranded and its
name changed to Hindustan Unilever Limited.
Hindustan Unilever as name suggests Hindustan is Indian based consumer goods company,
which has its headquarters in Mumbai, India. It is a subsidiary of an Anglo-Dutch Company
called Unilever. HUL has 35 product brands. It sells products like Cleaning Products
(Shampoo, Soap’s etcetera.) Cleaning Agents, Personal Care Products, Water Purifiers.
Hindustan Unilever has more than 20,000 employees as of 2019. HUL has seen sales of figures
like ₹34,619 crores in FY 2017-18. HUL is the market leader in Indian consumer products,
with over 700 million Indian customers utilising its goods in over 20 categories such as soaps,
tea, detergents, and shampoos, among others. The ACNielsen Brand Equity list of 100 Most
Trusted Brands Annual Survey (2014), published by Brand Equity, a supplement of The
Economic Times, included sixteen of HUL's brands.
Hindustan Unilever also has a research facility which has coined a good name for itself and is
known as Hindustan Unilever Research Centre. It is not a new facility they have established. It
was established in 1966 which is just after few years Hindustan Unilever saw its some of the
major mergers and acquisition deals come through. It was settled in 1966, in Mumbai, India.
Hindustan Unilever saw an urge and need of expansion of the company as a whole and with
which came the responsibility to expand its research facility as well. This whole expansion
fiasco led to HUL expanding its research division in Bangalore in 1997 as Unilever Research
India. In very recent years when company is trying to consolidate its divisions it has seen a
single operating unit as its research centre. In year 2007 Unilever Research Centre in Bangalore
which was setup in 1997 and Hindustan Unilever Research Centre (HURC) which was setup
pg. 7
just after series of mergers and acquisition deals in 1966. Both research centres saw a
consolidation by the company as of 2007 in Bangalore Unit. Both the units have been
consolidated and now Bangalore unit is the sole operating research unit of Hindustan Unilever.
1.3 Objective of the Study
As Srish Saini and Vipul Thakur were thinking about the idea of what can be done as topic
pertaining to major project. We were noticeably clear that we wanted to do something in the
marketing domain. Marketing is something which comes very natural to us. We wanted to take
a FMCG product and analyse we wanted to take a FMCG product and analyse the whole
equation of how an FMCG product works hand determine its whole ideology with marketing
study and the marketing strategy a FMCG product uses to capture its consumers as well show
this was the whole ideology of, we are being instigated towards this whole research of FMCG
products. Now coming onto the statistical part, the other thing, we also wanted to conduct was
the statistical part of the study where we made a survey and send it to more than 50 people, we
got near about 60 responses and we have done a statistical analysis on that as well. We also
wanted to compare FMCG products which actually were in the same industry and the pricing
strategy of these competitor products as well now we have discovered few of the competitors
like dove and head and shoulders which resonate a lot with the shampoo industry in which
clinic plus already is an industry leader also the other part as we have discussed about the
statistical analysis and we will be sharing and you can see the results in the results section that
can be seen after the methodology section.
Books on the topic "Vertical and Statistically Analysing"
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Quantitative analysis of newly evolving patterns of international trade: Fragmentation, offshoring of activities, and vertical intra-industry trade. Hackensack, NJ: World Scientific Pub., 2012.
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Hix, Simon. 23. The EU as a new political system. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hepl/9780198737421.003.0025.
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This chapter examines the development and operation of the European Union from a comparative politics perspective. It first considers the evolution of the EU, from the signing of the Treaty of Paris in 1951 that established the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) to the admission of Lithuania in 2015 as the nineteenth member of the Eurozone, and the UK's decision to leave the EU in 2016. The chapter then explores the process of European integration and goes on to explain what it means to think of the EU as a political system. It also describes the two basic dimensions of the EU system: the vertical dimension (the EU as a ‘regulatory state’) and the horizontal dimension (the design and operation of EU decision-making). The chapter concludes by analysing the ‘missing link’ in the EU system — the lack of genuine democratic politics.
Book chapters on the topic "Vertical and Statistically Analysing"
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Green, Rita. "Analysing the Iteration Report and Vertical Ruler." In Statistical Analyses for Language Testers, 206–14. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137018298_15.
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Papageorgiou, Spiros, Mitchell J. Ginsburgh, and Pablo Garcia Gomez. "Chapter 3. Assessment design issues in developing vertical scales for language tests." In Innovations in Language Learning and Assessment, 35–60. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/illa.1.03pap.
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To support decisions about readiness to take a test in the TOEFL® Family of Assessments, a multi-year project was launched in 2017 to explore the possibility of expressing scores across multiple tests on a single, consistently interpreted scale by applying vertical linking procedures. This chapter focuses on the assessment design aspects of the vertical linking project. It describes the selection of vertical linking items for listening and reading and the development of test forms so that test taker responses could be collected. The chapter also discusses examples of content analysis of the vertical linking items flagged during the statistical analysis described in Chapter 4. The chapter concludes with implications for suites of language proficiency tests regarding the selection of vertical linking items.
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López, Tatiana. "Towards a Relational Approach for Analysing Labour Control Regimes and Union Agency in GPNs." In Economic Geography, 79–97. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-27387-2_3.
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AbstractThis chapter introduces central tenets of relational thinking in economic geography and then develops a relational approach for analysing labour control regimes and union agency in GPNs. It conceptualises place-specific labour control regimes at specific nodes of a GPN as emerging from the articulation of six horizontal (i.e. territorially embedded) and vertical (i.e. network embedded) processual relations: the labour process and workplace, wage, labour market, employment and industrial relations at the horizontal dimension, which in turn intersect with sourcing relations at the vertical, ‘network’ dimension of the GPN. Moreover, it develops a relational heuristic framework for analysing union agency in GPNs through the lens of three interrelated spaces of labour agency that unions construct through practices of building relations: (1) spaces of organising comprising internal union relations as well as unions organising practices; (2) spaces of collaboration constructed by unions through building relationships of collaboration with other labour and non-labour actors at various levels; and (3) spaces of contestation constructed by unions around specific labour struggles through building antagonistic relationships with employers, lead firms and state actors as well as through practices of drawing other allied actors into spaces of contestation to activate moral power resources.
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Devlin, Nancy, Aureliano Paolo Finch, and David Parkin. "Guidance to Users of EQ-5D-5L Value Sets." In Value Sets for EQ-5D-5L, 213–33. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-89289-0_5.
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AbstractOne of the most common questions that the EuroQol Group is asked by users of the EQ-5D-5L is: ‘Which value set should I use?’. The aim of this chapter is to provide guidance on this issue for users. There are two principal ways that EQ-5D-5L value sets are applied and used. The first is for summarising health-related quality of life to estimate quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) and changes in QALYs that result from the health care use. This kind of evidence is often part of health technology assessment (HTA). The second category of use is when value sets are employed as a way of summarising and statistically analysing EQ-5D-5L profile data without the aim of estimating QALYs. In each case, the stated requirements of those who use this evidence in decision making is a key consideration. This chapter summarises the relevant considerations to be taken into account when choosing a value set for QALY estimation purposes; and the considerations which are relevant to choosing a value set to use in other, ‘non-QALY’ applications.
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Karamouzi, Eugenia, Eleni Tsironi, and Panopoulos Panagiotis. "Study Cases (web)." In Manuali – Scienze Tecnologiche, 57. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-5518-044-3.57.
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REZOS BRANDS is a food focused SME, with expertise in superfoods. The company is established in Patras, back in 1983, with main activity the distribution and development of national sales networks of imported and local food & beverages products, operating in the Greek market. Over the years REZOS BRANDS has extended its operations to all activities of the vertical business model: from the farm to the fork, which includes cultivation, harvesting, research, process, packaging, warehouse storing, marketing, distribution. Having own multifunctional farm, the super foods are cultivated and grown up with the principles of sustainable precision farming in order to develop, monitoring & analysing high nutritional value crops. The crops have been processed with novel processing techniques, such as osmotic dehydration.
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López, Tatiana. "Conclusion: Lessons for Building Union Power in Garment Producing Countries and Benefits of a Relational Approach for Analysing Labour Control and Labour Agency in GPNs." In Economic Geography, 281–301. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-27387-2_8.
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AbstractThis chapter summarises central findings in light of the posed research questions and discusses the empirical and conceptual contributions of this book. In terms of empirical contributions, the book highlights the central role of local worker organisations in improving working conditions in the garment industry while simultaneously revealing the complex, networked labour control structures that constrain the terrain for labour agency in garment producing countries. Against this background, unions need to develop networked agency strategies that employ coalitional and moral power resources from international consumer and labour organisations to open up space for workplace organising and collective bargaining. Conceptually, the relational approach for studying labour control and labour agency in GPNs developed in this book contributes to reinvigorating a relational understanding of labour dynamics in GPNs as constituted through power-laden, networked relationships at the vertical and horizontal dimension of the GPN. Thereby the book addresses a gap in past scalar analyses, which have not sufficiently explored the specific links between network dynamics and territorial outcomes for labour at specific nodes of a GPN. The chapter concludes with final reflections on challenges and strategies for improving working conditions in the global garment industry and directions for further research.
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Troitzsch, Klaus G. "Analysing Simulation Results Statistically." In Interdisciplinary Applications of Agent-Based Social Simulation and Modeling, 88–105. IGI Global, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-5954-4.ch006.
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Many papers on simulation in the social sciences come up with significance tests in which the authors describe the effect of a parameter on some simulation outcome as significant on some level of significance. This chapter discusses the question whether significance tests on simulation results are meaningful, and it argues that it is the effect size much more than the existence of the effect that matters and that it is the description of the distribution function of the stochastic process incorporated in the simulation model which is important, particularly when this distribution is far from normal — which is particularly often the case when the simulation model is nonlinear.
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"Figure 3.10: Vertical and horizontal frequency bar charts." In Statistical Analysis for Education and Psychology Researchers, 78–79. Routledge, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203985984-22.
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Sryberko, Andrii. "CALCULATION OF THE VERTICAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE SPEED OF SOUND IN THE BLACK SEA BASED ON SATELLITE DATA IN THE PERIOD SPRING – AUTUMN 2021." In Modernization of research area: national prospects and European practices. Publishing House “Baltija Publishing”, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/978-9934-26-221-0-8.
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The indirect methods for determining the spatial distribution of hydrophysical characteristics in the marine environment become popular today due to the lack of new measured data on these characteristics in the World Ocean. Developed methods allow to simplify creating the model and forecast process for the spatial distribution of hydrophysical characteristics in different water areas of the World Ocean. The results of modeling and forecasting can be used for research and applied purposes. The speed of sound propagation is the main primary acoustic characteristic of the marine environment and the calculation of the vertical distribution of the speed of sound in the Black Sea is a significantly important task. The purpose of the article is to demonstrate the possibility of calculating the vertical distribution of the speed of sound in the active layer of the marine environment based on satellite data and process the detailed analysis of the obtained results. Calculation of the vertical distribution of the speed of sound in the active layer of the Black Sea deep-water area in the spring-autumn period was carried out on the basis of original methods which are based on mathematical and physical-statistical methods of analysis. These methods were developed in the State Institution “Hydroacoustic Branch of Institute of Geophysics by S.I. Subbotin name of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine”. Calculations of the vertical distribution of the speed of sound were processed using the “Program module” application. The initial data were daily sea surface temperature data from satellite measurements (NASA: Terra MODIS satellite). The spatial interval of measurements was 4 km in latitude and longitude. One date per month in the period May-October 2021 was selected for the studies. Based on the results of calculations of the vertical distribution of the speed of sound according to satellite data, the maps of its distribution on zonal and meridional oceanographic sections were built. During the analysis of the built maps the features of the vertical distribution of the speed of sound were identified in these sections. An analysis was made of the distribution of the calculated average values and the values of the vertical gradient of the sound speed in the Black Sea in the period spring-autumn 2021. Developed “Program module” application for automatic processing the satellite data has shown good efficiency in research for calculating the vertical distribution of the speed of sound in the Black Sea. Based on the results of the analysis, it was concluded that the developed methods for calculating the vertical distribution of the speed of sound in the marine environment can be used for research and applied purposes in solving applied tasks of hydrography, hydroacoustic, oceanology, marine ecology, navigation, etc. These methods and principles of developing the “Program module” application for calculating the vertical distribution of the speed of sound in the marine environment based on satellite data can be applied to analyze other areas of the World Ocean taking into account their hydrological conditions.
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Awouda, Ahmed Mubarak Mekki, Benedetta Fasciolo, Giulia Bruno, and Valentino Razza. "Cyber-Physical System Framework for Efficient Management of Indoor Farming Production." In Advances in Environmental Engineering and Green Technologies, 66–86. IGI Global, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-6684-7879-0.ch004.
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World population is expected to reach 9.7 billion by 2050. Thus, a significant increase in agricultural production is required to accommodate population growth. However, environmental crises and urbanization pose a threat to agriculture. Vertical farming can partially mitigate these effects by growing plants while optimizing space and maximizing several outdoor resources. However, this approach necessitates thoroughly re-evaluating cultivation techniques and environmental factors. This chapter proposes a holistic, sustainable agricultural framework for developing indoor farming systems, which consists of a methodology for creating crop growth procedures from experimental data using statistical analysis and artificial intelligence algorithms. The proposed method aims to balance resource utilization and productivity in vertical farming. Furthermore, the authors propose a design framework to create a sustainable aeroponic system structure. This structure aims to provide a test bench to prove the effectiveness of the said methodology.
Conference papers on the topic "Vertical and Statistically Analysing"
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Martinez, Oscar, Abiodun Adeniyi, Paul Nogradi, Bradley Loftin, Coleen E. Martinez, and Blake Van Hoy. "Regulatory Testing and Posttest Analysis of the DPP-3 Type B Shipping Container for NCT and HAC Tests." In ASME 2021 Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2021-62434.
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Abstract Safe transportation of radioactive material using appropriately designed, certified packages ensures protection of the public and environment using rigorous system packaging requirements. This protocol was conducted to determine the effects of drop testing on a Type B shipping package (DPP-3) performance per normal and hypothetical accident conditions tests. Preparation, testing, and post-test evaluations of a Type B shipping package tested to 10 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) 71.71 and 71.73 requirements are presented. Six packages were subjected to free drop, puncture, and thermal tests per 10 CFR 71.73. The posttest helium leak test showed a leak rate < 1 × 10−7 He-cc/sec, indicating that the containment boundary and leak-tight environment were maintained. Statistical analyses were performed to determine changes in package performance. The null hypothesis was that measurements would not change enough from pre- to post-testing to show statistical significance, which would indicate too much variability in package design. A repeated measures t-test was used to analyze drum lid and containment vessel (CV) torques. All six CV lid torques were statistically significant, but only three drum lid torques were statistically significant. Therefore, lid design caused more variability than necessary when subjected to the horizontal-and-cold, vertical-lid-down, and corner-with-lid-up drop tests. A one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) analyzed package heights and diameters, with results on height indicating four of the six certification test units (CTUs) were statistically significant. Thus, CTU design caused more variability than necessary when subjected to horizontal-hot, horizontal-cold, corner-lid-up, and corner-lid-down tests. One-way ANOVA analysis of diameter indicated that all six CTUs were statistically significant. Thus, CTU design caused more variability than necessary when subjected to all tests. The DPP-3 has been shown to be an acceptable design for transport of radioactive materials, but statistical analysis revealed that package and test design can be improved to reduce variability in performance before and after testing.
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Ren, Bo, Jerry Jensen, Larry Lake, Ian Duncan, and Frank Male. "Analysis of Vertical Permeability and Its Influence on CO2 EOR and Storage in a Carbonate Reservoir." In SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/205995-ms.
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Abstract The objective of this study is to improve understanding of the geostatistics of vertical (bed-normal) permeability (kz) and its influence on reservoir performance during CO2 enhanced oil recovery (EOR) and storage. kz is scrutinized far less often than horizontal permeability (kx, ky) in most geological and reservoir modeling. However, our work indicates that it is equally important to understand kz characteristics to better evaluate their influence on CO2 EOR and storage performance prediction. We conducted this study on about 9,000 whole-core triaxial permeability (kx, ky, kz) measurements from 42 wells in a San Andres carbonate reservoir. We analyzed kz data, including heterogeneity, correlation, and sample sufficiency measures. We analyzed wells with the largest and smallest fractions of points with kz > kmax = max(kx, ky), to explore geological factors that coincided with large kz. We quantified these geological effects through conditional probabilities on potential permeability barriers (e.g., stylolites). Every well had at least some whole-cores where kz > kmax. This is a statistically justifiable result; only where Prob(kz > kmax) is statistically different from 1/3 are core samples non-isotropic. In conventional core data interpretation, however, modelers usually assume kz is less than kmax. For the well with the smallest fraction (11%) of cores where kz > kmax, the cumulative distribution functions differ and coincides with the presence of stylolites. We found that kz is about twice as variable as kx in many wells. This makes kz more difficult to interpret because it was (and usually is) heavily undersampled. To understand the influence of kz heterogeneity on CO2 flow, we built a series of flow simulation models that captured these geostatistical characteristics of permeability, while considering kz realizations, flow regimes (e.g., buoyant flow), CO2 injection strategies, and reservoir heterogeneity. CO2 flow simulations showed that, for viscous flow, assuming variable kx similar to the reservoir along with a constant kz/kx = 0.1 yields a close (within 0.5%) cumulative oil production to the simulation case with both kx and kz as uncorrelated variables. However, for buoyant flow, oil production differs by 10% (at 2.0 hydrocarbon pore volume HCPV of CO2 injected) between the two cases. Such flows could occur for small CO2 injection rates and long injection times, in interwell regions, and/or with vertically permeable conduits. Our geostatistical characterization demonstrates the controls on kz in a carbonate reservoir and how to improve conventional interpretation practices. This study can help CO2 EOR and storage operators refine injection development programs, particularly for reservoirs where buoyant flow exists. More broadly, the findings potentially apply to other similar subsurface buoyancy-driven flow displacements, including hydrogen storage, geothermal production, and aquifer CO2 sequestration.
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Leishear, Robert A., Si Y. Lee, Mark D. Fowley, Michael R. Poirier, and Timothy J. Steeper. "Comparison of Experimental Results to CFD Models for Blending in a Tank Using Dual Opposing Jets." In ASME 2011 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2011-62042.
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Research has been completed in a pilot scale, eight foot diameter tank to investigate blending, using a pump with dual opposing jets. The jets re-circulate fluids in the tank to promote blending when fluids are added to the tank. Different jet diameters and different horizontal and vertical orientations of the jets were investigated. In all, eighty five tests were performed both in a tank without internal obstructions and a tank with vertical obstructions similar to a tube bank in a heat exchanger. These obstructions provided scale models of several miles of two inch diameter, serpentine, vertical cooling coils below the liquid surface for a full scale, 1.3 million gallon, liquid radioactive waste storage tank. Two types of tests were performed. One type of test used a tracer fluid, which was homogeneously blended into solution. Data were statistically evaluated to determine blending times for solutions of different density and viscosity, and the blending times were successfully compared to computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models. The other type of test blended solutions of different viscosity. For example, in one test a half tank of water was added to a half tank of a more viscous, concentrated salt solution. In this case, the fluid mechanics of the blending process was noted to significantly change due to stratification of fluids. CFD models for stratification were not investigated. This paper is the fourth in a series of papers resulting from this research (Leishear, et.al. [1–4]), and this paper documents final test results, statistical analysis of the data, a comparison of experimental results to CFD models, and scale-up of the results to a full scale tank.
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Pan, Zhiyuan, Torgeir Kirkhorn Vada, and Arne Nestegård. "Air-Gap Analysis of a Semi-Submersible Considering Full Second Order Effects." In ASME 2019 38th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2019-95300.
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Abstract In the present paper, a complete and consistent second-order computation of airgap for a semi-submersible is presented. The second-order sum and difference frequency upwell will be calculated and combined with the linear upwell statistically to find the short-term extremes. The phasing of the low frequency surface elevation with respect to the low frequency vertical motion will be considered. The asymmetric characteristics of the surface elevation will be taken care of by the sum frequency surface elevation. By comparing the maximum and minimum extremes of surface elevation in a given sea state at specified off-body points, the “asymmetry factor” up to the second order can be obtained.
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Hakala, Chris, James Clarke, Mark Biedrzycki, Kesley Price, Jamie Johnson, and Gavin Mitchson. "Automated Gas-Enhanced PFIB Surface Preparation Enabled Metrology and Statistical Analysis of 3D NAND Devices." In ISTFA 2019. ASM International, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.istfa2019p0227.
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Abstract The development of vertical 3D NAND technology over the past 5 years has been accelerated by the parallel development of metrology techniques capable of characterizing these device stacks. Current trends point toward a continuous scaling of dimensions along the z-axis, involving a critical etch step with aspect ratios of ~50:1. These high aspect ratio process steps present both fabrication and metrology challenges where the channel holes can bend, bow, and pinch off throughout the stack. Work presented herein demonstrates the capability of an automated workflow developed using the Thermo Scientific™ Helios™ G4 HXe DualBeam™ platform. The workflow iteratively exposes desired layers within the NAND stack, collects high resolution SEM images, and performs metrology to enable statistical analysis of trends as a function of depth within the stack. Results will be presented from 3 sites in an automatically delayered 72-layer 3D NAND die. Automated SEM metrology was performed every 10 layers, capturing more than 6000 devices. Over 19000 measurements were made on imaged devices yielding assessment of statistically significant trends in the planar cell area, eccentricity, and position of the bits as a function of depth.
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Landjobo Pagou, Arnold, Xiao Guo, Long Peng, and Abdoulaye AkhayieMamat. "Prediction and Identification of Gas Hydrates Formation and Reformation in Vertical and Inclined Gas Wells." In SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/210057-ms.
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Abstract Natural gas hydrate is one of the most promising prospective energy sources which may help alleviate future oil and gas shortages. Natural gas hydrate reformation in gas wells or transportation equipment is a significant concern. It reduces the gas production rate. An exceptionally high reformation rate can drastically reduce productivity and completely plug the equipment. This may result in equipment damage and cause the operating company to abandon the well, resulting in considerable financial losses. In some instances, this may result in staff loss. Consequently, early detection and prediction of natural gas hydrate reformation are essential for the operating companies to avoid lives and financial losses. This research assumes that hydrate reformation happens gradually in the tubing due to the nucleation of the hydrate slurry adhering to the tubing wall, the natural gas, and the hydrate particle. In this study, we develop the reformed hydrate thickness and the critical gas velocity correlations under the annular flow assumption and several others by establishing the Navier Stokes equation of the Newtonian fluid (gas phase) and non-Newtonian fluid (natural gas hydrate slurry). Consequently, the model developed accounts for the effects of the well's inclination angle, circumferential angle, and tubing diameter. It also incorporates the gas flow rate, pressure, temperature, well characteristics and fluid rheology. A published gas field data set is utilized to validate the developed model under 10%, 30%, 50%, 70%, and 100% natural gas hydrate void fractions in the tubing. As a result, as the reformed gas hydrate volume increases in the well section, the gas flow rate and the formation pressure increase. Our findings also indicate that the inclination angle, tubing diameter, circumferential angle, temperature, and pressure are statistically the most influential natural gas hydrate reformation factors. Furthermore, the analysis of variance (ANOVA) highlights some significant interactions contributing to the natural gas hydrate reformation, such as tube diameter-inclination angle, temperature-pressure, tube diameter-temperature-pressure, inclination angle-temperature-pressure.
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Konnikova, E. E., A. G. Popova, and N. I. Slugrov. "INFORMATIVE VALUE OF COMPUTER STABILOMETRY IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF VIBRATION DISEASE FROM THE EFFECTS OF GENERAL VIBRATION." In The 16th «OCCUPATION and HEALTH» Russian National Congress with International Participation (OHRNC-2021). FSBSI “IRIOH”, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31089/978-5-6042929-2-1-2021-1-276-279.
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Abstract: A statistical analysis of stabilometric study results of 50 male patients with vibration disease (VD) from the effects of general vibration (GV) (average work experience 26,7±6,2) has been carried out. The control group (CG) included 50 men who have not been exposed to the general vibration. The compared groups were comparable by age: the average age of patients with vibration disease was 56.34+5.15, patients of the control group-58.22+-7.05. The study of the support symmetry and equilibrium function was carried out using the Romberg test on the St-150 stabiloplatform (Biomera, Moscow) in a vertical stand with European installation of feet in the positions of open (OE) and closed eyes (CE). A comparative analysis of the parameters of support symmetry in patients with VD from GV revealed a statistically significant sagittal asymmetry in the phases of OE and CE than in individuals of CG. Among the balancing parameters, the most informative parameters of computer stabilometry in patients with VD from GV were: an increase in the area of the statokinesiogram, a decrease in energy efficiency in both phases of the study, and an increase in the speed of the statokinesiogram in phase with CE. Computer stabilometry can be recommended as an additional objective research method in the diagnosis of early stages of VD from GV to improve the quality of periodic medical examinations.
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Vittorini, Pierpaolo, Stefano Necozione, and Ferdinando di Orio. "Towards a SOA infrastructure for statistically analysing public health data." In the ACM first workshop. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1317353.1317357.
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Rand, Omri, and Vladimir Khromov. "Mission Oriented Multi-Prop UAV Analysis using Statistical Design Trends." In Vertical Flight Society 76th Annual Forum & Technology Display. The Vertical Flight Society, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4050/f-0076-2020-16451.
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The paper presents a methodology for sizing and preliminary analysis of Multi-Prop UAVs. The methodology is founded on design trends that emerge from a vast and unique database that has been collected for such vehicles. The database includes geometry parameters, components' weight, power required and flight performance estimation. For a given mission, the analysis enables optimization of a specific design of a Multi-Prop configuration for either minimal weight or minimal dimensions. As opposed to low-order and relatively simple analyses that are typically used in early design stages, the results presented in this paper include design trends and correlations within existing flying configurations, and therefore, contain many design constraints that typically emerge only during advanced stages of the design process.
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A´lvarez del Castillo, A., E. Santoyo, O. Garci´a-Valladares, and P. Sa´nchez-Upton. "Evaluation of Void Fraction Correlations for the Statistical and Numerical Analysis of Two-Phase Flows Inside Producing Geothermal Wells." In ASME 2008 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2008-68926.
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The modeling of heat and fluid flow inside two-phase geothermal wells is a vital task required for the study of the production performance. Gas void fraction is one of the crucial parameters required for a better prediction of pressure and temperature gradients in two-phase geothermal wells. This parameter affects the correct matching between simulated and measured data. Modeling of two-phase flow inside wells is complex because two phases exist concurrently (exhibiting various flow patterns that depend on their relative concentrations, the pipe geometry, and the mass flowrate). A reliable modeling requires the precise knowledge of the two-phase flow patterns (including their transitions and some flow parameters). In this work, ten empirical correlations were used to estimate the gas void fraction in vertical-inclined pipes, and to evaluate their effect on the prediction of two-phase flow characteristics of some Mexican geothermal wells. High quality downhole pressure/ temperature logs collected from four producing geothermal wells were studied [Los Azufres, Mich. (Az-18); Los Humeros, Pue. (H-1), and Cerro Prieto, B.C. (M-90 and M-201)]. The pressure/ temperature gradients were simulated using an improved version of the wellbore simulator GEOPOZO, and the gas void fraction correlations. The simulated results were statistically compared with measured field data.
Reports on the topic "Vertical and Statistically Analysing"
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Vecherin, Sergey, Stephen Ketcham, Aaron Meyer, Kyle Dunn, Jacob Desmond, and Michael Parker. Short-range near-surface seismic ensemble predictions and uncertainty quantification for layered medium. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), September 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/45300.
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To make a prediction for seismic signal propagation, one needs to specify physical properties and subsurface ground structure of the site. This information is frequently unknown or estimated with significant uncertainty. This paper describes a methodology for probabilistic seismic ensemble prediction for vertically stratified soils and short ranges with no in situ site characterization. Instead of specifying viscoelastic site properties, the methodology operates with probability distribution functions of these properties taking into account analytical and empirical relationships among viscoelastic variables. This yields ensemble realizations of signal arrivals at specified locations where statistical properties of the signals can be estimated. Such ensemble predictions can be useful for preliminary site characterization, for military applications, and risk analysis for remote or inaccessible locations for which no data can be acquired. Comparison with experiments revealed that measured signals are not always within the predicted ranges of variability. Variance-based global sensitivity analysis has shown that the most significant parameters for signal amplitude predictions in the developed stochastic model are the uncertainty in the shear quality factor and the Poisson ratio above the water table depth.