Academic literature on the topic 'Vernon, susan'

Lady Susan is a novel by Jane Austen which published very first time in 1871 with an epistolary style of writing. This novel tells the story about Susan Vernon, the main character who has just lost her husband forever. Although Susan Vernon became a single parent, but her beauty and charm cannot be doubted. She is used to living a luxurious life and full of wealth. This causes her self-confidence high and then do everything to survive include married her daughter Frederica to the man of her choice and then looking for a rich man for herself. This study seeks to explain how the confidence of Susan Vernon leads to narcissistic personality disorder. The data source is novel Lady Susan which will be explain based on personality theory by Sigmund Freud. The results of the discussion showed that Lady Susan has a narcissistic personality disorder caused when her parents and environment spoiled her too much. The urge to fulfill desires in any way carried over into adulthood. This disorder not only affects those closest to patient but also has a bad impact on the sufferer because it demands to be perfect in order to get praise and respect. Patients will get a negative response because their desires tend to be unreasonable. When experience a failure, they lost a confidence and finally being embarrassed to appear in front of public.

Book reviews - Crítica de libros - Crítica de livros (index) Susan Kilby: Peasant Perspectives on the Medieval Landscape: A study of three communities Carlos Tejerizo-García Briony McDonagh: Elite Women and the Agricultural Landscape, 1700-1830 Nicola Verdon Amanda L. Capern, Briony McDonagh and Jennifer Aston (Eds.): Women and the Land 1500-1900 Clare V. J. Griffiths Anne-Lise Head-König, Luigi Lorenzetti, Martin Stuber and Rahel Wunderli (Eds.): Pâturages et forêts collectifs. Économie, participation, durabilité / Kollektive Weiden und Wälder. Ökonomie, Partizipation, Nachhaltigkeit Giulia Beltrametti Stuart G. McCook: Coffee Is Not Forever: A Global History of the Coffee Leaf Rust Albert Folch James Simpson y Juan Carmona: Why Democracy Failed. The Agrarian Origins of the Spanish Civil War Lourenzo Fernández Prieto Bert Theunissen: Beauty or Statistics. Practice and Science in Dutch Livestock Breeding, 1900-2000 Reinaldo Funes Monzote Sylvain Brunier: Le bonheur dans la modernité. Conseillers agricoles et agriculteurs (1945-1985) Daniel Lanero Táboas Francisco García González (Ed.): Vivir en soledad. Viudedad, soltería y abandono en el mundo rural (España y América Latina, siglos XVI-XXI) Joana María Pujadas Mora

In many countries, relationship between decentralization of government activities and the extent of rent extraction by private parties is an important element in the recent debate on institutional design. The topic of corruption was actively, openly and debated in Indonesia by government, its development partners, and a broadly based group of political and civil society leaders are engaged in meetings and exchange on a daily basis. In the ongoing debate on corruption a lot of attention is paid to the role of public sector salaries, particularly in the decentralization era. Based on this phenomenon, the authors want to analyze the relationship between corruption and decentralization. Using OSL model, we can find a very strong and consistent positive association between the two variables across a sample of region, thereby providing some support for theories of decentralization that emphasize its benefits. This association is robust to controlling for a wide range of potential sources of omitted variable bias as well as endogeneity bias. Keywords: Corruption, Decentralization, OSL Model Abstrak.Di banyak negara, hubungan antara desentralisasi pemerintah dan tingkat ekstraksi sewa oleh pihak swasta merupakan elemen penting dalam perdebatan baru pada desain institusional. Topik korupsi secara aktif, terbuka dan diperdebatkan di Indonesia oleh Pemerintah, mitra pembangunan, dan kelompok berbasis luas dari para pemimpin politik dan masyarakat sipil yang terlibat dalam pertemuan dan pertukaran setiap hari. Dalam perdebatan tentang korupsi banyak perhatian diarahkan untuk peran gaji sektor publik, terutama di era desentralisasi. Berdasarkan fenomena ini, penulis ingin menganalisis hubungan antara korupsi dan desentralisasi. Menggunakan OSL model, kita dapat menemukan hubungan positif yang sangat kuat dan konsisten antara dua variabel di seluruh sampel dari daerah, sehingga memberikan beberapa dukungan untuk teori desentralisasi yang menekankan manfaat. Asosiasi ini adalah kuat untuk mengendalikan berbagai kemungkinan potensial dari upaya menghilangkan sebagian variabel serta bias endogenitas. Kata Kunci: Korupsi, Desentralisasi, OSL Model REFERENCES,Ades, Alberto and Di Tella, Rafael, 1994, “Competition and corruption” Institute of Economics and Statistics Discussion Papers 169. University of Oxford.____, 1995, “National champions and corruption: some unpleasant competitiveness arithmetic”.University of Oxford. Photocopy.Barro, Robert, 1992, “Human capital and economic growth”. in policies for long run economic growth. Federal Reserve bank of Kansas City: 199-216.____, 1990, “Government spending in a simple model of endogenous growth.” Journal of Economy, 98, no.5, part 2, S103-S125.Bhagwati, Jagdish, 1982, “Directly unproductive, profit-seeking (dup) activities.” Journal of Political Economy, 90, no.5.Clemets, Benedict, Rejane Hugounenq, and Gerd Schwartz, 1995, “Government subsidies: concept, international trends and reform options”, IMF Working Papers 95/91. Washington, DC: International Monetary Fund.Easterly, William, 1990, “Endogenous growth in developing countries with government induced distortions.” In Vittorio Corbo, Stanley Fischer and Steve Webb, Policies to Restore Growth. Washington DC: The World Bank.Fisman, Raymond, and Roberta Gatti, 2002, “Decentralization and corruption: evidence across countries”, Journal of Public Economics 83: 325-345.Hague, Nadeem Ui, and Ratna Sahay, 1996, “Do government wage cuts close budget deficits? IMF Working Papers 96/19. Washington, DC: International Monetary Fund.Hines, James, 1995, “Forbidden payment: foreign bribery and american business.” NBER Working Papers 5266. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research.Keefer, Philip, and Stephen Knack, 1995, “Institutions and economic performance: cross-country tests using alternative institutional measures.” Economics and Politics.Kraay, Aart, and Van Rijckeghem, Caroline, 1995, “Employment and wages in public sector-a cross-country study.” IMF Working Papers 95/70. Washingtin, DC: International Monetary Fund.Krueger, Anne, 1974, “The Political economy of the rent-seeking society.” American Economic Review 64, No.3 (June): 291-303.Levine, Ross and David Renelt, 1992, “A sentivity analysis of cross-country growth regressions.” American Economic Review 82, No.4 (September): 942-963.Loayza, Norman, 1996, “The economics of informal sector: a simple model and some empirical; evidence from Latin America.” The World Bank. Photocopy.Martinez. Jorge-Vazquez, F. Javier Arze, Jameson Boex, 2004, “Corruption, fiscal policy and fiscal management, USAID Report (October).Mauro, Paolo, 1995, “Corruption and growth.” Quarterly Journal of Economics CX, no.3 (August): 681-712._____, 1997, “The Effect of Corruption on growth, investment and government ex-penditure: a cross country analysis, in Corruption and the global economy, K.A. Elliot, ed., Eashington D.C., Institute for International Economics, pp.83-107._____, 1998, corruption and the composition of government expenditure, Journal of Public Economics, vol.69:263-279.Megantara, Andie and Noor Fuad, 2003, “The impact of institutional environment on public official performance: does institutional environment affect the rate of corruption?”, Jurnal Keuangan Publik vol.1, no.1 (September):1-23.Murphy, Kevin, Andrei Shleifer and Robert Vishny, 1991, “Allocation of talent: implications for growth.” Quarterly Journal of Economics, 106.Raunch, James, 1995, “Bureaucracy, infrastructure and economic growth: evidence from U.S. Cities During the Progressive Era.” American Economic Review 85, no.4 (September): 968-979.Rose-Ackerman, Susan, 1978, Corruption: a study in political economy, New York, NY: Academic Press._____, 1996, Democracy and grand corruption, International Social Science Journal, vol.48. no.3._____, 1997, Corruption and development, Paper presented at the annual Bank Conference on Development Economics, Washington D.C._____, 1999, Corruption and government: causes, consequences and reform, Cambridge University Press.Sachs, Jeffrey, and Warner, Andrew, 1995, “Natural resource abundance and economic growth.” NBER Working Papers 5398. Cambrdge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research.Shleifer, Andrei, and Robert W. Vishny, 1993., Corruption, the quarterly journal of economics, 108 (August): 599-617.Tanzi, Vito, 1994, “Corruption, governmental activities and markets.” IMF Working Papers 94/99. Washington, DC: International Monetary Fund.Taylor, Charles L. and Michael C Hudson, 1972, World handbook of political and social indicators. Ann Arbor, MI: ICPSR.Treisman, Daniel, 2000, “The causes of corruption: a cross-national study”, Journal of Public Economics 76: 399-457.Tullock, Gordon, 1967, “The welfare costs of tarriffs, monopolies and theft.” Western Economic Journal5.Vernon, Henderson, and Ari Kuncoro, 2006, “Sick of local government corruption” Vote Islamic”, NBER Working Paper 12110 (March): 1-41.

La dieta estacional y anual del coyote Canis iatransiue determinada mediante el análisis de 330 excrementos colectados en la Reserva de la Biosfera la Michilía, Durango, México. Se consideraron sólo aquellas muestras cuyo diámetro máximo fuera entre 18.1 mm y 31 mm, diámetros menores o mayores se consideraron de otros carnívoros diferentes a los coyotes en esta área de estudio. los mamíferos fueron las categorías de alimentos más consumidos por el coyote, seguido por los frutos; estos suman el 91% de los alimentos consumidos durante el año, las aves, reptiles e insectos constituyen un 9%. Se observó una marcada variación estacional (P < 0.001) en el consumo de los diferentes tipos de alimento que componen la dieta del coyote en la zona. los mamíferos fueron el principal alimento durante Invierno y Primavera (época seca), mientras que los frutos lo fueron en el Verano (época húmeda). los índices de diversidad trófica obtenidos estacionalmente no presentan amplias variaciones, van de 1.17 a 1.52, y acentúan la importancia de los mamíferos y los frutos en la dieta estacional y anual del coyote en el área de estudio. Se discute el comportamiento de forrajeo de este depredador

1) Congreso/Congress: University of Rome "Roma Tre" (Department of Foreign Languages, Literatures and Cultures). International Conference: Terms and Terminology in the European Context, 23-24 October 2014 (Department of Foreign Languages, Literatures and Cultures, Via del Valco San Paolo, 19, Rome – ITALY). For queries regarding the congress please contact: ttec.roma3@gmail.com 2) Congreso/Congress: “XI Congreso Traducción, Texto e Interferencias” (UNIA, Baeza) Call for papers until 30 June 2014: http://www.uco.es/congresotraduccion/index.php?sec=home 3) Taller/Workshop: 4th International Workshop on Computational Terminology, CompuTerm 2014, COLING 2014 Workshop, 23rd or 24th August 2014, Dublin, Ireland, http://perso.limsi.fr/hamon/Computerm2014/ Submissions should follow the COLING 2014 instruction for authors (http://www.coling-2014.org/call-for-papers.php) and be formatted using the COLING 2014 stylefiles for latex, MS Word or LibreOffice (http://www.coling-2014.org/doc/coling2014.zip), with blind review and not exceeding 8 pages plus two extra pages for references. The PDF files will be submitted electronically at https://www.softconf.com/coling2014/WS-9/ 4) Congreso/Congress: 34th TRANSLATOR’S WEEK, 1st INTERNATIONAL TRANSLATION SYMPOSIUM (SIT), São Paulo State University (Unesp), September 22-26, 2014, São José do Rio Preto (Brazil). The official languages of the event are Portuguese, Spanish, English, Italian and French. Contact: Angélica (Comisión Organizadora), angelica@ibilce.unesp.br 5) Congreso/Congress: Cardiff University Postgraduate Conference, 27 May 14: “The Translator: Competence, Credentials, Creativity”. Keynote speaker: Professor Theo Hermans (UCL).The event is kindly supported by the University Graduate College and the European School of Languages, Politics and Translation. For queries, please contact the.translator.pg.conference@gmail.com. 6) Congreso/Congress: International Conference, 3rd T&R (Theories & Realities in Translation & wRiting) Forum. Organized by the University of Western Brittany, Brest (FRANCE), in collaboration with KU Leuven/Thomas More (Campus Antwerpen, BELGIUM), with the support of AFFUMT (Association française des formations universitaires aux métiers de la traduction) and the participation of Università Suor Orsola Benincasa (Naples, ITALY): “Traduire/écrire la science aujourd’hui - Translating/Writing Science Today” Please submit an abstract of approximately 300 words by 15 June 2014 to Jean-Yves Le Disez (jean-yves.ledisez@univ-brest.fr, Joanna Thornborrow joanna.thornborrow@univ-brest.fr and Winibert Segers (Winibert.Segers@kuleuven.be). For more information on previous events and the forthcoming conference : http://www.univ-brest.fr/TR, http://www.lessius.eu/TNR 7) Congreso/Congress: “The International Conference of Journals and Translation”, Jinan University, Guangzhou, CHINA, on 28-29 June 2014. The conference is hosted by the School of Foreign Studies, Jinan University, Guangzhou, CHINA. The official languages of the conference are English and Chinese. Contact information: Yan, Fangming（颜方明86-13751750040; Li, Zhiyu（李知宇86-13824451625. 8) Congreso/Conference: PACTE Group is organising two events on the subject of the didactics of translation. These events will be held at the Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (SPAIN) in July 2014. SECOND INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON RESEARCH INTO THE DIDACTICS OF TRANSLATION (8-9 July 2014). SECOND SPECIALIST SEMINAR ON THE DIDACTICS OF TRANSLATION (7 July 2014). Further information about the conference and the seminar: http://grupsderecerca.uab.cat/pacte/en/content/didtrad-2014 9) Simposio/Symposium: “Translation in Music” Symposium, held on 25-26 May 2014, and co-organized by the European School of Languages, Politics and Translation (Cardiff University). Please see the following website for details: www.cardiff.ac.uk/music/translationinmusic 10) Revistas/Journals: “The Journal of Intercultural Communication and Mediation”, “CULTUS Journal” www.cultusjournal.com Next Issue: Cultus7 : “Transcreation and the Professions” Call for papers (Issue 7, 2014): 9th June. Submission info at: www.cultusjournal.com Contact: David Katan, Interlinguistic Mediation/Translation and Interpretation Department of Humanities, University of the Salento (Lecce), via Taranto 35 - 73100 Lecce (ITALY), tel.+39 0832/294111. 11) Revistas/Journals: Invitation for Submissions (Vol. 3, 2014): Translation Spaces: A multidisciplinary, multimedia, and multilingual journal of translation, published annually by John Benjamins Publishing Company. Please consult our guidelines, and submit all manuscripts through the online submission and manuscript tracking site, indicating for which track and Board member the manuscript is to be addressed: (1) Translation, Globalization, and Communication Technology (Frank Austermühl); (2) Translation, Information, Culture, and Society (Gregory M. Shreve); (3) Translation, Government, Law and Policy (Michael Geist); (4) Translation, Computation, and Information (Sharon O’Brien); (5) Translation and Entertainment (Minako O’Hagan); (6) Translation, Commerce, and Economy (Keiran J. Dunne); and (7) Translation as an Object of Study (Ricardo Muñoz Martín). 12) Revistas/Journals: PR for Linguistica The editorial board of the peer reviewed journal Linguistica Antverpiensia NS-Themes in Translation Studies is happy to announce the launch of its new Open Journal format. LANS-TTS published 11 annual issues devoted to current themes in Translation Studies between 2002 and 2012, and will continue to publish annually on selected TS themes, but in open access, and can be downloaded from: ‪https://lans-tts.uantwerpen.be Its first digital issue is entitled “Research models and methods in legal translation”. It has been guest edited by Łucja Biel (University of Warsaw, POLAND) & Jan Engberg (Aarhus University, DENMARK). 13) Revistas/Journals: CALL FOR PAPERS The Yearbook of Phraseology would like to invite you to submit papers on the relationship between phraseology and translation. The Yearbook of Phraseology is published by Mouton de Gruyter (Berlin, Boston) and has already been indexed by many scientific databases. It has recently been added to the MLA International Bibliography. Our editorial board includes reknown linguists such as Dmitrij Dobrovol’kij (Moscow), Christiane Fellbaum (Princeton), Sylviane Granger (Louvain), Wolfgang Mieder (Vermont), Alison Wray (Cardiff) and others. We have also been able to rely on international experts for reviewing our submissions: Igor Mel’cuk, Doug Biber, Uli Heid, Barbara Wotjak, etc. The web page of the journal is: http://www.degruyter.com/view/serial/42771 For more information, please contact: Dr. Jean-Pierre Colson (Institut Marie Haps / Université catholique de Louvain), Yearbook of Phraseology / Editor. 14) Libros/Books: Peter Lang Oxford invites proposals for the book series: New Trends in Translation Studies (www.peterlang.com?newtrans). Series Editor: Jorge Díaz-Cintas (Director), Centre for Translation Studies (CenTraS), University College London (UK). Advisory Board: Susan Bassnett, University of Warwick, UK Lynne Bowker, University of Ottawa, Canada Frederic Chaume, Universitat Jaume I, Castellón, Spain Aline Remael, Artesis University College Antwerp, Belgium This series is based at the Centre for Translation Studies (CenTraS), University College London (www.ucl.ac.uk/centras). For more information, please contact Dr. Laurel Plapp, Commissioning Editor, Peter Lang Oxford, 52 St Giles, Oxford OX1 3LU (UK). Email: l.plapp@peterlang.com. Tel: 01865 514160. 15) Libros/Books: New book: Transfiction. Research into the realities of translation fiction, edited by Klaus Kaindl & Karlhienz Spitzl, Series: Benjamins Translation Library (BTL 110), ISSN: 0929-7316 16) Libros/Books: New book on classical Chinese literature and translation: CHAN, KELLY K.Y.: Ambivalence in poetry: Zhu Shuzhen, a classical Chinese poetess? http://www.amazon.com/Ambivalence-poetry-Shuzhen-classical-Chinese/dp/3639700791 17) Libros/Books: Nueva publicación de TRAMA: MARTÍ FERRIOL, JOSÉ LUIS: El método de traducción: doblaje y subtitulación frente a frente www.tenda.uji.es/pls/www/!GCPPA00.GCPPR0002?lg=CA&isbn=978-84-8021-940-2 18) Libros/Books: Piotr de Bończa Bukowski & Magda Heydel (Eds.), Anthology of Polish Translation Studies, published in Kraków (POLAND). For further details : http://www.wuj.pl/page,produkt,prodid,2184,strona,Polska_mysl_przekladoznawcza,katid,126.html. 19) Libros/Books: Nuevo libro: Nicolas Froeliger: Les noces de l’analogique et du numérique, París: Les Belles Lettres, 2014. 20) Libros/Books: New book on the reception of Italian Literature in Spain: CAMPS, Assumpta (2014). Traducción y recepción de la literatura italiana en España. Barcelona: Edicions UB. 21) Libros/Books: New book on the reception of Italian Literature in Spain: CAMPS, Assumpta (2014). Italia en la prensa periódica durante el franquismo. Barcelona: Edicions UB. 22) Cursos de verano/Summer Courses: EMUNI Ibn Tibbon Translation Studies Summer School, June 2014. Application is now open for the Ibn Tibbon Translation Studies Doctoral and Teacher Training Summer School, organized by University of Ljubljana (Slovenia), Boğaziçi University (Turkey), University of Turku and University of East Finland (Finland), University of Granada (Spain), and to be held at the University of Granada (Spain) in June 2014. The School is open to doctoral students, teachers of translation at the MA level, and other academics and professionals who are involved in research in Translation Studies. For more information, please visit: http://www.prevajalstvo.net/emuni-doctoral-summer-school http://tradinter.ugr.es/pages/emuni Or contact: emuni_summerschool@ugr.es 23) Cursos de verano/Summer Courses: Intensive Summer Course in Translation Technology, held by the Centre for Translation Studies at UCL, London (UK), in August 2014. This is open to professionals and teachers as well as students. Application deadline: 23rd May 2014 For more information, visit : www.ucl.ac.uk/centras/prof-courses/summer-translation/translation-tech-intensive To apply for a place, email Lindsay Bywood: lindsay.bywood.13@ucl.ac.uk 24) Cursos de verano/Summer Courses: The Nida School of Translation Studies 2014 Call for participants: The Nida School of Translation Studies ,2014 May 26 – June 6, 2014 San Pellegrino University Foundation Campus Misano Adriatico (Rimini), Italy “Translation as Interpretation” This year marks the Nida School’s eighth year of advancing research and providing specialized training in translation studies through a transdisciplinary approach that incorporates a focus on religious discourse. NSTS is seeking engaged scholars and qualified professionals looking to expand their skills, engage with peers, and explore the interface of practice and cutting edge theory. The NSTS 2014 Associate Application form may be found here: https://secure.jotform.us/mhemenway/nsts2014app. For more information on the 2014 session or to apply, go to http://nsts.fusp.it/nida-schools/nsts-2014, or contact Dr. Roy E. Ciampa at roy.ciampa@fusp.it. 25) Cursos de verano/Summer Courses: POSTCOLONIAL TRANSLATION STUDIES AND BEYOND: RESEARCHING TRANSLATION IN AFRICA - SUMMER SCHOOL FOR TRANSLATION STUDIES IN AFRICA The Departments of Linguistics and Language Practice at the University of the Free State, Afrikaans and Dutch at the University of Stellenbosch and Literature and Language at the University of Zambia, in cooperation with IATIS, are presenting the Third Summer School for Translation Studies (SSTSA) in Africa from 18 to 22 August 2014. The hosts are the University of Zambia in Lusaka. SSTSA 2014 will be followed by a regional conference hosted by IATIS at the same venue on 23 and 24 August 2014. For participants to SSTSA 2014, entry to the conference is free, provided they read a paper. For detailed information and registration forms, visit the website of the Summer School at: http://www.ufs.ac.za/SSTSA.

Underwater acoustic signature identification has been employed as a technique for detecting underwater vehicles, such as in anti-submarine warfare or harbour security systems. The underwater sound channel, however, has interference due to spatial variations in topography or sea state conditions and temporal variations in water column properties, which cause multipath and scattering in acoustic propagation. Thus, acoustic data quality control can be very challenging. One of challenges for an identification system is how to recognise the same target signature from measurements under different temporal and spatial settings. This paper deals with the above challenges by establishing an identification system composed of feature extraction, classification algorithms, and feature selection with two approaches to recognise the target signature of underwater radiated noise from a research vessel, Ocean Researcher III, with a bottom mounted hydrophone in five cruises in 2016 and 2017. The fundamental frequency and its power spectral density are known as significant features for classification. In feature extraction, we extract the features before deciding which is more significant from the two aforementioned features. The first approach utilises Polynomial Regression (PR) classifiers and feature selection by Taguchi method and analysis of variance under a different combination of factors and levels. The second approach utilises Radial Basis Function Neural Network (RBFNN) selecting the optimised parameters of classifier via genetic algorithm. The real-time classifier of PR model is robust and superior to the RBFNN model in this paper. This suggests that the Automatic Identification System for Vehicles using Acoustic Signature developed here can be carried out by utilising harmonic frequency features extracted from unmasking the frequency bandwidth for ship noises and proves that feature extraction is appropriate for our targets. 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The two Hungarian verbs megy ʻto goʼ and van ʻto beʼ exhibit irregular forms in the present indicative. This article presents a theory on which diachronic causes may lie behind the data: forms of the imperative were taken over into the indicative, and the paradigms underwent further restructuring. Section 1 discusses the problem, section 2 the verb megy, section 3 the verb van, section 4 further issues concerning both verbs and section 5 final considerations.

El dengue es la principal arbovirosis a nivel mundial con aproximadamente 3,9 mil millones de personas expues- tas en más de 120 países. Pertenece a la familia Flavivirus y se conocen cuatro serotipos (DENV 1, 2, 3 y 4) que no confieren inmunidad cruzada en forma permanente. Presenta un ciclo urbano, donde el humano es el hospedero y el mosquito vector es del género Aedes. Tanto el principal vector, Ae. aegypti, como el de menor distribución, Ae. albopictus, se han expandido en todos los continentes, y en nuestro país hacia el sur hasta la provincia de Neuquén. Esta adaptación vinculada al clima, la urba- nización, las condiciones de vida y las acciones de control de vectores, asociada al aumento del movimiento de personas, es causa del continuo aumento de casos (1). Según la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS), los casos notificados pasaron de 500.000 en el año 2000 a 5,2 millones en 2019. Asimismo, ha variado la ocurrencia regional, históricamente predominante en Asia Sudoriental y Pacífico Occidental, sucediendo actualmente el 80% de los casos en América, principalmente en el Cono Sur. Durante 2023 se dio el mayor registro de casos en América, con un total de 4.565.911, incluyendo 7653 (0,17%) graves y 2340 fallecidos (tasa de letalidad de 0,051%) (2). En Argentina, la reemergencia del dengue, luego de más de 80 años sin casos autóctonos, se identifica en 1997- 1998 en la región Noroeste (NOA) y en 2000 en la región Noreste (NEA) del país. La tendencia continúa en aumento, con extensión de su distribución hacia la región Centro, de clima templado, y, recientemente, hacia las regiones de Cuyo y Sur. Desde 2006 ha habido casos autóctonos en todos los periodos estivales, sucediendo en 2009 la primera epidemia de magnitud nacional, y se han acortado progresivamente los ciclos inter epidémicos con brotes en 2016, 2020, 2023 y 2024 (actual). Si bien presenta estacionalidad con mayor ocurrencia durante verano y otoño, en 2023 se constató la primera continuidad de transmisión autóctona durante el perio- do invernal (1, 3). Se estima que el 70% de las infecciones cursan de forma asintomática, oligosintomática o autotratada, sin recibir asistencia médica formal ni siendo registrados. En su forma sintomática es una enfermedad aguda, sistémi- ca y dinámica con alta morbilidad, lo que en contexto de epidemias genera gran impacto en los sistemas de salud. La enfermedad tiene tres fases: febril, crítica y de convalecencia o recuperación. La etapa febril representa un desafío diagnóstico con otras enfermedades que comparten el mosquito vector, especialmente arbovirosis urbanas como Chikungunya y Zika, introducidas en América en 2013 y 2015 respectivamente. La letalidad global del dengue es menor al 0,05%, históricamente mayor en la primera infancia, pero en los últimos años y, especialmente en nuestra región, más elevada en los mayores de 65 años. El protocolo de atención actual se basa en la detección de signos de alarma con elevada sensibilidad (90%) para identificar a los pacientes con riesgo de evolucionar a dengue grave. El correcto tami- zaje de casos y la atención temprana permiten el tratamiento oportuno, basado en la rehidratación precoz y exhaustiva, disminuyendo el requerimiento de asisten- cia de alta complejidad, así como la letalidad, que en los casos graves llega a un 8%. El riesgo de dengue grave depende de determinantes virales (serotipos y/o genotipos implicados), edad del individuo, condiciones predisponentes del huésped como diabetes, hipertensión arterial, enfermedad renal y/o cardíaca e infecciones previas por otro serotipo, lo que puede generar exacerbación inmune mediada por anticuerpos, y por último, por la experiencia en el abordaje de estos pacientes de los sistemas de salud. Desde 2003 la Organización Panamericana de la Salud (OPS) recomienda el modelo de Estrategia de Gestión Integrada (EGI) para la prevención y control del dengue, ampliado en 2019 al control de arbovirosis urbanas, centrado en cuatro líneas estratégicas: promover el enfoque de prevención integrado, fortalecer los servicios de salud en diagnóstico y manejo, fortalecer la vigilancia epidemiológica y establecer una red de laboratorios para diagnóstico con capacidad técnica adecuada (4). Dentro de las estrategias del manejo de vectores, las de mayor impacto son las que incluyen la educación y participación comunitaria para el manejo ambiental. La resistencia a los insecticidas (piretroides) de Aedes spp., es un problema emergente. Actualmente, al abanico de acciones que se recomiendan e implementan (control biológico, físicas y/o químicas de los estadios inmaduros y/o adultos del vector) se suman otras estrategias de control como liberación de mos- quitos esterilizados biológicamente, sin capacidad de portar virus dengue, con bacterias como Wolbachia (5). En la EGI se incluyen las vacunas como una herramienta necesaria. Existen alrededor de 15 en desarrollo y dos se encuentran aprobadas para su comercialización: CYD-TDV y TAK-003, estando disponible en nuestro país solo la última. La eficacia demostrada en TAK-003 para prevenir los casos y la internación por dengue es variable dependiendo el serotipo y es mayor en las personas con infección previa. La implementación de la vacunación programática no ha sido evaluada a la fecha, la misma debería plantearse dentro de la EGI y con una correcta estratificación de riesgo (6). La situación con dengue ha cambiado drásticamente en los últimos años, pasando de ser una infección de curso epidémico o de ocurrencia en viajeros, a instalarse en nuestra región como una endemia con brotes epidémicos. Desde el campo de la salud es necesario cambiar nuestra aproximación considerando al dengue como uno de los principales diagnósticos diferenciales de los síndromes febriles agudos en gran parte de la Argentina en época estival, incorporando la posibilidad de transmisión concomitante de otras arbovirosis urbanas, y preparando al sistema de salud para el adecuado diagnóstico, categorización de riesgo y tratamiento precoz. La innovación en el manejo de vectores y las estrategias de vacunación podrían ser parte primordial de la reducción de daño en un futuro no muy lejano, pero no existe una “bala de plata” y será fundamental que las acciones sean integradas y sostenidas en el tiempo, incluyendo la participación comunitaria e institucional y generando una gestión integrada, organizada y sostenida en todos los niveles.

Letter 1 Lady Susan Vernon to Mr. Vernon. langford, December My dear Brother I can no longer refuse myself the pleasure of profiting by your kind invitation when we last parted, of spending some weeks with you at Churchill, and therefore if quite convenient...

Las áreas costeras de la región de Valparaíso de Chile por sus características oceanográficas, climáticas y ecológicasson de gran importancia para el desarrollo turístico, económico y ambiental del país. Las costas de la región se han vistoafectadas por eventos extremos desde 2015, con marejadas recurrentes que han aumentado respecto a años anterioresentre el 10% y 25%. Esto ha provocado la interrupción del proceso dinámico anual de las playas, acentuado por lasintervenciones antrópicas sobre estos ambientes costeros, humedales y dunas que promueven su degradación. El trabajoque se presenta tiene como objetivo caracterizar en qué parte de las playas y en qué momento del año hay un riesgo másalto de erosión grave en las áreas inmediatas a la costa, así como tratar de explicar sus causas apoyándose en lautilización de imágenes satelitales de resolución media. Se extrajeron 128 SDS con imágenes Landsat 8 OLI y Sentinel 2con el sistema SHOREX. Se calcularon los valores promedio de anchura de playa para la serie en cada una de lastemporadas registrando anchuras mínimas en las zonas proximales de 12,3 m; 23,6 m y 21,2 m para la Bahía de Concón,Playa Reñaca y Bahía de Algarrobo respectivamente, demostrando estados críticos o problemáticos. La direccióndominante del oleaje y la disposición geográfica de las tres playas hace evidente la existencia de un fuerte transportelongitudinal hacia el norte que genera que las áreas proximales presenten menor acumulación de sedimentos. La variaciónestacional de las playas se caracteriza por condiciones más energéticas en invierno que en verano. No obstante, se ventambién influenciadas por periodos episódicos rápidos, sistemas de bajas presiones atmosféricas del norte y del sur, asícomo marejadas y tormentas tropicales que se suman al moldeamiento de las playas.