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1
Romele, Alberto. L'esperienza del Verbum in corde, ovvero, L'ineffettività dell'ermeneutica. Milano: Mimesis, 2013.
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Viau, Joshua, and Ann Bunger. Argument Structure. Edited by Jeffrey L. Lidz, William Snyder, and Joe Pater. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199601264.013.9.
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Children acquiring any language must develop an understanding both of how event components are encoded in verb meanings and of the argument structure of those verbs, that is, how the participants of the event that each verb describes map onto linguistic arguments. This chapter begins with an overview of the major issues in the study of argument structure, including a consideration of the balance of power between verbs and constructions as it pertains to the encoding of thematic relations and a comparison of theoretical approaches with an eye toward learnability. The core of the chapter consists of a comprehensive synthesis of the current state of developmental research on argument structure.
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Tolskaya, Inna. Nanosyntax of Russian Verbal Prefixes. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190876746.003.0008.
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This chapter addresses the problem of widespread polysemy of Russian verbal prefixes and argues that multiple instantiations of a single prefix share a core conceptual meaning and receive the specific denotations as a function of its syntactic position. A link is demonstrated between the inner structure of a prefix and the PP complement of the prefixed verb, illustrated by five polysemous prefixes that demonstrate an asymmetry in admitting PP complements. Although goal prefixes allow only a goal PP, the more complex source prefixes are compatible with both source and goal, and even more route prefixes are compatible with both source and goal, in addition to route complements. Although the source–goal asymmetry has been pointed out for spatial prefixes before, the fact that the same asymmetry holds for nonspatial use is new and exciting and points to a structural identity of the spatial and nonspatial uses of a prefix.
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Marques, Marcia Alessandra Arantes, ed. A corte de Contas e Competência para Apreciação Incidental de Normas. Bookerfield Editora, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.53268/bkf22040800.
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Este livro traz à baila o exame da constitucionalidade, ao longo do tempo, demonstrando sua evolução histórica, bem como a apreciação da constitucionalidade pelos Tribunais de Contas brasileiros sob três óticas: análise intertemporal do controle de constitucionalidade; análise da situação fática atual; e análise de possível entendimento futuro, ante a recente decisão do Supremo Tribunal Federal (MS 35.410-DF) em relação à aplicação da Súmula 347/STF de 1963. A controvérsia instalada reside na problemática em saber se as Cortes de Contas podem realizar a apreciação da constitucionalidade, quando da tramitação de processos e de matérias atinentes às suas competências constitucionais e, em caso afirmativo, quais os limites que devem ser observados, a fim de não usurpação de competência dos poderes constituídos. O estudo deste livro conclui pela necessidade de fortalecimento do papel institucional do Tribunal de Contas na adoção de medidas assecuratórias a boa e regular aplicação de verbas públicas, atribuindo à Colenda Corte de Contas a manutenção da apreciação de leis e atos normativos do Poder Público, no caso concreto e de forma incidental, sendo por certo, não declarar, mas apenas afastar a aplicação das normas tidas por inconstitucionais, em obediência ao princípio da Supremacia da Constituição.
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Anghelescu, Andrei, Joash J. Gambarage, Zoe Wai-Man Lam, and Douglas Pulleyblank. Nominal and Verbal Tone in Nata. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190256340.003.0005.
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This chapter examines core tonal properties of Nata, a Lacustrine Bantu language (Guthrie E-45) spoken in the Mara region of Tanzania. In most instances, both in nouns and verbs, a Nata word exhibits a single high tone, which is restricted to a small number of locations. Though Nata’s tone system might appear simple, close examination of nouns and verbs uncovers considerable complexity in the system. Nouns exhibit lexically encoded distinctions; verb roots exhibit no lexical distinctions, but inflected verbs differ tonally depending on tense/aspect/mood. The sparse distribution of high tones follows from simple edge effects whereby tones are located relative to well-motivated morphosyntactic boundaries. The analysis, framed in a lexical allomorphy approach, crucially depends on correct identification of the macrostem, with a novel aspect being the extension of the macrostem to nouns. This extension is adopted on the grounds that nouns and verbs share similar surface patterns, captured by reference to a common domain.
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Zeman, Sonja. Ut Pictura Poesis? The Poetics of Verbal Imagery. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190457747.003.0011.
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How can verbal-cued poetry be “visual,” “pictorial,” and “vivid”? This chapter aims at looking behind such notions by isolating the basic semiotic mechanisms of vision, picture-viewing, and mental imagery and provides a descriptive model to investigate (1) the semiotic dimension of verbal imagery with respect to its visual and pictorial character and (2) its relationship to the reader’s experience of mental imagery. Through exemplary analyses of visual poetry, onomatopoeia, figurative language, the historical present, and ekphrastic descriptions, it is shown that the literary core concepts of “visuality,” “pictoriality,” and “vividness” refer to surface phenomena that are not directly linked to the phenomenal experience of visual perception and image likeness. The results are discussed against the background of recent neurocognitive studies, leading to the conclusion that such notions should be given up in favor of a general model of representation in terms of poetic iconicity.
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Portner, Paul. Core mood, reality status, and evidentiality. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199547524.003.0004.
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In the categories of mood it is usual to include two quite distinct subtypes: verbal mood and sentence mood. However, the results of the previous two chapters suggest that these subtypes may not be a separate as is usually assumed, and also point to the possibility that other linguistic phenomena may be understood as exemplifying mood as well. This chapter proposes a unification of verbal mood and sentence mood as a category of core mood, and then considers the relation of reality status (realis/irrealis marking) and evidentiality to core mood.
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Jones, Barbara E. Neuroanatomical, neurochemical, and neurophysiological bases of waking and sleeping. Edited by Sudhansu Chokroverty, Luigi Ferini-Strambi, and Christopher Kennard. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199682003.003.0004.
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Neurons distributed through the reticular core of the brainstem, hypothalamus, and basal forebrain and giving rise to ascending projections to the cortex or descending projections to the spinal cord promote the changes in cortical activity and behavior that underlie the sleep–wake cycle and three states of waking, NREM (slow wave) sleep, and REM (paradoxical) sleep. Forming the basic units of these systems, glutamate and GABA cell groups are heterogeneous in discharge profiles and projections, such that different subgroups can promote cortical activation (wake/REM(PS)-active) versus cortical deactivation (NREM(SWS)-active) by ascending influences or behavioral arousal with muscle tone (wake-active) versus behavioral quiescence with muscle atonia (NREM/REM(PS)-active) by descending influences. These different groups are in turn regulated by neuromodulatory systems, including cortical activation (wake/REM(PS)-active acetylcholine neurons), behavioral arousal (wake-active noradrenaline, histamine, serotonin, and orexin neurons), and behavioral quiescence (NREM/REM(PS)-active MCH neurons). By different projections, chemical neurotransmitters and discharge profiles, distinct cell groups thus act and interact to promote cyclic oscillations in cortical activity and behavior forming the sleep-wake cycle and states.
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Kurebito, Megumi. Koryak. Edited by Michael Fortescue, Marianne Mithun, and Nicholas Evans. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199683208.013.46.
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The present chapter focuses on verbal polysynthesis in Koryak, a member of the Chukotko-Kamchatkan language family and aims to show how a polysynthetic holophrase is formed in this language. The result of the examination reveals that the language owes the major driving force in promoting verbal polysynthesis to incorporation, especially noun incorporation (NI). In NI, polysynthetic incorporative stems are derived through NP incorporation, multiple nominal incorporation, double P-argument incorporation (though not always accepted), and adverbial incorporation. Denominal verbal affixes which express concrete verbal meanings such as ‘make’, ‘go gathering’, and ‘look for’ can also derive polysynthetic holophrases by (quasi)-incorporating one or more modifiers and adverbial stems. The polysynthetic stem thus formed is enclosed and shaped into a polysynthetic holophrase by verbal inflectional categories such as aspect, mood, and agreement in person and number with the core argument.
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Nordlinger, Rachel. The Languages of the Daly River Region (Northern Australia). Edited by Michael Fortescue, Marianne Mithun, and Nicholas Evans. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199683208.013.44.
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This chapter surveys the polysynthetic characteristics of the languages of the Daly River region of Australia’s Northern Territory. Although they are not all closely related, these languages share many typological features typical of polysynthesis, including the encoding of core arguments in the verbal word; noun incorporation; applicatives; and complex templatic verbal morphology. In addition the Daly languages exhibit complex verbal predicates composed of two discontinuous stems, one functioning broadly to classify the event type and the other providing more specific lexical semantics. These properties are surveyed across a range of Daly languages, considering both their similarities and their differences, and the implications they have for a cross-linguistic typology of polysynthesis.
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Downing, Laura J., and Al Mtenje. Grammatical Tone Patterns of Affirmative Main Clause Verbs. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198724742.003.0007.
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The chapter begins with a brief background section introducing what is meant by grammatical tone patterns in Bantu languages. Eight different grammatical tone patterns can be identified for affirmative main clause verbs, representing eighteen inflections. The tone patterns for all eighteen inflections are illustrated and discussed in detail in the core eight sections of the chapter. The tone patterns of high-toned extensions and Object Markers are also illustrated and analyzed. The concluding section takes up some analytical issues raised by grammatical tone, including the accentual properties of the tone patterns, the abstract relationship between the source of the high tone patterns and the target syllables for tone realization, and how the grammatical tone patterns of Chichewa could have led to the skewing, in the synchronic verb system, toward toneless stems.
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Hoff, Paul. Comment on “The ontology and epistemology of symptoms: The case of auditory verbal hallucinations in schizophrenia”. Edited by Kenneth S. Kendler and Josef Parnas. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198796022.003.0027.
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This chapter presents a commentary on the ontology and epistemology of psychiatric symptoms, as discussed in the previous chapter. It outlines the core elements of Parnas’ and Urfer-Parnas’ paper, before putting forward supportive arguments along with a few questions concerning possible limitations of the proposals on ontology, categorical specificity of schizophrenic AVH, and the interpersonal realm.
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Nolan, Brian, and Chloé Touzet. The Evolution of Median and Lower Incomes across Countries. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198807056.003.0006.
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This chapter takes as its point of departure the distinction featuring extensively in comparative political economy research between liberal versus coordinated market economies, and also that between export- versus consumption-led growth ‘models’. It investigates whether these analytical frameworks help to explain differences in country performance in terms of growth in middle and lower income households, and thus whether the analytical frameworks and distinctions at the core of this strand of research are helpful in understanding country performance on the indicators on which this book is centrally focused.
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Smet, Stijn. Introduction—Conflicts of Rights in Theoretical and Comparative Perspective. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198795957.003.0001.
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This introductory chapter frames the book’s debate by delineating the extent of persistent reasonable disagreement on both the existence and resolution of human rights conflicts in the context of the European Convention on Human Rights. Drawing on the core arguments of the book’s substantive chapters, the introduction highlights the central cleavages in the debate. The chapter first discusses arguments deployed to deny the very existence of conflicts of rights, as well as available counterarguments. It goes on to provide insight in different strategies aimed at minimizing the occurrence of conflicts. It finally suggests that the resolution of genuine human rights conflicts runs along four axes: balancing versus non-balancing; compromise versus winner-take-all; ad hoc balancing versus definitional balancing; and substantive reasoning versus procedural checks. Where useful, the chapter provides linkages to broader scholarly and judicial debates by accentuating relevant theoretical approaches and comparative materials.
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Downing, Laura J., and Al Mtenje. Grammatical Tone Patterns of Negative and Relative Verbs. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198724742.003.0008.
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This chapter takes up two additional parameters that condition grammatical tone in Chichewa, namely: negative polarity and relative clause type. There are fewer grammatical tone patterns for negative and relative verbs, compared to affirmative main clause verbs. The inflections that grouped together for the tone patterns discussed in Chapter 7 do not always group together for the corresponding negative and relative paradigms. The two core sections of the chapter illustrate in detail the tone patterns for negative and relative verbs. The concluding section of the chapter takes up the often neglected issue of where grammatical tone patterns are represented in the grammar.
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Williams, David M., Ryan E. Rhodes, and Mark T. Conner. Overview of Affective Determinants of Health Behavior. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190499037.003.0001.
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This chapter provides a brief introduction to the topic of affective determinants of health behavior. In doing so it analyzes each aspect of the book’s topic. It begins by outlining what is meant by “health behavior.” It then considers traditional views of the key determinants of such behaviors and the value of and need for integrating affective determinants within health behavior theories. Next, it offers a conceptualization of affective determinants in relation to health behaviors, including distinctions between/among (1) affect proper versus affect processing (the latter also known as affective judgments or cognitively mediated affect); (2) core affect versus moods and emotions; (3) integral versus incidental affect; and (4) anticipated affect, affective attitudes, implicit attitudes, and affective associations. It closes with a brief overview of measurement of affect in the context of health behavior research.
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Danckaert, Lieven. Changing EPP parameters. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198759522.003.0005.
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This chapter starts with a description of the core facts concerning the VPAux/AuxVP alternation in the history of Latin. In the case of modal verbs and infinitives, there is a clear decline of the head-final order VPAux, whereas Late Latin BE-periphrases surprisingly prefer this order. Against the backdrop of these observations, the discussion then turns to the analysis of Classical and Late Latin clause structure. It is proposed that during the transition from Classical to Late Latin, a major parametric change took place related to the way the clausal EPP-requirement is satisfied. In the earlier grammar (‘Grammar A’), the entire VP undergoes A-movement to the high T-domain, resulting in the characteristic VPAux word order. In the later grammar (‘Grammar B’) the EPP-requirement is met by means of verb movement, with the VP staying in situ. In this grammar VPAux-orders are derived through roll-up movement, which is incompatible with the VOAux-pattern.
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Wellwood, Alexis. The Meaning of More. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198804659.001.0001.
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This book re-imagines the compositional semantics of comparative constructions with words like “more”. It argues for a revision of one of the fundamental assumptions of the degree semantics framework as applied to such constructions: that gradable adjectives do not lexicalize measure functions (i.e., mappings from individuals or events to degrees). Instead, the degree morphology itself plays the role of degree introduction. The book begins with a careful study of non-canonical comparatives targeting nouns and verbs, and applies the lessons learned there to those targeting adjectives and adverbs. A primary distinction that the book draws extends the traditional distinction between gradable and non-gradable as applied to the adjectival domain to the distinction between “measurable” and “non-measurable” predicates that crosses lexical categories. The measurable predicates, in addition to the gradable adjectives, include mass noun phrases, plural noun phrases, imperfective verb phrases, and perfective atelic verb phrases. In each of these cases, independent evidence for non-trivial ordering relations on the relevant domains of predication are discussed, and measurability is tied to the accessibility of such orderings. Applying this compositional theory to the core cases and beyond, the book establishes that the selection of measure functions for a given comparative depends entirely on what is measured and compared rather than which expression introduces the measurement
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Harding, Duncan. Communication skills. Edited by Duncan Harding. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198768197.003.0011.
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This chapter considers our communication skills in the interview and describes techniques to help communicate effectively with the interviewer. It starts by looking at the psychological context of communication, and then moves onto verbal communication, considering the way content is delivered in its conciseness, tone, and volume. It discusses depth and breadth of content and how to hint at a broader level of understanding in the interview without straying from the question. Our non-verbal communication and expression reflects our core underlying state and this theme is explored by considering body language and facial expression, appropriate language, signposting, and summarizing. The chapter discusses the illusion of structure and includes an exercise to improve our dissemination, accuracy, and fluency of speech. The chapter finishes by learning how to listen and thinking about what makes an expert communicator.
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Hu, Xuhui. Encoding applied arguments. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198808466.003.0006.
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This chapter applies the theoretical framework of events to the study of non-core arguments. The applied argument in the symmetric applicative construction is introduced by a PP. This PP serves as the modifier of the event predicate, and its head, a null P, is incorporated into V. In an asymmetric applicative, including the ditransitive construction in English, two predicates are involved: in addition to the matrix verb, the other predicate is a PHAVEP. The derivation of this construction is therefore by nature identical to that of English resultatives. An implication of this chapter concerns the syntactic distinction between core arguments and non-core arguments. The core argument is merged in either [Spec EP] or [Spec FP], while the applied argument is introduced elsewhere providing its merge position is permitted by general syntactic constraints.
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Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y., and Elena I. Mihas, eds. Genders and Classifiers. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198842019.001.0001.
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Every language has some means of categorizing objects into humans, or animates, or by their shape, form, size, and function. The most wide-spread are linguistic genders—grammatical classes of nouns based on core semantic properties such as sex (female and male), animacy, humanness, and also shape and size. Classifiers of several types also serve to categorize entities. Numeral classifiers occur with number words, possessive classifiers appear in the expressions of possession, and verbal classifiers are used on a verb, categorizing its argument. Genders and classifiers of varied types can occur together. Their meanings reflect beliefs and traditions, and in many ways mirror the ways in which speakers view the ever-changing reality. This volume elaborates on the expression, usage, history, and meanings of noun categorization devices, exploring their various facets across the languages of South America and Asia, known for the diversity of their noun categorization. The volume starts with a typological introduction outlining the types of noun categorization devices, their expression, scope, and functions, in addition to the socio-cultural aspects of their use, and their development. It is followed by revised versions of eight papers focussing on gender and classifier systems in two areas of high diversity—South America (with a focus on Amazonia) and Asia.
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Downing, Laura J., and Al Mtenje. Prosodic Morphology. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198724742.003.0009.
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Studies of Bantu languages like Chichewa have contributed to two core areas of prosodic morphology: minimality and reduplication. The first section of this chapter provides evidence for a disyllabic minimality constraint on Prosodic Words in Chichewa. The next sections turn to nominal and verbal reduplication. The reduplication patterns are illustrated in detail. As they have received some attention in the theoretical literature, issues raised by the reduplication patterns are reviewed, including a discussion of the reduplicative tone patterns. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the disyllabic syndrome in Chichewa.
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Pintura-pintura: José Ramón Amondarain, Eduardo Arroyo, Felicidad Moreno, Daniel Verbis : proyecto de El Corte Inglés coincidente con la feria internacional de arte contemporáneo ARCO '07 : impresiones digitales ... : Madrid, febrero 2007. Madrid: El Umbral, 2007.
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van Tubergen, Astrid, and Robert Landewé. Clinical outcomes. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198734444.003.0012.
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In general, axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA) follows a chronic course, requiring regular medical care and monitoring. The outcome of axSpA may vary substantially due to heterogenic presentation. For both research and clinical practice, it is important to have relevant, reliable, validated instruments for measuring outcome, to evaluate patients in a standardized way and capture all disease aspects. The Assessment in SpondyloArthritis international Society has developed core sets and instruments to measure these domains, and recommends only the most important domains being measured with best available methods. This chapter provides an overview of the most important outcomes in axSpA and most commonly used instruments to measure these. Additional measures frequently used but not (yet) included in the core set are addressed, and several sets of response criteria applied in axSpA research described. This chapter also provides guidance in which setting (research versus practice) and with which frequency these measures can be used.
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Lovestrand, Joseph. Barayin Morphosyntax. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198851158.001.0001.
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This book contains a Lexical-Functional Grammar (LFG) analysis of Barayin morphosyntax, with a particular focus on serial verb constructions. Barayin is a Chadic language spoken by about 5000 people in the Guera region of Chad. The core chapters of the book provide analyses of the basic clause, noun phrases, verb phrases, and serial verb constructions. The version of LFG assumed includes two recent innovations. The first is minimal c-structure which results in simpler phrase structure representations. The second is the assumption that glue semantics accounts for argument selection, rejecting the need for a level of a-structure or for Completeness and Coherence in f-structure. This allows argument sharing in serial verb constructions to be modeled in a connected s-structure. This method of modeling semantic composition in complex predicates is extended to directional and associated motion complex predicates in Choctaw and Wambaya, removing the need to appeal to a special mechanism to unite semantic forms in such constructions.
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Small, Mario Luis. Weak-Tie Confidants. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190661427.003.0003.
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This chapter examines the “core discussion networks” of graduate students in three departments and shows that, contrary to traditional expectations, many of the ties appear to be weak rather than strong. It considers how the students relate to those they have considered their confidants after six months, and more specifically whether they would as a whole report the same confidants. Three perspectives on the relative importance of network structure versus social interaction are discussed based on the students’ different experiences: the students will keep most confidants, they will drop many of their confidants, or they will drop many confidants but quickly replace them. In general, the students replaced their confidants often.
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Ariel, Mira. Pragmatics and Grammar. Edited by Yan Huang. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199697960.013.11.
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This paper argues that the grammar/pragmatics division of labour should be drawn along a code versus inference distinction. On this view, grammar specifies a set of codes, while pragmatics provides a set of context-dependent inferences. However, despite this very clear grammar/pragmatics distinction, it is not necessarily trivial to determine which aspects of the interpretation are encoded and which are inferred. Such decisions must be based on empirical examinations of each case. Thus, interpretations commonly analysed as part of grammar may be reanalysed as pragmatics, and vice versa, aspects of use and interpretation previously analysed as pragmatic may turn out to be grammatical after all.
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van der Wal, Jenneke. A Featural Typology of Bantu Agreement. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198844280.001.0001.
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The Bantu languages are in some sense remarkably uniform (subject, verb, order (SVO) basic word order, noun classes, verbal morphology), but this extensive language family also show a wealth of morphosyntactic variation. Two core areas in which such variation is attested are subject and object agreement. The book explores the variation in Bantu subject and object marking on the basis of data from 75 Bantu languages, discovering striking patterns (the Relation between Asymmetry and Non-Doubling Object Marking (RANDOM), and the Asymmetry Wants Single Object Marking (AWSOM) correlation), and providing a novel syntactic analysis. This analysis takes into account not just phi agreement, but also nominal licensing and information structure. A Person feature, associated with animacy, definiteness, or givenness, is shown to be responsible for differential object agreement, while at the same time accounting for doubling vs. non-doubling object marking—a hybrid solution to an age-old debate in Bantu comparative morphosyntax. It is furthermore proposed that low functional heads can Case-license flexibly downwards or upwards, depending on the relative topicality of the two arguments involved. This accounts for the properties of symmetric object marking in ditransitives (for Appl), and subject inversion constructions (for v). By keeping Agree constant and systematically determining which featural parameters are responsible for the attested variation, the proposed analysis argues for an emergentist view of features and parameters (following Biberauer 2018, 2019), and against both Strong Uniformity and Strong Modularity.
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Hu, Xuhui. Encoding Events. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198808466.001.0001.
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This book presents theoretical and empirical research on the syntax of events within the broader framework of generative grammar. A central theoretical concern is how conceptual meaning interacts with narrow syntactic computation in the derivation of the information of an event. A set of Integration Conditions are proposed. Building on the Conceptual-Intentional Interface Conditions proposed in Chomsky’s (1995, 2000, 2001) Minimalist Programme, the Integration Conditions require that the content of the predicate be licensed by theta-role information generated by narrow syntax. Another theoretical component concerns the functional structure of events, which is related to such issues as the parallel between the event and nominal domains, the mapping of a predicate onto an entity, as well as the grammatical foundation of verb classification. The theoretical framework is applied in three areas: (1) the syntax of resultatives in English and Chinese, which exhibits how a theory of the syntax of events can address the thematic relationship between core arguments and predicates; (2) variation of resultatives at cross-linguistic and diachronic levels, which shows how the universal functional structure of events can be compatible with, and even contribute to, the theory of parametric variation in the generative tradition; and (3) applicative constructions, which extend the analysis of core arguments to non-core arguments, and shed light on the typology of verb/satellite-framed languages (Talmy 1991, 2000) and the analyticity parameter proposed in Huang (2015).
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Kellner, Menachem, and David Gillis. Maimonides the Universalist. Liverpool University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/liverpool/9781906764555.001.0001.
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Maimonides ends each book of his legal code, the Mishneh torah, with a moral or philosophical reflection, in which he lifts his eyes, as it were, from purely halakhic concerns and surveys broader horizons. This book analyse these concluding paragraphs, examining their verbal and thematic echoes, their adaptation of rabbinic sources, and the way in which they coordinate with the Mishneh torah's underlying structures, in order to understand how they might influence our interpretation of the code as a whole — and indeed our view of Maimonides himself and his philosophy. Taking this unusual cross-section of the work, the book concludes that the Mishneh torah presents not only a system of law, but also a system of universal values. It shows how Maimonides fashions Jewish law and ritual as a programme for attaining ethical and intellectual ends that are accessible to all human beings, who are created equally in the image of God. Many reject the presentation of Maimonides as a universalist. The Mishneh torah especially is widely seen as a particularist sanctuary. This book shows how profoundly that view must be revised.
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Foley, William. The Polysynthetic Profile of Yimas, a Language of New Guinea. Edited by Michael Fortescue, Marianne Mithun, and Nicholas Evans. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199683208.013.45.
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Yimas is a language of the Lower Sepik family of six languages spoken along the lower reaches of the Sepik River in the northern lowlands of Papua New Guinea. All six languages are quite morphologically complex head-marking languages, but Yimas is the most complex and cross-linguistically a good candidate for categorizing as a ‘polysynthetic language’. It has eight prefix positions preceding the verb stem and five following it, and is a ‘triple agreement language’, that is, it exhibits pronominal agreement affixes for all core arguments of a ditransitive verb. Yimas also makes heavy use of incorporation: a wide array of adjuncts are incorporated into the verb, and in most cases,non-incorporated alternatives are not available. However, Yimas differs from what has been claimed to be typical of polysynthetic languages in its heavy usage of subordination and nonfinite nominalization. This chapter addresses the place of Yimas in an overall typology of polysynthesis.
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Mori, Masanori. Clinical Signs of Impending Death in Cancer Patients (DRAFT). Edited by Nathan A. Gray and Thomas W. LeBlanc. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190658618.003.0039.
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In this prospective, longitudinal, cohort study, the authors systematically characterized the frequency, onset, and diagnostic performance of 62 clinical signs for impending death in 357 advanced cancer patients admitted to two acute palliative care units. “Early signs” (e.g., Palliative Performance Scale <20%, Richmond Agitation Sedation Scale ≤–2) had a high frequency over the last 3 days but low positive predictive ratios (LRs) for impending death within 3 days. In contract, “late signs” (e.g., death rattle, respiration with mandibular movement, peripheral cyanosis) had a low frequency but high specificity and high positive LR. In addition, seven neurological signs (e.g., decreased response to verbal stimuli, drooping of nasolabial fold, grunting of vocal cords) and upper gastrointestinal bleeding had high positive LRs for impending death within 3 days. Upon further validation, these signs may assist clinicians in formulating the diagnosis of impending death and patients and families in preparing ahead.
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Koosed, Jennifer L. Sustenance and Survival in Biblical Narrative. Edited by Danna Nolan Fewell. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199967728.013.42.
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Food is a comprehensive cultural code. In ancient Israel and early Judaism, food production and preparation structured lives; what one did in the process was determined by gender and class status and sometimes even marked by ethnic and religious identity. Food also serves to structure narrative, shape characterization, and add layers of symbolic signification to story. In the Bible, the drama of the first few chapters revolves around proper versus improper eating, and the final book portrays God as a lamb sacrificed for the Passover meal. Between picking and tasting the forbidden fruit, and slaughtering and eating God, a whole host of food-related plots, characters, and images proliferate, many of which revolve around the most important of foodstuffs: bread. This chapter explores the centrality of bread in the story of Adam and Eve, the book of Ruth, and the gospels of Jesus.
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Foley, John Miles. Nodes in Alphabetical Order. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252037184.003.0008.
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This chapter contains the core of the oral tradition/Internet technology discussions, listed in alphabetical order albeit the reader is free to create their own node-sequences as they please. The myriad topics here cover various areas of the three agoras and can range from anecdotal insights into verbal marketplaces to more comprehensive definitions of the terms and concepts used in the Pathways Project to discussions and divergences of networking among the three Agoras to reintroductions of familiar topics cast in a new light. Alongside these are further articles relating to the Pathways Project and its website proper. It must be noted, however, that, as a previous chapter has indicated, the nodes here are subject to the limitations of the tAgora, and that the website contains further and continually updated information for those who have exhausted the insights presented in this chapter.
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Mithun, Marianne. Argument Marking in the Polysynthetic Verb and Its Implications. Edited by Michael Fortescue, Marianne Mithun, and Nicholas Evans. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199683208.013.4.
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It is generally agreed that the essence of polysynthesis goes beyond sheer numbers of morphemes per word, but which other properties might be criterial is unclear. Most frequently cited is the marking of core arguments within the verb, such that the key elements of the clause, predicate, and arguments, are contained within that one word. Also often cited are noun incorporation, applicatives, rich inventories of adverbial affixes, and pragmatically motivated word order. But argument marking on the verb is not categorical: pronominal affix paradigms show a range of differential marking patterns dependent on various semantic and grammatical features, none reliably predictive of other characteristics typically associated with polysynthesis. Yet these characteristics tend to cluster, indicating that they are not reflections of a single, underlying governing principle, but rather constitute structural complexes that emerge from constellations of cognitive and social factors favoring the development and maintenance of complex morphologies.
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Galynker, Igor. Suicide Crisis Syndrome. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190260859.003.0007.
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Research has shown that the suicide crisis syndrome (SCS) is a suicide-specific diagnosable condition that is associated with imminent suicidal behavior. This chapter proposes Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders criteria for SCS and provides a detailed description of its proposed structure and symptoms. Discussion of long-term versus short-term suicide risk and of suicide warning signs is followed by a discussion of the lack of predictive validity of self-reported suicidal ideation and intent with regard to imminent suicidal behavior. The core of the chapter consists of detailed description of the SCS main components: entrapment, affective disturbance in its many forms (emotional pain, anhedonia, frantic anxiety, and depressive turmoil), loss of cognitive control in several forms (ruminations, cognitive rigidity, thought suppression, and ruminative flooding), and altered arousal. The chapter concludes with the SCS assessment algorithm, representative case descriptions, and a test case.
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Bergmann, Thomas. Music Therapy for People with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Edited by Jane Edwards. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199639755.013.35.
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Music as a non-verbal form of communication and play addresses the core features of autism, such as social impairments, limited speech, stereotyped behaviors, sensory-perceptual impairments, and emotional dysregulation; thus music-based interventions are well established in therapy and education. Music therapy approaches are underpinned by behavioral, creative, sensory-perceptional, developmental, and educational theory and research. The effectiveness of music therapy in the treatment of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is reflected by a huge number of studies and case reports; current empirical studies aim to support evidence-based practice. A treatment guide for improvisational music therapy provides unique interventions to foster social skills, emotionality, and flexibility; in developmental approaches, the formation of interpersonal relationships is key. Since ASD is a lifelong neurodevelopmental condition, music therapy is also appropriate in the treatment of adults with intellectual disability. Diagnostic approaches using musical-interactional settings to assess ASD symptomatology are promising, especially in non-speakers.
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Bavin, Edith. The Acquisition of Ergativity: An Overview. Edited by Jessica Coon, Diane Massam, and Lisa Demena Travis. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198739371.013.25.
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The chapter illustrates variation associated with ergative alignment and properties of ergative languages that might impact on acquisition of the system. Language input, the social context and developmental patterns are also discussed, as are criteria for determining when a system has been acquired. Examples provided represent different language families and geographic areas. Also included are more detailed examples: for Kaluli, which has a split ergative system, dependent on word order and pragmatic factors; for Arctic Quebec Inuktitut which employs detransitivisation processes to change the role of the arguments of bivalent verbs; and for Warlpiri which has frequent ellipsis of core arguments, so reducing the frequency of ergative marking in the input. The data illustrate that split morphological systems and variable use of ergative marking do not seem to be problematic overall. By the age of 2.5 or 3 years, children show knowledge of the system.
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Poplack, Shana. Dealing with variability in loanword integration. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190256388.003.0005.
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This chapter tests a strong loanword integration hypothesis: that donor-language material that has been borrowed will display variability in morphosyntactic integration paralleling that of the recipient language. This requires explicitly marshalling the recipient language as the benchmark for comparison, an innovation implemented here for the first time. Illustrating with the typologically different Tamil-English language pair, word order and case-marking of English-origin objects of Tamil verbs are analyzed. English indirect objects are overwhelmingly inflected with Tamil dative markers, but direct objects tend not to be marked for the accusative. Comparison reveals that this patterning reflects the case-marking variability inherent in the recipient-language benchmark, compelling us to recognize even these apparently bare forms as borrowed, and supporting the Nonce Borrowing Hypothesis. This demonstrates that the facts of variability must be taken into account to identify which forms have been borrowed and which have been code-switched.
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Vogel, Steven K. Marketcraft. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190699857.001.0001.
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Modern-day markets do not arise spontaneously but are crafted by individuals, by firms, and most of all, by governments. Thus marketcraft represents a core function of government comparable to statecraft. This book begins with the recognition that there are no free markets and that all markets are crafted, and then systematically examines the implications for analysis and policy. Scholars and policymakers are often trapped by a false dichotomy of government versus market that impairs their ability to recognize the multidimensionality of market governance. They tend to view market reform as “deregulation,” for example, when it actually entails the construction of more rules, the adoption of new business practices, and the diffusion of market norms. Chapter 2 reviews the many elements of marketcraft, from corporate law to antitrust enforcement. Chapter 3 demonstrates how the United States, heralded as the “freest” of market economies, is actually the most heavily regulated. Chapter 4 shows how Japan’s effort to liberalize its economy actually required more regulation, not less. And Chapter 5 contends that even those scholars who focus on market institutions sometimes fail to appreciate the full ramifications of their own arguments. And it concludes with policy lessons for both progressives and market liberals. For progressives, the core lesson is that since markets are always governed, then the government can address a wide range of social goals by reforming that governance. For market liberals, the lesson is that if you appreciate the magic of markets, then you should want them to be governed well.
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Martin, Jeffrey J. Mood. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190638054.003.0021.
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The purpose of this chapter is to overview the sport mood model and mood research conducted in disability sport. Researchers in disability sport have examined mood in a limited fashion, with an overreliance on the Profile of Mood States (POMS) scale, which measures vigor, confusion, depressed mood, anger, fatigue, and tension. A clear limitation of the POMS scale is the underrepresentation of positive mood states that athletes experience. Many of the researchers in disability sport have asked modest questions, such as do athletes with acquired versus congenital disabilities have more positive mood states? Other researchers have used the positive and negative affective schedule and have been able to offer a more well-rounded commentary on various positive and negative affective states and how they are related to other cognitions and sport performance. The chapter concludes with the recommendation that researchers use models of emotion and mood such as the 12-point affect circumplex (12-PAC) model and address how core affect can be assessed to reflect mood or emotion.
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Konstan, David. Conclusion. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190887872.003.0007.
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In this short book, I have explored the way Greek and Roman conceptions of love affected their thinking about a range of sentiments in ways that may seem strange or at all events different to us today. The idea that love might erase the boundaries that separate two distinct selves puts in question our sense of what it is that constitutes an individual identity. It raises questions as well about the nature of altruism versus egoism, both because self-interest is often assumed to be the primary if not the sole motive for human action, and because, if friends really are another self, then it becomes difficult to distinguish at all what is done for the sake of another and what is done for one’s own sake. As an emotion, moreover, love stands apart from other motives for social interaction, for example, duty, obligation, a code of fairness or reciprocity, and sheer economic calculation, which is presumed to condition the behavior of the rational agent of choice postulated by modern economic theory....
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Crosson, Bruce A., Anastasia Ford, and Anastasia M. Raymer. Transcortical Motor Aphasia. Edited by Anastasia M. Raymer and Leslie J. Gonzalez Rothi. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199772391.013.11.
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The defining symptoms of transcortical motor aphasia (TCMA) are nonfluent verbal output with relatively preserved repetition. Other symptoms, such as naming difficulties, agrammatic output, or even some paraphasias, may occur, but these are not cardinal symptoms defining TCMA and are not necessary for the diagnosis. The core anatomy involved in TCMA is a lesion of the medial frontal cortex, especially the left presupplementary motor area (pre-SMA) and adjacent Brodmann’s area 32; a lesion of the left posterior inferior frontal cortex, especially pars opercularis and ventral lateral premotor cortex; or a lesion of the pathways between these frontal structures. TCMA occasionally has been reported with a lesion of the left basal ganglia, the left thalamus, or the ascending dopaminergic pathways. From a cognitive standpoint, TCMA can be conceptualized as a disorder of intention, in other words, as a disorder of initiation and continuation of spoken language that is internally motivated. The medial frontal cortex provides the impetus to speak; this impetus to speak is conveyed to lateral frontal structures through frontal–subcortical pathways where it activates various language production mechanisms. The influence of the ascending dopaminergic pathways may occur either through their heavy connections with the pre-SMA region or through their influence on the basal ganglia. The influence of the basal ganglia and thalamus probably occurs through their connections with the medial frontal cortex. Assessments for TCMA should involve a thorough evaluation of conversational or narrative language output and repetition. New treatments are available that attempt to engage right-hemisphere intention mechanisms with left-hand movements and may be effective in TCMA. Although dopamine agonists have also shown some positive effects in increasing verbal output in TCMA, trials have been small, and some caution must be exercised in interpreting these findings.
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Roessler, Philip, and Harry Verhoeven. The Campaign. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190611354.003.0006.
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The military operation to unseat Mobutu forms the subject of this chapter. It opens with the blistering assault of the Rwandan Patriotic Army on the giant refugee camps outside Goma and Bukavu. Hundreds of thousands were repatriated, but the génocidaire hard core escaped into the Congolese rainforest. The failure to eradicate this threat would prove deeply consequential: it meant that the hunt for Interahamwe in Congo competed for Kabarebe’s attention with the campaign against Mobutu, leaving little time to focus on the all-important political task of building the AFDL into a true liberation movement. This was further complicated by emerging rivalries inside the AFDL which pitted the Congolese protagonists against each other—notably Kabila versus his fellow Katangese of the Tigres Katangais—but also the RPF against their Angolan comrades of the MPLA. Though the AFDL was a Pan-Africanist affair with military support and political encadrement from Eritrea, Ethiopia, Tanzania, Uganda, South Africa and Zambia, the two main providers of hard muscle—Kigali and Luanda—found themselves stumbling into a “race to Kinshasa,” when AFDL troops crossed from Eastern Congo into Western Congo around the border town of Tshikapa.
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Suls, Jerry, Rebecca L. Collins, and Ladd Wheeler, eds. Social Comparison, Judgment, and Behavior. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190629113.001.0001.
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This edited volume presents both classic and contemporary conceptual, empirical, and applied perspectives on the role of comparisons with other people—a core aspect of social life—that have implications for the self-concept, opinions, subjective and physical well-being, conformity, decision-making, group behavior, education, and social movements. The volume is comprised of original chapters, authored by noted experts, divided into three sections: basic comparison processes, neighboring fields, and applications. The first section is comprised of chapters that update classic theories and present advances, such as the dominating effect of local versus global comparisons, an analysis of the psychology of competition, how comparisons across different domains influence self-concept and achievement, and the integral connections between stereotyping and comparison. The second section introduces perspectives from neighboring fields that shed new light on social comparison. These chapters range from judgment and decision science, cognitive psychology, social network theory, and animal social behavior. The third section presents chapters that describe applications of comparison, including relative deprivation; health psychology; the effects of income inequality on well-being; the relationships among social hierarchies, power, and comparison; and the interconnections of psychological processes such as comparison and differential construal that favor the status quo and can discourage social action in the face of injustice and inequity.
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López, Marissa K. Racial Immanence. NYU Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.18574/nyu/9781479807727.001.0001.
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Racial Immanence is about how and why artists use the body in contemporary Chicanx cultural production. The book explores disease, disability, abjection, and sense experience in Chicanx visual, verbal, and performing arts from the late 1980s to the early 1990s in order to ask whether it is possible to think of race as something other than a human quality. This attention to the body is a way to push back against two distinct modes of identity politics: first, the desire for art to perform or embody an idealized abstraction of oppositional ethnicity; and second, the neoliberal commodification of identity in the service of better managing difference and dissent. While these two modes seem mutually exclusive, the resistance the artists in Racial Immanence exert toward both suggests a core similarity. By contrast, the cultural objects examined in the book assert human bodies as processes, as agents of change in the world rather than as objects to be known and managed. Within Chicanx cultural production the author locates an articulation of bodily philosophies that challenge the subject/object dualism leading to a global politics of dominance and submission. Instead, she argues, Chicanx cultural production fosters networks of connection that deepen human attachment to the material world, a phenomenon the author terms “racial immanence” that creates the possibility of progressive social change.
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Kareiva, Peter, Michelle Marvier, and Brian Silliman, eds. Effective Conservation Science. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198808978.001.0001.
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This book gathers together 28 personal stories told by leading thinkers and practitioners in conservation – all of whom have something to say about the uncomfortable tension that arises when data meet dogma. Together, they make a powerful argument for conservation science that measures effectiveness and evolves in response to new data, rather than clinging to its treasured foundational ideas. Several chapters raise doubts about some of conservation’s core tenets, including the notion that habitat fragmentation is bad for biodiversity, biodiversity declines are threatening ecosystem function, non-native species are a net negative for conservation, and fisheries management is failing. Another set of chapters warns of the potent power of conservation narratives: undeniably useful to inspire conservation action, but potentially dangerous in locking in thinking against contrary data. These chapters challenge iconic stories about GM crops, orangutans in oil palm forests, frog feminization, salmon versus dams, rehabilitating oiled otters, and wolves in Yellowstone. A final set of chapters addresses conceptual and methodological approaches such as environmental tipping points, global assessments, payment for ecosystem service programs, and working with corporations. Throughout, examples of confirmation bias emerge—not as dishonesty, but as a human foible that is a challenge for all science, not just conservation science. Graduate students, in particular, will find a wealth of ideas to inspire their own research. Each chapter points to additional data that could help resolve lingering debates and improve conservation effectiveness.
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Pearson, David. Rebel Music in the Triumphant Empire. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197534885.001.0001.
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At the dawn of the 1990s, as the United States celebrated its victory in the Cold War and sole superpower status by waging war on Iraq and proclaiming democratic capitalism as the best possible society, the 1990s underground punk renaissance transformed the punk scene into a site of radical opposition to American empire. Nazi skinheads were ejected from the punk scene; apathetic attitudes were challenged; women, Latino, and LGBTQ participants asserted their identities and perspectives within punk; the scene debated the virtues of maintaining DIY purity versus venturing into the musical mainstream; and punks participated in protest movements from animal rights to stopping the execution of Mumia Abu-Jamal to shutting down the 1999 World Trade Organization meeting. Punk lyrics offered strident critiques of American empire, from its exploitation of the Third World to its warped social relations. Numerous subgenres of punk proliferated to deliver this critique, such as the blazing hardcore punk of bands like Los Crudos, propagandistic crust-punk/dis-core; grindcore and power violence with tempos over 800 BPM, and So-Cal punk with its combination of melody and hardcore. Musical analysis of each of these styles and the expressive efficacy of numerous bands reveals that punk is not merely simplistic three-chord rock music, but a genre that is constantly revolutionizing itself in which nuances of guitar riffs, vocal timbres, drum beats, and song structures are deeply meaningful to its audience, as corroborated by the robust discourse in punk zines.
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Cabredo Hofherr, Patricia, and Jenny Doetjes, eds. The Oxford Handbook of Grammatical Number. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198795858.001.0001.
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This volume offers an overview of current research on grammatical number in language. The chapters Part i of the handbook present foundational notions in the study of grammatical number covering the semantic analyses of plurality, the mass–count distinction, the relationship between number and quantity expressions and the mental representation of number and individuation. The core instance of grammatical number is marking for number distinctions in nominal expressions as in English the book/the books and the chapters in Part ii, Number in the nominal domain, explore morphological, semantic, and syntactic aspects of number marking within noun phrases. The contributions examine morphological marking of number the relationship between syntax and nominal number marking, and the interactions between numeral classifiers with semantic number and number marking. They also address cases of mismatches in form and meaning with respect to number displayed by lexical plurals and collective nouns. The final chapter reviews nominal number processing from the perspective of language pathologies. While number marking on nouns has been the focus of most research on number, number distinctions can also be found in the event domain. Part iii, Number in the event domain, presents an overview of different linguistic means of expressing plurality in the event domain, covering verbal plurality marking, pluractional modifiers of the form Noun preposition Noun, frequency adjectives and dependent indefinites. Part iv provides fifteen case studies examining different aspects of grammatical number marking in a range of typologically diverse languages.
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Jiang, Tao. Origins of Moral-Political Philosophy in Early China. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197603475.001.0001.
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This book offers a new narrative and interpretative framework about the origins of moral-political philosophy that tracks how the three core values—humaneness, justice, and personal freedom—were formulated, reformulated, and contested by early Chinese philosophers in their effort to negotiate the relationship among three distinct domains, the personal, the familial, and the political. Such efforts took place as those thinkers were reimagining a new moral-political order, debating its guiding norms, and exploring possible sources within the context of an evolving understanding of Heaven and its relationship with humans. It makes three key points. First, the central intellectual challenge during the Chinese classical period was how to negotiate the relationships between the personal, the familial, and the political domains (or between the private and the public) when philosophers were reimagining and reconceptualizing a new moral-political order, due to the collapse of the old order. Second, the competing visions can be characterized as a contestation between partialist humaneness and impartialist justice as the guiding norm for the newly imagined moral-political order, with the Confucians, the Mohists, the Laoists, and the so-called fajia thinkers being the major participants, constituting the mainstream intellectual project during this period. Third, Zhuangzi and the Zhuangists were the outliers of the mainstream moral-political debate who rejected the very parameter of humaneness versus justice in the mainstream discourse. Zhuangzi and the Zhuangists were a lone voice advocating personal freedom. For them, the mainstream debate about humaneness and justice was intellectually banal, morally misguided, and politically dangerous.