Journal articles on the topic 'Vernalization'
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1
Woods, Daniel P., Thomas S. Ream, Frédéric Bouché, Joohyun Lee, Nicholas Thrower, Curtis Wilkerson, and Richard M. Amasino. "Establishment of a vernalization requirement in Brachypodium distachyon requires REPRESSOR OF VERNALIZATION1." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 25 (June 5, 2017): 6623–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1700536114.
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A requirement for vernalization, the process by which prolonged cold exposure provides competence to flower, is an important adaptation to temperate climates that ensures flowering does not occur before the onset of winter. In temperate grasses, vernalization results in the up-regulation of VERNALIZATION1 (VRN1) to establish competence to flower; however, little is known about the mechanism underlying repression of VRN1 in the fall season, which is necessary to establish a vernalization requirement. Here, we report that a plant-specific gene containing a bromo-adjacent homology and transcriptional elongation factor S-II domain, which we named REPRESSOR OF VERNALIZATION1 (RVR1), represses VRN1 before vernalization in Brachypodium distachyon. That RVR1 is upstream of VRN1 is supported by the observations that VRN1 is precociously elevated in an rvr1 mutant, resulting in rapid flowering without cold exposure, and the rapid-flowering rvr1 phenotype is dependent on VRN1. The precocious VRN1 expression in rvr1 is associated with reduced levels of the repressive chromatin modification H3K27me3 at VRN1, which is similar to the reduced VRN1 H3K27me3 in vernalized plants. Furthermore, the transcriptome of vernalized wild-type plants overlaps with that of nonvernalized rvr1 plants, indicating loss of rvr1 is similar to the vernalized state at a molecular level. However, loss of rvr1 results in more differentially expressed genes than does vernalization, indicating that RVR1 may be involved in processes other than vernalization despite a lack of any obvious pleiotropy in the rvr1 mutant. This study provides an example of a role for this class of plant-specific genes.
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Trevaskis, Ben. "The central role of the VERNALIZATION1 gene in the vernalization response of cereals." Functional Plant Biology 37, no. 6 (2010): 479. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp10056.
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Many varieties of wheat (Triticum spp.) and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) require prolonged exposure to cold during winter in order to flower (vernalization). In these cereals, vernalization-induced flowering is controlled by the VERNALIZATION1 (VRN1) gene. VRN1 is a promoter of flowering that is activated by low temperatures. VRN1 transcript levels increase gradually during vernalization, with longer cold treatments inducing higher expression levels. Elevated VRN1 expression is maintained in the shoot apex and leaves after vernalization, and the level of VRN1 expression in these organs determines how rapidly vernalized plants flower. Some alleles of VRN1 are expressed without vernalization due to deletions or insertions within the promoter or first intron of the VRN1 gene. Varieties of wheat and barley with these alleles flower without vernalization and are grown where vernalization does not occur. The first intron of the VRN1 locus has histone modifications typically associated with the maintenance of an inactive chromatin state, suggesting this region is targeted by epigenetic mechanisms that contribute to repression of VRN1 before winter. Other mechanisms are likely to act elsewhere in the VRN1 gene to mediate low-temperature induction. This review examines how understanding the mechanisms that regulate VRN1 provides insights into the biology of vernalization-induced flowering in cereals and how this will contribute to future cereal breeding strategies.
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Zhang, HongWei, Bo Jiao, FuShuang Dong, XinXia Liang, Shuo Zhou, and HaiBo Wang. "Genome-wide identification of CCT genes in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and their expression analysis during vernalization." PLOS ONE 17, no. 1 (January 5, 2022): e0262147. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0262147.
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Numerous CCT genes are known to regulate various biological processes, such as circadian rhythm regulation, flowering, light signaling, plant development, and stress resistance. The CCT gene family has been characterized in many plants but remains unknown in the major cereal wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Extended exposure to low temperature (vernalization) is necessary for winter wheat to flower successfully. VERNALIZATION2 (VRN2), a specific CCT-containing gene, has been proved to be strongly associated with vernalization in winter wheat. Mutation of all VRN2 copies in three subgenomes results in the eliminated demands of low temperature in flowering. However, no other CCT genes have been reported to be associated with vernalization to date. The present study screened CCT genes in the whole wheat genome, and preliminarily identified the vernalization related CCT genes through expression analysis. 127 CCT genes were identified in three subgenomes of common wheat through a hidden Markov model-based method. Based on multiple alignment, these genes were grouped into 40 gene clusters, including the duplicated gene clusters TaCMF6 and TaCMF8, each tandemly arranged near the telomere. The phylogenetic analysis classified these genes into eight groups. The transcriptome analysis using leaf tissues collected before, during, and after vernalization revealed 49 upregulated and 31 downregulated CCT genes during vernalization, further validated by quantitative real-time PCR. Among the differentially expressed and well-investigated CCT gene clusters analyzed in this study, TaCMF11, TaCO18, TaPRR95, TaCMF6, and TaCO16 were induced during vernalization but decreased immediately after vernalization, while TaCO1, TaCO15, TaCO2, TaCMF8, and TaPPD1 were stably suppressed during and after vernalization. These data imply that some vernalization related CCT genes other than VRN2 may exist in wheat. This study improves our understanding of CCT genes and provides a foundation for further research on CCT genes related to vernalization in wheat.
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Hong, Joon Ki, Eun Jung Suh, Sang Ryeol Park, Jihee Park, and Yeon-Hee Lee. "Multiplex CRISPR/Cas9 Mutagenesis of BrVRN1 Delays Flowering Time in Chinese Cabbage (Brassica rapa L. ssp. pekinensis)." Agriculture 11, no. 12 (December 17, 2021): 1286. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11121286.
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The VERNALIZATION1 (VRN1) gene is a crucial transcriptional repressor involved in triggering the transition to flowering in response to prolonged cold. To develop Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa L. ssp. pekinensis) plants with delayed flowering time, we designed a multiplex CRISPR/Cas9 platform that allows the co-expression of four sgRNAs targeting different regions of the endogenous BrVRN1 gene delivered via a single binary vector built using the Golden Gate cloning system. DNA sequencing analysis revealed site-directed mutations at two target sites: gRNA1 and gRNA2. T1 mutant plants with a 1-bp insertion in BrVRN1 exhibited late flowering after the vernalization. Additionally, we identified ‘transgene-free’ BrVRN1 mutant plants without any transgenic elements from the GE1 (gene-editing 1) and GE2 generations. All GE2 mutant plants contained successful edits in two out of three BrVRN1 orthologs and displayed delayed flowering time. In GE2 mutant plants, the floral repressor gene FLC1 was expressed during vernalization; but the floral integrator gene FT was not expressed after vernalization. Taken together, our data indicate that the BrVRN1 genes act as negative regulators of FLC1 expression during vernalization in Chinese cabbage, raising the possibility that the ‘transgene-free’ mutants of BrVRN1 developed in this study may serve as useful genetic resources for crop improvement with respect to flowering time regulation.
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Finnegan, E. Jean. "Vernalization." Current Biology 22, no. 12 (June 2012): R471—R472. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2012.05.007.
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Rohwer, Charles L., and Royal D. Heins. "Daily Light Integral, Prevernalization Photoperiod, and Vernalization Temperature and Duration Control Flowering of Easter Cactus." HortScience 42, no. 7 (December 2007): 1596–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.42.7.1596.
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Experiments were performed on Hatiora gaertneri (Regel) Barthlott ‘Jan’ and ‘Rood’ and H. ×graeseri (Wedermann) Barthlott ‘Evita’ to determine their flowering responses to 1) daily light integral (DLI) before and during vernalization; 2) 0 to 6 weeks of short-day (SD) or long-day (LD) photoperiods before vernalization at 10, 12.5, or 15 °C; 3) propagation from April to July; 4) timing of leveling before or during inductive treatments; and 5) SD photoperiods before vernalization under darkness at 0 to 10 °C. ‘Jan’ grown under elevated DLI before vernalization and low DLI during vernalization flowered more prolifically than plants grown under low DLI before vernalization or high DLI during vernalization at 15 °C. Six weeks of SD photoperiods before vernalization increased the number of buds per flowering phylloclade after vernalization at 10 °C and increased flowering uniformity when vernalization duration was insufficient at 10 °C or vernalization temperature was 12.5 or 15 °C. For plants flowering in January, propagation the previous April produced better flowering than propagation in May, June, or July. Removal of apical phylloclades during prevernalization SD or during vernalization was deleterious to flowering. Vernalization in the dark produced marginal flowering, but SD treatment before vernalization increased the percentage of apical phylloclades flowering, buds per flowering apical phylloclade, and percentage of plants flowering after dark vernalization. ‘Evita’ flowered more poorly than either ‘Jan’ or ‘Rood’. Collectively, the most uniform flowering in January occurred when plants were exposed to a sequence of 4 to 6 weeks of SD, vernalization at 7.5 to 15 °C for 8 weeks, then growth under LD for 7 weeks.
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Landers, KF. "Vernalization responses in narrow-leafed lupin (Lupinus angustifolius) genotypes." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 46, no. 5 (1995): 1011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9951011.
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Three experiments were conducted to characterize vernalization response in 13 diverse narrowleafed lupin (Lupinus angustifolius) genotypes, and to identify the genetic basis of differences in vernalization response. The aim was to better understand how flowering time may be manipulated in lupin breeding. The genotypes consisted of breeding lines with parents of wild origin, plus selected commercial varieties. Treatments included response to different periods of vernalization and response to different sowing dates. Most of the genotypes required vernalization for flowering. There were three types of response to vernalization observed; an absolute requirement, a reduced response, in which vernalization did not appear to be essential for flowering, and no response in lines carrying the natural mutant gene Ku (Gladstones and Hill 1969). In genotypes with an absolute requirement for vernalization, the period of vernalization at 5�C required to ensure flowering varied between 2 and 4 weeks, and flowering was hastened by increasing periods of vernalization. When vernalization was marginally inadequate, abnormal inflorescences formed. An apparent thermosensitive response, in which vernalization hastened flowering but did not appear to be essential, occurred in cv. Wandoo, which carries the gene �efl�. This response could also possibly be explained not by the lack of an essential requirement for vernalization, but by an ability of the cultivar to respond to vernalization at fairly high temperatures, around 16�C. Crossing studies identified a major gene the same as or allelic to �efl� in one genotype, but no other single genes with major effect on vernalization response were detected in genotypes of wild origin.
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Košner, J., and K. Pánková. "Vernalization Response of Some Winter Wheat Cultivars (Triticum aestivum L.)." Czech Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding 38, No. 3-4 (August 1, 2012): 97–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/6242-cjgpb.
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For 17 cultivars of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) different vernalization and photoperiod responses were detected. The effect of photoperiod sensitivity was not significantly changed by vernalization; different vernalization responses were probably due to the presence of multiple alleles at Vrn loci. The delay in heading depended on the vernalization deficit exponentially: y = Parameter (1) + (y0 – Parameter (1)) × EXP (Parameter (2) × (x – x0)). The dependence was shown to be general and significant for the given model in all the studied cultivars. Individual regressions characterised responses of cultivars to a deficit of vernalization treatment. Cluster analysis according to the characterisation obtained (full vernalization requirement, minimum vernalization requirement, insufficient vernalization and parameters of the dependence) showed the relationships between cultivars and enabled their grouping by similar profiles of vernalization, and, possibly, of photoperiod response. In individual cultivars, an attempt was made to use the model to predict performance for some agronomic traits.
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White, Scott N., Nathan S. Boyd, Rene C. Van Acker, and Clarence J. Swanton. "Studies on the flowering biology of red sorrel (Rumex acetosella) ramets from lowbush blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium) fields in Nova Scotia, Canada." Botany 93, no. 1 (January 2015): 41–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjb-2014-0123.
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Red sorrel (Rumex acetosella L.) is a ramet-producing herbaceous creeping perennial species commonly found as a weed in commercially managed lowbush blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium Aiton) fields in Nova Scotia, Canada. Flowering and seed production occur primarily in overwintering ramets of this species, indicating a potential vernalization requirement for flowering. This study was therefore initiated to examine the role of vernalization, photoperiod, and pre-vernalization stimulus on ramet flowering. Red sorrel ramets propagated from creeping roots and seeds collected from established red sorrel populations in lowbush blueberry had an obligate requirement for vernalization to flower. Ramet populations maintained under pre- and post-vernalization photoperiods of 16 h flowered following 12 weeks of vernalization at 4 ± 0.1 °C, whereas those maintained under constant 16, 14, or 8 h photoperiods without vernalization did not flower. Vernalization for 10 weeks maximized, but did not saturate, the flowering response. Pre-vernalization photoperiod affected flowering response, with increased flowering frequency observed in ramet populations exposed to decreasing, rather than constant, photoperiod prior to vernalization. This study represents the first attempt to determine the combined effects of vernalization and photoperiod on red sorrel flowering, and the results provide a benchmark for the future study of flowering and sexual reproduction in this economically important perennial weed species.
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Terzioğlu, Serpil. "Responses of Some Turkish Wheat Cultivars to Vernalization and Photoperiod." Experimental Agriculture 24, no. 2 (April 1988): 237–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479700015982.
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SUMMARYThe vernalization and photoperiodic response of six locally adapted bread wheat cultivars grown under natural daylength conditions during the summer or winter months was examined in glasshouse experiments. The wheat was vernalized by chilling imbibed grains at 2 ± 1°C for 0, 15 or 45 days. Vernalization for 45 days followed by long summer days led to floral initiation in all cultivars within 28 days but vernalization for 0 or 15 days only led to floral initiation in one cultivar. Vernalization followed by long days reduced the time from transplanting to anthesis, resulting in early ear emergence. Vernalization followed by short days accelerated the development of all the cultivars, but normal development could also occur without vernalization at this time of year. Apical differentiation of the primary shoot and its length and development gave the most reliable information on the period of vernalization required.
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Murphy, L. A., and R. Scarth. "Vernalization response in spring oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) cultivars." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 74, no. 2 (April 1, 1994): 275–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps94-054.
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Early maturity is a major objective of oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) breeding programs in western Canada. Maturity of crops is influenced by time of initiation and flowering. The presence of a vernalization requirement affects plant development by delaying floral initiation until the cold requirement of the plant has been satisfied. Five spring oilseed rape cultivars were screened for their response to vernalization. Vernalization treatments consisted of exposure of germinated seeds to 0–42 d at 4 °C. Plants were assessed under a 20-h photoperiod. In general, there was a cumulative response to vernalization, with a decrease in days to each developmental stage as exposure to 4 °C was increased. Vernalization treatment of 6 d at 4 °C was sufficient to decrease both the days to first flower and the final leaf number. The characterization of vernalization response is of interest because variation in flowering time in response to year-to-year variations in the environment could result. Key words:Brassica napus, canola, oilseed rape, vernalization
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Khatun, Lamia, Md Rezaul Karim, Fakhar Uddin Talukder, and Md Sohanur Rahman. "Combined Effects of Vernalization and Gibberellic Acid on Quality Seed Production of Summer Onion (Allium cepa L.)." Agricultural Science 2, no. 2 (October 26, 2020): p148. http://dx.doi.org/10.30560/as.v2n2p148.
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The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effect of vernalization and GA3 on seed yield and reproductive quality of summer onion. There were three vernalization treatments viz., no vernalization (control), vernalization at 5°C for 14 days and vernalization at 10°C for 14 days and four GA3 treatment viz., 0, 50, 100 and 150 ppm. The two-factor experiment was conducted in the Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. Combination between vernalization and GA3 was significant on the parameters such as plant height, number of leaves plant-1, the highest number of flowering stalk, number of umbels plant-1, number of bud umbel-1, percent flowering at 45 and 60 DAP, number of seeds umbel-1, weight of seeds umbel-1, weight of seeds plant-1, weight of seeds plot-1, 1000 seed weight, seed yield, number of fruits umbel-1, percent of fruit set umbel-1and percent germination. Combined effect of vernalization & GA3 was considered the highest seed yield (280.42 kgha-1) was obtained from vernalization at 5°C for 14 days with 100 ppm GA3. The lowest values of all the parameters were recorded in the control treatment. No limitation is found in the present experiment. Combined use of proper vernalization of mother bulb and suitable concentration of gibberellic acid can be one possible way to expand onion production during the summer.
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Fandrich, Lynn, and Carol A. Mallory-Smith. "Vernalization responses of field grown jointed goatgrass (Aegilops cylindrica), winter wheat, and spring wheat." Weed Science 54, no. 4 (August 2006): 695–704. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/ws-05-069r1.1.
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Numerous studies have quantified the developmental responses of wheat to vernalization, but its response compared to a weedy relative, jointed goatgrass, remains relatively unknown. Six paired jointed goatgrass collections gathered from Washington and Oregon fields, and winter and spring wheat, were grown in field studies to quantify yield and germination in response to vernalization. Monthly planting dates initiated in October and concluded in March were used to vary the vernalization durations for plants sown at three Oregon locations (Corvallis, Moro, and Pendleton) over two growing seasons. Minimum vernalization requirements to produce reproductive spikes were similar among plants of six jointed goatgrass collections. Jointed goatgrass collections grown at Corvallis required a minimum of 89 and 78 vernalization days (January 17, 2003 and January 22, 2004 sowing, respectively) to produce reproductive spikes, and plants grown at Moro required 60 vernalization days (March 3 and February 23) in both years, and 48 and 44 vernalization days (March 3 and February 24) were required by plants to produce spikes at Pendleton. Jointed goatgrass spikelet and winter wheat seed yield were positively influenced by vernalization days, experiment location, and year. The strength of the interactions among these main effects differed among jointed goatgrass collections and winter wheat. The effects of vernalization on jointed goatgrass yields and seed quality were more pronounced at Pendleton, OR, a location where jointed goatgrass has adapted, compared to Corvallis, OR, where it has not adapted. The minimum vernalization days required to produce germinable seed differed among jointed goatgrass collections, winter and spring wheat. There was not a selection of spring-adapted jointed goatgrass populations in the populations tested. Yet if spring temperatures are cool, minimum conditions for vernalization may be satisfied, and the benefits of planting spring crops to control jointed goatgrass would be reduced.
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Padhye, Sonali, Erik S. Runkle, and Arthur C. Cameron. "(75) Quantifying the Vernalization Response of Dianthus gratianopolitanus `Bath's Pink'." HortScience 40, no. 4 (July 2005): 1014D—1014. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.40.4.1014d.
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Two experiments were conducted to quantify the effect of vernalization temperature and duration on flowering of Dianthusgratianopolitanus `Bath's Pink'. In Expt. 1, plants were vernalized at 5 °C for 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, or 15 weeks and in Expt. 2, plants were vernalized at 0, 5 or 10 °C for 0, 2, 4, 6 or 8 weeks. After treatments, plants were forced in a greenhouse at 20 °C. Node development, days to first visible bud (DVB), days to first open flower (DFLW), number of buds and height at FLW were recorded. In Expt. 1, 10% of nonvernalized plants flowered and 100% of vernalized plants flowered. As vernalization duration increased from 3 to 15 weeks, DTVB decreased from 24 to 13. Average DFLW were 114, 41, 34, 33, 33, and 28 for 0-, 3-, 6-, 9-, 12-, and 15-week treatments, respectively. In Expt. 2, 40% of plants flowered without vernalization. Following 2 weeks of vernalization at 0 °C, 80% of plants flowered and as the duration of vernalization increased to ≥4 weeks, all plants flowered. Average DFLW decreased from 38 to 28 following 2 or 4 weeks of vernalization at 0 °C. Longer vernalization did not further reduce DFLW. All plants cooled at 5 °C flowered and vernalization duration did not affect DFLW. Percent flowering after vernalization at 10 °C for 2, 4, 6, and 8 weeks was 20%, 60%, 90%, and 100%, respectively, and average DFLW were 46, 45, 35, and 33, respectively. In conclusion, vernalization is required to force D.`Bath's Pink'. To achieve complete flowering, plants should be vernalized at 5 °C for ≥2 weeks or at 0 °C for 4 weeks or at 10 °C for 8 weeks. Qualitative effects of vernalization such as node development and number of buds and height at FLW will be discussed.
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Petr, J., and F. Hnilička. "Changes in requirements on vernalization of winter wheat varieties in the Czech Republic in 1950–2000." Plant, Soil and Environment 48, No. 4 (December 11, 2011): 148–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/4213-pse.
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The need for vernalization of winter wheat varieties cultivated in the CzechRepublic in 2000 was studied in comparison with the need for vernalization in the past decades since 1950. In 2000, many foreign varieties were cultivated in the Czech Republic, mostly West European. Varieties with a vernalization of 40–50 days and 50–60 days show the highest representation in the assortment (47.3% and 31.6%, resp.). The share of varieties with a long vernalization over 60 days is 15.8%. In around 1990, when varieties of domestic breeding were mostly grown, there were, next to the largest group with a vernalization of 40–50 days, 21.7% of varieties with a vernalization of 30–40 days and the same amount with a vernalization of 50–60 days. During the last ten years, the share of varieties with a longer vernalization has risen, not only due to foreign varieties, but also due to new domestic varieties. It is apparent from a 50-year overview that what has predominated are varieties with a vernalization of 40–50 or 40–60 days, which is a range usual for winter varieties of wheat in Middle and West Europe. After 1950, a departure from original domestic varieties appeared; those were represented by original alternative varieties (in Czech přesívky, in German Wechselweizen, in Russian dvuručki) and half-winter varieties with a shorter vernalization, strictly speaking with a vernalization fixed to a short day, and a strong photoperiodic reaction. Representation of varieties as related to their length of vernalization has changed in the course of the decades following utilization of foreign varieties; this was affected above all by varieties from Russia (the former USSR), Germany, but also Yugoslavia. Varieties from these countries were utilized also as parent components in domestic breeding.
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Hossain, A., MT Tasmim, MA Nahar, and MR Karim. "Yield and quality of summer onion seeds as influenced by vernalization and boron application." Progressive Agriculture 30, no. 4 (April 29, 2020): 371–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/pa.v30i4.46896.
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The experiment was conducted at the Horticultural Farm, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh during the period from October, 2018 to April, 2019. The present study was aimed at determining the effect of vernalization and doses of boron on seed yield and quality of summer onion. There were three vernalization treatments viz., no vernalization (control), vernalization at 10°C for 25 days and vernalization at10°C for 40 days and four boron treatment viz., 0 kg ha-1, 1 kg ha-1, 2 kg ha-1 and 3 kg ha-1. The two-factor experiment was laid out in the Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications. The results of the experiment showed that the vernalization had significant and positive influence on all the parameters studied. Boron had also significant effects on all the parameters. Interaction between vernalization and boron was significant on all the yield and yield contributing parameters. The highest seed yield (191.01 kg ha-1) was obtained from vernalization at 10°C for 40 days and lowest (137.88 kg/ha) from control. The highest seed yield (255.38kgha-1) was obtained from 3 kg ha-1 boron and lowest (83.48 kg ha-1) from control. When combined effect was considered the highest seed yield (293.36 kgha-1) was obtained from vernalization at 10°C for 40 days with 3 kg ha-1 boron. The lowest value (69.50 kg/ha) was recorded in the control treatment.
Progressive Agriculture 30 (4): 371-378, 2019
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Sherman, Jamie D., and Luther E. Talbert. "Vernalization-induced changes of the DNA methylation pattern in winter wheat." Genome 45, no. 2 (April 1, 2002): 253–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g01-147.
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Vernalization is a cold treatment that induces or accelerates flowering and insures that temperate-zone plants will not flower until after winter. There is evidence that vernalization results in DNA demethylation that induces flowering. Differences in DNA methylation can be determined using methylation-sensitive amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs). Methylation-sensitive AFLPs utilize restriction enzyme isoschizomers that are differentially sensitive to methylation, producing polymorphisms related to methylation differences as opposed to sequence differences. Near-isogenic lines (NILs) have been developed for spring vs. winter habit in wheat (Triticum aestivum) and allow for the study of a single vernalization locus. In this study, differences in the methylation pattern were determined for spring and winter NILs, as well as for unvernalized and vernalized individuals. Winter wheat was more highly methylated than spring wheat and methylation-related AFLPs were produced between winter and spring wheat. Changes in the methylation pattern were observed at the end of vernalization, one week after the end of vernalization, and four weeks after the end of vernalization of winter wheat. However, the most methylation differences were observed one week after removal of winter wheat from cold treatment. Our data suggest that there is not only a vernalization-induced demethylation related to flower induction, but there is also a more general and non-specific demethylation of sequences unrelated to flowering. Two methylation-related AFLPs induced by vernalization were shared among all of the winter NILs.Key words: vernalization, wheat, DNA demethylation, AFLP.
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Niu, Genhua, Royal Heins, Arthur Cameron, and William Carlson. "Vernalization and Devernalization of Campanula `Birch Hybrid' and Leucanthemum ×superbum `Snow Cap'." HortScience 39, no. 7 (December 2004): 1647–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.39.7.1647.
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The influence of vernalization temperature and duration and devernalization treatments on subsequent growth and flower development of Campanula `Birch Hybrid' and Leucanthemum ×superbum Bergman ex J. Ingram `Snow Cap' was determined. In the vernalization experiment, plants of `Birch Hybrid' were vernalized at 0, 2.5, 5, 7.5, or 10 °C for 2, 4, 6, or 8 weeks. `Snow Cap' was vernalized at 0, 2.5, 5, or 10 °C for 2, 4, 6, or 8 weeks. In another devernalization experiment, plants of both species were moved to a high temperature (30/10 °C, day/night) growth chamber for 2 or 4 days at various times during or after the 6-week vernalization period. A 6-week vernalization was necessary to obtain 100% flowering in `Birch Hybrid', and 8 weeks of vernalization decreased time to flower by 7 to 10 days compared with 6-week vernalization. Exposure to high temperature for 2 days during or immediately after vernalization did not devernalize `Birch Hybrid' plants, while a 4-day exposure decreased flowering percentage in some treatments and delayed flowering by 7 to 10 days. There were no significant differences in flowering characteristics of `Snow Cap' plants vernalized at 0 to 5 °C for 4 to 8 weeks. A 2-week vernalization at 0, 2.5, 5, or 10 °C or 4 to 8 week vernalization at 10 °C delayed flowering by 5 to 10 days compared with those vernalized at 0 to 5 °C for 4 to 8 weeks. Exposure to high temperature for 2 d did not devernalize `Snow Cap' plants regardless of exposure times, but a 4-day exposure delayed flowering by 4 to 5 days in some treatments. Combined, the data indicate that `Birch Hybrid' has an obligate 6-week vernalization requirement and `Snow Cap' has a facultative 4-week vernalization requirement that can be fulfilled in the 0 to 10 °C range. Exposure to temperatures of 30 °C (9 h·d-1) for 12 out of 42 days did not devernalize either species but in some cases caused a small delay in time to flower.
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Davidson, JL, KR Christian, DB Jones, and PM Bremner. "Responses of wheat to vernalization and photoperiod." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 36, no. 3 (1985): 347. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9850347.
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The effects of vernalization and photoperiod on times from planting of seedlings to ear emergence were measured in 68 Australian and 49 overseas varieties of wheat, comprising a broad spectrum of genetic material, in a glasshouse in Canberra (latitude 35�S). Vernalization was carried out by growing germinated seedlings in the dark at 1-2�C for 6 weeks. Long photoperiods (16 h) separated unvernalized plants into two distinct groups, corresponding to commonly recognized spring and winter types. Responses to vernalization were generally small under natural photoperiods (11-15 h), but much more pronounced in long photoperiods, particularly with winter wheats. In a second experiment, 24 varieties of wheat gave widely different responses to vernalization treatments. With 8 weeks' vernalization and long photoperiods, all varieties reached ear emergence within 66 days, but in some winter wheats 4 weeks treatment had little effect and 6 weeks gave incomplete vernalization. Under the conditions of these experiments, Australian wheats showed a wide range of responses to photoperiod and a narrow range of responses to vernalization compared with overseas varieties. The need to investigate the control of flowering time in obtaining varieties suited to the high-rainfall zone of Australia is discussed.
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Karsai, I., K. Mészáros, L. Láng, and Z. Bedő. "Changes in agronomic traits affected by photoperiod and vernalization in a group of wild barley accessions (Hordeum vulgare ssp. spontaneum) and barley cultivars (Hordeum vulgare L.)." Acta Agronomica Hungarica 53, no. 1 (July 1, 2005): 89–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/aagr.53.2005.1.11.
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The effect of vernalization response and photoperiod sensitivity on reproductive fitness and agronomic traits was examined in a group of 16 H. spontaneum accessions and 8 H. vulgare cultivars in controlled environments. The whole range of plant developmental and agronomic traits was determined by vernalization. The reproductive fitness was severely impaired when the vernalization requirements of the plants were not saturated. Variation in the magnitude of vernalization response significantly correlated with several traits. A larger decrease in reproductive tiller number, average seed number and consequently final grain yield was more characteristic of accessions with a greater vernalization response. When the vernalization requirement was met, long photoperiod enhanced the fitness of the plants and resulted in larger yield and yield components, irrespective of the genotype, while short photoperiod acted as a limiting factor for all these traits. There was, however, a difference in the reaction type of wild and cultivated genotypes due to their different plant strategies.
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Tang, Qiwei, Hanhui Kuang, Changchun Yu, Guanghui An, Rong Tao, Weiyi Zhang, and Yue Jia. "Non-vernalization requirement in Chinese kale caused by loss of BoFLC and low expressions of its paralogs." Theoretical and Applied Genetics 135, no. 2 (October 29, 2021): 473–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00122-021-03977-x.
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Abstract Key message We identified the loss ofBoFLC gene as the cause of non-vernalization requirement inB. oleracea. Our developed codominant marker ofBoFLCgene can be used for breeding program ofB. oleraceacrops. Abstract Many species of the Brassicaceae family, including some Brassica crops, require vernalization to avoid pre-winter flowering. Vernalization is an unfavorable trait for Chinese kale (Brassica oleracea var. chinensis Lei), a stem vegetable, and therefore it has been lost during its domestication/breeding process. To reveal the genetics of vernalization variation, we constructed an F2 population through crossing a Chinese kale (a non-vernalization crop) with a kale (a vernalization crop). Using bulked segregant analysis (BSA) and RNA-seq, we identified one major quantitative trait locus (QTL) controlling vernalization and fine-mapped it to a region spanning 80 kb. Synteny analysis and PCR-based sequencing results revealed that compared to that of the kale parent, the candidate region of the Chinese kale parent lost a 9,325-bp fragment containing FLC homolog (BoFLC). In addition to the BoFLC gene, there are four other FLC homologs in the genome of B. oleracea, including Bo3g005470, Bo3g024250, Bo9g173370, and Bo9g173400. The qPCR analysis showed that the BoFLC had the highest expression among the five members of the FLC family. Considering the low expression levels of the four paralogs of BoFLC, we speculate that its paralogs cannot compensate the function of the lost BoFLC, therefore the presence/absence (PA) polymorphism of BoFLC determines the vernalization variation. Based on the PA polymorphism of BoFLC, we designed a codominant marker for the vernalization trait, which can be used for breeding programs of B. oleracea crops.
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Huang, Ning, Keith A. Funnell, and Bruce R. MacKay. "Vernalization and Growing Degree-day Requirements for Flowering of Thalictrum delavayi `Hewitt's Double'." HortScience 34, no. 1 (February 1999): 59–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.34.1.59.
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Vernalization and growing degree-day (GDD) requirements of Thalictrum delavayi Franch. `Hewitt's Double' were investigated by exposing crowns to cold storage for 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, or 15 weeks at 8 °C, and subsequently planting in a heated greenhouse under long-day conditions. Cumulative vernalization of crowns was complete after 6 weeks of cold storage at 8 °C. The time to flower, including time at 8 °C, was 3338 GDD (base temperature of 0 °C) without vernalization and 2802 GDD after complete vernalization. Commercial recommendations for rapid and predictable flowering of T. delavayi `Hewitt's Double' should include cold storage of crowns for a minimum of 6 weeks at 8 °C as part of the 2802 GDD during vernalization and forcing.
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Dennis, Elizabeth S., and W. James Peacock. "Vernalization in cereals." Journal of Biology 8, no. 6 (2009): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/jbiol156.
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Auge, Gabriela A., Logan K. Blair, Hannah Neville, and Kathleen Donohue. "Maternal vernalization and vernalization-pathway genes influence progeny seed germination." New Phytologist 216, no. 2 (March 22, 2017): 388–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/nph.14520.
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Musinov, K. K., V. E. Kozlov, A. S. Surnachev, and I. E. Likhenko. "The need for the vernalization duration of soft winter wheat collection samples." Siberian Herald of Agricultural Science 51, no. 6 (January 4, 2022): 31–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.26898/0370-8799-2021-6-4.
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The need for vernalization is a duration-dependent effect of low, positive temperatures in order to ensure the plants' transition to generative development. If the requirement for the duration of germination is not met, the plant will not enter the stage of forming generative organs. The vernalization requirements of winter soft wheat samples of different geographical origins are determined. An assessment of the vernalization period duration influence on the severity of the elements of the yield structure is given. The research material consisted of 15 cultivars of soft winter wheat of various geographic origin. The samples were germinated in paper rolls, then vernalized in a climatic chamber at a temperature of 3–5 ºС for 60, 50, and 40 days. At the end of vernalization, 10 plants of each sample were planted in a greenhouse. The dates of the onset of phenological phases were noted: tube emergence, earing, flowering. To determine the main elements of the yield structure, a structural analysis of plants was carried out. With an increase in the vernalization period, a decrease in the interfacial periods from tube emergence to flowering was noted. The influence of the timing of vernalization was noted on the manifestation of the spike length trait. It was found that the total number of stems and the number of productive stems in almost all varieties decreases with an increase in the period of vernalization. Significant differences between collection varieties in the need for vernalization, due to both their geographical origin and the genotype of plants are revealed. In all the studied forms, with an increase in the period of vernalization, the rate of plant development increased to varying degrees, the total number of stems, the productive stem and the length of the spike decreased.
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Streck, Nereu Augusto, and Mariângela Schuh. "Simulating the vernalization response of the "Snow Queen" lily (Lilium longiflorum Thunb.)." Scientia Agricola 62, no. 2 (April 2005): 117–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-90162005000200004.
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Vernalization is a process required by certain plant species, including lilies (Lilium spp.), to enter the reproductive phase, through an exposure to low, non-freezing temperatures. The objective of this study was to evaluate a nonlinear vernalization response function for the "Snow Queen" lily. An experiment was carried out in Santa Maria, RS, Brazil, to provide an independent data set to evaluate the performance of the model. Lily bulbs were vernalized at -0.5, 4.0, and 10ºC during two, four, six, and eight weeks. The daily vernalization rate (fvn) for each treatment was calculated with a beta function, and the effective vernalization days (VD) were calculated by accumulating fvn. The thermal time from plant emergence to visible buds at different VD treatments was used as the observed response to VD. Lily plants were not vernalized at values less than eight effective vernalization days and were fully vernalized at values greater than 40 days. The generalized nonlinear vernalization function described well the "Snow Queen" lily developmental response to VD, with a root mean square error of 0.178.
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Surkova, Svetlana Yu, and Maria G. Samsonova. "Mechanisms of Vernalization-Induced Flowering in Legumes." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 17 (August 31, 2022): 9889. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23179889.
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Vernalization is the requirement for exposure to low temperatures to trigger flowering. The best knowledge about the mechanisms of vernalization response has been accumulated for Arabidopsis and cereals. In Arabidopsis thaliana, vernalization involves an epigenetic silencing of the MADS-box gene FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC), which is a flowering repressor. FLC silencing releases the expression of the main flowering inductor FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT), resulting in a floral transition. Remarkably, no FLC homologues have been identified in the vernalization-responsive legumes, and the mechanisms of cold-mediated transition to flowering in these species remain elusive. Nevertheless, legume FT genes have been shown to retain the function of the main vernalization signal integrators. Unlike Arabidopsis, legumes have three subclades of FT genes, which demonstrate distinct patterns of regulation with respect to environmental cues and tissue specificity. This implies complex mechanisms of vernalization signal propagation in the flowering network, that remain largely elusive. Here, for the first time, we summarize the available information on the genetic basis of cold-induced flowering in legumes with a special focus on the role of FT genes.
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Shea, Daniel J., Etsuko Itabashi, Satoko Takada, Eigo Fukai, Tomohiro Kakizaki, Ryo Fujimoto, and Keiichi Okazaki. "The role of FLOWERING LOCUS C in vernalization of Brassica: the importance of vernalization research in the face of climate change." Crop and Pasture Science 69, no. 1 (2018): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp16468.
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As climatic changes occur over the coming decades, our scientific understanding of plant responses to environmental cues will become an increasingly important consideration in the breeding of agricultural crops. This review provides a summary of the literature regarding vernalization research in Brassicaceae, covering both the historical origins of vernalization research and current understanding of the molecular mechanisms behind the regulatory pathways involved in vernalization and subsequent inflorescence. We discuss the evolutionarily conserved biology between the model organism Arabidopsis thaliana and the Brassica genus of crop cultivars and contrast the differences between the genera to illustrate the importance of Brassica-specific research into vernalization.
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İnal, Behcet, and Serdar Altıntaş. "Bitkilerde Vernalizasyon Olgusunun Altında Yatan Doğal Bir Sezgi: Epigenetik." Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 4, no. 11 (November 15, 2016): 973. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v4i11.973-980.860.
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Plants have developed a number of monitoring systems to sense changes occurring in the environment and to coordinate their growth and development accordingly. Some plant groups have cold exposure requirement for a certain period to induce flowering. That process known as vernalization is case in point for mentioned systems. In many plants group, vernalization results in repression of floral repressor genes inhibiting floral transition. In this review, last epigenetic developments about vernalization mediated floral transition in Arabidopsis regarded as model organism for plants and other flowering plants will be discussed. Furthermore, similarity and differences in regulatory cycles in Arabidopsis and other flowering plants, changes in histone modifications at floral repressor loci and other epigenetic systems effective in vernalization will be discussed. To sum up, profound investigation of epigenetic mechanism behind the vernalization process plays an important role to decrease flowering-dependent yield losses.
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Prince, Timothy A., and Maria S. Cunningham. "Forcing Characteristics of Easter Lily Bulbs Exposed to Elevated-ethylene and -carbon Dioxide and Low-oxygen Atmospheres." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 116, no. 1 (January 1991): 63–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.116.1.63.
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Exposure of bulbs of Easter Lily (Lilium longiflorum Thunb.) to a maximum of 2 μl ethylene/liter during vernalization delayed flowering by 5 to 7 days and decreased the number of flower buds. Ethylene exposure for 5 days at 21C after vernalization accelerated shoot emergence and flowering by up to 3 days. No floral or plant abnormalities were observed after bulb exposure to ethylene. Exposure to atmospheres with 0%, 0.5%, or 1% O2 at 21C for up to 2 weeks before or 10 days after vernalization did not “significantly impair subsequent bulb forcing. Storage in 1% 02 at 21C for 1 week before vernalization resulted in nearly one additional secondary bud initiated per plant. Exposure to up to 15% CO2 at 21C for up to 2 weeks before or 10 days after vernalization did not significantly impair subsequent forcing.
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Dai, Yun, Shujiang Zhang, Xiao Sun, Guoliang Li, Lingyun Yuan, Fei Li, Hui Zhang, et al. "Comparative Transcriptome Analysis of Gene Expression and Regulatory Characteristics Associated with Different Vernalization Periods in Brassica rapa." Genes 11, no. 4 (April 5, 2020): 392. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes11040392.
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Brassica rapa is an important Chinese vegetable crop that is beneficial to human health. The primary factor affecting B. rapa yield is low temperature, which promotes bolting and flowering, thereby lowering its commercial value. However, quickened bolting and flowering can be used for rapid breeding. Therefore, studying the underlying molecular mechanism of vernalization in B. rapa is crucial for solving production-related problems. Here, the transcriptome of two B. rapa accessions were comprehensively analyzed during different vernalization periods. During vernalization, a total of 974,584,022 clean reads and 291.28 Gb of clean data were obtained. Compared to the reference genome of B. rapa, 44,799 known genes and 2280 new genes were identified. A self-organizing feature map analysis of 21,035 differentially expressed genes was screened in two B. rapa accessions, ‘Jin Wawa’ and ‘Xiao Baojian’. The analysis indicated that transcripts related to the plant hormone signal transduction, starch and sucrose metabolism, photoperiod and circadian clock, and vernalization pathways changed notably at different vernalization periods. Moreover, different expression patterns of TPS, UGP, CDF, VIN1, and seven hormone pathway genes were observed during vernalization between the two accessions. The transcriptome results of this study provide a new perspective on the changes that occur during B. rapa vernalization, as well as serve as an excellent reference for B. rapa breeding.
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Fowler, D. B., A. E. Limin, Shi-Ying Wang, and R. W. Ward. "Relationship between low-temperature tolerance and vernalization response in wheat and rye." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 76, no. 1 (January 1, 1996): 37–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps96-007.
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Vernalization response and low-temperature acclimation are survival mechanisms that cereals have evolved to cope with low-temperature stress. Both responses have similar optimum temperature ranges for induction, and they are controlled by genetic systems that are interrelated. It has also been suggested that the completion of vernalization is responsible for the gradual loss in low-temperature tolerance observed in winter cereals maintained for long periods of time at temperatures in the optimum range for low-temperature acclimation. In the present study, two experiments were conducted with the objective of clarifying the relationship between vernalization response and low-temperature tolerance in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and rye (Secale cereale L.). The plants of all cultivars began to low-temperature acclimate at a rapid rate when exposed to a constant 4 °C. The rate of change in low-temperature tolerance then gradually slowed and eventually started to decline, producing a curvilinear relationship between low-temperature tolerance and stage of acclimation. A close relationship was observed between the time to vernalization saturation and the start of the decline in low-temperature tolerance of cultivars held at 4 °C. However, cereal plants retained at least a partial ability to low-temperature acclimate following exposure to warm temperatures after vernalization saturation, indicating that vernalization saturation does not result in a "switching off" of the low-temperature tolerance genes. The possibility that vernalization genes have a more subtle regulatory role in the expression of low-temperature tolerance genes could not be ruled out, and future avenues for investigation are discussed. Key words: Cold hardiness, winter hardiness, cold resistance, low-temperature acclimation, deacclimation, vernalization, wheat, rye
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Azmi, Chotimatul, Rini Rosliani, Dwi Pangesti Handayani, Hadis Jayanti, Liferdi Liferdi, and Endah R. Palupi. "Temperature and duration of vernalization effect on the vegetative growth of garlic (Allium sativum L.) clones in Indonesia." Open Agriculture 7, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 520–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/opag-2022-0114.
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Abstract Garlic is usually propagated asexually from the cloves. Clove as the propagation source for garlic has many weaknesses. Alternatively, bulbils could be used for the propagation. The aim of this study was to know the effect of temperature and time of vernalization from several clones of Indonesian garlic to bulbil production. This research was conducted at a farmer’s field at Banjarnegara, Central Java, Indonesia. The experiment was arranged in a Completely Randomized Block Design with three factors: temperature of vernalization, i.e., 0, 5, and 10°C, duration of vernalization, i.e., 20, 40, and 60 days, and on 12 garlic varieties/clones (V1–V12). Cloves of garlic were vernalized in cold storage according to the treatments and then planted in the field. The results revealed that a temperature of 5°C and duration of 20 days of vernalization independently single factor increased the number of bulbils of V3. Bulbil variables of V4 and V7 were enhanced with vernalization at 0°C for 20 days, although it did not significantly differ from the control. Therefore, these clones do not need particular vernalization treatment in order to produce bulbils.
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Lee, Joohyun, Jae-Young Yun, Wei Zhao, Wen-Hui Shen, and Richard M. Amasino. "A methyltransferase required for proper timing of the vernalization response in Arabidopsis." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 7 (January 20, 2015): 2269–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1423585112.
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Prolonged exposure to winter cold enables flowering in many plant species through a process called vernalization. In Arabidopsis, vernalization results from the epigenetic silencing of the floral repressor FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC) via a Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 (PRC2)-mediated increase in the density of the epigenetic silencing mark H3K27me3 at FLC chromatin. During cold exposure, a gene encoding a unique, cold-specific PRC2 component, VERNALIZATION INSENSITIVE 3 (VIN3), which is necessary for PRC2-mediated silencing of FLC, is induced. Here we show that SET DOMAIN GROUP 7 (SDG7) is required for proper timing of VIN3 induction and of the vernalization process. Loss of SDG7 results in a vernalization-hypersensitive phenotype, as well as more rapid cold-mediated up-regulation of VIN3. In the absence of cold, loss of SDG7 results in elevated levels of long noncoding RNAs, which are thought to participate in epigenetic repression of FLC. Furthermore, loss of SDG7 results in increased H3K27me3 deposition on FLC chromatin in the absence of cold exposure and enhanced H3K27me3 spreading during cold treatment. Thus, SDG7 is a negative regulator of vernalization, and loss of SDG7 creates a partially vernalized state without cold exposure.
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Liang, Naiguo, Dayou Cheng, Li Zhao, Hedong Lu, Lei Xu, and Yanhong Bi. "Identification of the Genes Encoding B3 Domain-Containing Proteins Related to Vernalization of Beta vulgaris." Genes 13, no. 12 (November 25, 2022): 2217. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes13122217.
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Vernalization is the process of exposure to low temperatures, which is crucial for the transition from vegetative to reproductive growth of plants. In this study, the global landscape vernalization-related mRNAs and long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) were identified in Beta vulgaris. A total of 22,159 differentially expressed mRNAs and 4418 differentially expressed lncRNAs were uncovered between the vernalized and nonvernalized samples. Various regulatory proteins, such as zinc finger CCCH domain-containing proteins, F-box proteins, flowering-time-related proteins FY and FPA, PHD finger protein EHD3 and B3 domain proteins were identified. Intriguingly, a novel vernalization-related lncRNA–mRNA target-gene co-expression regulatory network and the candidate vernalization genes, VRN1, VRN1-like, VAL1 and VAL2, encoding B3 domain-containing proteins were also unveiled. The results of this study pave the way for further illumination of the molecular mechanisms underlying the vernalization of B. vulgaris.
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Lawrence, Nevin C., Amber L. Hauvermale, and Ian C. Burke. "Downy Brome (Bromus tectorum) Vernalization: Variation and Genetic Controls." Weed Science 66, no. 3 (February 8, 2018): 310–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/wsc.2018.1.
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AbstractDowny brome (Bromus tectorumL.) is a widely distributed invasive winter annual grass across western North America.Bromus tectorumphenology can vary considerably among populations, and those differences are considered adaptively significant. A consensus hypothesis in the literature attributes the majority of observed differences inB. tectorumphenology to differing vernalization requirements among populations. A series of greenhouse experiments were conducted to identify differences inB. tectorumvernalization requirements and link vernalization to expression of annual false-brome [Brachypodium distachyon(L.) P. Beauv.]-derived vernalization gene homolog (BdVRN1). Results from this study indicate that variation in time to flowering is partially governed by differing vernalization requirements and that flowering is linked to the expression ofBdVRN1.
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Hodgson-Kratky, Katrina J. M., Michelle N. K. Demers, Olivier M. Stoffyn, and David J. Wolyn. "Harvest date, post-harvest vernalization and regrowth temperature affect flower bud induction in Russian dandelion (Taraxacum kok-saghyz)." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 95, no. 6 (November 2015): 1221–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps-2015-020.
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Hodgson-Kratky, K. M. J., Demers, M. N. K., Stoffyn, O. M. and Wolyn, D. J. 2015. Harvest date, post-harvest vernalization and regrowth temperature affect flower bud induction in Russian dandelion (Taraxacum kok-saghyz). Can. J. Plant Sci. 95: 1221–1228. Russian dandelion (Taraxacum kok-sagyz Rodin; TKS) is a promising candidate for introducing natural rubber production into North America; however, a comprehensive analysis of factors that influence flowering is essential for efficient breeding and crop development. The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of fall harvest date (early September, October and November), post-harvest vernalization (0, 4 and 8 wk at 4°C), and greenhouse regrowth temperature [15/13°C or 21/18°C (day/night)] on flower induction. The vernalization requirements (0, 4, 8 and 12 wk at 4°C) to reflower TKS plants were also examined in controlled environments at 21/18°C. Plants harvested in September or October required 4 wk of vernalization and growth at 15/13°C to maximize the percentage of plants with flower buds and minimize the time for flower bud appearance. Those harvested in November flowered quickly and at high frequency with no vernalization and regrowth at 21/18°C. Vernalization was not essential to re-induce flowering; 80–100% of plants flowered regardless of treatment. Various combinations of harvest dates, vernalization periods and regrowth temperatures can be used to maximize flowering in TKS and have a positive impact on germplasm development.
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Yumbla-Orbes, Maria, José Geraldo Barbosa, Wagner Campos Otoni, Marcel Santos Montezano, José Antônio Saraiva Grossi, Paulo Roberto Cecon, Eduardo Euclydes de Lima e. Borges, and Joice Crescencio Heidemann. "Influência da vernalização de semente na produção, crescimento e desenvolvimento de plantas de lisianthus." Semina: Ciências Agrárias 39, no. 6 (November 30, 2018): 2325. http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2018v39n6p2325.
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Flowering induction and control is a limiting factor when commercially producing cut flowers of lisianthus and seed exposure to low temperatures, a physiological event called vernalization, induces the differentiation of vegetative buds to reproductive buds, contributing to a flowering that is uniform and has quality. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of seed vernalization in three cultivars of lisianthus (Excalibur, Echo and Mariachi) for 12, 24, 36 and 48 days at temperatures of 5, 10 and 15°C, in the production and quality of buds, making this technology feasible to large-scale production. During cultivation it was observed that the lower the temperature and higher the vernalization period, the lower the cycle and the greater the number of plants induced to flowering for all three cultivars, and those are important features in the context of flower production in a commercial scale. The seeds subjected to vernalization originated plants that produce flower stems within the standards required by the market, showing that vernalization was efficient to induce flowering without affecting the quality of the buds. To produce lisianthus as a cut flower of quality, it is recommended seed vernalization of Mariachi and Echo cultivars for 24 days at 5°C and Excalibur for 36 days at 5°C.
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Rangarajan, Anusuya, and Betsy A. Ingall. "487 Strategies to Enhance Production of Annual Globe Artichoke." HortScience 35, no. 3 (June 2000): 478B—478. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.35.3.478b.
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Annual production of globe artichokes (Cynara scolymus L.) requires vernalization of the plants, either through cold treatment of transplants or from natural temperature conditions in the spring. Studies were conducted in upstate New York to determine if artificial vernalization treatments could be achieved by earlier planting dates. Initial trials evaluated two cultivars used for annual production in other parts of the country—'Imperial Star' and `Green Globe Improved'. Transplants were set in the field with or without a vernalizing cool treatment, to determine the extent of natural vernalization achieved under New York conditions. `Imperial Star' produced slightly higher marketable yields than `Green Globe Improved' in 2 years of trials. Vernalization treatment increased the number of plants producing buds and the marketable yields, when transplants were set after 15 May. Natural vernalization was achieved and cold treatment prior to transplanting did not improve yields of plants established in early May. At later planting dates, vernalizing transplants increased the number of plants producing apical buds (largest) by about 20%, yet, >57% of non-vernalized plants of each variety produced buds within the season. Average bud sizes did not vary with vernalization treatment. A similar number of days from transplanting to first bud harvest (69 to 75) was noted regardless of planting date and size of transplant.
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Kyung, Jinseul, Myeongjune Jeon, Goowon Jeong, Yourae Shin, Eunjoo Seo, Jihyeon Yu, Hoyeun Kim, Chung-Mo Park, Daehee Hwang, and Ilha Lee. "The two clock proteins CCA1 and LHY activate VIN3 transcription during vernalization through the vernalization-responsive cis-element." Plant Cell 34, no. 3 (December 21, 2021): 1020–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/plcell/koab304.
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Abstract Vernalization, a long-term cold-mediated acquisition of flowering competence, is critically regulated by VERNALIZATION INSENSITIVE 3 (VIN3), a gene induced by vernalization in Arabidopsis. Although the function of VIN3 has been extensively studied, how VIN3 expression itself is upregulated by long-term cold is not well understood. In this study, we identified a vernalization-responsive cis-element in the VIN3 promoter, VREVIN3, composed of a G-box and an evening element (EE). Mutations in either the G-box or the EE prevented VIN3 expression from being fully induced upon vernalization, leading to defects in the vernalization response. We determined that the core clock proteins CIRCADIAN CLOCK-ASSOCIATED 1 (CCA1) and LATE-ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL (LHY) associate with the EE of VREVIN3, both in vitro and in vivo. In a cca1 lhy double mutant background harboring a functional FRIGIDA allele, long-term cold-mediated VIN3 induction and acceleration of flowering were impaired, especially under mild cold conditions such as at 12°C. During prolonged cold exposure, oscillations of CCA1/LHY transcripts were altered, while CCA1 abundance increased at dusk, coinciding with the diurnal peak of VIN3 transcripts. We propose that modulation of the clock proteins CCA1 and LHY participates in the systems involved in sensing long-term cold for the activation of VIN3 transcription.
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Rangarajan, Anusuya, Betsy A. Ingall, and Victoria C. Zeppelin. "Vernalization Strategies to Enhance Production of Annual Globe Artichoke." HortTechnology 10, no. 3 (January 2000): 585–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.10.3.585.
Full textAbstract:
Annual production of globe artichokes (Cynara scolymus L.) requires vernalization of the plants, either through cold treatment of transplants or from natural temperature conditions in the spring. Studies were conducted in upstate New York, to determine if artificial vernalization treatments could be achieved by earlier planting dates. Initial trials evaluated two varieties used for annual production in other parts of the country—`Imperial Star' and `Green Globe' Improved. Transplants were set in the field with or without a vernalizing cool treatment, to determine the extent of natural vernalization achieved under New York conditions. `Imperial Star' produced slightly higher marketable yields than `Green Globe Improved' in 2 years of trials. Vernalization treatment increased the number of plants producing buds and the marketable yields, when transplants were set after 15 May. Natural vernalization was achieved and cold treatment before transplanting did not improve yields of plants established in early May. At later planting dates, vernalizing transplants increased the number of plants producing apical buds (largest) by about 20%, yet over 57% of nonvernalized plants of each variety produced buds within the season. Average bud sizes did not vary with vernalization treatment. A similar number of days from transplanting to first bud harvest (69 to 75 days) was noted regardless of planting date and size of tran.
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Kirby, E. J. M. "A field study of the number of main shoot leaves in wheat in relation to vernalization and photoperiod." Journal of Agricultural Science 118, no. 3 (June 1992): 271–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600070635.
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SUMMARYThe number of leaves formed on the main shoot of a wheat plant is an important developmental feature, and a method of predicting this is essential for computer simulation of development.A model function was used to estimate vernalization from simulated sowing dates throughout a season. When expressed in terms of thermal time, it was estimated that a plant might be fully vernalized soon after seedling emergence or take up to about 1000 °Cd, depending on sowing date. When the simulated progress of vernalization was related to main shoot development (primordium initiation and leaf emergence) it was found that there were substantial differences between sowings in the rate of vernalization at comparable stages of apex development.A number of field experiments done in Britain from 1980 to 1984 with prominent commercial varieties, sown at various times from September to March, were analysed in terms of the thermal time to full vernalization and the photoperiod at the time of full vernalization, with vernalization simulated by the model function. In both winter and spring varieties, both of these variables significantly affected the number of main shoot leaves. Multiple linear regression using these two variables accounted for between 70 and 90% of the variance in leaf number, depending on variety.
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Niu, Genhua, Royal Heins, Arthur Cameron, and William Carlson. "Prevernalization Daily Light Integral and Vernalization Temperature Influences Flowering of Herbaceous Perennials." HortScience 37, no. 7 (December 2002): 1028–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.37.7.1028.
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The influence of daily light integral (DLI) before vernalization and vernalization temperature and duration on growth and flower development was determined for seed-propagated perennials Aquilegia ×hybrida Sims `Remembrance', Coreopsis grandiflora Hogg ex Sweet `Sunray', and Lavandula angustifolia Mill. `Hidcote Blue'. Seedlings were grown under two DLIs (4 or 14 mol·m-2·d-l) for 5 weeks before being vernalized at -2.5, 0, 2.5, or 5 °C for 2,4,5, or 8 weeks. `Remembrance' and `Sunray' plants were vernalized in the dark, while `Hidcote Blue' plants were vernalized in light at 5 to 10 μmol·m-2·s-l for 9 hourslday. After vernalization, plants were forced under a 16-h photoperiod in the greenhouse at 20±2 °C. `Remembrance' plants flowered uniformly when vernalized at 0 to 2.5 °C for 2 weeks or longer, and flower number, plant height, time to visible bud or to flower were generally not influenced by vernalization temperature or duration. No `Sunray' plants flowered without vernalization, and only a low percentage flowered with 4-week vernalization. Compared with low DLI, a 14 mol·m-2·d-1 before vernalization delayed flowering by 7 to 20 days in `Remembrance', but there were no substantial differences in flowering characteristics of `Sunray'. `Hidcote Blue' plants were best vernalized in the light at 5 °C for 8 weeks to obtain rapid and uniform flowering and the highest number of inflorescences. Flowering and survival percentages of `Hidcote Blue' were much lower for plants at 14 mol·m-2·d-l DLI compared to 4 mol·m-2·d-1.
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Iqbal, M., A. Navabi, D. F. Salmon, Rong-Cai Yang, and D. Spaner. "A genetic examination of early flowering and maturity in Canadian spring wheat." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 86, no. 4 (October 10, 2006): 995–1004. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p06-002.
Full textAbstract:
Under short-season western Canadian growing conditions, vernalization non-responsiveness is generally considered a preferable spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) phenotype, to avoid inconsistent maturity and yield patterns. The objectives of this study were to investigate the genetic factors affecting early flowering and maturity, and related agronomic traits, in a set of five Canadian spring wheat cultivars. The cultivars were first studied under 10- and 16-h photoperiods and 0- and 42-d vernalization treatments. Thereafter, the parents and F1 hybrids from a one-way diallel mating design were grown with and without a 42-d vernalization treatment. Shorter photoperiod delayed flowering time in all cultivars, and increased final leaf number in AC Barrie. Vernalization hastened flowering and decreased final leaf number in AC Foremost and AC Taber. AC Foremost and AC Taber carry at least one different allele, from the rest of the cultivars studied, at the major loci governing vernalization response. Leaf and spikelet number on the main culm, days to anthesis and maturity, tiller number and yield plant-1 were mainly controlled by additive gene action. Narrow-sense heritability was medium to high (0.53–0.93) for final leaf number, days to anthesis, spikelet number and grain yield, but low to medium (0.20–0.71) for days to maturity and tiller number. Selection for early flowering under non-vernalizing conditions may aid in the breeding of (vernalization non-responsive) early-maturing spring wheat cultivars in western Canada. Key words: Diallel cross, earliness, photoperiod, vernalization, Triticum aestivum L.
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Richardson, Jesse M., Larry A. Morrow, and David R. Gealy. "Floral Induction of Downy Brome (Bromus tectorum) as Influenced by Temperature and Photoperiod." Weed Science 34, no. 5 (September 1986): 698–703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043174500067710.
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Seedling vernalization was more effective than seed vernalization in promoting flowering of downy brome (Bromus tectorumL. # BROTE). Vernalizing imbibed downy brome caryopses at 3 C for 0 to 30 days did not induce rapid flowering when the caryopses were planted. Downy brome seedlings were exposed for 30 days to six photoperiod/temperature treatments. After subsequent transfer to long days, plants from the short-day/3 C treatment flowered within 30 days. Flowering was delayed or was absent in treatments with higher temperatures or long days. The shoot apex increased in volume during the short-day/3 C vernalization period. Two days following vernalization, floral initiation had occurred. By day 5, lateral organs had proliferated. Rudimentary glumes and lemmas were visible by day 8.
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Michniewicz, Marian, Krystyna Kriesel, and Barbara Rożej. "Role of endogenous growth regulators in vernalization of seeds of radish (Raphanus sativus L.)." Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae 50, no. 4 (2014): 653–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/asbp.1981.087.
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In embryos and cotyledons of seeds of the radish cv. `Tetra Iłówiecka' (which needs 20 days of vernalization) and cv. 'Saxa' (which flowers without vernalization) germinating at a vernalizing temperature of 5°C, the levels of auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins and the aibscisic acid-like inhibitor were determined, The analyses were performed after 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 days of chilling. The levels of growth regulators were also determined in embryos and cotyledons of seeds germinated at 260C when in the same growth stage as the material taken from chilled seeds. Cold treatment significantly affected the level of all endogenous growth regulators in embryos and cotyledons of both varieties. However, changes in the levels of these substances were not directly connected with the vernalization process. It was found that the vernalization of seeds of 'the radish cv. `Tetra Iłówiecka' increased the level of GAs in leaves, this did not, however, coincide with flower initiation. It is concluded that the role of GAs in flowering of the studied plants is connected rather with photoinduction than with vernalization.
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Foley, M. E., J. V. Anderson, and D. P. Horvath. "The effects of temperature, photoperiod, and vernalization on regrowth and flowering competence in Euphorbia esula (Euphorbiaceae) crown buds." Botany 87, no. 10 (October 2009): 986–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b09-055.
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The herbaceous perennial weed Euphorbia esula L. (Euphorbiaceae) reproduces by vegetative and sexual means, characteristics that are key to its persistence and survival. In this study, we examined environmental effects on regrowth and flowering under controlled conditions to further validate field observations and set the stage for the future identification of molecular mechanisms involved in the regulation of these processes. Shoot cuttings were exposed to different combinations of decreasing temperatures, decreasing photoperiods, and vernalization, in growth chambers. Subsequently, shoots were removed and regrowth and flowering from new shoots were monitored in a warm temperature greenhouse under long-day conditions. Vernalization alone has no effect on regrowth and flowering. Plants required decreasing temperature followed by vernalization for rapid regrowth and flowering. Decreasing photoperiod at a constant temperature with or without vernalization had no significant effect on regrowth and flowering. In conjunction with previous field research, the results suggest that a gradually decreasing temperature is required as one of the components for flowering competence and vernalization is determinate for reproductive development under long-day conditions.
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Sanders, Douglas C., and Jennifer D. Cure. "Control of Bolting in Autumn-sown Sweet Onions through Undercutting." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 121, no. 6 (November 1996): 1147–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.121.6.1147.
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The efficacy of undercutting as a technique to control bolting of two short-day onion cultivars was studied in controlled-environment chambers. `Buffalo' and `Granex 33' onions were grown to the third, fifth, and seventh visible leaf stages in a 10-hour photoperiod at 22/18 °C (day/night) and then exposed to 30, 40, 50, 60, or 70 days of vernalizing temperatures (10/10 °C). Half of the plants were undercut at the initiation of the vernalizing treatment. After vernalizing treatments, plants were returned to 14-hour photoperiods at 22/18 °C. `Buffalo', which is resistant to bolting, did not flower significantly under any of these conditions. The flowering response of `Granex 33' increased with leaf number at vernalization and as the duration of vernalization increased. Undercutting `Granex 33' increased the days of vernalization required for flowering and reduced the proportion of flowering relative to controls. Overall dry-matter accumulation was unaffected by leaf number at vernalization or the duration of vernalization but was reduced ≈30% by undercutting. In both cultivars, fresh mass per bulb decreased with increasing leaf stage of vernalization and number of vernalizing days. Undercutting also decreased fresh mass per bulb, but through its effect on bolting, undercutting increased marketable yield for plants vernalized and undercut at the fifth and seventh leaf stages.
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Seeley, Schuyler D. "Quantification of Seed Dormancy of Deciduous Orchard Species." HortScience 30, no. 4 (July 1995): 908A—908. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.30.4.908a.
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Forcing plant material has long been used to determine dormancy intensity (DI) in woody species. Forcing with growth regulators may enhance this ability. Some forcing with naturally occurring hormones may be showing us the actual DI of certain materials. But, measurements of DI that use caustic, near-lethal treatments, or metabolic agents may be all or nothing breaking indicators acting on mechanisms other than the dormancy mechanism and thus not as useful in determining DI. It is possible to cause a meristem to break without completely breaking dormancy. Measurement of normal post-dormancy growth is necessary to determine the effect of a DI agent. DI breaking treatments that act on the dormancy mechanism can cause a temporary growth flush, but, unless the extent of that growth flush is measured and compared with the growth flush of the same normally broken plant material, its true effect remains unknown. In some plant material, the safest way to determine DI is to determine the chilling required to produce normal growth. This assumes that the vernalization requirement and temperature response curves are known for the plant in question. In peach, for instance, vernalization at 2C will cause seeds to germinate, but the resulting seedlings will be physiologically dwarfed. Vernalization at 6C or at 2C cycled with higher temperatures within the vernalization range results in normal seedlings. This indicates that, for chilling to progress normally, vernalization per se must be interspersed or concomitant with growth heat units. Vernalization, therefore, has a low temperature driven component and a heat requiring development and/or growth component. Vernalization driving conditions are slowly being elucidated. Each clarification requires modification of dormancy models. DI does not equal dormancy status!
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Mohammadi, Mohsen, Davoud Torkamaneh, and Hamid-Reza Nikkhah. "Correlation of Vernalization Loci VRN-H1 and VRN-H2 and Growth Habit in Barley Germplasm." International Journal of Plant Genomics 2013 (April 2, 2013): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/924043.
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Vernalization requirement is a key component in determining the overall fitness of developmental patterns of barley to its environment. We have used previously reported markers and spring-sown growth habit nursery to characterize the genotypes of barley germplasm in an applied barley breeding ground to establish a baseline of information required to understand the relationship between adaptation of autumn-sown barley germplasm in diverse regions with warm (W), moderate (M), or cold climates (C). This study revealed that twenty entries were detected with the presence of the vernalization critical region in VRN-H1 locus and complete presence of the three geneclusters ZCCT-Ha, -Hb, and -Hc in VRN-H2 locus represented as genotype vrn-H1/Vrn-H2 (V1w/V2w). Of these genotypes, 17 entries showed winter growth habit whereas the remaining three revealed facultative growth habit indicating reduced vernalization requirements possibly due to VRN-H3 and photoperiod sensitivity loci as compared to the landmark winter growth habit entries in this group. Twenty-four entries were detected with the lack of vernalization critical region in VRN-H1 locus but complete presence of the three geneclusters ZCCT-Ha, -Hb, and -Hc in VRN-H2 locus represented as genotype Vrn-H1/Vrn-H2 (V1s/V2w). However, only half of these germplasms were identified with spring growth habit in spring-sown nursery, and the rest of the germplasms in this group revealed facultative growth habits due to possible variation in the length of deletion in VRN-H1. Four germplasms showed vernalization insensitive phenotype due to the lack of a functional ZCCT-Ha and/or ZCCT-Hb alleles in VRN-H2 and the deletion in the vernalization critical region of VRN-H1. These germplasms revealed acomplete spring type growth habit. Only one entry showed reduced vernalization requirement solely due to the deletion in functional ZCCT-Hb allele in VRN-H2 and not due to the deletion in the vernalization critical region of VRN-H1.