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Macartney-Filgate, M. S., and E. R. Vriezen. "Intercorrelation of clinical tests of verbal memory." Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 3, no. 2 (January 1, 1988): 121–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/arclin/3.2.121.
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Macartney-Filgate, M. "Intercorrelation of clinical tests of verbal memory." Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 3, no. 2 (1988): 121–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0887-6177(88)90057-1.
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Kennedy, Ryan J., Donald M. Quinlan, and Thomas E. Brown. "Comparison of Two Measures of Working Memory Impairments in 220 Adolescents and Adults With ADHD." Journal of Attention Disorders 23, no. 14 (August 1, 2016): 1838–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1087054716661232.
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Objective: This study tests the hypotheses that (a) adolescents and adults with ADHD score lower on two normed measures of verbal working memory, relative to their overall verbal abilities, than the general population and (b) a specific story memory test is a more sensitive and relevant measure of working memory impairment than a numerically based test. Method: Scores on normed story memory and numerical memory tests of 220 adolescents and adults with ADHD were corrected for the individual’s verbal abilities and compared with each other and national norms. Results: Participants with ADHD scored significantly below their verbal ability measure on both verbal and numerically based memory tests in comparison with national norms. Scores on verbal memory test were lower than scores for numerically based memory tests. Conclusion: This story memory test is a more sensitive measure of working memory impairments in adolescents and adults with ADHD than measures based on recall of numerical data.
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Selby, Michael J., Naomi Ling, J. Michael Williams, and Amanda Dawson. "Interferon Beta 1-B in Verbal Memory Functioning of Patients with Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis." Perceptual and Motor Skills 86, no. 3 (June 1998): 1099–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1998.86.3.1099.
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The effects of interferon Beta 1-b (Betaseron) on verbal memory functioning was examined in 167 patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis and 112 matched normal controls. Subjects were administered 10 verbal memory tests from the Memory Assessment Scales and the Verbal subtests from the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale. Analysis showed subjects treated with Betaseron ( n = 73) did not perform significantly better on measures of verbal memory or verbal ability than subjects not receiving the drug ( n = 94), although the mean performance of treated subjects was higher across all verbal memory tests. Both groups of patients performed significantly worse on verbal memory subtests measuring list acquisition, delayed list recall, delayed cued recall, and the immediate and delayed recall of names and faces than control subjects. Although patients had lower performance scores across all memory tests than the control subjects, their scores were not within the impaired range. These results do not permit a clear conclusion about the effects of Betaseron on verbal memory for any effect is probably obscured by the relatively preserved cognitive functioning of this outpatient sample.
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Heilbronner, R. L., P. Buck, and R. L. Adams. "Factor analysis of verbal and nonverbal clinical memory tests." Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 4, no. 4 (January 1, 1989): 299–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/arclin/4.4.299.
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Larrabee, Glenn J., and Glenn Curtiss. "Construct validity of various verbal and visual memory tests." Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology 17, no. 4 (August 1995): 536–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01688639508405144.
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Heilbronner, R. "Factor analysis of verbal and nonverbal clinical memory tests." Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 4, no. 4 (1989): 299–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0887-6177(89)90021-8.
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Kilciksiz, Can, and John Torous. "T105. VERBAL MEMORY MEASUREMENT TOWARDS DIGITAL PERSPECTIVES IN FIRST-EPISODE PSYCHOSIS: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW STUDY." Schizophrenia Bulletin 46, Supplement_1 (April 2020): S270—S271. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbaa029.665.
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Abstract Background Psychosis is a clinical syndrome which can have detrimental effects on patients in different aspects of functioning such as thought, behavior, and cognition. Even in early phases psychotic spectrum illnesses like schizophrenia, patients can experience cognitive decline prior to overt classical symptoms like delusions and hallucinations. Early detection and reducing the duration of untreated psychosis through early intervention can prevent or slow the progress of cognitive symptoms and the entire illness. Although cognition research in early psychosis has demonstrated that verbal memory is one the first cognitive domains impacted in first-episode of psychosis and continuously declines after the first-episode, it is still not clear which tests are most widely used to measure verbal memory and which may be most amenable to being translated to a digital format. In this systematic review, we assessed which verbal memory assessments are most widely used in first-episode psychosis and may be potentially applied via digital technologies (smartphone applications, telepsychiatry, chatbots, etc.) for use in early detection in the future. Methods From September to November 2019, we searched studies measured verbal memory in first-episode psychosis or schizophrenia over the past 10 years on PubMed and PsycINFO. We screened abstracts of these studies and we excluded review studies and duplicates. We downloaded full-texts of included studies to identify the verbal memory measurement tests used, follow-up frequencies, and sample sizes. Results We screened 233 papers and found that 121 original research studies measured verbal memory in first-episode psychosis over the past 10 years. Of these 121 studies, 32(%26) used Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT), 29(24%) used California Verbal Learning Test (CVLT), 27(22%) used Weschler Memory Scale (WMS), 14(12%) used Hopkins Verbal Learning Test (HVLT), 4(3%) used both WMS and CVLT, 3(2%) used both WMS and RAVLT, and 12(%10) used other tests to measure verbal memory. Four (3%) of these studies specified that they used a computer, 23(20%) used paper-pen, 2(2%) studies used both, and 92(76%) studies did not specify their verbal measurement application tools. Thirty-six (30%) studies had follow-up measurements of verbal memory, while 85(70%) studies had only a single time point verbal memory measurement during the study period. Study sample sizes range from 6 to 498. Discussion We found that four main tests to measure verbal memory in first-episode psychosis are RAVLT, CVLT, WMS, and HVLT although they are not often administered via technology. Of these four verbal memory measurement tests, RAVLT is the most widely used and HVLT is easier to administer while CVLT appears able to assess a broader range of verbal memory domains. There is an emerging opportunity to apply RAVLT, CVLT, WMS, and HVLT via digital technologies for expanding access to early detection of cognitive decline in clinical high risk and first-episode psychosis.
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Benassi-Werke, Mariana E., Marcelo Queiroz, Rúben S. Araújo, Orlando F. A. Bueno, and Maria Gabriela M. Oliveira. "Musicians' Working Memory for Tones, Words, and Pseudowords." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 65, no. 6 (June 2012): 1161–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17470218.2011.644799.
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Studies investigating factors that influence tone recognition generally use recognition tests, whereas the majority of the studies on verbal material use self-generated responses in the form of serial recall tests. In the present study we intended to investigate whether tonal and verbal materials share the same cognitive mechanisms, by presenting an experimental instrument that evaluates short-term and working memories for tones, using self-generated sung responses that may be compared to verbal tests. This paradigm was designed according to the same structure of the forward and backward digit span tests, but using digits, pseudowords, and tones as stimuli. The profile of amateur singers and professional singers in these tests was compared in forward and backward digit, pseudoword, tone, and contour spans. In addition, an absolute pitch experimental group was included, in order to observe the possible use of verbal labels in tone memorization tasks. In general, we observed that musical schooling has a slight positive influence on the recall of tones, as opposed to verbal material, which is not influenced by musical schooling. Furthermore, the ability to reproduce melodic contours (up and down patterns) is generally higher than the ability to reproduce exact tone sequences. However, backward spans were lower than forward spans for all stimuli (digits, pseudowords, tones, contour). Curiously, backward spans were disproportionately lower for tones than for verbal material—that is, the requirement to recall sequences in backward rather than forward order seems to differentially affect tonal stimuli. This difference does not vary according to musical expertise.
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Philipose, Lisa E., Hannah Alphs, Vivek Prabhakaran, and Argye E. Hillis. "Testing Conclusions From Functional Imaging of Working Memory with Data From Acute Stroke." Behavioural Neurology 18, no. 1 (2007): 37–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2007/396946.
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Functional imaging studies indicate that the left hemisphere mediates verbal working memory, while the right hemisphere mediates both verbal and spatial working memory. We evaluated acute stroke patients with working memory tests and imaging to identify whether unilateral dysfunction causes deficits in spatial and/or verbal working memory deficits. While left cortical stroke patients had verbal working memory impairments (p< 0.003), right cortical stroke patients had both verbal (p< 0.007) and spatial working memory (p< 0.03) impairments, confirming functional imaging results. Patients with transient ischemic stroke and patients with non-cortical stroke did not have significant deficits in working memory in either modality.
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DELCENSERIE, AUDREY, and FRED GENESEE. "Language and memory abilities of internationally adopted children from China: evidence for early age effects." Journal of Child Language 41, no. 6 (October 29, 2013): 1195–223. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s030500091300041x.
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AbstractThe goal of the present study was to examine if internationally adopted (IA) children from China (M = 10;8) adopted by French-speaking families exhibit lags in verbal memory in addition to lags in verbal abilities documented in previous studies (Gauthier & Genesee, 2011). Tests assessing verbal and non-verbal memory, language, non-verbal cognitive ability, and socio-emotional development were administered to thirty adoptees. Their results were compared to those of thirty non-adopted monolingual French-speaking children matched on age, gender, and socioeconomic status. The IA children scored significantly lower than the controls on language, verbal short-term memory, verbal working memory, and verbal long-term memory. No group differences were found on non-verbal memory, non-verbal cognitive ability, and socio-emotional development, suggesting language-specific difficulties. Despite extended exposure to French, adoptees may experience language difficulties due to limitations in verbal memory, possibly as a result of their delayed exposure to that language and/or attrition of the birth language.
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d'Elia, G., and S. O. Frederiksen. "Reliability and validity of two tests for non-verbal memory." Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 72, no. 1 (July 1985): 29–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.1985.tb02566.x.
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Hofer, A., T. Bodner, A. Kaufmann, G. Kemmler, U. Mattarei, N. M. Pfaffenberger, M. A. Rettenbacher, E. Trebo, N. Yalcin, and W. W. Fleischhacker. "Symptomatic remission and neurocognitive functioning in patients with schizophrenia." Psychological Medicine 41, no. 10 (March 22, 2011): 2131–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291711000353.
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BackgroundA cross-sectional study was conducted in participants with schizophrenia to explore a potential association between the patients' remission status and neurocognitive functioning and to examine whether these factors have an impact on functional outcome.MethodPsychopathological symptoms were rated by means of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale with symptom remission being assessed by applying the severity component of the recently proposed remission criteria. Tests for the cognitive battery were selected to cover domains known to be impaired in patients with schizophrenia. Next to pre-morbid intelligence, attention performance, executive functioning, verbal fluency, verbal learning and memory, working memory and visual memory were assessed. The joint effect of remission status and neurocognitive functioning on treatment outcome was investigated by logistic regression analysis.ResultsOut of 140 patients included in the study, 62 were symptomatically remitted. Mean age, education and sex distribution were comparable in remitted and non-remitted patients. Remitted patients showed significantly higher values on tests of verbal fluency, alertness and optical vigilance. Both symptomatic remission as well as performance on tests of working memory and verbal memory had a significant effect on the patients' employment status.ConclusionsIn the present study neuropsychological measures of frontal lobe functioning were associated with symptomatic remission from schizophrenia. In addition, both symptomatic remission and performance on tests of working memory and verbal memory had a significant effect on the patients' employment status. Longitudinal follow-up data are needed to determine how the associations of these determinants of functional outcome interact and change over time.
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Porto, Claudia Sellitto, Valeria Santoro Bahia, Sonia Maria Dozzi Brucki, Paulo Caramelli, and Ricardo Nitrini. "Neuropsychological differences between frontotemporal lobar degeneration and Alzheimer's disease." Dementia & Neuropsychologia 2, no. 3 (September 2008): 223–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1980-57642009dn20300011.
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Abstract Memory impairment is the main clinical feature in Alzheimer disease (AD), whereas in frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) behavioral and language disorders predominate. Objectives: To investigate possible differences between the neuropsychological performance in FTLD and AD. Methods: Fifty-six AD patients (mean age=72.98±7.43; mean schooling=9.62±4.68; 35 women and 21 men), 17 FTLD patients (mean age=67.64±7.93; mean schooling=12.12±4.77; 9 women and 8 men), and 60 controls (mean age=68.90±7.48; mean schooling=10.72±4.74; 42 women and 18 men) were submitted to a Dementia Rating Scale (DRS) and a comprehensive neuropsychological evaluation composed of tasks assessing attention, visuoperceptual abilities, constructive abilities, executive functions, memory and language. Results: DRS total score and subscales were not able to differentiate FTLD from AD patients. However, FTLD and AD patients showed statistically significant differences in performance in tests of verbal (Logical Memory, Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test) and visual (Visual Reproduction, recall of the Rey Complex Figure) episodic memory, verbal immediate memory (Logical Memory), attention with interference (Trail Making Test - Part B), verbal fluency (semantic and phonemic) and concept formation (WCST). Conclusion: Contrary to expectations, only a few tasks executive function tasks (Trail Making Test - Part B, F.A.S. and WCST) and two memory tests (verbal and visual episodic memory tests) were able to differentiate between FTLD and AD patients.
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KIESEPPÄ, TUULA, ANNAMARI TUULIO-HENRIKSSON, JARI HAUKKA, THEO VAN ERP, DAVID GLAHN, TYRONE D. CANNON, TIMO PARTONEN, JAAKKO KAPRIO, and JOUKO LÖNNQVIST. "Memory and verbal learning functions in twins with bipolar-I disorder, and the role of information-processing speed." Psychological Medicine 35, no. 2 (January 21, 2005): 205–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291704003125.
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Background. Euthymic bipolar-I disorder (BP I) patients and their siblings have shown impairments in verbal learning and memory functions compared with controls, suggesting that these impairments may be genetic in origin. Reduced information-processing speed has been associated with impaired memory in the elderly, and recently in schizophrenia. The authors compared verbal learning and memory functioning in twins with BP I and co-twins to control twins, and examined whether the observed deficits are related to information-processing speed.Method. Finnish Medical and Population Registers and Twin Cohorts were used to identify the BP I and control twins. Neuropsychological tests assessing verbal learning and memory, working memory, facial recognition, visual memory, and information-processing speed were administered to 26 BP I twins, 19 non-bipolar co-twins, and 114 controls. Group differences were analyzed by generalized estimation equation modeling.Results. BP I patients, but not co-twins, showed impairments in all memory tests compared with controls. Female co-twins showed impairment in verbal learning and memory. Information-processing speed had a significant effect on encoding and learning efficiency.Conclusions. This study showed for the first time that information-processing speed is related to memory functioning and verbal learning in BP I in a population-based, representative and euthymic sample. Furthermore, the data support the view that defects in verbal memory may be related to the genetic factors predisposing to BP I in females.
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Sewell, Kenneth W., Ronald G. Downey, and E. Robert Sinnett. "Convergence and Divergence of Clinical Memory Tests." Psychological Reports 62, no. 1 (February 1988): 291–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1988.62.1.291.
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Although there are many methods used to measure memory, there is surprisingly little agreement as to the validity of these measures. This study was designed to assess the convergent and divergent validity of several different memory measures. 60 college students served as subjects in the study. A moderate degree of convergent validity was found for the memory scales. A principal component analysis gave two major factors, memory for verbal and nonverbal materials. Controlling for intelligence (Quick Test) did not substantially reduce the convergent validity of the memory measures, establishing the divergent validity of memory. While there is a need to assess clinically the memory functions of individuals, the current methods appear to need additional work to improve the level of convergent validity and to reflect the diversity in memory.
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Kimura, Doreen, and Brooke N. Seal. "Sex Differences in Recall of Real or Nonsense Words." Psychological Reports 93, no. 1 (August 2003): 263–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.2003.93.1.263.
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Women perform better than men on tests of verbal memory, but the nature of this advantage has not been precisely established. To examine whether phonemic memory is a factor in the female advantage, we presented, along with other verbal memory tasks, one containing nonsense words. Overall, there was the expected female advantage. However, an examination of the individual tests showed female superiority in recall of the real words but not the nonsense words.
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Kimura, Doreen, and Paul G. Clarke. "Women's Advantage on Verbal Memory is Not Restricted to Concrete Words." Psychological Reports 91, no. 3_suppl (December 2002): 1137–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.2002.91.3f.1137.
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It is well established that women perform better than men on tests of verbal memory, but the nature of this advantage is unclear. To examine whether reference to a real object is a factor, we presented several verbal memory tasks, including one containing words high and low in concreteness. Over all tests there was an expected female advantage. Although concrete words were recalled much better than abstract words, the female advantage was equivalent on both. The sex difference was not accounted for by a difference in verbal intelligence. Possible brain and adaptive mechanisms are discussed.
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GOLDBERG, T. E., K. J. PATTERSON, Y. TAQQU, and K. WILDER. "Capacity limitations in short-term memory in schizophrenia: tests of competing hypotheses." Psychological Medicine 28, no. 3 (May 1998): 665–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291797006429.
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Background. Capacity limitation theories have proved to be surprisingly resilient in characterizing some of the cognitive deficits in schizophrenia. However, this perspective has not generally been applied to short-term verbal memory tasks. We explored this issue by first attempting to ascertain if gross misallocations of processing resources might explain impairments in short-term memory in schizophrenia on a classic digit span task and in a second study by attempting to determine what effects delay and memory set size had on a divided attention short-term verbal memory paradigm.Methods. In the first study 16 patients with schizophrenia and 21 normal controls received 40 trials of a three digit task and 20 trials of a six digit span task. As the absolute number of digits presented and duration of presentation in two conditions were identical, subjects thus had equivalent ‘opportunities’ to make errors if distraction, in the sense of misallocation of cognitive resources, were at the root of poor performance. In the second study 15 patients with schizophrenia and 15 normal controls were tested in conditions in which two, four or six words were presented and in which rehearsal was prevented by an interference task (colour naming) for delays of 5, 10 or 15 s.Results. Patients had disproportionate difficulty on the six digit rather than the three digit condition, suggesting that deficits in the verbal working memory short-term store may not be the result of attentional factors. In the second study, patients' performance was differentially worsened by the interference task, by memory set size (i.e. a capacity limitation) and by delay, a measure of decay rate.Conclusions. In concert, these studies demonstrate that schizophrenia patients have difficulties on verbal short-term memory span tasks not because of misallocation of resources, but rather because of limitations in ‘representational capacity’ and maintenance of information over delays.
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Ardila, A., M. Rosselli, and J. R. Bateman. "Factorial Structure of Cognitive Activity Using a Neuropsychological Test Battery." Behavioural Neurology 7, no. 2 (1994): 49–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/1994/131347.
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A general neuropsychological test battery was assembled and individually given to a 98-subject sample, aged 11–12 years old. The battery included some basic and common tests routinely used in the evaluation of language, memory, spatial abilities, concept formation, and praxic abilities. Twenty-five different scores were calculated. A factor analysis with varimax rotation disclosed nine different factors, accounting for about 70% of the variance. Factor I was measured by a Sequential Verbal Memory test and Verbal Fluency subtests (“verbal factor”). Factor II was measured by the Wechsler Memory Scale Visual Memory subtests (immediate and delayed reproduction), and the Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure (copy and immediate reproduction) (“non-verbal memory and constructional factor”). Factor III was measured by the WMS Logical Memory subtests (immediate and delayed; “verbal memory factor”). Factor IV was associated with fine movements (tapping subtests, right and left hand; “fine movements factor”). Factor V was specially measured by the Information subtest of the WMS and the Boston Naming Test (“verbal knowledge”). Factor VI represented a “praxic ability factor” (ideomotor praxis tests). Delayed Associative Learning subtest measured Factor VII; and Digits measured Factor VIII. Factor IX was a “mental control factor” (Mental Control subtest of the Wechsler Memory Scale). The implications of these results to theories relating to the structure of cognitive activity are discussed.
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Stokes, Stephanie F., Thomas Klee, Myriam Kornisch, and Lisa Furlong. "Visuospatial and Verbal Short-Term Memory Correlates of Vocabulary Ability in Preschool Children." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 60, no. 8 (August 18, 2017): 2249–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2017_jslhr-l-16-0285.
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Background Recent studies indicate that school-age children's patterns of performance on measures of verbal and visuospatial short-term memory (STM) and working memory (WM) differ across types of neurodevelopmental disorders. Because these disorders are often characterized by early language delay, administering STM and WM tests to toddlers could improve prediction of neurodevelopmental outcomes. Toddler-appropriate verbal, but not visuospatial, STM and WM tasks are available. A toddler-appropriate visuospatial STM test is introduced. Method Tests of verbal STM, visuospatial STM, expressive vocabulary, and receptive vocabulary were administered to 92 English-speaking children aged 2–5 years. Results Mean test scores did not differ for boys and girls. Visuospatial and verbal STM scores were not significantly correlated when age was partialed out. Age, visuospatial STM scores, and verbal STM scores accounted for unique variance in expressive (51%, 3%, and 4%, respectively) and receptive vocabulary scores (53%, 5%, and 2%, respectively) in multiple regression analyses. Conclusion Replication studies, a fuller test battery comprising visuospatial and verbal STM and WM tests, and a general intelligence test are required before exploring the usefulness of these STM tests for predicting longitudinal outcomes. The lack of an association between the STM tests suggests that the instruments have face validity and test independent STM skills.
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Acker, C., R. R. Jacobson, and W. A. Lishman. "Memory and ventricular size in alcoholics." Psychological Medicine 17, no. 2 (May 1987): 343–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291700024880.
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SynopsisThe relationship between memory performance and CT scan measures of ventricular size was investigated in a sample of 39 chronic alcoholics and 39 controls. Measures of verbal, non-verbal, recognition and recall memory were derived from the tests administered and were viewed in relation to the lateral ventricle and third ventricular size measurements. The results showed that the memory performance of male alcoholics was significantly related to measures of third ventricular size, but probably not to measures of the lateral ventricles. An association between verbal memory performance and CT scan measures was found in the male controls.
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Oltra-Cucarella, Javier, Miriam Sánchez-SanSegundo, Darren M. Lipnicki, John D. Crawford, Richard B. Lipton, Mindy J. Katz, Andrea R. Zammit, et al. "Visual memory tests enhance the identification of amnestic MCI cases at greater risk of Alzheimer’s disease." International Psychogeriatrics 31, no. 07 (October 25, 2018): 997–1006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s104161021800145x.
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ABSTRACTObjectives:To investigate whether amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) identified with visual memory tests conveys an increased risk of Alzheimer’s disease (risk-AD) and if the risk-AD differs from that associated with aMCI based on verbal memory tests.Participants:4,771 participants aged 70.76 (SD = 6.74, 45.4% females) from five community-based studies, each a member of the international COSMIC consortium and from a different country, were classified as having normal cognition (NC) or one of visual, verbal, or combined (visual and verbal) aMCI using international criteria and followed for an average of 2.48 years. Hazard ratios (HR) and individual patient data (IPD) meta-analysis analyzed the risk-AD with age, sex, education, single/multiple domain aMCI, and Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) scores as covariates.Results:All aMCI groups (n = 760) had a greater risk-AD than NC (n = 4,011; HR range = 3.66 – 9.25). The risk-AD was not different between visual (n = 208, 17 converters) and verbal aMCI (n = 449, 29 converters, HR = 1.70, 95%CI: 0.88, 3.27, p = 0.111). Combined aMCI (n = 103, 12 converters, HR = 2.34, 95%CI: 1.13, 4.84, p = 0.023) had a higher risk-AD than verbal aMCI. Age and MMSE scores were related to the risk-AD. The IPD meta-analyses replicated these results, though with slightly lower HR estimates (HR range = 3.68, 7.43) for aMCI vs. NC.Conclusions:Although verbal aMCI was most common, a significant proportion of participants had visual-only or combined visual and verbal aMCI. Compared with verbal aMCI, the risk-AD was the same for visual aMCI and higher for combined aMCI. Our results highlight the importance of including both verbal and visual memory tests in neuropsychological assessments to more reliably identify aMCI.
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Gross, A. L., G. W. Rebok, J. Brandt, D. Tommet, M. Marsiske, and R. N. Jones. "Modeling Learning and Memory Using Verbal Learning Tests: Results From ACTIVE." Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences 68, no. 2 (August 28, 2012): 153–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbs053.
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Totic-Poznanovic, Sanja, Dragan Marinkovic, Dragan Pavlovic, and Vladimir Paunovic. "Neuropsychological profile of patients with bipolar depression in remission." Vojnosanitetski pregled 62, no. 7-8 (2005): 543–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/vsp0508543t.
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Aim. To determine if the patients with bipolar affective disorder, after the depressive phase, would exhibit cognitive impairment in remission. Methods. Twenty three euthymic patients with bipolar disorder were matched, on a case-by-case basis, to twenty-one healthy subjects in the control group, for the presence of the symptoms of depression. The patients and the control group were tested with a battery of neuropsychological tests. Results. Impairments were found in the patients compared with the control group in tests of verbal learning and memory and in tests of executive function. Verbal learning and memory, as well as executive functions, did not correlate either with the clinical indices of patients, or with the demographic and baseline clinical measures of depression. Conclusion. Impaired verbal learning and memory and executive functions may represent a trait rather than the state variables in bipolar disorder.
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Klekociuk, Shannon Zofia, and Mathew James Summers. "The Self-Fulfilling Prophecy of Episodic Memory Impairment in Mild Cognitive Impairment: Do Episodic Memory Deficits Identified at Classification Remain Evident When Later Examined with Different Memory Tests?" Neurology Research International 2013 (2013): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/437013.
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Previous studies of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) have been criticised for using the same battery of neuropsychological tests during classification and longitudinal followup. The key concern is that there is a potential circularity when the same tests are used to identify MCI and then subsequently monitor change in function over time. The aim of the present study was to examine the evidence of this potential circularity problem. The present study assessed the memory function of 72 MCI participants and 50 healthy controls using an alternate battery of visual and verbal episodic memory tests 9 months following initial comprehensive screening assessment and MCI classification. Individuals who were classified as multiple-domain amnestic MCI (a-MCI+) at screening show a significantly reduced performance in visual and verbal memory function at followup using a completely different battery of valid and reliable tests. Consistent with their initial classification, those identified as nonamnestic MCI (na-MCI) or control at screening demonstrated the highest performance across the memory tasks. The results of the present study indicate that persistent memory deficits remain evident in amnestic MCI subgroups using alternate memory tests, suggesting that the concerns regarding potential circularity of logic may be overstated in MCI research.
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ALLADI, SUVARNA, ROBERT ARNOLD, JOANNA MITCHELL, PETER J. NESTOR, and JOHN R. HODGES. "Mild cognitive impairment: applicability of research criteria in a memory clinic and characterization of cognitive profile." Psychological Medicine 36, no. 4 (January 23, 2006): 507–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291705006744.
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Background. We explored the applicability of recently proposed research criteria for mild cognitive impairment (MCI) in a memory clinic and changes in case definition related to which memory tests are used and the status of general cognitive function in MCI.Method. A total of 166 consecutive GP referrals to the Cambridge Memory Clinic underwent comprehensive neuropsychological and psychiatric evaluation.Results. Of 166 cases, 42 were excluded (significant depression 8, established dementia 29 and other disorders 5). Of 124 non-demented, non-depressed patients, 72 fulfilled Petersen's criteria for amnestic MCI based upon verbal memory performance [the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT)] and 90 met criteria if performance on verbal and/or non-verbal memory tests [the Rey figure recall or the Paired Associates Learning test (PAL)] was considered. Of the 90 broadly defined MCI cases, only 25 had pure amnesia: other subtle semantic and/or attention deficits were typically present. A further 12 were classed as non-amnestic MCI and 22 as ‘worried well’.Conclusions. Definition of MCI varies considerably dependent upon the tests used for case definition. The majority have other cognitive deficits despite normal performance on the Mini-mental State Examination (MMSE) and intact activities of daily living (ADL) and fit within multi-domain MCI. Pure amnesic MCI is rare.
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Senaha, Mirna Lie Hosogi, Paulo Caramelli, Claudia Sellitto Porto, and Ricardo Nitrini. "Verbal and non-verbal semantic impairment: From fluent primary progressive aphasia to semantic dementia." Dementia & Neuropsychologia 1, no. 2 (June 2007): 203–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1980-57642008dn10200014.
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Abstract Selective disturbances of semantic memory have attracted the interest of many investigators and the question of the existence of single or multiple semantic systems remains a very controversial theme in the literature. Objectives: To discuss the question of multiple semantic systems based on a longitudinal study of a patient who presented semantic dementia from fluent primary progressive aphasia. Methods: A 66 year-old woman with selective impairment of semantic memory was examined on two occasions, undergoing neuropsychological and language evaluations, the results of which were compared to those of three paired control individuals. Results: In the first evaluation, physical examination was normal and the score on the Mini-Mental State Examination was 26. Language evaluation revealed fluent speech, anomia, disturbance in word comprehension, preservation of the syntactic and phonological aspects of the language, besides surface dyslexia and dysgraphia. Autobiographical and episodic memories were relatively preserved. In semantic memory tests, the following dissociation was found: disturbance of verbal semantic memory with preservation of non-verbal semantic memory. Magnetic resonance of the brain revealed marked atrophy of the left anterior temporal lobe. After 14 months, the difficulties in verbal semantic memory had become more severe and the semantic disturbance, limited initially to the linguistic sphere, had worsened to involve non-verbal domains. Conclusions: Given the dissociation found in the first examination, we believe there is sufficient clinical evidence to refute the existence of a unitary semantic system.
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Strober, L., J. Englert, F. Munschauer, B. Weinstock-Guttman, S. Rao, and RHB Benedict. "Sensitivity of conventional memory tests in multiple sclerosis: comparing the Rao Brief Repeatable Neuropsychological Battery and the Minimal Assessment of Cognitive Function in MS." Multiple Sclerosis Journal 15, no. 9 (June 25, 2009): 1077–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1352458509106615.
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Background Cognitive impairment is common in multiple sclerosis (MS) affecting roughly 45–60% of patients. Because memory deficits have significant impact on employment, caregiver burden, and social functioning, neuropsychological (NP) assessment is often recommended. Two widely used and validated NP batteries for MS are the Rao Brief Repeatable Neuropsychological Battery (BRNB) and the Minimal Assessment of Cognitive Function in MS (MACFIMS). Although similar, these batteries differ in the specific auditory/verbal and visual/spatial memory tests employed. The relative sensitivity of these memory tests is unknown. Methods The BRNB and MACFIMS have considerable overlap but different memory tests: the former includes the Selective Reminding Test (SRT) and the 10/36 Spatial Recall Test (10/36) and the latter the California Verbal Learning Test, Second Edition (CVLT2) and Brief Visuospatial Memory Test, Revised (BVMTR). In 65 patients with MS and 46 demographically matched controls, we compared the sensitivity of these tests, and secondarily their respective batteries. Results The BRNB and MACFIMS were comparable in their overall sensitivity to disease status. Although the BVMTR showed greater discriminative validity than the 10/36, the CVLT2 and SRT were comparable in sensitivity. The SDMT was the most sensitive NP test across both batteries. Conclusions We conclude that the BRNB and MACFIMS have comparable sensitivity among patients with MS. The sensitivity of the auditory/verbal memory tests from these batteries is similar, but the BVMTR appears to be more sensitive than the 10/36. Clinical implications are discussed.
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HAWKINS, KARI, GURJIT CHOHAN, CHRISTOPHER KIPPS, ROBERT WILL, and NARINDER KAPUR. "Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease: Neuropsychological profile in an extended series of cases." Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 15, no. 5 (September 2009): 807–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355617709990397.
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AbstractNeuropsychological data on an extended series of cases of variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (vCJD) are presented, complementing earlier findings from smaller sample studies of this condition. Distinct neuropsychological features in this extended series included relatively preserved verbal knowledge, immediate verbal memory span, and elementary visual processing. This sparing contrasted with ubiquitous impairment in every vCJD patient on timed tests of verbal fluency and digit-symbol substitution. There were also high rates of impairment on tests of memory, and of visuoperceptual and visuospatial reasoning. Our findings lend support to the view that distinctive neuropsychological features may be one of the diagnostic markers of the condition. (JINS, 2009, 15, 807–810.)
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Skodzik, Timo, Heinz Holling, and Anya Pedersen. "Long-Term Memory Performance in Adult ADHD." Journal of Attention Disorders 21, no. 4 (July 28, 2016): 267–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1087054713510561.
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Objective: Memory problems are a frequently reported symptom in adult ADHD, and it is well-documented that adults with ADHD perform poorly on long-term memory tests. However, the cause of this effect is still controversial. The present meta-analysis examined underlying mechanisms that may lead to long-term memory impairments in adult ADHD. Method: We performed separate meta-analyses of measures of memory acquisition and long-term memory using both verbal and visual memory tests. In addition, the influence of potential moderator variables was examined. Results: Adults with ADHD performed significantly worse than controls on verbal but not on visual long-term memory and memory acquisition subtests. The long-term memory deficit was strongly statistically related to the memory acquisition deficit. In contrast, no retrieval problems were observable. Conclusion: Our results suggest that memory deficits in adult ADHD reflect a learning deficit induced at the stage of encoding. Implications for clinical and research settings are presented.
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Bell, Caroline J., Chris M. Frampton, Helen C. Colhoun, Katie M. Douglas, Virginia VW McIntosh, Frances A. Carter, Jennifer Jordan, et al. "Earthquake brain: Impairment of spatial memory following long-term earthquake-related stress." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 53, no. 1 (July 27, 2018): 37–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0004867418789498.
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Objectives: The primary aim of this study was to investigate neuropsychological function in patients with earthquake-related posttraumatic stress disorder, compared with earthquake-exposed but resilient controls. We hypothesised that individuals with posttraumatic stress disorder would have poorer neuropsychological performance on tests of verbal and visuospatial learning and memory compared with the earthquake-exposed control group. The availability of groups of healthy patients from previous studies who had been tested on similar neuropsychological tasks prior to the earthquakes allowed a further non-exposed comparison. Method: In all, 28 individuals with posttraumatic stress disorder and 89 earthquake-exposed controls completed tests of verbal and visuospatial learning and memory and psychomotor speed. Further comparisons were made with non-exposed controls who had been tested before the earthquakes. Results: No significant difference in performance on tests of verbal or visuospatial memory was found between the earthquake-exposed groups (with and without posttraumatic stress disorder), but the posttraumatic stress disorder group was significantly slowed on tests of psychomotor speed. Supplementary comparison with historical, non-exposed control groups showed that both earthquake-exposed groups had poorer performance on a test of visuospatial learning. Conclusion: The key finding from this study is that there were no differences in verbal or visuospatial learning and memory in individuals with posttraumatic stress disorder compared with similarly earthquake-exposed controls. Compared with non-exposed controls, both earthquake-exposed groups had poorer performance on a test of visuospatial (but not verbal) learning and memory. This offers preliminary evidence suggesting that it is earthquake (trauma) exposure itself, rather than the presence of posttraumatic stress disorder that affects aspects of neuropsychological functioning. If replicated, this may have important implications for how information is communicated in a post-disaster context.
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Baldock, Deanna, Justin B. Miller, Gabriel C. Leger, and Sarah Jane Banks. "Memory Test Performance on Analogous Verbal and Nonverbal Memory Tests in Patients with Frontotemporal Dementia and Alzheimer's Disease." Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders Extra 6, no. 1 (January 19, 2016): 20–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000442665.
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Background: Patients with frontotemporal dementia (FTD) typically have initial deficits in language or changes in personality, while the defining characteristic of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is memory impairment. Neuropsychological findings in the two diseases tend to differ, but can be confounded by verbal impairment in FTD impacting performance on memory tests in these patients. Methods: Twenty-seven patients with FTD and 102 patients with AD underwent a neuropsychological assessment before diagnosis. By utilizing analogous versions of a verbal and nonverbal memory test, we demonstrated differences in these two modalities between AD and FTD. Discussion: Better differentiation between AD and FTD is found in a nonverbal memory test, possibly because it eliminates the confounding variable of language deficits found in patients with FTD. These results highlight the importance of nonverbal learning tests with multiple learning trials in diagnostic testing.
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Ling, Naomi D., and Michael J. Selby. "Assessment of Memory in Multiple Sclerosis Patients Using the Memory Assessment Scale." Perceptual and Motor Skills 86, no. 3 (June 1998): 987–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1998.86.3.987.
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Previous assessment of memory function In multiple sclerosis patients has yielded mixed findings regarding the type and severity of memory deficits, which may be due to (1) differential selection of scales for memory assessment; (2) limited, inconsistent or weak reliability and validity data for the memory scales employed; (3) poor standardization techniques; (4) lack of theoretical foundation for the measure; and (5) limited control of confounding variables, e.g., education, age and the use of nonverbal memory tests. The purpose of the present study was to assess memory function in multiple sclerosis subjects using the verbal subtests of the Memory Assessment Scale, a relatively new measure designed to overcome many of the aforementioned problems. Participants included 57 patients diagnosed as relapsing-remitting, 47 diagnosed as chronic progressive (two generally recognized types of multiple sclerosis), and 132 contra) participants. A multivariate analysis controlling for age and verbal IQ was significant (Wilks = 5.64, p<.001). One way follow-up tests showed both groups with multiple sclerosis had significantly diminished performance across all memory variables when compared with controls, with the exception of List Clustering Acquisition. This indicated that the patients used clustering (mentally grouping similar words together) as often as controls did. These findings provide support for the presence of significant and consistent verbal memory impairment in multiple sclerosis patients and the particular importance of using psychometrically sound measures in the assessment of this population.
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Segalàs, C., P. Alonso, E. Real, A. Garcia, A. Miñambres, J. Labad, A. Pertusa, B. Bueno, S. Jiménez-Murcia, and J. M. Menchón. "Memory and strategic processing in first-degree relatives of obsessive compulsive patients." Psychological Medicine 40, no. 12 (March 10, 2010): 2001–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291710000310.
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BackgroundThe same executive dysfunctions and alterations in neuroimaging tests (both functional and structural) have been found in obsessive-compulsive patients and their first-degree relatives. These neurobiological findings are considered to be intermediate markers of the disease. The aim of our study was to assess verbal and non-verbal memory in unaffected first-degree relatives, in order to determine whether these neuropsychological functions constitute a new cognitive marker for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).MethodRecall and use of organizational strategies in verbal and non-verbal memory tasks were measured in 25 obsessive-compulsive patients, 25 unaffected first-degree relatives and 25 healthy volunteers.ResultsFirst-degree relatives and healthy volunteers did not show differences on most measures of verbal memory. However, during the recall and processing of non-verbal information, deficits were found in first-degree relatives and patients compared with healthy volunteers.ConclusionsThe presence of the same deficits in the execution of non-verbal memory tasks in OCD patients and unaffected first-degree relatives suggests the influence of certain genetic and/or familial factors on this cognitive function in OCD and supports the hypothesis that deficits in non-verbal memory tasks could be considered as cognitive markers of the disorder.
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Wannan, C. M. J., C. F. Bartholomeusz, V. L. Cropley, T. E. Van Rheenen, A. Panayiotou, W. J. Brewer, T. M. Proffitt, et al. "Deterioration of visuospatial associative memory following a first psychotic episode: a long-term follow-up study." Psychological Medicine 48, no. 1 (June 19, 2017): 132–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003329171700157x.
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BackgroundCognitive deficits are a core feature of schizophrenia, and impairments in most domains are thought to be stable over the course of the illness. However, cross-sectional evidence indicates that some areas of cognition, such as visuospatial associative memory, may be preserved in the early stages of psychosis, but become impaired in later established illness stages. This longitudinal study investigated change in visuospatial and verbal associative memory following psychosis onset.MethodsIn total 95 first-episode psychosis (FEP) patients and 63 healthy controls (HC) were assessed on neuropsychological tests at baseline, with 38 FEP and 22 HCs returning for follow-up assessment at 5–11 years. Visuospatial associative memory was assessed using the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery Visuospatial Paired-Associate Learning task, and verbal associative memory was assessed using Verbal Paired Associates subtest of the Wechsler Memory Scale - Revised.ResultsVisuospatial and verbal associative memory at baseline did not differ significantly between FEP patients and HCs. However, over follow-up, visuospatial associative memory deteriorated significantly for the FEP group, relative to healthy individuals. Conversely, verbal associative memory improved to a similar degree observed in HCs. In the FEP cohort, visuospatial (but not verbal) associative memory ability at baseline was associated with functional outcome at follow-up.ConclusionsAreas of cognition that develop prior to psychosis onset, such as visuospatial and verbal associative memory, may be preserved early in the illness. Later deterioration in visuospatial memory ability may relate to progressive structural and functional brain abnormalities that occurs following psychosis onset.
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Geoffroy, M. C., C. Hertzman, L. Li, and C. Power. "Morning salivary cortisol and cognitive function in mid-life: evidence from a population-based birth cohort." Psychological Medicine 42, no. 8 (December 1, 2011): 1763–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291711002704.
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BackgroundThe hormone ‘cortisol’ has been associated with cognitive deficits in older ages, and also with childhood cognition. The extent to which the associations of cortisol with cognitive deficits in later life reflect associations with childhood cognition ability is unclear. This study aimed to assess associations between adult cortisol levels and subsequent cognitive functions, while considering childhood cognition and other lifetime covariates.MethodData are from the 1958 British Birth Cohort. Two morning salivary cortisol samples were obtained at 45 years: 45 min after waking (t1) and 3 h later (t2). Standardized tests assessing immediate and delayed verbal memory, verbal fluency and speed of processing were administered at 50 years. Information on cortisol, cognitive outcomes and covariates [e.g. birthweight, lifetime socio-economic position (SEP), education, smoking and drinking habits, body mass index (BMI), menopausal status, and depression/anxiety] was obtained for 4655 participants.ResultsWorse immediate and delayed verbal memory and verbal fluency at 50 years were predicted by elevated t2 cortisol at 45 years. For instance, for 1 standard deviation (s.d.) increase in t2 cortisol, individuals scored −0.05 s.d. lower on verbal memory and fluency tests. Childhood cognition explained about 30% of these associations, but associations with adult cognition remained.ConclusionsThis study suggests that higher cortisol levels in late morning at 45 years are associated with poorer verbal memory and fluency at 50 years, with a contribution from childhood cognition to these associations.
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Ferreira, Aristides I., Leandro S. Almeida, and Gerardo Prieto. "Construction of a Memory Battery for Computerized Administration, Using Item-Response Theory." Psychological Reports 111, no. 2 (October 2012): 585–609. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/03.04.pr0.111.5.585-609.
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In accordance with Item Response Theory, a computer memory battery with six tests was constructed for use in the Portuguese adult population. A factor analysis was conducted to assess the internal structure of the tests ( N = 547 undergraduate students). According to the literature, several confirmatory factor models were evaluated. Results showed better fit of a model with two independent latent variables corresponding to verbal and non-verbal factors, reproducing the initial battery organization. Internal consistency reliability for the six tests were α = .72 to .89. IRT analyses (Rasch and partial credit models) yielded good Infit and Outfit measures and high precision for parameter estimation. The potential utility of these memory tasks for psychological research and practice will be discussed.
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Weintraub, Sandra, Emily Rogalski, Emily Shaw, Sabrina Sawlani, Alfred Rademaker, Christina Wieneke, and M. Marsel Mesulam. "Verbal and Nonverbal Memory in Primary Progressive Aphasia: The Three Words-Three Shapes Test." Behavioural Neurology 26, no. 1-2 (2013): 67–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/253780.
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Objectives:To investigate cognitive components and mechanisms of learning and memory in primary progressive aphasia (PPA) using a simple clinical measure, the Three Words Three Shapes Test (3W3S).Background:PPA patients can complain of memory loss and may perform poorly in standard tests of memory. The extent to which these signs and symptoms reflect dysfunction of the left hemisphere language versus limbic memory network remains unknown.Methods:3W3S data from 26 patients with a clinical diagnosis of PPA were compared with previously published data from patients with typical dementia of the Alzheimer type (DAT) and cognitively healthy elders.Results:PPA patients showed two bottlenecks in new learning. First, they were impaired in the effortless (but not effortful) on-line encoding of verbal (but not non-verbal) items. Second, they were impaired in the retrieval (but not retention) of verbal (but not non-verbal) items. In contrast, DAT patients had impairments also in effortful on-line encoding and retention of verbal and nonverbal items.Conclusions:PPA selectively interferes with spontaneous on-line encoding and subsequent retrieval of verbal information. This combination may underlie poor memory test performance and is likely to reflect the dysfunction of the left hemisphere language rather than medial temporal memory network.
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Goodwill, Alicia M., Stephen Campbell, Victor W. Henderson, Alexandra Gorelik, Lorraine Dennerstein, Michael McClung, and Cassandra Szoeke. "Robust norms for neuropsychological tests of verbal episodic memory in Australian women." Neuropsychology 33, no. 4 (May 2019): 581–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/neu0000522.
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Jha, Amishi P., Neal E. A. Kroll, Kathleen Baynes, and Michael S. Gazzaniga. "Memory Encoding Following Complete Callosotomy." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 9, no. 1 (January 1997): 143–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.1997.9.1.143.
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Three patients with complete resection of the corpus callosum were tested in a series of memory tasks to determine the effects of callosotomy on the encoding and retrieval of information in memory. Verbal and pictorial conjunction tests were administered to measure patients' ability to consolidate the elements of a stimulus into an accurate composite memory. Patients were also tested in a paired-associate learning task to determine the consequences of callosotomy on the encoding and retrieval of associations between stimuli. Although callosotomy patients were unimpaired in the verbal conjunction task, results from both the pictorial conjunction task and the paired-associate learning task suggest that the absence of callosal cross-talk impairs encoding in these patients. In addition, the pattern of results in the paired-associate learning task suggests that callosotomy impairs retrieval processes. The role of the callosum in the formation of memory traces for nonverbal material and associations between verbal stimuli is discussed.
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Richman, Lynn C., Tammy Wilgenbusch, and Thomasin Hall. "Spontaneous Verbal Labeling: Visual Memory and Reading Ability in Children with Cleft." Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal 42, no. 5 (September 2005): 565–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1597/04-128r.1.
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Objective The purpose of this study was to examine different types of short-term memory deficits (visual versus verbal) of children with cleft and to determine what type of memory deficits were associated with reading disorders. Design The study examined memory and reading in 48 consecutive cases of children with cleft, aged 7 to 9 years. A memory test designed to assess memory modalities (verbal-visual) was administered, along with tests of reading ability. Results Visual and verbal memory were examined with a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). The memory pattern indicated greatest deficit in visual memory. Two subgroups were formed, according to whether or not there was evidence of visual memory impairment. A hit rate predicting reading disability based on group membership was calculated to be 65%. Visual memory was significantly correlated with reading ability (r = .48). Conclusion A brief visual memory test was almost as good as Full Scale IQ in predicting reading disability.
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K, Hageboutros, Bono A, Johnson-Markve B, Smith K, and Lee G. "A-080 Prediction Model for Verbal Memory Decline in Different Epilepsy Surgery Procedures: Temporal Lobectomy vs. Amygdalohippocampectomy." Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 35, no. 6 (August 28, 2020): 872. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/arclin/acaa068.080.
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Abstract Objective Mathematical models predicting risk of verbal memory decline after resective epilepsy surgery have been developed for patients undergoing temporal lobectomies. This study was undertaken to determine if application of the Stroup memory loss prediction model was as accurate in foreseeing verbal memory decline after temporal lobectomy as in the less invasive selective amygdalohippocampectomy procedure. Method This retrospective study examined the verbal memory performances of 40 left temporal lobectomy (ATL), and 16 left subtemporal approach selective amygdalohippocampectomy (SA-H), patients before and after epilepsy surgery using word list learning (Rey Auditory-Verbal Learning Test, Buschke Selective Reminding Test) and story memory (WMS Logical Memory) tests. Patients were assigned to one of four groups using the Stroup multiple regression equation: Minimal Risk (61% risk). To classify memory decline in individual patients, a pre-to-post surgery decrease of > 1 SD on at least one memory test constituted memory decline. Results The prediction model accurately classified 82% (9/11) of ATL, and 75% (3/4) of SA-H, High Risk patients. Verbal memory loss was higher among ATLs than SA-Hs in the Moderate Risk (87% vs. 18%) and Low Risk (71% vs. 0%) groups. Conclusion The Stroup verbal memory loss risk model under-predicted memory loss among temporal lobectomy patients (71% of Low Risk patients showed memory decline) and over-predicted memory loss among selective amygdalohippocampectomy patients (only 18% of Moderate Risk patients showed memory decline). Results should be considered preliminary due to methodological limitation including small Ns and unequal sample sizes.
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Prawiroharjo, Pukovisa, Hainah Ellydar, Peter Pratama, Rizki Edmi Edison, Sitti Evangeline Imelda Suaidy, Nya’ Zata Amani, and Diavitri Carissima. "Impaired Recent Verbal Memory in Pornography-Addicted Juvenile Subjects." Neurology Research International 2019 (August 18, 2019): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/2351638.
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We aimed to find the differences in memory capabilities between pornography-addicted and nonaddicted juveniles. We enrolled 30 juveniles (12–16 y) consisting of 15 pornography addiction and 15 nonaddiction subjects. We used Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT) to measure verbal memory, Rey–Osterrieth Complex Figure Test (ROCFT) for visual memory, along with Trail Making Test A and B (TMT-A and TMT-B) for attention. We found a significant reduction in the RAVLT A6 result of the addiction group (nonaddiction vs addiction: 13.47 ± 2.00 vs 11.67 ± 2.44, MD = −1.80, p=0.04), but not in ROCFT or attention tests. Analysis in sex subgroups yielded no sex-specific difference. We concluded that pornography addiction may be associated with impaired recent verbal memory in juveniles, regardless of sex and without association to attention.
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Newbury, Jayne, Thomas Klee, Stephanie F. Stokes, and Catherine Moran. "Exploring Expressive Vocabulary Variability in Two-Year-Olds: The Role of Working Memory." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 58, no. 6 (December 2015): 1761–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2015_jslhr-l-15-0018.
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Purpose This study explored whether measures of working memory ability contribute to the wide variation in 2-year-olds' expressive vocabulary skills. Method Seventy-nine children (aged 24–30 months) were assessed by using standardized tests of vocabulary and visual cognition, a processing speed measure, and behavioral measures of verbal working memory and phonological short-term memory. Results Strong correlations were observed between phonological short-term memory, verbal working memory, and expressive vocabulary. Speed of spoken word recognition showed a moderate significant correlation with expressive vocabulary. In a multivariate regression model for expressive vocabulary, the most powerful predictor was a measure of phonological short-term memory (accounting for 66% unique variance), followed by verbal working memory (6%), sex (2%), and age (1%). Processing speed did not add significant unique variance. Conclusions These findings confirm previous research positing a strong role for phonological short-term memory in early expressive vocabulary acquisition. They also extend previous research in two ways. First, a unique association between verbal working memory and expressive vocabulary in 2-year-olds was observed. Second, processing speed was not a unique predictor of variance in expressive vocabulary when included alongside measures of working memory.
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Savina, E. A., and A. E. Logvinova. "A Study of Voluntary Regulation Components in Children of the First Grade." Психологическая наука и образование 20, no. 2 (2015): 33–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.17759/pse.2015200204.
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The present study examines the components of voluntary regulation in children of the first grade. Children (N = 82) were asked to perform tasks, measuring the ability of inhibition of verbal behavior (tests “yes-no”, “day-night”), working and short-term memory, knowledge of the rules of behavior in the classroom, the ability to follow a visual pattern (“Butterfly”) and verbal instruction (“Graphic dictation”). It has been found that girls have a higher regulation of verbal behavior than boys. It is shown that the working memory is an essential component of any regulation: for example, children with higher working memory abilities also showed a higher level of inhibition and the ability to follow the pattern and instructions. The regulation of verbal behavior is important both to follow verbal and visual pattern instructions and to control interference. The number of rules of conduct, provided by these children, was positively associated with the test that measures the ability to inhibit verbal behavior: “day-night”. The findings indicate the need for the formation in children of speech mediation activities and methods of working memory.
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Weeß, HG, R. Steinberg, and M. Pritzel. "Mnestic disorders in long-term high-dose diazepam abuse: a pilot study." European Psychiatry 9, no. 5 (1994): 254–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0924933800003606.
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SummaryCognitive impairment in long-term high-dose diazepam abusers (dose > 30 mg diazepam/day; duration of abuse > 12 months) was examined by administering four memory-related tests and comparing the outcomes with those of matched controls. Deficits were found in spatial and visual learning, spatial and visual short-term memory (STM) as well as for spatial and visual long-term memory (LTM). As for verbal aspects of memory, solely the acquisition of novel verbal material (verbal learning) was impaired, Furthermore, deficits in a concentration task were observed. In chronic abuse the established memory deficits are similar to cognitive impairment after single doses. Relaxing or anxiety-reducing effects of diazepam were no longer present. The results of this experimental study demonstrate the risks of diazepam use beyond therapeutic range.
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Delcenserie, Audrey, and Fred Genesee. "The effects of age of acquisition on verbal memory in bilinguals." International Journal of Bilingualism 21, no. 5 (April 7, 2016): 600–616. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1367006916639158.
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Aims and objectives: The purpose of the present study was to examine the effects of age of acquisition on verbal working memory (WM) in bilinguals. In light of previous studies that have found a bilingual advantage on non-verbal WM and less consistently on verbal WM, we included participants with native-like second language (L2) proficiency who had benefited from several years of dual language use and who did not differ from the monolinguals in terms of socioeconomic status in order to control for proficiency. Very few studies have looked at bilinguals’ performance on measures of both verbal and non-verbal memory, making it difficult to know how bilingualism influences both types of abilities in the same participants. Therefore, we also compared the groups on non-verbal WM. Methodology: Simultaneous bilingual, early successive bilinguals, and late successive bilinguals were compared with monolingual English speakers. All bilingual participants were selected using three different criteria: self-assessment ratings of English abilities, ratings of nativelikeness by a native English speaker, and scores on a L2 Cloze test. The groups did not differ significantly with respect to their L2 proficiency, or on measures of general cognitive ability. Data and analysis: Fifteen simultaneous bilinguals were compared with 15 early successive bilinguals and 15 late successive bilinguals who acquired English between 4–6 years of age and 7–15 years of age, respectively. The bilinguals were compared with 15 English-speaking monolinguals. Participants were compared using verbal and non-verbal short-term memory and WM tests. Findings: All bilingual groups performed significantly better than the monolinguals on tests of verbal and non-verbal WM, thus supporting a bilingual advantage. The early and late successive bilinguals scored significantly lower than the simultaneous bilinguals, suggesting an age-of-acquisition effect among the bilinguals. Originality and implications: This is the first study to find a bilingual advantage on verbal WM in adults, but also the first study to report an age-of-acquisition effect in groups of bilingual adults carefully selected for their nativelikeness in the L2.
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Vitulli, William F. "A Systematic Replication of Variations in Verbal Content and Delay on Time Estimation and Short-Term Memory." Perceptual and Motor Skills 96, no. 3_suppl (June 2003): 1215–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.2003.96.3c.1215.
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Vitulli and Nemeth reported in 2001 that among 218 undergraduate volunteers delay of estimation produced significantly longer judgments of time regardless of the verbal passage while short-term memory scores varied as a function of verbal content. In this systematic replication 112 volunteers used three paragraphs audiotaped from a 1998 textbook in general psychology by Baron as stimuli presented for judgment of the passage of time and for short-term memory tests. Addition of control conditions using as stimuli nonsense syllables equal in duration to the three paragraphs did not have an effect contrary to past studies. Yet post hoc tests with nonsense-syllable data removed showed significance between immediate and delayed time estimations consistent with past studies, suggesting boundary conditions for this historically robust effect. Length of segment resulted in significantly different estimations of time as expected. An interaction of short-term memory scores between delay of estimation and content of verbal material showed short-term memory scores were significant between paragraphs and for delay of test (immediate versus delayed).
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Casiglia, Edoardo, Nunzia Giordano, Valérie Tikhonoff, Giovanni Boschetti, Alberto Mazza, Sandro Caffi, Federica Guidotti, and Patrizia Bisiacchi. "Cognitive Functions across the GNB3C825TPolymorphism in an Elderly Italian Population." Neurology Research International 2013 (2013): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/597034.
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To verify whether theC825Tpolymorphism of the GNB3 influences the response to neuropsychological tests, mini-mental state examination, digit span (DS), immediate and delayed prose memory, memory with interference at 10 and 30 seconds (MI 10 and 30), trail making tests (TMTs) A and B, abstraction task, verbal fluency (VF) test, figure drawing and copying, overlapping figures test and clock test were performed in 220 elderly men and women free from clinical dementia and from neurological and psychiatric diseases randomly taken from the Italian general population and analysed across theC825Tpolymorphism. The performance of DS, immediate and delayed prose memory, VF, and TMTs was worse in subjects who were TT for the polymorphism in comparison to the C-carriers. The performance of all tests declined with age. In the case of DS, immediate and delayed prose memory, MI 10 and VF, this trend was maintained in the C-carriers but not in TT. In the case of prose memory, of memory with interference, and of VF, schooling reduced the detrimental interaction between age and genotype. TheC825Tpolymorphism of GNB3 gene therefore influences memory and verbal fluency, being additive to the effects of age and partially mitigated by schooling.