Journal articles on the topic 'Vernalization response'
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1
Trevaskis, Ben. "The central role of the VERNALIZATION1 gene in the vernalization response of cereals." Functional Plant Biology 37, no. 6 (2010): 479. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp10056.
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Many varieties of wheat (Triticum spp.) and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) require prolonged exposure to cold during winter in order to flower (vernalization). In these cereals, vernalization-induced flowering is controlled by the VERNALIZATION1 (VRN1) gene. VRN1 is a promoter of flowering that is activated by low temperatures. VRN1 transcript levels increase gradually during vernalization, with longer cold treatments inducing higher expression levels. Elevated VRN1 expression is maintained in the shoot apex and leaves after vernalization, and the level of VRN1 expression in these organs determines how rapidly vernalized plants flower. Some alleles of VRN1 are expressed without vernalization due to deletions or insertions within the promoter or first intron of the VRN1 gene. Varieties of wheat and barley with these alleles flower without vernalization and are grown where vernalization does not occur. The first intron of the VRN1 locus has histone modifications typically associated with the maintenance of an inactive chromatin state, suggesting this region is targeted by epigenetic mechanisms that contribute to repression of VRN1 before winter. Other mechanisms are likely to act elsewhere in the VRN1 gene to mediate low-temperature induction. This review examines how understanding the mechanisms that regulate VRN1 provides insights into the biology of vernalization-induced flowering in cereals and how this will contribute to future cereal breeding strategies.
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Košner, J., and K. Pánková. "Vernalization Response of Some Winter Wheat Cultivars (Triticum aestivum L.)." Czech Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding 38, No. 3-4 (August 1, 2012): 97–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/6242-cjgpb.
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For 17 cultivars of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) different vernalization and photoperiod responses were detected. The effect of photoperiod sensitivity was not significantly changed by vernalization; different vernalization responses were probably due to the presence of multiple alleles at Vrn loci. The delay in heading depended on the vernalization deficit exponentially: y = Parameter (1) + (y0 – Parameter (1)) × EXP (Parameter (2) × (x – x0)). The dependence was shown to be general and significant for the given model in all the studied cultivars. Individual regressions characterised responses of cultivars to a deficit of vernalization treatment. Cluster analysis according to the characterisation obtained (full vernalization requirement, minimum vernalization requirement, insufficient vernalization and parameters of the dependence) showed the relationships between cultivars and enabled their grouping by similar profiles of vernalization, and, possibly, of photoperiod response. In individual cultivars, an attempt was made to use the model to predict performance for some agronomic traits.
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Landers, KF. "Vernalization responses in narrow-leafed lupin (Lupinus angustifolius) genotypes." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 46, no. 5 (1995): 1011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9951011.
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Three experiments were conducted to characterize vernalization response in 13 diverse narrowleafed lupin (Lupinus angustifolius) genotypes, and to identify the genetic basis of differences in vernalization response. The aim was to better understand how flowering time may be manipulated in lupin breeding. The genotypes consisted of breeding lines with parents of wild origin, plus selected commercial varieties. Treatments included response to different periods of vernalization and response to different sowing dates. Most of the genotypes required vernalization for flowering. There were three types of response to vernalization observed; an absolute requirement, a reduced response, in which vernalization did not appear to be essential for flowering, and no response in lines carrying the natural mutant gene Ku (Gladstones and Hill 1969). In genotypes with an absolute requirement for vernalization, the period of vernalization at 5�C required to ensure flowering varied between 2 and 4 weeks, and flowering was hastened by increasing periods of vernalization. When vernalization was marginally inadequate, abnormal inflorescences formed. An apparent thermosensitive response, in which vernalization hastened flowering but did not appear to be essential, occurred in cv. Wandoo, which carries the gene �efl�. This response could also possibly be explained not by the lack of an essential requirement for vernalization, but by an ability of the cultivar to respond to vernalization at fairly high temperatures, around 16�C. Crossing studies identified a major gene the same as or allelic to �efl� in one genotype, but no other single genes with major effect on vernalization response were detected in genotypes of wild origin.
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Murphy, L. A., and R. Scarth. "Vernalization response in spring oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) cultivars." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 74, no. 2 (April 1, 1994): 275–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps94-054.
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Early maturity is a major objective of oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) breeding programs in western Canada. Maturity of crops is influenced by time of initiation and flowering. The presence of a vernalization requirement affects plant development by delaying floral initiation until the cold requirement of the plant has been satisfied. Five spring oilseed rape cultivars were screened for their response to vernalization. Vernalization treatments consisted of exposure of germinated seeds to 0–42 d at 4 °C. Plants were assessed under a 20-h photoperiod. In general, there was a cumulative response to vernalization, with a decrease in days to each developmental stage as exposure to 4 °C was increased. Vernalization treatment of 6 d at 4 °C was sufficient to decrease both the days to first flower and the final leaf number. The characterization of vernalization response is of interest because variation in flowering time in response to year-to-year variations in the environment could result. Key words:Brassica napus, canola, oilseed rape, vernalization
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Padhye, Sonali, Erik S. Runkle, and Arthur C. Cameron. "(75) Quantifying the Vernalization Response of Dianthus gratianopolitanus `Bath's Pink'." HortScience 40, no. 4 (July 2005): 1014D—1014. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.40.4.1014d.
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Two experiments were conducted to quantify the effect of vernalization temperature and duration on flowering of Dianthusgratianopolitanus `Bath's Pink'. In Expt. 1, plants were vernalized at 5 °C for 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, or 15 weeks and in Expt. 2, plants were vernalized at 0, 5 or 10 °C for 0, 2, 4, 6 or 8 weeks. After treatments, plants were forced in a greenhouse at 20 °C. Node development, days to first visible bud (DVB), days to first open flower (DFLW), number of buds and height at FLW were recorded. In Expt. 1, 10% of nonvernalized plants flowered and 100% of vernalized plants flowered. As vernalization duration increased from 3 to 15 weeks, DTVB decreased from 24 to 13. Average DFLW were 114, 41, 34, 33, 33, and 28 for 0-, 3-, 6-, 9-, 12-, and 15-week treatments, respectively. In Expt. 2, 40% of plants flowered without vernalization. Following 2 weeks of vernalization at 0 °C, 80% of plants flowered and as the duration of vernalization increased to ≥4 weeks, all plants flowered. Average DFLW decreased from 38 to 28 following 2 or 4 weeks of vernalization at 0 °C. Longer vernalization did not further reduce DFLW. All plants cooled at 5 °C flowered and vernalization duration did not affect DFLW. Percent flowering after vernalization at 10 °C for 2, 4, 6, and 8 weeks was 20%, 60%, 90%, and 100%, respectively, and average DFLW were 46, 45, 35, and 33, respectively. In conclusion, vernalization is required to force D.`Bath's Pink'. To achieve complete flowering, plants should be vernalized at 5 °C for ≥2 weeks or at 0 °C for 4 weeks or at 10 °C for 8 weeks. Qualitative effects of vernalization such as node development and number of buds and height at FLW will be discussed.
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JEDEL, P. E., L. E. EVANS, and R. SCARTH. "VERNALIZATION RESPONSES OF A SELECTED GROUP OF SPRING WHEAT (Triticum aestivum L.) CULTIVARS." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 66, no. 1 (January 1, 1986): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps86-001.
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Ten spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars were assessed for the pattern, duration and stability of their response to vernalization and the effect of plant age on receptivity to cold treatment. Cold treatment intervals of 0–6 wk were used to determine the patterns of response. Cajeme 71, Fielder and Pitic 62 were found to have a gradual response with the vernalization requirement satisfied after 4 or 5 wk of cold treatment. Benito, Glenlea, Marquis, and Neepawa had slight but significant responses to longer cold treatments (5–6 wk). Yecora 70, Prelude and Sinton were nonresponsive to the cold treatments. The development of the vernalization responses in Cajeme 71 and Pitic 62 was assessed with cold treatments of 0, 1, 4, 8, 16 and 32 days in a greenhouse study. The pattern of response consisted of a lag period, a period of rapid induction, and finally a plateau when the vernalization requirement was filled. Intermediate temperature treatments of 1–6 days at 15 °C stabilized the vernalization response induced by 2 wk of cold treatment (4 °C) in Fielder and Pitic 62 and by 6 wk of cold treatment in Cajeme 71. Pitic 62 was responsive to cold treatments at ages 0 and 7 days, with the responsiveness decreasing with increasing age. Neepawa, at the ages tested, was relatively non-responsive to the cold treatments.Key words: Wheat (spring), vernalization response, temperature, plant age
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Hong, Joon Ki, Eun Jung Suh, Sang Ryeol Park, Jihee Park, and Yeon-Hee Lee. "Multiplex CRISPR/Cas9 Mutagenesis of BrVRN1 Delays Flowering Time in Chinese Cabbage (Brassica rapa L. ssp. pekinensis)." Agriculture 11, no. 12 (December 17, 2021): 1286. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11121286.
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The VERNALIZATION1 (VRN1) gene is a crucial transcriptional repressor involved in triggering the transition to flowering in response to prolonged cold. To develop Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa L. ssp. pekinensis) plants with delayed flowering time, we designed a multiplex CRISPR/Cas9 platform that allows the co-expression of four sgRNAs targeting different regions of the endogenous BrVRN1 gene delivered via a single binary vector built using the Golden Gate cloning system. DNA sequencing analysis revealed site-directed mutations at two target sites: gRNA1 and gRNA2. T1 mutant plants with a 1-bp insertion in BrVRN1 exhibited late flowering after the vernalization. Additionally, we identified ‘transgene-free’ BrVRN1 mutant plants without any transgenic elements from the GE1 (gene-editing 1) and GE2 generations. All GE2 mutant plants contained successful edits in two out of three BrVRN1 orthologs and displayed delayed flowering time. In GE2 mutant plants, the floral repressor gene FLC1 was expressed during vernalization; but the floral integrator gene FT was not expressed after vernalization. Taken together, our data indicate that the BrVRN1 genes act as negative regulators of FLC1 expression during vernalization in Chinese cabbage, raising the possibility that the ‘transgene-free’ mutants of BrVRN1 developed in this study may serve as useful genetic resources for crop improvement with respect to flowering time regulation.
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Abbo, S., S. Lev-Yadun, and N. Galwey. "Vernalization response of wild chickpea." New Phytologist 154, no. 3 (June 6, 2002): 695–701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1469-8137.2002.00405.x.
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Fowler, D. B., A. E. Limin, Shi-Ying Wang, and R. W. Ward. "Relationship between low-temperature tolerance and vernalization response in wheat and rye." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 76, no. 1 (January 1, 1996): 37–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps96-007.
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Vernalization response and low-temperature acclimation are survival mechanisms that cereals have evolved to cope with low-temperature stress. Both responses have similar optimum temperature ranges for induction, and they are controlled by genetic systems that are interrelated. It has also been suggested that the completion of vernalization is responsible for the gradual loss in low-temperature tolerance observed in winter cereals maintained for long periods of time at temperatures in the optimum range for low-temperature acclimation. In the present study, two experiments were conducted with the objective of clarifying the relationship between vernalization response and low-temperature tolerance in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and rye (Secale cereale L.). The plants of all cultivars began to low-temperature acclimate at a rapid rate when exposed to a constant 4 °C. The rate of change in low-temperature tolerance then gradually slowed and eventually started to decline, producing a curvilinear relationship between low-temperature tolerance and stage of acclimation. A close relationship was observed between the time to vernalization saturation and the start of the decline in low-temperature tolerance of cultivars held at 4 °C. However, cereal plants retained at least a partial ability to low-temperature acclimate following exposure to warm temperatures after vernalization saturation, indicating that vernalization saturation does not result in a "switching off" of the low-temperature tolerance genes. The possibility that vernalization genes have a more subtle regulatory role in the expression of low-temperature tolerance genes could not be ruled out, and future avenues for investigation are discussed. Key words: Cold hardiness, winter hardiness, cold resistance, low-temperature acclimation, deacclimation, vernalization, wheat, rye
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Streck, Nereu Augusto, and Mariângela Schuh. "Simulating the vernalization response of the "Snow Queen" lily (Lilium longiflorum Thunb.)." Scientia Agricola 62, no. 2 (April 2005): 117–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-90162005000200004.
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Vernalization is a process required by certain plant species, including lilies (Lilium spp.), to enter the reproductive phase, through an exposure to low, non-freezing temperatures. The objective of this study was to evaluate a nonlinear vernalization response function for the "Snow Queen" lily. An experiment was carried out in Santa Maria, RS, Brazil, to provide an independent data set to evaluate the performance of the model. Lily bulbs were vernalized at -0.5, 4.0, and 10ºC during two, four, six, and eight weeks. The daily vernalization rate (fvn) for each treatment was calculated with a beta function, and the effective vernalization days (VD) were calculated by accumulating fvn. The thermal time from plant emergence to visible buds at different VD treatments was used as the observed response to VD. Lily plants were not vernalized at values less than eight effective vernalization days and were fully vernalized at values greater than 40 days. The generalized nonlinear vernalization function described well the "Snow Queen" lily developmental response to VD, with a root mean square error of 0.178.
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Fandrich, Lynn, and Carol A. Mallory-Smith. "Vernalization responses of field grown jointed goatgrass (Aegilops cylindrica), winter wheat, and spring wheat." Weed Science 54, no. 4 (August 2006): 695–704. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/ws-05-069r1.1.
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Numerous studies have quantified the developmental responses of wheat to vernalization, but its response compared to a weedy relative, jointed goatgrass, remains relatively unknown. Six paired jointed goatgrass collections gathered from Washington and Oregon fields, and winter and spring wheat, were grown in field studies to quantify yield and germination in response to vernalization. Monthly planting dates initiated in October and concluded in March were used to vary the vernalization durations for plants sown at three Oregon locations (Corvallis, Moro, and Pendleton) over two growing seasons. Minimum vernalization requirements to produce reproductive spikes were similar among plants of six jointed goatgrass collections. Jointed goatgrass collections grown at Corvallis required a minimum of 89 and 78 vernalization days (January 17, 2003 and January 22, 2004 sowing, respectively) to produce reproductive spikes, and plants grown at Moro required 60 vernalization days (March 3 and February 23) in both years, and 48 and 44 vernalization days (March 3 and February 24) were required by plants to produce spikes at Pendleton. Jointed goatgrass spikelet and winter wheat seed yield were positively influenced by vernalization days, experiment location, and year. The strength of the interactions among these main effects differed among jointed goatgrass collections and winter wheat. The effects of vernalization on jointed goatgrass yields and seed quality were more pronounced at Pendleton, OR, a location where jointed goatgrass has adapted, compared to Corvallis, OR, where it has not adapted. The minimum vernalization days required to produce germinable seed differed among jointed goatgrass collections, winter and spring wheat. There was not a selection of spring-adapted jointed goatgrass populations in the populations tested. Yet if spring temperatures are cool, minimum conditions for vernalization may be satisfied, and the benefits of planting spring crops to control jointed goatgrass would be reduced.
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Lee, Joohyun, Jae-Young Yun, Wei Zhao, Wen-Hui Shen, and Richard M. Amasino. "A methyltransferase required for proper timing of the vernalization response in Arabidopsis." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 7 (January 20, 2015): 2269–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1423585112.
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Prolonged exposure to winter cold enables flowering in many plant species through a process called vernalization. In Arabidopsis, vernalization results from the epigenetic silencing of the floral repressor FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC) via a Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 (PRC2)-mediated increase in the density of the epigenetic silencing mark H3K27me3 at FLC chromatin. During cold exposure, a gene encoding a unique, cold-specific PRC2 component, VERNALIZATION INSENSITIVE 3 (VIN3), which is necessary for PRC2-mediated silencing of FLC, is induced. Here we show that SET DOMAIN GROUP 7 (SDG7) is required for proper timing of VIN3 induction and of the vernalization process. Loss of SDG7 results in a vernalization-hypersensitive phenotype, as well as more rapid cold-mediated up-regulation of VIN3. In the absence of cold, loss of SDG7 results in elevated levels of long noncoding RNAs, which are thought to participate in epigenetic repression of FLC. Furthermore, loss of SDG7 results in increased H3K27me3 deposition on FLC chromatin in the absence of cold exposure and enhanced H3K27me3 spreading during cold treatment. Thus, SDG7 is a negative regulator of vernalization, and loss of SDG7 creates a partially vernalized state without cold exposure.
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White, Scott N., Nathan S. Boyd, Rene C. Van Acker, and Clarence J. Swanton. "Studies on the flowering biology of red sorrel (Rumex acetosella) ramets from lowbush blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium) fields in Nova Scotia, Canada." Botany 93, no. 1 (January 2015): 41–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjb-2014-0123.
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Red sorrel (Rumex acetosella L.) is a ramet-producing herbaceous creeping perennial species commonly found as a weed in commercially managed lowbush blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium Aiton) fields in Nova Scotia, Canada. Flowering and seed production occur primarily in overwintering ramets of this species, indicating a potential vernalization requirement for flowering. This study was therefore initiated to examine the role of vernalization, photoperiod, and pre-vernalization stimulus on ramet flowering. Red sorrel ramets propagated from creeping roots and seeds collected from established red sorrel populations in lowbush blueberry had an obligate requirement for vernalization to flower. Ramet populations maintained under pre- and post-vernalization photoperiods of 16 h flowered following 12 weeks of vernalization at 4 ± 0.1 °C, whereas those maintained under constant 16, 14, or 8 h photoperiods without vernalization did not flower. Vernalization for 10 weeks maximized, but did not saturate, the flowering response. Pre-vernalization photoperiod affected flowering response, with increased flowering frequency observed in ramet populations exposed to decreasing, rather than constant, photoperiod prior to vernalization. This study represents the first attempt to determine the combined effects of vernalization and photoperiod on red sorrel flowering, and the results provide a benchmark for the future study of flowering and sexual reproduction in this economically important perennial weed species.
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Karsai, I., K. Mészáros, L. Láng, and Z. Bedő. "Changes in agronomic traits affected by photoperiod and vernalization in a group of wild barley accessions (Hordeum vulgare ssp. spontaneum) and barley cultivars (Hordeum vulgare L.)." Acta Agronomica Hungarica 53, no. 1 (July 1, 2005): 89–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/aagr.53.2005.1.11.
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The effect of vernalization response and photoperiod sensitivity on reproductive fitness and agronomic traits was examined in a group of 16 H. spontaneum accessions and 8 H. vulgare cultivars in controlled environments. The whole range of plant developmental and agronomic traits was determined by vernalization. The reproductive fitness was severely impaired when the vernalization requirements of the plants were not saturated. Variation in the magnitude of vernalization response significantly correlated with several traits. A larger decrease in reproductive tiller number, average seed number and consequently final grain yield was more characteristic of accessions with a greater vernalization response. When the vernalization requirement was met, long photoperiod enhanced the fitness of the plants and resulted in larger yield and yield components, irrespective of the genotype, while short photoperiod acted as a limiting factor for all these traits. There was, however, a difference in the reaction type of wild and cultivated genotypes due to their different plant strategies.
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Terzioğlu, Serpil. "Responses of Some Turkish Wheat Cultivars to Vernalization and Photoperiod." Experimental Agriculture 24, no. 2 (April 1988): 237–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479700015982.
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SUMMARYThe vernalization and photoperiodic response of six locally adapted bread wheat cultivars grown under natural daylength conditions during the summer or winter months was examined in glasshouse experiments. The wheat was vernalized by chilling imbibed grains at 2 ± 1°C for 0, 15 or 45 days. Vernalization for 45 days followed by long summer days led to floral initiation in all cultivars within 28 days but vernalization for 0 or 15 days only led to floral initiation in one cultivar. Vernalization followed by long days reduced the time from transplanting to anthesis, resulting in early ear emergence. Vernalization followed by short days accelerated the development of all the cultivars, but normal development could also occur without vernalization at this time of year. Apical differentiation of the primary shoot and its length and development gave the most reliable information on the period of vernalization required.
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Padhye, Sonali, Erik S. Runkle, and Arthur Cameron. "Coreopsis grandiflora `Sunray' Flowers in Response to Short Days or Vernalization." HortScience 40, no. 4 (July 2005): 1100A—1100. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.40.4.1100a.
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Coreopsis grandiflora `Sunray' has been reported to flower under long days (LD) following vernalization or short days (SD). The objectives of this study were to characterize the effective duration of vernalization and SD and to determine if photoperiod during vernalization influences flowering. Vegetative cuttings taken from stockplants developed from one seedling were rooted for 2 weeks and grown for 5 weeks. Plants were provided with a 9-hour photoperiod for 2, 4, 6, or 8 weeks or were vernalized at 5 °C under a 16-hour photoperiod for 2, 4, 6 or 8 weeks or under a 9-hour photoperiod for 2 or 8 weeks. Following treatments, plants were grown in a greenhouse at 20 °C under a 16-hour photoperiod. Control plants were grown under constant 9- or 16-hour photoperiod. Leaf development, days to first visible bud (DVB), days to first open flower (DFLW), and height and total number of flower buds at FLW were recorded. No plants flowered under continuous SD. Under continuous LD, two plants flowered on axillary shoots but only after 95 days. All vernalized and SD-treated plants flowered on both terminal and axillary shoots. Photoperiod during vernalization did not affect subsequent flowering. DFLW decreased from 56 to 42 and from 50 to 42 after 2 to 8 weeks of vernalization and SD treatments, respectively. Following 2, 4, 6, and 8 weeks of vernalization, plants had 116, 116, 132, and 204 flower buds, respectively. Plant height at FLW of all SD-treated and vernalized plants was similar. Thus, 2 weeks of 9-hour SD or vernalization at 5 °C followed by LD was sufficient for flowering of our clone of C.`Sunray', although longer durations hastened flowering and increased flower bud number.
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Bond, Donna M., Elizabeth S. Dennis, Barry J. Pogson, and E. Jean Finnegan. "Histone Acetylation, VERNALIZATION INSENSITIVE 3 , FLOWERING LOCUS C , and the Vernalization Response." Molecular Plant 2, no. 4 (July 2009): 724–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mp/ssp021.
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Roh, Mark Seungmoon. "Flowering Response of Mid-Century Hybrid Lilies to Bulb Vernalization and Shoot Photoperiod Treatment." HortScience 20, no. 4 (August 1985): 710–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.20.4.710.
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Abstract Mid-Century hybrid lilies (Lilium × elegans Thunb.) ‘Kiyotsu-beni’ and ‘Enchantment’ were subjected to bulb vernalization and shoot photoperiod treatments. Both cultivars required a minimum of 4 weeks of bulb vernalization at 5°C to promote shoot emergence and rapid flowering at 21°. Flower number was not influenced by shoot photoperiod treatments. A split temperature of 5°/9° at 2-week intervals accelerated flowering of ‘Kiyotsu-beni’. Flower numbers of ‘Enchantment’ were increased when bulbs were given 2°/2°. The optimum vernalization temperature was 5° or 9° for ‘Kiyotsu-beni’, and 2° for ‘Enchantment’.
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Jedel, P. E. "Inheritance of vernalization response in three populations of spring wheat." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 74, no. 4 (October 1, 1994): 753–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps94-134.
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Vernalization responses are known to differ among spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes. Three crosses were made to determine the inheritance of vernalization response in the spring wheat cultivars Cajeme 71, Yecora 70, Glenlea, Pitic 62 and Neepawa. Segregation analyses of days to anthesis were made of the F2 generation in a growth room (25/15 °C, 16/8 h). Segregation analysis of the F3 generation was made in a summer greenhouse. Reciprocal crosses between Neepawa and Pitic 62 indicated an early/late/transgressively late ratio of 12:3:1 in the F2 generation. The F3 generation results fitted an early/late/transgressively late/segregating ratio of 4:1:1:10. Based on the segregation of transgressively late types from both crosses, it was concluded that the genes for spring habit in Pitic 62 and Neepawa were different and not maternally inherited. The Glenlea/Pitic 62 cross produced one transgressively late segregant in an F2 population of 97 plants. The data fitted an early/late/transgressively late ratio of 60:3:1, indicating that Glenlea may differ from Pitic at three Vrn loci. Therefore, either Glenlea or Pitic 62 may carry two dominant Vrn alleles. The reciprocal crosses between Yecora 70 and Cajeme 71 did not segregate transgressively late types in the F2 generation. Therefore, those cultivars had a Vrn allele in common. Selection for vernalization response might be useful when introducing exotic germplasm into spring wheat breeding programs and in manipulating maturity responses. Key words: Vernalization, spring wheat, Vrn genes
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Rigin, B. V., E. V. Zuev, I. I. Matvienko, and A. S. Andreeva. "Molecular labeling of <i>Vrn</i>, <i>Ppd</i> genes and vernalization response of the ultra-early lines of spring bread wheat <i>Triticum aestivum</i> L." Plant Biotechnology and Breeding 4, no. 3 (December 23, 2021): 26–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.30901/2658-6266-2021-3-o2.
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Background. The knowledge of genetic control of vernalization response in the ultra-early accessions can facilitate bread wheat breeding for a high adaptive capacity. Materials and methods. The study involved the ultra-early lines Rico (k-65588) and Rimax (k-67257) as the earliest maturing lines in the VIR bread wheat collection, as well as 10 Rifor lines (k-67120, k-67121, k-67250-67256) with a high rate of development before heading. A late ripening accession ‘Forlani Roberto’ (k-42641) and ‘Leningradskaya 6’ variety (k-64900), regionally adapted to Northwestern Russia, were also studied. The alleles of the Vrn and Ppd genes were identified by the PCR analysis using the allele-specific primers published in literature sources. The response to vernalization (30 days at 3°C) and a short 12-hour day were determined using a methodology accepted at VIR. Results. The ultra-early lines respond to a short 12-hour day and 30-day vernalization very poorly. The genotype of ultra-early wheat lines is mainly represented by three genes, Vrn-A1, Vrn-B1a, and Vrn-D1, which ensure insensitivity to vernalization alongside with the expression of Ppd-D1a, which controls the response to photoperiod. The ultra-early lines Rifor 4 and Rifor 5 have a recessive allele vrn-A1a, like the original ‘Forlani Roberto’ accession. The lines Rifor 4 and Rifor 5 are vernalization-insensitive under the long day and have a very weak response under the short day (3.5±0.42 days and 4.0±0.61 days, respectively). However, ‘Forlani Roberto’ with the vrn-A1a gene responds to vernalization in the same way under any photoperiod (12.3±1.58 days and 12.2±0.74 days). Conclusion The ultra-early lines of bread wheat Rifor 4 and Rifor 5 with the vrn-A1a gene can have no response to vernalization or have a low level response. This effect can be a reason for the formation of a complex of modifier genes along with the dominant gene Vrn-D1, which forms during the hybridization of F7-8 Rico × Forlani Roberto. The ultra-early lines of bread wheat Rico, Rimax and Rifor (k-67120, k-67121, k-67250-67256) can serve as effective sources of genes for earliness in common wheat breeding.
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Padhye, Sonali R., and Arthur C. Cameron. "Vernalization Responses of Campanula ‘Birch Hybrid’." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 134, no. 5 (September 2009): 497–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.134.5.497.
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The objective of this study was to characterize the influence of vernalizing temperatures and durations based on different flowering responses of Campanula ‘Birch Hybrid’. Clonally propagated plants of Campanula ‘Birch Hybrid’ were exposed to −2.5, 0, 2.5, 5, 7.5, 10, 12.5, 15, 17.5, or 20 °C for 0, 3, 5, 7, 9, or 12 weeks and were subsequently grown at 20 °C in a greenhouse. Campanula ‘Birch Hybrid’ exhibited a near-obligate vernalization requirement, and all flowering responses studied were influenced by the treatment temperatures, durations, and their interactions. The minimum and maximum cardinal temperatures for vernalization were <0 °C and between 15 and 17.5 °C, respectively. The range of optimal vernalizing temperatures (Topt) varied based on the flowering response assessed. For instance, Topt for flowering percentage ranged between 2.5 to 7.5 °C, while Topt for number of open flowers was 0 to 12.5 °C when plants were vernalized for 5 weeks. Topt for flowering time also varied when analyzed as rate to flower, time to flower from the end of temperature treatments, total time to flower measured from the start of temperature treatments, and thermal time to flower. For example, after 12 weeks of treatment, Topt for thermal time to flower was 0 to 2.5 °C yet shifted to 2.5 to 12.5 °C for total time to flower. Because the flowering response being assessed altered the Topt, this study reiterates the significance of considering all relevant flowering responses while developing and interpreting vernalization models.
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Surkova, Svetlana Yu, and Maria G. Samsonova. "Mechanisms of Vernalization-Induced Flowering in Legumes." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 17 (August 31, 2022): 9889. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23179889.
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Vernalization is the requirement for exposure to low temperatures to trigger flowering. The best knowledge about the mechanisms of vernalization response has been accumulated for Arabidopsis and cereals. In Arabidopsis thaliana, vernalization involves an epigenetic silencing of the MADS-box gene FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC), which is a flowering repressor. FLC silencing releases the expression of the main flowering inductor FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT), resulting in a floral transition. Remarkably, no FLC homologues have been identified in the vernalization-responsive legumes, and the mechanisms of cold-mediated transition to flowering in these species remain elusive. Nevertheless, legume FT genes have been shown to retain the function of the main vernalization signal integrators. Unlike Arabidopsis, legumes have three subclades of FT genes, which demonstrate distinct patterns of regulation with respect to environmental cues and tissue specificity. This implies complex mechanisms of vernalization signal propagation in the flowering network, that remain largely elusive. Here, for the first time, we summarize the available information on the genetic basis of cold-induced flowering in legumes with a special focus on the role of FT genes.
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Allard, Vincent, Ottó Veisz, Béla Kõszegi, Michel Rousset, Jacques Le Gouis, and Pierre Martre. "The quantitative response of wheat vernalization to environmental variables indicates that vernalization is not a response to cold temperature." Journal of Experimental Botany 63, no. 2 (October 12, 2011): 847–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/err316.
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Stelmakh, A. F., and V. I. Fayt. "Related to Ppd-1 and Vrd gene systems peculiarities of initial development rate in new European winter bread wheat cultivars." Faktori eksperimental'noi evolucii organizmiv 24 (August 30, 2019): 166–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.7124/feeo.v24.1095.
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Aim. Vernalization response and photosensitivity were evaluated in some new cultivars originating from West European countries. Methods. Vrd and Ppd-1gene effects were measured by comparing numbers of days to heading at planting in natural and 10-hours photoperiods after preliminary green seedling vernalization of various duration. Those genes inheritance was studied under environment combinations securing the division of their effects. Results. Studied gene effects were inherited as partially dominant with additive-epistatic interactions. Evaluated stocks characterized often by durable vernalization requirement and photosensitivity presence differing essentially from modern Ukrainian cultivars. Conclusions. We call in question the assertion of leading Ukrainian breeders that strong physiological reactions of initial development delay are the factors limiting the modern productivity level in winter bread wheat.
Keywords: winter bread wheat, heading dates, vernalization requirement, photosensitivity, modern cultivars, productivity.
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Streck, Nereu Augusto, Albert Weiss, and P. Stephen Baenziger. "A Generalized Vernalization Response Function for Winter Wheat." Agronomy Journal 95, no. 1 (January 2003): 155–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/agronj2003.1550a.
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Chandler, John, Allison Wilson, and Caroline Dean. "Arabidopsis mutants showing an altered response to vernalization." Plant Journal 10, no. 4 (October 1996): 637–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-313x.1996.10040637.x.
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Streck, Nereu Augusto, Albert Weiss, and P. Stephen Baenziger. "A Generalized Vernalization Response Function for Winter Wheat." Agronomy Journal 95, no. 1 (2003): 155. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/agronj2003.0155.
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Roberts, D. W. A. "Chromosomes in 'Cadet' and 'Rescue' wheats carrying loci for cold hardiness and vernalization response." Canadian Journal of Genetics and Cytology 28, no. 6 (December 1, 1986): 991–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g86-137.
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'Rescue', 'Cadet', and the 42 reciprocal chromosome substitution lines derived from these two spring wheat cultivars were tested for vernalization response and cold hardiness. Cold hardiness was tested after hardening under a 16-h day for 8 weeks with 6 °C day and 4 °C night temperatures or in the dark for 7 weeks at 0.8 °C followed by 8 weeks at −5 °C. Chromosomes 5A, 5B, 7B, and possibly 2A carried loci for vernalization response. Chromosomes 2A, 5A, and 5B carried loci affecting cold hardiness measured after 8 weeks in the light at 6 °C during the day and 4 °C at night, whereas chromosomes 6A, 3B, 5B, and 5D were involved in cold hardiness after hardening in the dark at 0.8 °C followed by −5 °C. The results suggest that the rank order of cultivars for cold hardiness depends on the hardening technique used since the two different techniques tested had different genetic and presumably somewhat different biochemical bases.Key words: Triticum aestivum L., cold hardiness, vernalization.
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Wohlfeiler, Josefina, María Soledad Alessandro, Andrés Morales, Pablo Federico Cavagnaro, and Claudio Rómulo Galmarini. "Vernalization Requirement, but Not Post-Vernalization Day Length, Conditions Flowering in Carrot (Daucus carota L.)." Plants 11, no. 8 (April 15, 2022): 1075. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11081075.
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Carrots require a certain number of cold hours to become vernalized and proceed to the reproductive stage, and this phenomenon is genotype-dependent. Annual carrots require less cold than biennials to flower; however, quantitative variation within annuals and biennials also exists, defining a gradient for vernalization requirement (VR). The flowering response of carrots to day length, after vernalization has occurred, is controversial. This vegetable has been described both as a long-day and a neutral-day species. The objective of this study was to evaluate flowering time and frequency in response to different cold treatments and photoperiod regimes in various carrot genotypes. To this end, three annual genotypes from India, Brazil, and Pakistan, and a biennial carrot from Japan, were exposed to 7.5 °C during 30, 60, 90, or 120 days, and then transferred to either long day (LD) or short day (SD) conditions. Significant variation (p < 0.05) among the carrot genotypes and among cold treatments were found, with increased flowering rates and earlier onset of flowering being associated with longer cold exposures. No significant differences in response to photoperiod were found, suggesting that post-vernalization day length does not influence carrot flowering. These findings will likely impact carrot breeding and production of both root and seed, helping in the selection of adequate genotypes and sowing dates to manage cold exposure and day-length for different production purposes.
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Kyung, Jinseul, Myeongjune Jeon, Goowon Jeong, Yourae Shin, Eunjoo Seo, Jihyeon Yu, Hoyeun Kim, Chung-Mo Park, Daehee Hwang, and Ilha Lee. "The two clock proteins CCA1 and LHY activate VIN3 transcription during vernalization through the vernalization-responsive cis-element." Plant Cell 34, no. 3 (December 21, 2021): 1020–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/plcell/koab304.
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Abstract Vernalization, a long-term cold-mediated acquisition of flowering competence, is critically regulated by VERNALIZATION INSENSITIVE 3 (VIN3), a gene induced by vernalization in Arabidopsis. Although the function of VIN3 has been extensively studied, how VIN3 expression itself is upregulated by long-term cold is not well understood. In this study, we identified a vernalization-responsive cis-element in the VIN3 promoter, VREVIN3, composed of a G-box and an evening element (EE). Mutations in either the G-box or the EE prevented VIN3 expression from being fully induced upon vernalization, leading to defects in the vernalization response. We determined that the core clock proteins CIRCADIAN CLOCK-ASSOCIATED 1 (CCA1) and LATE-ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL (LHY) associate with the EE of VREVIN3, both in vitro and in vivo. In a cca1 lhy double mutant background harboring a functional FRIGIDA allele, long-term cold-mediated VIN3 induction and acceleration of flowering were impaired, especially under mild cold conditions such as at 12°C. During prolonged cold exposure, oscillations of CCA1/LHY transcripts were altered, while CCA1 abundance increased at dusk, coinciding with the diurnal peak of VIN3 transcripts. We propose that modulation of the clock proteins CCA1 and LHY participates in the systems involved in sensing long-term cold for the activation of VIN3 transcription.
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MAJOR, DAVID J., and E. D. P. WHELAN. "VERNALIZATION AND PHOTOPERIOD RESPONSE CHARACTERISTICS OF A RECIPROCAL SUBSTITUTION SERIES OF RESCUE AND CADET HARD RED SPRING WHEAT." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 65, no. 1 (January 1, 1985): 33–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps85-005.
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A reciprocal substitution series between Rescue and Cadet hard red spring wheats was used to identify chromosomal differences for vernalization response, basic vegetative phase, and photoperiod sensitivity. A greenhouse technique was used to provide estimates of these variables. Genes affecting vernalization were found on chromosomes 2A, 5A and 5B. Chromosomes 2A and 5B also affected the length of the basic vegetative phase. A gene on chromosome 3B affected photoperiod sensitivity.Key words: Day length, Triticum aestivum L., basic vegetative phase
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Penrose, LDJ, M. Mosaad, TS Payne, G. Ortiz-Ferrara, and HJ Braun. "Comparison of controls on development in breeding lines from Australian and CIMMYT/ICARDA winter and facultative wheat breeding programs." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 47, no. 1 (1996): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9960001.
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This study sought to compare developmental controls in breeding a within two winter wheat improvement programs, one Australian and a CIMMYT/ICARDA program based in West Asia. Developmental controls considered were intrinsic earliness, and responses to photoperiod and to vernalization. The reliability with which each control on development had been measured was tested in separate experiments using the wheats utilized in the Australian program. Measures of intrinsic earliness showed significant agreement between experiments, better agreement being found for response to photoperiod and between integrated response to vernalization and time to double ridge after late summer sowings. The wheats utilized in the CIMMYTI/CARDA programs were found to be quick in intrinsic earliness, and to possess little response to photoperiod. While these controls varied more for the wheats utilized in the Australian program, commercial Australian winter wheats were similar to the CIMMYTI/CARDA lines. Lines utilized by both programs were represented by types with spring, facultative and winter habit. The clearest differences between programs were that CIMMYTI/CARDA winter wheats appeared to have much stronger response to vernalization than the Australian winter wheats. These findings suggest breeders would find a good proportion of segregates, from crosses between the Australian and the CIMMYTI/CARDA winter wheats, to be developmentally adapted to south-central New South Wales. This suggests CIMMYTI/CARDA winter wheats provide a matching pool from which to access germplasm to introduce new characters into Australian winter wheats.
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Mahfoozi, S., A. E. Limin, P. M. Hayes, P. Hucl, and D. B. Fowler. "Influence of photoperiod response on the expression of cold hardiness in wheat and barley." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 80, no. 4 (October 1, 2000): 721–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p00-031.
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Vernalization and photoperiod requirements regulate the timing of the vegetative/reproductive transition in plants. Cereals adapted to cold winter climates regulate this developmental transition mainly through vernalization requirements, which delay transition from the vegetative to the reproductive growth stage. Recent research indicates that vernalization requirements also influence the expression of low-temperature (LT) tolerance genes in cereals exposed to acclimating temperatures. The objective of the present study was to determine if LT tolerance expression was also developmentally regulated by photoperiod response. The nonhardy, short day (SD) sensitive, wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em Thell) cultivar AC Minto, the LT tolerant, highly SD sensitive barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cultivar Dicktoo, and a barley selection with very low sensitivity to SD were subjected to 8-h (SD) and 20-h (LD) days at cold acclimating temperatures over a period of 98 d. Final leaf number (FLN) was used to measure photoperiod sensitivity and determine the vegetative/reproductive transition point. The LT tolerance of the less SD sensitive barley genotype was similar for LD and SD treatments. In contrast, a delay in the transition from the vegetative to the reproductive stage in AC Minto and Dicktoo grown under SD resulted in an increased level and/or longer retention of LT tolerance. These results support the hypothesis that not only the level, but also the duration of gene expression determines the degree of LT tolerance in cereals. Consequently, any factor that lengthens the vegetative stage, such as vernalization or photoperiod sensitivity, also increases the duration of expression of LT tolerance genes. Key words: Triticum aestivum L., Hordeum vulgare L., low-temperature tolerance, photoperiod, developmental regulation
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Sanders, Douglas C., and Jennifer D. Cure. "Control of Bolting in Autumn-sown Sweet Onions through Undercutting." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 121, no. 6 (November 1996): 1147–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.121.6.1147.
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The efficacy of undercutting as a technique to control bolting of two short-day onion cultivars was studied in controlled-environment chambers. `Buffalo' and `Granex 33' onions were grown to the third, fifth, and seventh visible leaf stages in a 10-hour photoperiod at 22/18 °C (day/night) and then exposed to 30, 40, 50, 60, or 70 days of vernalizing temperatures (10/10 °C). Half of the plants were undercut at the initiation of the vernalizing treatment. After vernalizing treatments, plants were returned to 14-hour photoperiods at 22/18 °C. `Buffalo', which is resistant to bolting, did not flower significantly under any of these conditions. The flowering response of `Granex 33' increased with leaf number at vernalization and as the duration of vernalization increased. Undercutting `Granex 33' increased the days of vernalization required for flowering and reduced the proportion of flowering relative to controls. Overall dry-matter accumulation was unaffected by leaf number at vernalization or the duration of vernalization but was reduced ≈30% by undercutting. In both cultivars, fresh mass per bulb decreased with increasing leaf stage of vernalization and number of vernalizing days. Undercutting also decreased fresh mass per bulb, but through its effect on bolting, undercutting increased marketable yield for plants vernalized and undercut at the fifth and seventh leaf stages.
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Yin, Shuai, Ming Wan, Chaocheng Guo, Bo Wang, Haitao Li, Ge Li, Yanyong Tian, et al. "Transposon insertions within alleles of BnaFLC.A10 and BnaFLC.A2 are associated with seasonal crop type in rapeseed." Journal of Experimental Botany 71, no. 16 (May 16, 2020): 4729–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/eraa237.
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Abstract In Brassicaceae, the requirement for vernalization is conferred by high expression of FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC). The expression of FLC is known to be repressed by prolonged exposure to cold. Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) cultivars can be classified into spring, winter, and semi-winter crop types, depending on their respective vernalization requirements. In addition to two known distinct transposon insertion events, here we identified a 4.422 kb hAT and a 5.625 kb long interspersed nuclear element transposon insertion within BnaFLC.A10, and a 810 bp miniature inverted-repeat transposable element (MITE) in BnaFLC.A2. Quantitative PCR demonstrated that these insertions lead to distinct gene expression patterns and contribute differentially to the vernalization response. Transgenic and haplotype analysis indicated that the known 621 bp MITE in the promoter region of BnaFLC.A10 is a transcriptional enhancer that appears to be the main determinant of rapeseed vernalization, and has contributed to the adaptation of rapeseed in winter cultivation environments. In the absence of this transposon insertion, the functional allele of BnaFLC.A2 is a major determinant of vernalization demand. Thus, the combination of BnaFLC.A10 carrying the 621 bp MITE insertion and a functional BnaFLC.A2 appears necessary to establish the winter rapeseed crop phenotype.
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Iqbal, M., A. Navabi, D. F. Salmon, Rong-Cai Yang, and D. Spaner. "A genetic examination of early flowering and maturity in Canadian spring wheat." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 86, no. 4 (October 10, 2006): 995–1004. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p06-002.
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Under short-season western Canadian growing conditions, vernalization non-responsiveness is generally considered a preferable spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) phenotype, to avoid inconsistent maturity and yield patterns. The objectives of this study were to investigate the genetic factors affecting early flowering and maturity, and related agronomic traits, in a set of five Canadian spring wheat cultivars. The cultivars were first studied under 10- and 16-h photoperiods and 0- and 42-d vernalization treatments. Thereafter, the parents and F1 hybrids from a one-way diallel mating design were grown with and without a 42-d vernalization treatment. Shorter photoperiod delayed flowering time in all cultivars, and increased final leaf number in AC Barrie. Vernalization hastened flowering and decreased final leaf number in AC Foremost and AC Taber. AC Foremost and AC Taber carry at least one different allele, from the rest of the cultivars studied, at the major loci governing vernalization response. Leaf and spikelet number on the main culm, days to anthesis and maturity, tiller number and yield plant-1 were mainly controlled by additive gene action. Narrow-sense heritability was medium to high (0.53–0.93) for final leaf number, days to anthesis, spikelet number and grain yield, but low to medium (0.20–0.71) for days to maturity and tiller number. Selection for early flowering under non-vernalizing conditions may aid in the breeding of (vernalization non-responsive) early-maturing spring wheat cultivars in western Canada. Key words: Diallel cross, earliness, photoperiod, vernalization, Triticum aestivum L.
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Whelan, Ernest D. P. "Differential response to chilling injury of the group 6 chromosomes of cv. Chinese Spring wheat." Genome 34, no. 1 (February 1, 1991): 144–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g91-022.
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Winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) requires vernalization (exposure to temperatures between 1 and 10 °C) to induce heading. Vernalization also induces earlier heading of many spring wheat varieties. Studies of the spring wheat cv. Chinese Spring identified cytogenetic lines of the group 6 chromosomes that were susceptible to chilling injury when seedlings were grown at 6 °C for 8 weeks. Lines that were either ditelocentric for the long arm of chromosome 6D or nullisomic for 6D were susceptible, while those ditelocentric for the short arm of 6D were not. Neither cv. Chinese Spring nor ditelocentrics for either the long or short arms of chromosomes 6A or 6B were susceptible. Susceptible plants selected from F2 seedlings of plants monosomic for 6D were nullisomics. Doublemonotelocentric F1 hybrids from crosses between plants ditelocentric for 6DS or 6DL were resistant, but susceptible F2 seedlings from this cross were either nullisomic for 6D or telocentric for the long arm. The dominant gene(s) that prevents chilling injury at 6 °C appears to be on the short arm of chromosome 6D of cv. Chinese Spring wheat.Key words: chilling injury, wheat, telocentrics, nullisomics, vernalization.
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CAO, W., and D. N. MOSS. "Modelling phasic development in wheat: a conceptual integration of physiological components." Journal of Agricultural Science 129, no. 2 (September 1997): 163–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859697004668.
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Simulation of phasic development in wheat is necessary in constructing wheat growth and yield models. It is also useful for evaluating cultivar adaptation and scheduling cultural practices. This paper describes a conceptual model of wheat development based on phenological principles, as affected by vernalization, photoperiod, thermal response and intrinsic earliness, and also reports the results of sensitivity analysis and validation of the model.The model predicts when the plant will reach double ridge, terminal spikelet and heading. In the model, the daily thermal sensitivity of development following emergence is determined by an interaction of ‘relative vernalization completion’ and ‘relative photoperiod effectiveness’ for that day. After complete vernalization is reached, the daily thermal sensitivity is determined only by relative photoperiod effectiveness, which gradually increases from terminal spikelet to heading. A multiplication between the daily thermal sensitivity and thermal effectiveness generated daily flowering time, which was accumulated to trigger a particular developmental stage. Genotypic differences were characterized as vernalization requirement, photoperiod sensitivity and intrinsic earliness.The model showed a sensitive response to environmental variables of temperature and daylength, and to genetic parameters of vernalization requirement and photoperiod sensitivity. Evaluation of the model using multiple experimental data involving various cultivars and planting dates exhibited a marked goodness of fit between simulation and observation with a root mean square error <5 days. The results indicate that the model can be used as a predictor for the major flowering stages, as well as functioning as a knowledge base for understanding the characteristics of different development components in wheat.
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Seeley, Schuyler D. "Quantification of Seed Dormancy of Deciduous Orchard Species." HortScience 30, no. 4 (July 1995): 908A—908. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.30.4.908a.
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Forcing plant material has long been used to determine dormancy intensity (DI) in woody species. Forcing with growth regulators may enhance this ability. Some forcing with naturally occurring hormones may be showing us the actual DI of certain materials. But, measurements of DI that use caustic, near-lethal treatments, or metabolic agents may be all or nothing breaking indicators acting on mechanisms other than the dormancy mechanism and thus not as useful in determining DI. It is possible to cause a meristem to break without completely breaking dormancy. Measurement of normal post-dormancy growth is necessary to determine the effect of a DI agent. DI breaking treatments that act on the dormancy mechanism can cause a temporary growth flush, but, unless the extent of that growth flush is measured and compared with the growth flush of the same normally broken plant material, its true effect remains unknown. In some plant material, the safest way to determine DI is to determine the chilling required to produce normal growth. This assumes that the vernalization requirement and temperature response curves are known for the plant in question. In peach, for instance, vernalization at 2C will cause seeds to germinate, but the resulting seedlings will be physiologically dwarfed. Vernalization at 6C or at 2C cycled with higher temperatures within the vernalization range results in normal seedlings. This indicates that, for chilling to progress normally, vernalization per se must be interspersed or concomitant with growth heat units. Vernalization, therefore, has a low temperature driven component and a heat requiring development and/or growth component. Vernalization driving conditions are slowly being elucidated. Each clarification requires modification of dormancy models. DI does not equal dormancy status!
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Wood, C. C., M. Robertson, G. Tanner, W. J. Peacock, E. S. Dennis, and C. A. Helliwell. "The Arabidopsis thaliana vernalization response requires a polycomb-like protein complex that also includes VERNALIZATION INSENSITIVE 3." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 103, no. 39 (September 18, 2006): 14631–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0606385103.
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Debernardi, Juan M., Daniel P. Woods, Kun Li, Chengxia Li, and Jorge Dubcovsky. "MiR172-APETALA2-like genes integrate vernalization and plant age to control flowering time in wheat." PLOS Genetics 18, no. 4 (April 25, 2022): e1010157. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1010157.
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Plants possess regulatory mechanisms that allow them to flower under conditions that maximize reproductive success. Selection of natural variants affecting those mechanisms has been critical in agriculture to modulate the flowering response of crops to specific environments and to increase yield. In the temperate cereals, wheat and barley, the photoperiod and vernalization pathways explain most of the natural variation in flowering time. However, other pathways also participate in fine-tuning the flowering response. In this work, we integrate the conserved microRNA miR172 and its targets APETALA2-like (AP2L) genes into the temperate grass flowering network involving VERNALIZATION 1 (VRN1), VRN2 and FLOWERING LOCUS T 1 (FT1 = VRN3) genes. Using mutants, transgenics and different growing conditions, we show that miR172 promotes flowering in wheat, while its target genes AP2L1 (TaTOE1) and AP2L5 (Q) act as flowering repressors. Moreover, we reveal that the miR172-AP2L pathway regulates FT1 expression in the leaves, and that this regulation is independent of VRN2 and VRN1. In addition, we show that the miR172-AP2L module and flowering are both controlled by plant age through miR156 in spring cultivars. However, in winter cultivars, flowering and the regulation of AP2L1 expression are decoupled from miR156 downregulation with age, and induction of VRN1 by vernalization is required to repress AP2L1 in the leaves and promote flowering. Interestingly, the levels of miR172 and both AP2L genes modulate the flowering response to different vernalization treatments in winter cultivars. In summary, our results show that conserved and grass specific gene networks interact to modulate the flowering response, and that natural or induced mutations in AP2L genes are useful tools for fine-tuning wheat flowering time in a changing environment.
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Major, D. J., M. R. Hanna, and B. W. Beasley. "Photoperiod response characteristics of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) cultivars." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 71, no. 1 (January 1, 1991): 87–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps91-010.
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Ten cultivars of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) were exposed to low temperatures for varying times and to a series of photoperiods in controlled environment cabinets to determine vernalization and photoperiod responses. There was a reduction in time of 2–16 d from emergence to flowering for vernalization treatments. Vernalization treatments of less than 1 d or greater than 28 d had similar numbers of days from emergence to flowering. The photoperiod response characteristics included the basic vegetative phase (BVP), which is a juvenile phase that must be completed before the plant is responsive to photoperiod, the maximal optimal photoperiod (MOP), the photoperiod beyond which flowering occurs in a constant number of days, and photoperiod sensitivity, the number of days delay in flowering per hour increase in photoperiod. Anik and Vernal comprised a group with the longest BVP, 29.0 d; a group of six cultivars had a mean BVP of 27.6 d, and Maris Kabul and Saranac had the shortest BVP, 25.6 d. The MOP was greatest for Beaver (19 h), shortest for Vernal (17.7 h) and intermediate for the remaining cultivars (18.3 h). Alfalfa was confirmed as a long-day plant, because the time to flowering decreased as photoperiod was lengthened. This results in negative photoperiod sensitivity values. Anik, with a photoperiod sensitivity of −20.50 d h−1, was different from the rest of the cultivars, with a photoperiod sensitivity ranging from −8.51 to −5.08 d h−1. These results demonstrate that alfalfa photoperiod response is consistent with the general response observed for annual long-day species of crop plants and suggest that legume breeders may be able to incorporate specific photoperiod characteristics into alfalfa cultivars in order to optimize harvest dates. Key words: Daylength, development, flowering
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Mossad, Moussa G., Guillermo Ortiz‐Ferrara, Viswanathan Mahalakshmi, and Ralph A. Fischer. "Phyllochron Response to Vernalization and Photeperiod in Spring Wheat." Crop Science 35, no. 1 (January 1995): 168–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2135/cropsci1995.0011183x003500010031x.
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Fairbrother, T. E. "Flowering of Berseem Clover Types in Response to Vernalization." Crop Science 36, no. 3 (May 1996): 645–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2135/cropsci1996.0011183x003600030021x.
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BROOKING, I. "Temperature Response of Vernalization in Wheat: A Developmental Analysis." Annals of Botany 78, no. 4 (October 1996): 507–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/anbo.1996.0148.
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Funnell, Keith A., Bruce R. MacKay, and Ning Huang. "Vernalization and Growing Degree-day Requirements of Thalictrum delavayi `Hewitt's Double'." HortScience 32, no. 3 (June 1997): 501D—501. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.32.3.501d.
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Vernalization and growing degree-day requirements of Thalictrum delavayi `Hewitt's Double' were determined to improve the production scheduling of this cut flower crop. Two-year-old crowns of T. delavayi `Hewitt's Double', lifted in the fall, were exposed to cold storage for 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, or 15 weeks at 8 ± 1°C. After storage, the containerized plants were grown at Massey Univ., Palmerston North (40°20.S) in a greenhouse heated at 15°C and vented at 20°C, under a natural photoperiod (11 h increasing to 13 h) plus a 4-h night interruption between 2200 and 0200 HR. As buds continued to develop during storage at 8°C, growing degree-days calculations were made over both storage and greenhouse forcing periods. All plants flowered, but T. delavayi `Hewitt's Double' nevertheless showed a quantitative vernalization requirement, being fully saturated after 6 weeks of cold storage at 8°C. With a base temperature of 0°C, time to flowering reduced from 3338 degree-days without vernalization to an average 2804 degree-days subsequent to the saturation of the vernalization response (6 to 15 weeks of vernalization). Flower yield averaged between three and five stems per plant, with stem lengths ranging between 140 and 200 cm. Differences in flower yield and quality among storage durations were minor and not commercially significant.
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Zemetra, R. S., and R. Morris. "Effects of an intercultivaral chromosome substitution on winterhardiness and vernalization in wheat." Genetics 119, no. 2 (June 1, 1988): 453–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/119.2.453.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract During a study on the genetic control of winterhardiness in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L. group aestivum), a gene that affected vernalization was found on chromosome 3B in the winter wheat cultivar ;Wichita.' When chromosome 3B from Wichita was substituted into the winter wheat cultivar ;Cheyenne,' the resultant substitution line exhibited a spring growth habit. This is unusual since a cross between the cultivars Wichita and Cheyenne results in progeny that exhibit the winter growth habit. The F(2) plants from a cross of the 3B substitution line to Cheyenne, the recipient parent, segregated 3:1 for heading/no heading response in the absence of vernalization (chi(2) = 2.44). Earliness of heading appeared to be due to an additive effect of the 3B gene as shown by the segregation ratio 1:2:1 (early heading-later heading-no heading) (chi(2) = 2.74). This vernalization gene differs from previously described vernalization genes because, while dominant in a Cheyenne background, its expression is suppressed in Wichita. The gene may have an effect on winter hardiness in Wichita. In a field test for winter survival the 3B substitution line had only 5% survival, while Wichita and Cheyenne had 50 and 80% survival, respectively. No other substitution line significantly reduced winter survival. The difference between Wichita and Cheyenne in winterhardiness may be due to the vernalization gene carried on the 3B chromosome.
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Prince, Timothy A., and Maria S. Cunningham. "Response of Easter Lily Bulbs to Peat Moisture Content and the Use of Peat or of Polyethylene-lined Cases during Handling and Vernalization." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 115, no. 1 (January 1990): 68–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.115.1.68.
Full textAbstract:
Lining of shipping cases with low-density polyethylene (PE) greatly reduced moisture loss from packing media and bulbs of Lilium longjlorum Thunb. `Nellie White' during shipping, handling, and case vernalization (CV). Three years of studies showed that use of PE liners accelerated floral sprout emergence above the growing medium, floral bud initiation, and flowering date. Effects of case lining became more pronounced as the initial water content of the spagnum peat packing was lowered. Case lining sometimes increased apical meristem diameters measured immediately after vernalization, or 2 or 4 weeks after bulb planting, but flower bud number was never significantly increased. Root growth during the first 4 weeks after planting was not affected by case lining. Bulb scale and basal plate water contents at planting were greater in lined than nonlined cases and when packed in peat of relatively high moisture content. Handling and vernalization of bulbs in PE-lined cases without a packing medium resulted in similar bulb forcing characteristics as in bulbs held in PE-lined cases packed with sphagnum peat.
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Li, Zanzan, Jinyu Hu, Hang Tang, Liping Cao, Yuhang Chen, Qiaosheng Guo, and Changlin Wang. "Temperature and Photoperiod Change the Flowering Process in Prunella vulgaris by Inducing Changes in Morphology, Endogenous Hormones, Carbon/Nitrogen Metabolites, and Gene Expression." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 147, no. 2 (March 2022): 73–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs05144-21.
Full textAbstract:
The spicas of Prunella vulgaris are widely used in the medical, beverage, and ornamental fields. Temperature and photoperiod are the two main ecological factors that determine the transformation of many plants from vegetative growth to reproductive growth. To explore the response of P. vulgaris flowering to temperature and photoperiod induction, we adopted vernalization long-day, vernalization short-day, nonvernalization long-day, and nonvernalization short-day treatments. The results showed that the morphology (total number of leaves, number of branches, number of leaves per branch, and branch length) of the vernalization treatment groups was significantly different from that of other nonvernalization groups, and the photosynthetic pigments, net photosynthetic rate, water use efficiency, stomatal conductance, intercellular CO2 concentration, and transpiration rate increased in the vernalization treatment group. However, the gibberellin 3 (GA3), indole-3-acetic acid and zeatin riboside (ZR) contents were significantly increased under the short-day treatments groups, and the results were the same for the expression of endogenous hormone synthesis genes, except for abscisic acid (ABA). The flowering-related genes soc1, elf3, svp, ga20ox, and cry1 were highly expressed under the vernalization short-day. Therefore, the induction of vernalization is more conducive to the increase in the photosynthetic rate. Temperature and photoperiod synergistically induced the synthesis and accumulation of starch, sugar, amino acids, and protein and affected the content of endogenous hormones and the expression of genes involved in their synthesis. GA3 and ZR had thresholds for their regulation of the flowering process in P. vulgaris, and high concentrations of ABA promoted flowering. Temperature and photoperiod coordinate the expression of the flowering-related genes soc1, elf3, svp, ga20ox, and cry1, thereby affecting the flowering process in P. vulgaris.
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Metz, S. G., H. C. Sharma, T. A. Armstrong, and P. N. Mascia. "Chromosome doubling and aneuploidy in anther-derived plants from two winter wheat lines." Genome 30, no. 2 (April 1, 1988): 177–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g88-030.
Full textAbstract:
Anther-derived, doubled haploid populations were obtained from two hard red winter wheats, 'Centurk' and NB88. Spontaneous doubling frequency, efficiency of colchicine treatment, and vernalization requirement were evaluated within each population. In cytological evaluation among the regenerates, haploids, diploids, haploid aneuploids, and diploid aneuploids were observed. Most regenerates were either haploid or diploid. The frequency of anthers producing at least one haploid, diploid, or aneuploid was the same for both genotypes. The regenerates from the same anther had the same ploidy level 83 % of the time, suggesting the callus was usually derived from one microspore. Over 60% of the anthers produced at least one diploid plant. The high frequency of spontaneous doubling suggests that chromosome doubling by colchicine treatment could be eliminated. Ninety-eight percent of the colchicine-treated 'Centurk' plants produced seed, while only 43% of the NB88 colchicine-treated plants produced seed. Anther culture did not replace the vernalization requirement. Vernalization was required for uniform flowering. Results indicate that it is feasible to use 'Centurk', NB88, and other genotypes with high callus induction, plantlet regeneration, and colchicine response to efficiently produce doubled haploids.Key words: wheat, Triticum aestivum L., anther culture, doubled haploid, chromosome doubling, aneuploidy, vernalization.