Journal articles: 'Vertebrate pest control'

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DCD and J. Hone. "Analysis of Vertebrate Pest Control." Colonial Waterbirds 19, no. 2 (1996): 297. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1521880.

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Buckland, S. T., and J. Hone. "Analysis of Vertebrate Pest Control." Journal of Applied Ecology 33, no. 1 (February 1996): 179. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2405030.

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Avery, Michael L. "Analysis of vertebrate pest control." Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 57, no. 2-3 (May 1996): 212–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-8809(96)88952-3.

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Dell’Omo, Giacomo, and Maura Palmery. "Fertility control in vertebrate pest species." Contraception 65, no. 4 (April 2002): 273–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0010-7824(02)00285-8.

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Houseman, Jon G., A. M. Larocque, and N. M. R. Thie. "INSECT PROTEASES, PLANT PROTEASE INHIBITORS, AND POSSIBLE PEST CONTROL." Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada 123, S159 (1991): 3–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/entm123159003-1.

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AbstractSince the first observation that plants contained protease inhibitors, as identified by their ability to inhibit vertebrate enzymes, it has been postulated that the presence of these substances was related to their phytoprotective abilities. However the following assumptions (1) that phytophagous insects use trypsin, and (2) that ingested inhibitors disrupt digestive proteolysis in insects, have not been adequately tested. Identification of non-tryptic enzymes, cathepsin B, D, and H in phytophagous Coleoptera and unique trypsin-like enzymes in Lepidoptera, indicates insect proteases may differ from their vertebrate counterparts. Putative inhibitor proteins inhibited vertebrate trypsin and chymotrypsin in vitro but had no effect on the trypsin- or chymotrypsin-like activity from the insect midgut. Feeding experiments with the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner), indicate that ingestion of inhibitors may not disrupt digestive proteolysis in vivo and the vertebrate trypsin inhibitor in corn may be ineffective as a phytoprotective strategy for this insect. Limitations and implications of ingested inhibitors for future pest control may depend on the origin of the inhibitor, as well as the insect's response.

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Hone, Jim. "Yield, compensation and fertility control: a model for vertebrate pests." Wildlife Research 31, no. 4 (2004): 357. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr03080.

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A graphical and quantitative framework is described linking production yield, damage by vertebrate pests, their abundance and density-dependent responses to imposed sterilisation. Compensatory responses of yield to pest damage, and pest populations to fertility control are described as part of the modelling. The focal relationship is that between yield and the proportion of a pest population permanently sterilised, which is shown to be generally positive though the form of the relationship varies with differing assumptions. Compensatory responses to pest damage of production systems, such as crops, livestock, trees or fish, generate non-linear responses between yield and pest damage, and yield and pest abundance. Compensatory responses by a pest population generate linear or curved relationships between abundance and the proportion of females sterilised. The model is illustrated using data from empirical studies, especially of European rabbits in Australia and New Zealand. It is recommended that the framework be evaluated on wild populations of vertebrate pests.

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Andersen, Mark C. "The roles of risk assessment in the control of invasive vertebrates." Wildlife Research 35, no. 3 (2008): 242. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr07107.

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Vertebrate pest species are an economically and ecologically important subset of the broader environmental problem of invasive alien species. Risk assessment has been shown to be a useful paradigm for identifying and comparing potential solutions to environmental problems in a variety of contexts, including problems associated with invasive species. Here I briefly review the important components of the risk assessment paradigm, and discuss potential applications of risk assessment approaches to several aspects of the control of invasive vertebrate pest species, including import and export controls to prevent establishment, evaluation of control measures for established species, and assessment of the severity of potential non-target impacts of control measures. Risk assessment can contribute to the solution of vertebrate pest problems by connecting science to policy and management decisions, by identifying and alleviating values-based controversies, and by integrating public participation and stakeholder involvement into science-based decision-making.

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Fall, Michael W., and William B. Jackson. "A new era of vertebrate pest control? An introduction." International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation 42, no. 2-3 (August 1998): 85–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0964-8305(98)00058-4.

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SHEAIL, JOHN. "The Mink Menace: The Politics of Vertebrate Pest Control." Rural History 15, no. 2 (September 29, 2004): 207–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956793304001232.

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The paper relates the impact of the North American mink (Mustela vison), during the first half-century of its introduction, to the wider governance of the British countryside and, more particularly the agriculture departments, the Nature Conservancy, and their respective interest-groups. Even when evidence emerged of the mink's ability to breed in the wild, the departments strove both to avoid any impairment of the fur-breeding industry and to minimise their own responsibility for controlling the feral population. Such hesitancy and delay made it even less likely that the eventual campaign to eradicate the species in the 1960s would succeed. In pursuit of greater self-reliance of industry in raising agricultural productivity, the Conservative Government of the early 1970s relinquished even the desire to use the powers and resources uniquely available to government to coordinate and effect some measure of control, for example in safeguarding ‘the unique ecology’ of the Western Isles. The paper assesses the respective roles of ministers and officials, and their ‘expert’ advisers in permitting that failure in management to occur at a time when farming took such pride in its new-found ability to effect major improvements to ‘the rural workshop’.

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Tompkins, Daniel M., and Clare J. Veltman. "Behaviour-manipulating parasites as adjuncts to vertebrate pest control." Ecological Modelling 302 (April 2015): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2015.01.016.

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Latham, A. David M., M. Cecilia Latham, Ellen Cieraad, Daniel M. Tompkins, and Bruce Warburton. "Climate change turns up the heat on vertebrate pest control." Biological Invasions 17, no. 10 (June 21, 2015): 2821–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10530-015-0931-2.

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LITTIN, K. E., P. FISHER, N. J. BEAUSOLEIL, and T. SHARP. "Welfare aspects of vertebrate pest control and culling: ranking control techniques for humaneness." Revue Scientifique et Technique de l'OIE 33, no. 1 (April 1, 2014): 281–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.20506/rst.33.1.2281.

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Kross, Sara M., Ryan P. Bourbour, and Breanna L. Martinico. "Agricultural land use, barn owl diet, and vertebrate pest control implications." Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 223 (May 2016): 167–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2016.03.002.

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Freeman, AB, GJ Hickling, and CA Bannock. "Response of the Skink Oligosoma Maccanni (Reptilia: Lacertilia) to Two Vertebrate Pest-Control Baits." Wildlife Research 23, no. 4 (1996): 511. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9960511.

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The attractiveness of two vertebrate pest-control baits (non-toxic RS5 and Pindone-impregnated AgTech) to captive skinks (Oligosoma maccanni) was assessed with timelapse video and feeding trials in New Zealand. 0. maccanni were attracted to both bait types. When dry, pindone baits were more palatable than RS5 baits. However, when wet the palatability of both baits increased and was similar. Bait size had no significant effect on palatability. Lizards ate an average of 0.01 g of RS5 bait or 0.02 g of Agtech Pindone bait, over two days. On the basis of published susceptibility data, it is unlikely that this level of consumption would expose skinks to lethal doses of these vertebrate pest toxins. Potential sublethal effects of such doses require further study.

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Tyndale-Biscoe, H. "The CRC for Biological Control of Vertebrate Pest Populations: fertility control of wildlife for conservation." Pacific Conservation Biology 1, no. 3 (1994): 160. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc940160.

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In the last four years there has been a growing awareness of fertility control as a means of reducing or eliminating pest mammals. It is the preferred option of animal welfare groups in Australia (Tyndale-Biscoe 1991) and in North America (Denver Wildlife Research Center 1993), and the expectations have accordingly been raised for its imminent use for the control of Australia's most intractable species, the rabbit, the fox and the cat. In this article I will outline the progress so far achieved in developing this approach for the fox and rabbit, the major obstacles that still remain including the perceived risks, and the long-term prospects for these and other species if fertility control is shown to be an effective means of controlling pest populations.

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Classen, Alice, Marcell K. Peters, Stefan W. Ferger, Maria Helbig-Bonitz, Julia M. Schmack, Genevieve Maassen, Matthias Schleuning, Elisabeth K. V. Kalko, Katrin Böhning-Gaese, and Ingolf Steffan-Dewenter. "Complementary ecosystem services provided by pest predators and pollinators increase quantity and quality of coffee yields." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 281, no. 1779 (March 22, 2014): 20133148. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2013.3148.

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Wild animals substantially support crop production by providing ecosystem services, such as pollination and natural pest control. However, the strengths of synergies between ecosystem services and their dependencies on land-use management are largely unknown. Here, we took an experimental approach to test the impact of land-use intensification on both individual and combined pollination and pest control services in coffee production systems at Mount Kilimanjaro. We established a full-factorial pollinator and vertebrate exclosure experiment along a land-use gradient from traditional homegardens (agroforestry systems), shaded coffee plantations to sun coffee plantations (total sample size = 180 coffee bushes). The exclusion of vertebrates led to a reduction in fruit set of ca 9%. Pollinators did not affect fruit set, but significantly increased fruit weight of coffee by an average of 7.4%. We found no significant decline of these ecosystem services along the land-use gradient. Pest control and pollination service were thus complementary, contributing to coffee production by affecting the quantity and quality of a major tropical cash crop across different coffee production systems at Mount Kilimanjaro.

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PARKES, JOHN P., ALAN ROBLEY, DAVID M. FORSYTH, and DAVID CHOQUENOT. "Adaptive Management Experiments in Vertebrate Pest Control in New Zealand and Australia." Wildlife Society Bulletin 34, no. 1 (March 2006): 229–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2193/0091-7648(2006)34[229:ameivp]2.0.co;2.

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Henderson, Wendy R., and Elaine C. Murphy. "Pest or prized possession? Genetically modified biocontrol from an international perspective." Wildlife Research 34, no. 7 (2007): 578. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr07062.

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This article provides an overview of current research, regulations and international issues concerning genetically modified (GM) organisms for use as biological controls of vertebrates. There is increasing interest in using biotechnology to solve vertebrate pest problems around the world. A major issue lies in the fact that individual countries focusing on internal problems of pest management may overlook the potential of transborder entry. Animals considered a pest in one country may well be prized possessions in another, and research and management strategies should consider the adverse effects of biocontrol agents entering the ‘wrong’ country. There is a wealth of guidance in the form of national and international regulations and ethics guidelines. However, current legislation and agreements may not be adequate to ensure that all risks of GM biocontrols, particularly disseminating agents, have been considered from an international perspective. Major issues include concerns of transboundary movement, non-target effects and the need for an international body to consult with and regulate the use of GM biocontrols. We live in a finite and interconnected world: it is vital that impacts of potential control strategies are assessed at a local and international level, and from social, environmental and economic perspectives.

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19

King, D. "Book Reviews - 'Analysis of vertebrate pest control'. by Jim Hone. Cambridge University Press." Rangeland Journal 17, no. 2 (1995): 242. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj9950242.

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Tompkins, Daniel M., and Clare J. Veltman. "Unexpected Consequences Of Vertebrate Pest Control: Predictions From A Four-Species Community Model." Ecological Applications 16, no. 3 (June 2006): 1050–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/1051-0761(2006)016[1050:ucovpc]2.0.co;2.

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Hone, J. "Modelling of poisoning for vertebrate pest control, with emphasis on poisoning feral pigs." Ecological Modelling 62, no. 4 (August 1992): 311–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-3800(92)90005-y.

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McLeod, S. R., G. Saunders, L. E. Twigg, A. D. Arthur, D. Ramsey, and L. A. Hinds. "Prospects for the future: is there a role for virally vectored immunocontraception in vertebrate pest management?" Wildlife Research 34, no. 7 (2007): 555. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr07050.

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Virally vectored immunocontraception (VVIC) has been studied and promoted as an alternative to lethal methods for vertebrate pest control in Australia and New Zealand. Virally vectored immunocontraception offers a potentially humane and species-specific control method with potential for a good benefit–cost outcome, but its applicability for broad-scale management remains unknown. We present case studies for the house mouse, European rabbit, red fox and common brushtail possum and describe the current status of research into the use of VVIC as a broad-scale pest-management tool. All case studies indicated that there are significant problems with delivery and efficacy. The current state of development suggests that VVIC is not presently a viable alternative for the management of these vertebrate pests, and it is highly unlikely that this will change in the foreseeable future. An absence of benefit–cost data also hinders decision-making, and until benefit–cost data become available it will not be clear if there are short- or long-term benefits resulting from the use of VVIC for broad-scale pest management.

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Byrom, Andrea E., John Innes, and Rachelle N. Binny. "A review of biodiversity outcomes from possum-focused pest control in New Zealand." Wildlife Research 43, no. 3 (2016): 228. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr15132.

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Worldwide, introduced vertebrate pests impact primary production, native biodiversity, and human health. In New Zealand, extensive pest control (~10 million ha) is undertaken to protect native biota and to prevent losses to the primary sector from wildlife vectors of bovine tuberculosis (TB), primarily possums (Trichosurus vulpecula). Control is conducted by TBfree New Zealand and by conservation agencies. Remote, forested terrain is treated using the toxin 1080 via aerial delivery in bait with a return time of ~5 years. Ground-based control is conducted annually using traps and/or poison bait. Possums are controlled to very low abundance by these operations. Aerial 1080 is effective against another forest-dwelling vertebrate pest, the ship rat (Rattus rattus). Possum control has reduced TB rates, but collateral benefits for native biodiversity have not been quantified, making it difficult to demonstrate a return on investment. We review information from 47 accounts of responses of native biota to possum control. Of these, 60% quantified responses to aerial 1080; the remainder were ground-based. Possum control benefited vegetation by increasing foliage and fruit production, and by reducing tree mortality. Controlling ship rats and possums together improved bird populations, but rats recovered rapidly and long-term outcomes for rat-vulnerable birds are unknown.Large-bodied invertebrates also benefited from extensive pest control. We conducted a meta-analysis of 84 response measures from 35 of these 47 studies in order to provide a quantitative assessment of these findings. The analysis demonstrated that both ground and aerial control of this invasive pest in New Zealand has provided substantial collateral benefits for native biota. Few studies have taken advantage of decades of extensive pest control in New Zealand to monitor ecosystem-level outcomes, which have received only short-term attention thus far. Non-treatment experimental controls and replicate sites that enable validated assessments of outcomes for native biota are vital. Future studies would benefit from a standardised set of biodiversity indicators from a range of taxonomic and functional groupings, and from standardising experimental designs so individual studies can contribute to future meta-analyses, to strengthen the evidence base for the impacts of invasive pests on native biota in New Zealand and worldwide.

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Mendez, Armando, Suzanne Ryder, and Chris Swindells. "Put a (clear, goal-oriented, flexible and focused) contract on them! Some thoughts on selecting your pest contractors." Biodiversity Information Science and Standards 2 (July 4, 2018): e26721. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/biss.2.26721.

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In the last 20 years, IPM (Integrated Pest Management) has become an increasingly important discipline within the area of Preventive Conservation. Incorporating an IPM program is a complex task even for a small sized institution, so when facing the challenge of starting a monitoring, recording, quarantine and identification scheme whilst ensuring that IPM protocols and best practices cascading from a comprehensive IPM Policy are followed throughout the institution, most IPM professionals tend to focus on the invertebrate pest problem while relaying entirely on external pest control companies to deal with the parallel issue of vertebrate pest. This talk will present a case study to show an example of the well-known correlation between vertebrate and invertebrate pest activity and their complex relations, providing a few tips for those new to IPM on how to spot potential infestation sources, identifying points of entry and following the clues to find the origin of infestations, demonstrating how the detective work is an essential part of the role of an IPM professional. Following up on the case study the talk will lead on to discuss the importance of stablishing secure and long-lasting relationships with key position holders in your institution in order to influence key contracts. The talk will provide advice on how to help your colleagues in Building/Estates Management Departments (those usually being in charge of managing pest control contracts), select the best candidate for an institution that have chosen the IPM strategy of prevention and investment on investigation over the traditional methods of pest control. The talk will also discuss issues of reaction versus prevention, legalities, preventive strategies, raising awareness of IPM in your institution, the importance of education and outreach and many other areas of IPM you always wanted to know about but were afraid to ask…

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Vlieger, L., P. M. Brakefield, and C. Müller. "Effectiveness of the defence mechanism of the turnip sawfly, Athalia rosae (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae), against predation by lizards." Bulletin of Entomological Research 94, no. 3 (June 2004): 283–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/ber2004299.

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AbstractThe turnip sawfly, Athalia rosae Linnaeus, is a pest on cruciferous crops. Larvae sequester secondary plant compounds, namely glucosinolates, in their haemolymph. When attacked, their integument is easily disrupted and a droplet of haemolymph is exuded (‘easy bleeding’). This has been shown to be an effective, chemical-based, defence against invertebrate predators. The efficiency of this proposed defence was tested against a vertebrate predator, using groups of the iguanid lizard Anolis carolinensis Voigt as a model predator. Caterpillars of Pieris rapae Linnaeus and Pieris brassicae Linnaeus served as control prey species that do not sequester glucosinolates. Lizards attacked far fewer sawfly larvae than pierid caterpillars. Several of the sawfly larvae were rejected after an initial attack, demonstrating unpalatability to the lizards, while the Pieris larvae were not rejected. However, P. rapae larvae topically treated with extracts of haemolymph of A. rosae had no deterrent effect on the lizards and no avoidance learning occurred over a period of two weeks. Adult sawflies do not easy bleed but have glucosinolates carried over from the larval stage. Lizards attacked them at a higher rate than larvae and they were never rejected. The results suggest that for the defensive effectiveness of the pest sawfly species against vertebrates the chemical cue is not necessarily sufficient. Movement and colour may be important additional factors triggering the behaviour of vertebrate predators.

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Boyle, DB. "Disease and fertility control in wildlife and feral animal populations: options for vaccine delivery using vectors." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 6, no. 3 (1994): 393. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd9940393.

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A wide variety of vertebrates have been introduced into Australia during the 200 years of European settlement. Many have become pests causing significant environmental damage and having the potential to act as reservoirs of infectious diseases. Control of vertebrate pest species by fertility control is attractive on animal welfare grounds. Should exotic animal diseases become established in any of these feral animal populations vaccination would be an essential element in the control or eradication of disease. The only experience to date with vaccination of wildlife or feral animals has been the successful control of rabies in foxes in Europe by means of a live, attenuated rabies vaccine and a vaccinia-rabies recombinant vaccine. The feasibility of vaccination for disease control or fertility control in other vertebrate pests will depend on the development and evaluation of several vaccine vector strategies. The choice of vector, based on live viruses or bacteria, naked DNA coding for vaccine antigen or virus-like particles encapsidating genetic material coding for vaccine antigen, will depend on optimization of vector delivery strategies and immunogenicity of the vaccine antigen. Past experience from the vaccination of foxes against rabies suggests that rates of uptake of the vaccine bait and immunogenicity of the vaccine will be crucial factors in determining the success of other vaccines controlling disease or fertility.

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Ikagawa, Mary. "Invasive ungulate policy and conservation in Hawaii." Pacific Conservation Biology 19, no. 4 (2013): 270. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc130270.

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Feral Cattle Bos taurus, Goats Capra hircus, Sheep Ovis aries, and Pigs Sus scrofa have been modifying Hawaii’s native ecosystems since being introduced more than 200 years ago. Controlled rigorously in the early 1900s as pests, the animals have been increasing in number and range since the 1950s, when the rise of sport hunting resulted in take restrictions and the introduction of additional game species. Presently, free-roaming Pigs, Goats, Cattle, Sheep (both O. aries and the more recently introduced Mouflon O. gmelini mouflon) and deer Axis axis, Odocoileus hemionus are described in state reports and plans as high-threat invasive species, while simultaneously being protected under the law as game mammals. This study examines the statutes, rules and management practices pertaining to invasive ungulates in an island state with highly imperiled native ecosystems. This analysis reveals that Hawaii’s invasive-animal policy and management framework does not support the ungulate control needed to further state plans and mandates to preserve native species and watersheds. Lacking are laws that have been passed by other governments to reduce the spread and impacts of invasive vertebrates, such as maintaining a comprehensive vertebrate pest list, facilitating the control of such pests on all land ownerships, prohibiting the feeding and transport of vertebrate pests without a permit, and prohibiting the release of introduced vertebrates into the wild.

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Scaroni, Mark, and Jo Ann C. Wheatley. "THE EFFECTIVENESS OF ROW COVERS AS A BARRIER TO INSECT PESTS ON ROMAINE LETTUCE (PARRIS ISLAND COS)." HortScience 25, no. 9 (September 1990): 1116G—1116. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.25.9.1116.

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This project examined a floating row cover as an alternative to chemical use for pest control. Insect and vertebrate pest control was excellent on the covered versus the uncovered crop plants. Average weight, length, and quality were enhanced through the use of covers. The interval of transplant-to-harvest was also decreased. While the cost of row cover use is quite high on a per-acre basis, additional gains in quality, yields, earlier plantings, and earlier harvests may justify the use of row covers as an alternative to chemical control. Although acceptance and use of row covers may ultimately rely on the consumer, demand for organically grown vegetables will warrant further evaluation of row cover materials.

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Scaroni, Mark, and Jo Ann C. Wheatley. "THE EFFECTIVENESS OF ROW COVERS AS A BARRIER TO INSECT PESTS ON ROMAINE LETTUCE (PARRIS ISLAND COS)." HortScience 25, no. 9 (September 1990): 1116g—1116. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.25.9.1116g.

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This project examined a floating row cover as an alternative to chemical use for pest control. Insect and vertebrate pest control was excellent on the covered versus the uncovered crop plants. Average weight, length, and quality were enhanced through the use of covers. The interval of transplant-to-harvest was also decreased. While the cost of row cover use is quite high on a per-acre basis, additional gains in quality, yields, earlier plantings, and earlier harvests may justify the use of row covers as an alternative to chemical control. Although acceptance and use of row covers may ultimately rely on the consumer, demand for organically grown vegetables will warrant further evaluation of row cover materials.

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A. E. Atkinson, I. "Recovery of wildlife and restoration of habitats New Zealand." Pacific Conservation Biology 8, no. 1 (2002): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc020027.

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Although New Zealand's native fauna shares a Gondwana origin with that of Australia, there are major differences between our countries. The near-absence of land mammals and the restricted biodiversity and habitat range of New Zealand, contrast with the species-rich fauna and habitat variety of Australia. Both countries share an unenviable extinction record, particularly birds in New Zealand and mammals in Australia. Introduced mammals, often interacting with habitat destruction, have frequently been responsible for these losses in New Zealand. In some places, entire vertebrate foraging guilds have disappeared. On the mainland, control of introduced mammals has had limited success but a steadily increasing number of islands have been cleared of alien mammals. This has created new opportunities for translocating threatened species of native vertebrates and invertebrates to pest-free islands. It has also created options for substituting an ecologically similar species for one that is extinct, thus potentially achieving a more comprehensive restoration. Recent progress with island restoration has stimulated a "mainland island" strategy involving simultaneous intensive control of several pest mammals within a limited area that is then used to re-establish viable populations of threatened species. Examples are given to illustrate these conservation actions.

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Glen, Alistair S., and Chris R. Dickman. "Monitoring bait removal in vertebrate pest control: a comparison using track identification and remote photography." Wildlife Research 30, no. 1 (2003): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr01059.

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The removal of non-toxic fox baits was monitored simultaneously using identification of tracks in sand plots and an inexpensive method of remote photography. During 1126 bait-nights carried out using both methods at sites in the central and northern tablelands of New South Wales, 106 baits were removed by a variety of target and non-target animals. Whereas the results of sand plots may be inaccurate or unreliable, particularly during poor weather conditions, remote photography provides results that are less open to misinterpretation.

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DiTommaso, Antonio, Matthew R. Ryan, Charles L. Mohler, Daniel C. Brainard, Rachel E. Shuler, Leslie L. Allee, and John E. Losey. "Effect of Cry3Bb Bt Corn and Tefluthrin on Postdispersal Weed Seed Predation." Weed Science 62, no. 4 (December 2014): 619–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/ws-d-14-00065.1.

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Indirect effects of insect control strategies on weed populations are important to consider when developing robust integrated pest management strategies. Weed seed predation rates were investigated in corn managed under three contrasting treatments based on control practices for corn rootworm: (1) the transgenic crop Cry3Bb Bt corn, (2) the broad-spectrum insecticide tefluthrin, and (3) no insecticide control. This 2-yr field study conducted near Ithaca, NY, involved quantifying seed loss from velvetleaf, common lambsquarters, and giant foxtail in arenas with and without vertebrate exclosures. Velvetleaf and giant foxtail were unaffected by the insecticide treatment; however, average seed predation of common lambsquarters was lower in both the Bt corn (11.9%) and insecticide-treated plots (11.8%) compared with control plots (17.5%) that did not receive any insecticide. Seed predation of common lambsquarters was not affected by the vertebrate exclosure. Lower seed predation in the transgenic Bt corn and insecticide treatments was likely due to nontarget effects on carabids (Coleoptera: Carabidae). Although the reduction in seed predation was modest and limited to only one of the three weed species tested, our results highlight the need for greater risk assessment that includes the ecosystem service of weed seed predation when considering insect pest management options.

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Philip, Justine. "The Institutionalisation of Poison: A historical review of vertebrate pest control in Australia, 1814 to 2018." Australian Zoologist 40, no. 1 (January 2019): 129–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.7882/az.2018.025.

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Alghali, A. M., and D. E. Pratt. "Utilisation of farmers' practices and perceptions in the formulation of pest management strategies for cowpea production in southern Sierra Leone." Insect Science and Its Application 16, no. 1 (March 1995): 103–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742758400018385.

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AbstractSurvey questionnaires were administered to 50 farmers in three chiefdoms in the Moyamba District of southern Sierra Leone. The study was undertaken to gain insight into the indigenous farming practices for cowpea with emphasis on pest management. This is to serve as a guide in drawing up a research agenda and identifying appropriate measures for the control of cowpea pests. Farm sizes were generally small, usually less than 2 ha of intercropped cowpea. This suggests that the farmers were mostly subsistent and would require low cost inputs to boost production. Vertebrate and insect pests were identified by the farmers as limiting cowpea grain production. Insect pests were considered more serious than vertebrates. Pest control was mostly traditional and involved cultural measures such as weeding of plots, fencing, trapping and scaring of birds. These may be inefficient and labour intensive. Varieties planted by the farmers were mostly land races that have low yield potential and lack some other desirable agronomic character like semi-erectness and bold seeds. Selection criteria in breeding programmes should incorporate farmers' preferences which include high yields, sweet taste, resistance to pests and diseases, compatibility with the farming systems and acceptable seed appearance that would enhance marketing. The study further revealed that at present cowpea is grown mostly as a secondary crop. Therefore, introduced pest control efforts would have to be cheap, easy to adopt and integrative. These would include:(a) education on control options hitherto unknown to the farmers;(b) identifying and developing effective strategies that are low cost, labour insensitive, environmentally friendly and compatible with the socioculturel background of the farming community; and(c) creating awareness on the necessity for the inputs to be readily available and affordable at the local government level.

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Kogan, Marcos, and Waheed I. Bajwa. "Integrated pest management: a global reality?" Anais da Sociedade Entomológica do Brasil 28, no. 1 (March 1999): 01–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0301-80591999000100001.

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The expression "Integrated Pest Management" (IPM or MIP in Portuguese) is completing 28 years since it first appeared in press. Since then integrated pest management or integrated pest control has become the paradigm of choice for activities that aim at attenuating the impact of all pests - plant diseases, weeds, and invertebrate or vertebrate animals - in agricultural production, in human and animal health, and in urban or rural structures. Despite the nearly universal acceptance of the concept, its practical application still is rather restricted, varying considerably among geopolitical regions, the nature of the crop, and, mainly, with the commitment and support of responsible governmental entities for programs dedicated to promote adoption of IPM. An objective assessment of the successful incorporation of IPM in agricultural practices is difficult because: a) lack of rigorous criteria to distinguish an IPM program from other traditional pest control activities, b) absence of a broadly based consensus on a definition of IPM, and c) paucity of reliable quantitative surveys of the agricultural area under IPM. Some have used the percentage of pesticide use reduction as a measure of the success of IPM. This measure, however, in the absence of other criteria, may not be appropriate for in some parts of the world introduction of IPM may lead to an increase in pesticide use, not a reduction. In our search to assess the expansion of IPM programs in the world, we concluded that it is essential to first achieve a consensus on the criteria to measure the nature of the program. In general these criteria depend on the level of IPM integration, the nature of the pests, the value of the crop, the availability of alternative control technologies, and the associated economic, environmental, and social risks. In view of the small volume of available data and in the absence of objective measurements of performance criteria, we opted to use as title for this paper an assertion to be questioned: is indeed IPM a global reality?

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Seamark, Robert F. "Biotech prospects for the control of introduced mammals in Australia." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 13, no. 8 (2001): 705. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd01073.

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More than twenty exotic vertebrate species are now listed as pests in Australia. Collectively, these pests have a huge economic and environmental impact and pose a major threat to Australia’s ecosystems and unique biodiversity. Management of such pests on a continental scale is a major challenge. Recent advances in biotechnology suggest alternatives to the lethal diseases normally sought for use as biological control agents. One proposal, being investigated in the Pest Animal Control Cooperative Research Centre, Canberra, is the use of biotechnology to develop a new generation of agents that act through controlling reproduction to prevent the build up of pest populations. The core concept is fertility control through immunocontraceptive vaccines delivered by viruses that specifically infect the target pest population. Proof of this exciting concept has been obtained for the mouse and, very recently, the rabbit, and a candidate vaccine vector identified for the fox, portending better control of a trio of Australia’s most pervasive pests. Other advances in biotechnology suggest ways to negate the build up of both innate and acquired immune resistance in target pest populations that normally act to limit the efficacy and effective life of biocontrol agents in the field. Prospects for extending the use of virally vectored vaccines to the field management of wildlife diseases are also identified. Targets for such vaccines include a growing suite of emerging diseases, hosted by Australia’s wildlife, which pose a threat to human and livestock health. Numerous technical challenges remain to be addressed before any of these new agents are ready for use in the field. However, the major risk to their development is now no longer viewed as being technical, but the failure to gain public acceptance for their use in the field. This already significant risk is exasperated by the present heightened level of public concern about all introductions of genetically modified organisms.

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Schmidt, Jason M., Angelita Acebes-Doria, Brett Blaauw, Arash Kheirodin, Swikriti Pandey, Kylie Lennon, Amos D. Kaldor, Pedro F. S. Toledo, and Erin E. Grabarczyk. "Identifying Molecular-Based Trophic Interactions as a Resource for Advanced Integrated Pest Management." Insects 12, no. 4 (April 16, 2021): 358. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects12040358.

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Biodiversity is an essential attribute of sustainable agroecosystems. Diverse arthropod communities deliver multiple ecosystem services, such as biological control, which are the core of integrated pest management programs. The molecular analysis of arthropod diets has emerged as a new tool to monitor and help predict the outcomes of management on the functioning of arthropod communities. Here, we briefly review the recent molecular analysis of predators and parasitoids in agricultural environments. We focus on the developments of molecular gut content analysis (MGCA) implemented to unravel the function of community members, and their roles in biological control. We examine the agricultural systems in which this tool has been applied, and at what ecological scales. Additionally, we review the use of MGCA to uncover vertebrate roles in pest management, which commonly receives less attention. Applying MGCA to understand agricultural food webs is likely to provide an indicator of how management strategies either improve food web properties (i.e., enhanced biological control), or adversely impact them.

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Beausoleil, NJ, and DJ Mellor. "Advantages and limitations of the Five Domains model for assessing welfare impacts associated with vertebrate pest control." New Zealand Veterinary Journal 63, no. 1 (December 2014): 37–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00480169.2014.956832.

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Stejskal, V. "A new concept of economic injury level that includes penalization of damage to quality and safety of agricultural products." Plant Protection Science 37, No. 4 (January 1, 2001): 151–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/8380-pps.

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The traditional model of Economic Injury Level (EIL) does not allow to directly incorporate aspects of damage to quality and safety of a product (Dq) into the decision-making process to control a pest (pathogen, weed, arthropod, vertebrate). This work now attempts to generalize a concept of EIL by (i) separating damages to quality and safety (i.e. Dq and EILq) from quantitative (i.e. Dw and EILw) types of damage (D) in the traditional EIL-equation, and (ii) by establishing a new way of estimation of EILq based on the penalization of quality and/or safety damage. The importance to distinguish between the terms EIL, EILw and EILq is discussed, and a calculation of the new index (Z), enabling the comparison of the relative economic importance of qualitative and quantitative damage caused by a particular level of pest infestation or disease severity, is proposed.

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Nasif, Saifullah Omar, Md Nasir Hossain Sani, Md Saiful Islam, Md Touhidujjaman, Kaniz Fatema Punam, and Md Razzab Ali. "A survey of potato growers in Bangladesh: production and challenges." Research in Agriculture Livestock and Fisheries 5, no. 2 (September 9, 2018): 165–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ralf.v5i2.38054.

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The study was conducted in the 20 upazila of 10 selected major potato growing districts of Bangladesh to find out the present potato cultivation status, challenges, diversity of pests and their risks management options among the farmers. The data were collected through interview of 500 potato farmers considering 25 potato farmers from each upazila. Infections of diseases were reported to be the major problems followed by lower market price of the produced potato. Other major problems faced during potato cultivation were insect pest attack and weed attack. The BARI Alu-7 (Diamant) was most susceptible potato variety to insect pests and diseases, whereas the Lal-pakhri was the least susceptible to pests. Most of the fields (98.50%) were infested by cutworm. Among these pests, cutworm and aphid were identified as major pests and caused high and moderate infestations respectively. Others were identified as minor pests of potato with low infestations. Potato tuber worm was found as the key pest in storage condition. Rat was reported as the most infesting vertebrate storage pests. Currently cutworm and aphid were more damaging insect pest of potato in field condition than previous infestation, and potato tuber worm was more damaging insect pest in storage. Insecticide spray is the most favorable pest control method among the potato growers. Only a little portion of farmers have knowledge about integrated pest management (IPM) practices. So, it is expected the proper awareness program and planning will be taken to handle such challenges.Res. Agric., Livest. Fish.5(2): 165-174, August 2018

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McDowell, A., B. J. McLeod, T. Rades, and I. G. Tucker. "Application of pharmaceutical drug delivery for biological control of the common brushtail possum in New Zealand: a review." Wildlife Research 33, no. 8 (2006): 679. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr06028.

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The common brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula) is the most significant vertebrate pest in New Zealand, being a major ecological threat to the indigenous biodiversity and an economic threat as a vector for bovine tuberculosis. Novel and effective strategies to reduce the population of T. vulpecula are needed urgently. Several biocontrol agents are currently being assessed and from research to date it is likely that the biocontrol agents will be peptide or protein molecules. It is not possible to administer such biocontrol agents alone because they would be degraded rapidly in the animal, especially if delivered orally. Technologies used in the pharmaceutical industry to design efficacious drug-delivery systems for humans and animals can be applied to the design of delivery systems for biocontrol agents used in wildlife management, although there are some unique challenges that must be overcome.

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Chen, Pengyu, Kristof De Schutter, Els J. M. Van Damme, and Guy Smagghe. "Can Plant Lectins Help to Elucidate Insect Lectin-Mediated Immune Response?" Insects 12, no. 6 (May 27, 2021): 497. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects12060497.

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Lectins are carbohydrate-binding proteins that recognize and selectively bind to specific sugar structures. This group of proteins is widespread in plants, animals, and microorganisms, and exerts a broad range of functions. Many plant lectins were identified as exogenous stimuli of vertebrate immunity. Despite being the largest and most diverse taxon on earth, the study of lectins and their functions in insects is lagging behind. In insects, research on lectins and their biological importance has mainly focused on the C-type lectin (CTL) family, limiting our global understanding of the function of insect lectins and their role in insect immunity. In contrast, plant lectins have been well characterized and the immunomodulatory effects of several plant lectins have been documented extensively in vertebrates. This information could complement the missing knowledge on endogenous insect lectins and contribute to understanding of the processes and mechanisms by which lectins participate in insect immunity. This review summarizes existing studies of immune responses stimulated by endogenous or exogenous lectins. Understanding how lectins modulate insect immune responses can provide insight which, in turn, can help to elaborate novel ideas applicable for the protection of beneficial insects and the development of novel pest control strategies.

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Noble, J. C., and G. H. Pfitzner. ""They Know Not What They Do" — on William Rodier and his Mission to Exterminate Rabbits and other Vertebrate Pests." Historical Records of Australian Science 14, no. 4 (2002): 431. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/hr03009.

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William Rodier (1859–1936) became well known throughout much of southeastern Australia during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, mainly through the vigour with which he expressed his contentious views on how best to control certain vertebrate pests. Much of his 'plan', particularly in regard to rabbits, was based on his experience as a pastoralist in western New South Wales. In this article, we examine what is known about Rodier's family background, his occupations, preoccupations, and particularly, the effectiveness of his endeavours to convince a largely sceptical public as to the wisdom and practicality of his method for vertebrate pest control. Some of the circulars and flyers printed by Rodier are also reproduced for illustrative purposes. These were designed to demonstrate the effectiveness of the Rodier Method, especially for controlling the rabbit, perceived by him to be the most serious threat then facing landholders in Australia. Rodier's activities are appraised in light of the relationship then existing between community-based science and more orthodox, academically-based science in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. Finally, this relationship is further explored in an historical context by examining the importance attached to local, informal knowledge in contemporary ecological research where landholder collaboration is now often regarded as an integral component.

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Beausoleil, N. J., P. Fisher, K. E. Littin, B. Warburton, D. J. Mellor, R. R. Dalefield, and P. Cowan. "A systematic approach to evaluating and ranking the relative animal welfare impacts of wildlife control methods: poisons used for lethal control of brushtail possums (Trichosurus vulpecula) in New Zealand." Wildlife Research 43, no. 7 (2016): 553. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr16041.

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Context Control of unwanted wildlife (‘pest’ animals) is undertaken for conservation and economic reasons, and when such animals are considered a nuisance. Such control should be undertaken using approaches that minimise, as far as possible, detrimental impacts on the welfare of the animals. Using a scientific framework based on the Five Domains model, the relative welfare impacts of pest control methods can be compared across methods and pest species. Aims We demonstrate the application of a modified version of this framework to evaluate the relative impacts of seven Vertebrate Toxic Agents (VTAs) used to control brushtail possums (Trichosurus vulpecula) in New Zealand. The evaluation is used to produce a ranking of the seven VTAs based on their relative impacts on possum welfare. Methods Scientific literature describing mode of toxic action, specific effects in possums or other animals and reports from human poisonings was collated as reference material for a panel of six experts. The panel produced a median welfare impact score (‘none’ to ‘extreme’) for each of the Five Domains. The ‘Overall Grade’ (1 to 8) reflected the intensity and duration of all impacts of a VTA on possums. Key results All VTAs evaluated have at least moderate impacts on possum welfare, lasting for at least minutes. Cyanide was assessed as having the lowest welfare impacts (median grade 4), and cholecalciferol and the anticoagulants the highest impacts (7.5 to 8). Zinc phosphide was assigned an intermediate grade (6) with high confidence. While the overall impacts of sodium fluoroacetate (1080) and phosphorus were also assessed as intermediate (6), the panel’s confidence in these scores was low. Conclusions From an animal welfare perspective, anticoagulant poisons and cholecalciferol should be the least preferred options for controlling possums in New Zealand, as VTAs with less severe welfare impacts are available. Implications The results of such assessments allow animal welfare impacts to be integrated with other factors in wildlife management decision-making and policy development, and are thus useful for managers, researchers, regulators and operators. Evaluation of welfare impacts aligns with the goals and mandates of ethical wildlife control and may also be valuable in wider wildlife research and management activities.

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Hacker, R. B., K. Sinclair, and C. M. Waters. "Total grazing pressure - a defining concept for extensive pastoral systems in the southern rangelands of Australia." Rangeland Journal 41, no. 6 (2019): 457. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj19026.

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In Australia, particularly in the southern rangelands, large populations of native and feral herbivores (including kangaroos, goats, rabbits, pigs, donkeys and camels, depending on the location) co-exist with domestic livestock. In recent decades the concept of ‘total grazing pressure’ has been developed, and widely accepted, to denote the total forage demand of all vertebrate herbivores relative to the forage supply. This concept provides a framework within which both domestic and non-domestic species can be managed to allow commercially viable livestock production, landscape maintenance or restoration and species conservation. The concept should have relevance wherever pest animal control programs, biodiversity conservation, or commercialisation of wildlife are conducted in conjunction with extensive livestock production. The rationale for the compilation of the Special Issue is outlined.

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Rodger, John C. "Likely targets for immunocontraception in marsupials." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 9, no. 1 (1997): 131. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/r96073.

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There is a growing need to manage marsupial populations as a means to mitigate economic and environmental damage and resolve animal welfare problems. In Australia, the problems of population management are highly specific and localized. In contrast, in New Zealand the problem is the control of the many millions of widely-distributed brushtail possums which are the country’s major vertebrate pest. The needs of the two countries are thus very different but immunocontraception may provide an effective and humane alternative to current lethal control strategies. This paper discusses the features of marsupial reproduction and development that offer potential as targets for immunocontraceptive interference, including: (1) sperm production and maturation in the male; (2) sperm transport and maturation in the female; and (3) sperm and egg antigens and the early embryo. Some of these antigen targets are shared with eutherian mammals but others are likely to be unique to marsupials.

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BARR, JULIAN J. F., PETER W. W. LURZ, MARK D. F. SHIRLEY, and STEVE P. RUSHTON. "Evaluation of Immunocontraception as a Publicly Acceptable Form of Vertebrate Pest Species Control: The Introduced Grey Squirrel in Britain as an Example." Environmental Management 30, no. 3 (September 2002): 342–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00267-002-2686-7.

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MacQuarrie, Chris J. K., D. B. Lyons, M. Lukas Seehausen, and Sandy M. Smith. "A history of biological control in Canadian forests, 1882–2014." Canadian Entomologist 148, S1 (January 14, 2016): S239—S269. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/tce.2015.66.

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AbstractBiological control has been an important tactic in the management of Canadian forests for over a century, but one that has had varied success. Here, we review the history of biological control programmes using vertebrate and invertebrate parasitoids and predators against insects in Canadian forests. Since roughly 1882, 41 insect species have been the target of biological control, with approximately equal numbers of both native and non-native species targeted. A total of 161 species of biological control agents have been released in Canadian forests, spanning most major orders of insects, as well as mites and mammals. Biological control has resulted in the successful suppression of nine pest species, and aided in the control of an additional six species. In this review, we outline the chronological history of major projects across Canadian forests, focussing on those that have had significant influence for the development of biological control. The historical data clearly illustrate a rise and fall in the use of biological control as a tactic for managing forest pests, from its dominance in the 1940s and 1950s to its current low level. The strategic implementation of these biological control programmes, their degree of success, and the challenges faced are discussed, along with the discipline’s shifting relationship to basic science and the environmental viewpoints surrounding its use.

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Pech, R., G. M. Hood, J. McIlroy, and G. Saunders. "Can foxes be controlled by reducing their fertility?" Reproduction, Fertility and Development 9, no. 1 (1997): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/r96059.

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A model based on data from research in New South Wales conducted by the Cooperative Research Centre for the Biological Control of Vertebrate Pest Populations suggests that the effectiveness of fertility control in reducing the abundance of foxes (Vulpes vulpes) can be strongly influenced by environmental variability. The model includes age-specific recruitment and survival as functions of resources indexed by rainfall. It is assumed that fertility control will affect only female foxes and that the use of a baiting regime to deliver a contraceptive agent will result in fixed proportional changes in pregnancy rates. By comparing the variability in the rate of increase of treated and untreated fox populations, the model predicts that: (i) frequent baiting, every one or two years, will be more effective than applications of baits at longer time intervals; (ii) the abundance of foxes will decline more rapidly with higher levels of fertility control; (iii) infertility which lasts for only one breeding season is less effective than permanent sterility which allows for accumulation of sterile animals in the population; and (iv) highly variable results are likely to be the outcome of low-frequency baiting with an agent that produces only temporary infertility.

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Wanger, Thomas C., Arno C. Wielgoss, Iris Motzke, Yann Clough, Barry W. Brook, Navjot S. Sodhi, and Teja Tscharntke. "Endemic predators, invasive prey and native diversity." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 278, no. 1706 (September 8, 2010): 690–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2010.1512.

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Interactions between native diversity and invasive species can be more complex than is currently understood. Invasive ant species often substantially reduce diversity in the native ants diversity that act as natural control agents for pest insects. In Indonesia (on the island of Sulawesi), the third largest cacao producer worldwide, we show that a predatory endemic toad ( Ingerophrynus celebensis ) controls invasive ant ( Anoplolepis gracilipes ) abundance, and positively affects native ant diversity. We call this the invasive-naivety effect (an opposite of enemy release), whereby alien species may not harbour anti-predatory defences against a novel native predator. A positive effect of the toads on native ants may facilitate their predation on insect vectors of cacao diseases. Hence, toads may increase crop yield, but further research is needed on this aspect. Ironically, amphibians are globally the most threatened vertebrate class and are strongly impacted by the conversion of rainforest to cacao plantations in Sulawesi. It is, therefore, crucial to manage cacao plantations to maintain these endemic toads, as they may provide critical ecosystem services, such as invasion resistance and preservation of native insect diversity.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Vertebrate pest control'

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