Journal articles: 'Ventilated Envelope'

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Balter, Julieta, Carolina Ganem, and Gustavo Barea. "Mejoras en el desempeño energético de edificios en verano mediante la integración de envolventes ventiladas en fachadas norte y cubiertas. El caso de Mendoza, Argentina." Revista Hábitat Sustentable 10, no. 2 (December 30, 2020): 94–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.22320/07190700.2020.10.02.07.

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The proposal of energy efficiency measures in the residential sector in Argentina requires analyzing the architectonic possibilities of building rehabilitation using technologies that reduce energy consumption, that are feasible to implement locally. In regions with high solar radiation levels, as is the case of the city of Mendoza, heat fluxes transmitted inside can be reduced by the natural ventilation of the layers in the envelope, both on facades and roofs, thus obtaining significant savings in consumption for cooling purposes. This work evaluates the potential for improvement with the integration of ventilated envelopes. The work methodology is structured in two stages: i) survey of residential buildings by morphological typology and analysis of rehabilitation possibilities with ventilated facades, considering the exposed envelope surfaces by orientation; ii) simulation of a case study - previously validated with onsite measurements - using the EnergyPlus software. On integrating ventilated facades and roofs important energy savings of around 32% were achieved, considering the building without users (unoccupied). In the case of units on the top floor, with roofs exposed to the outside, energy savings of 260% were recorded.

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Baciu, I.-R., D. N. Isopescu, M. L. Lupu, S. G. Maxineasa, L. Pruna, and S. Dan. "Ventilated façade solutions." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1242, no. 1 (April 1, 2022): 012002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1242/1/012002.

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Abstract Reducing the energy consumption needed for creating suitable indoor conditions has become a significant issue on a global scale. The building’s envelope and service systems have the most important influence over the amount of energy consumed. This aspect is related to reducing the heat flux across the building envelope in summer conditions and preventing the condensation and infiltration risk in the winter period. The research regarding ventilated façades has advanced taking into account these advantages, which emphasized the need to study and create constructive solutions adapted to the conditions. In this context, this paper represents a brief introduction to ventilated façades solutions, taking into account the definition, their characteristics, the principal constructive elements, the main types of ventilated facades, and last, but not least, their advantages and disadvantages. The authors believe that the study is critical in fully comprehending the characteristics of these systems and their primary components, as well as designing and implementing them in accordance with current environmental needs. It is anticipated that comprehending this concept, as well as its evolution and trends, can contribute in the resolving of a number of ecological and societal issues.

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Møller, E. B., and T. Lading. "Preliminary assessment of the building design of a new test house in Nuuk, Greenland." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2069, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012228. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2069/1/012228.

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Abstract DTU has established a single-family three-level test house in Nuuk, Greenland. The main idea of the house was to have a relatively small heated area but a split building envelope, where a ventilated space behind the rain screen in some areas could be used as a sunroom. This paper describes the process of transforming the architectural ideas to a test building. Main issues have been how to design the rain screen and how to ventilate the space behind the rain screen.

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Rahiminejad, M., and D. Khovalyg. "In-situ measurements of the U-value of a ventilated wall assembly." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2069, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2069/1/012212.

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Abstract The walls in a building envelope have the largest contact area with the exterior environment, and, therefore, a considerable portion of the thermal energy can be lost through the walls compared to the other parts of the building envelope. For energy-saving purposes, the thermal transmittance of walls is typically limited by building energy performance standards at the national level. However, the presence of a ventilated air-space behind the external cladding, which has variable hydro-dynamic behavior, can differently affect the total thermal transmittance of the entire structure. This paper aims to provide an experimental analysis of the total U-value of a ventilated wall assembly measured in a building prototype following the average and dynamic methods defined by ISO 9869-1. Differences between the calculated theoretical U-value and the measured U-value are compared. The contribution of the thermal resistance of the ventilated air-space in the total thermal transmittance of the wall assembly is also analyzed. The results show that the air movement and the enthalpy change in the ventilated cavity can affect the thermal performance of the wall structure to a certain extent.

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Ye, Rongda, Xiaoming Fang, and Zhengguo Zhang. "Numerical Study on Energy-Saving Performance of a New Type of Phase Change Material Room." Energies 14, no. 13 (June 28, 2021): 3874. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14133874.

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The thermal performance of a phase change energy storage building envelope with the ventilated cavity was evaluated. CaCl2·6H2O-Mg(NO3)2·6H2O/expanded graphite (EG) was employed to combined with the building for year-round management. The energy consumption caused by the building under different influence parameters was evaluated numerically. The results indicated that CaCl2·6H2O-8wt %Mg(NO3)2·6H2O/EG should be installed on the south wall for the heating season, while CaCl2·6H2O-2wt %Mg(NO3)2·6H2O/EG should be integrated on the roof for the cooling season. When the air layer was ventilated and the south wall was coated with the solar absorbing coating, the room could save approximately 30% of energy consumption. Moreover, the energy consumption increased with an increase in the air layer thickness, and the air layers played a different role in the building envelope. The optimal value of the flow rate between air layer 2, air layer 3, and the room was 0.09 m3/s. To reduce the energy consumption, the phase change materials (PCMs) with large and small thermal conductivity should be installed in the south wall and roof, respectively. In general, the phase change energy storage building envelope with the ventilated cavity can save energy during the heating and cooling seasons.

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Surendran, Vidhya Maney, Chandramathy Irulappan, Vijayalaxmi Jeyasingh, and Velraj Ramalingam. "Thermal Performance Assessment of Envelope Retrofits for Existing School Buildings in a Hot–Humid Climate: A Case Study in Chennai, India." Buildings 13, no. 4 (April 21, 2023): 1103. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings13041103.

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This study aims to propose building envelope retrofit packages for existing naturally ventilated school buildings in the hot–humid climatic region of Chennai, India. Indoor thermal parameters were collected through field studies from nine sample classrooms of a selected school building in May 2019, between 9.00 am and 4.00 pm. The thermal performance assessment of the existing building was performed by examining the discomfort hours using the CBE thermal comfort tool. Envelope retrofit strategies gathered from the literature and building standards were applied and studied through simulation. The findings reveal the enormous potential to increase the thermal comfort of existing school buildings through envelope retrofit measures. The results demonstrate that the whole-building temperature can be reduced up to 3.2 °C in summer and up to 3.4 °C in winter. Implementing retrofit measures to the building envelopes of existing buildings will help school owners to increase the comfortable hours of whole buildings by up to 17%. In comparison, annual energy savings of up to 13% for the whole building can be made by enhancing the thermal performance of the building envelope. The findings will also help architects to optimise thermal performance and energy usage with minimal interventions.

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Ordoumpozanis, Konstantinos, Theodoros Theodosiou, Dimitrios Bouris, and Katerina Tsikaloudaki. "Energy and thermal modeling of building façade integrated photovoltaics." Thermal Science 22, Suppl. 3 (2018): 921–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci170905025o.

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Electricity generation on site is a design challenge aiming at supporting the concept of energy-autonomous building. Many projects worldwide have promoted the installation of photovoltaic panels on urban buildings, aiming at utilizing a large area to produce electricity. In most cases, photovoltaics are considered strictly as electricity generators, neglecting their effect to the efficiency and to the thermal behaviour of the building envelope. The integrated performance of photovoltaic ventilated fa?ades, where the photovoltaics are regarded as part of a complicated envelope system, provides design challenges and problems that cannot be overlooked within the framework of the Nearly Zero Energy Building concept. In this study, a finite volume model for photovoltaic ventilated fa?ades is developed, experimentally validated and found to have a significant convergence to measured data.

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Meng, Xiaojing, Beibei Wei, and Yingni Zhai. "Sensitivity Analysis of Envelope Design Parameters of Industrial Buildings with Natural Ventilation." Sustainability 12, no. 24 (December 9, 2020): 10288. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su122410288.

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It is beneficial for designers to identify the most important design parameters of building envelopes. This study undertook sensitivity analysis integrated with EnergyPlus to assess the impacts of envelope design parameters for naturally ventilated industrial buildings. Sensitivity coefficients of six envelope design parameters for different internal heat intensities were analyzed and compared for buildings in the city of Xi’an, located in the cold climate zone of China. Our results showed that the heat transfer coefficient of the roofs had the most significant impact on indoor temperature. The weights were 32.29%, 33.71% and 30.71%, and the heat intensities were 5, 10 and 15 W/m3, respectively. The effect of the skylight-to-roof ratio was the second most sensitive. The impact of the solar absorptances of the walls and roof on the total number of hours was not sensitive. The results could be helpful for designers to efficiently form alternative design solutions in the design of new and retrofitting industrial buildings.

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Saadon, Syamimi, Leon Gaillard, Stéphanie Giroux, and Christophe Ménézo. "Simulation Study of a Naturally Ventilated Building Integrated Photovoltaic (BIPV) Envelope." Energy Procedia 78 (November 2015): 2004–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2015.11.394.

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Romila, Claudiu, and Ruxandra Cozmanciuc. "Experimental Analysis of Temperature Reduction Capacity for Wood Ventilated Façades." Advanced Engineering Forum 21 (March 2017): 468–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/aef.21.468.

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Ventilated façades are increasingly used for retrofitting of exterior walls but also as a passive strategy in the reduction of heat transfer through the envelope of new buildings. If correctly designed and constructed, ventilated façades can lead to energy savings and increased durability of exterior walls. Nevertheless, the main advantage of these constructive systems is the capacity to reduce heat load on the building during the warm season due to the air that flows inside the cavity. The total heat transported by convection is influenced by the temperature distribution inside the channel and depends on many factors, the most important being the channel thickness and the type of the exterior layer. This work presents an experimental study of the temperature reduction capacity for different channel thicknesses and exterior layer tightness on a real scale wooden ventilated façade wall.

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Rajkumar, Rupa, Vasanthi Padmanabhan, Velraj Ramalingam, and Nagaraj Meenakshisundaram. "Computational modelling in a high-rise building with different building envelope materials for sustainable living." Thermal Science, no. 00 (2023): 245. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci221015245r.

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This research focuses on identifying a sustainable material for building envelope for energy efficacy in naturally ventilated high-rise residential buildings through computational fluid dynamics. Convective heat transfer is observed in 3levels of the 14 storied high-rise naturally ventilated building using three different building envelope materials-burnt clay bricks, solid concrete block and hollow concrete block. To artificially create the environment with computational Fluid dynamics the different temperatures and velocities are used. The boundary conditions - initial outdoor temperatures 30?C and 23?C respectively were kept constant and the initial outdoor velocities 1m/s to 10m/s, were varied and simulated at 12 noon condition. Simulation results reveal, higher indoor temperatures in the roof exposed floor. At 30?C it is observed that there is a 0.2?C to 0.3?C difference between the burnt clay brick wall and the hollow concrete block wall through the varied velocities. In all cases of air velocities, the air temperature in the indoor spaces of the solid concrete block wall was found to be highest. This proves that solid concrete block wall has the highest conductivity and least resistivity over the other two materials. In the hollow concrete block, the process of conduction slow and apparently the temperature in the indoor spaces is reduced. Thus, the results clearly indicate that the indoor spaces with the hollow block building envelope is comparatively low when compared to the other two building materials.

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Arena, R., S. Aneli, G. M. Tina, and A. Gagliano. "Experimental analysis of the performances of ventilated photovoltaic facades." Renewable Energy and Power Quality Journal 20 (September 2022): 178–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.24084/repqj20.257.

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To reach the EU 2030 goals for reducing greenhouse gas emissions targets and achieving high-performing buildings, it is mandatory to increase energy generation through renewable sources. In this context, existing and new buildings should be equipped with building-integrated photovoltaic plants (BiPV). However, BiPV system integration into the building envelope could harm the electrical efficiency due to an increase in the temperature of the cells. The purpose of this work is to analyse the performance of BiPV façade naturally ventilated. With this aim, two prototypes of ventilated façade equipped with mono and bifacial PV modules have been realised. The first stage of this research presents the features of these two prototypes, the monitoring system and some preliminary experimental data. In particular, the daily temperatures of the flowing air in the cavity, on the front and the back of mono e bifacial modules are shown, during the investigated days. The observation allowed us to highlight the positive effects of the ventilated air gap, as well as the different behaviour of the two investigated PV facades. Further stages foresee the analysis of these BIPV ventilated facades through fluid dynamics simulations, as well as their electrical performance.

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Rahiminejad, M., and D. Khovalyg. "Thermal resistance of the ventilated air-spaces behind external claddings; theoretical definition and a parametric study." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2069, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012197. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2069/1/012197.

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Abstract The presence of a ventilated air cavity between the external cladding and the wall core of a wall assembly can have a varying contribution to the thermal performance of the building envelope. In particular, the thermal resistance of a ventilated air-space is a dynamic parameter that is influenced by various thermo-physical parameters. In this study, a theoretical definition of the thermal resistance of a ventilated air-space behind an external cladding is introduced, employing a non-linear network of thermal resistances in the air-space. A numerical code is developed for the steady-state condition and verified with data from hot box tests available in the literature. Thereafter, a parametric analysis is performed based on the air change rate in the cavity (0 to 1000 1/h), type of the external cladding (brick and vinyl siding), seasonal variation (summer and winter conditions), and presence of the reflective insulation. The results are compared with a closed cavity to see the efficiency of the ventilation in the air-space. The results confirm that the theoretical thermal resistance of the ventilated air-space is a function of multiple factors, and its magnitude varies under different conditions.

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Fišarová, Zuzana, Lubor Kalousek, Michal Frank, and Roman Brzoň. "The influence of ventilated façade on sound insulation properties of envelope walls." MATEC Web of Conferences 93 (December 22, 2016): 03003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201779303003.

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Fišarová, Zuzana, Lubor Kalousek, Michal Frank, and Roman Brzoň. "The influence of ventilated façade on sound insulation properties of envelope walls." MATEC Web of Conferences 93 (December 22, 2016): 03003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/20179303003.

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Pastori, Sofia, Riccardo Mereu, Enrico Sergio Mazzucchelli, Stefano Passoni, and Giovanni Dotelli. "Energy Performance Evaluation of a Ventilated Façade System through CFD Modeling and Comparison with International Standards." Energies 14, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 193. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14010193.

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Ventilated façades can help to reduce summer building thermal loads and, therefore, energy consumption due to air-conditioning systems thanks to the combined effect of the solar radiation reflection and the natural or forced ventilation into the cavity. The evaluation of ventilated façades behavior and performance is complex and requires a complete thermo-fluid dynamic analysis. In this study, a computational fluid dynamic (CFD) methodology has been developed for the complete assessment of the energy performance of a prefabricated timber–concrete composite ventilated façade module in different operating conditions. Global numerical results are presented as well as local ones in terms of heat flux, air velocity, and temperature inside the façade cavity. The results show the dependency of envelope efficiency on solar radiation, the benefits that natural convection brings on potential energy savings and the importance of designing an optimized façade geometry. The results concerning the façade behavior have been thoroughly compared with International Standards, showing the good accuracy of the model with respect to these well-known procedures. This comparison allowed also to highlight the International Standards procedures limits in evaluating the ventilated façade behavior with the necessary level of detail, with the risk of leading to design faults.

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Saadon, Syamimi, Leon Gaillard, Stéphanie Giroux-Julien, and Christophe Ménézo. "Simulation study of a naturally-ventilated building integrated photovoltaic/thermal (BIPV/T) envelope." Renewable Energy 87 (March 2016): 517–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2015.10.016.

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Alghamdi, Abdulrahman, Hamzah Alharthi, Abdulelah Alanazi, and Mohammad Halawani. "Effects of Metal Fasteners of Ventilated Building Facade on the Thermal Performances of Building Envelopes." Buildings 11, no. 7 (June 24, 2021): 267. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings11070267.

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Thermal bridging in the building envelope is one of the main causes of energy losses, even in high-efficiency ventilated building façades. In this study, the effects of point-thermal bridges attributed to metal fasteners on the heat transferred through different types of bricks were predicted. All the structural details of the substrate wall were included as well. This was accomplished with a multi-scale, finite element modelling approach used to enhance the thermal insulation efficiency of the building envelope. The effects of the metal fastener length, diameter, density and location were examined to elucidate any opportunity to minimize the heat losses caused by thermal bridging. The results demonstrated that increases in the lengths of fasteners yielded higher energy losses compared with those generated when the diameter increased. Additionally, metal fasteners caused higher energy losses by up to 30% when fixed on mortar, compared with the energy losses incurred when they were fixed on bricks.

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Garay-Martinez, Roberto, and Beñat Arregi. "Curtain Wall with Solar Preheating of Ventilation Air. Full Scale Experimental Assessment." E3S Web of Conferences 172 (2020): 09007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202017209007.

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Heating load in Commercial buildings is highly related with ventilation systems, while at the same time local discomfort in the vicinity of glass walls occurs due to overheating. In this paper, a novel double envelope curtain wall is presented, which extracts heat from the façade by means of a ventilated cavity which is then incorporated to the ventilation air intake. A substantial reduction of heating loads is achieved. Whenever solar gains are not sought, a bypass element allows the natural ventilation of this air cavity, acting as a ventilated façade. An integrated control system with embedded electronics and actuators allows for a smart control of the system. The system is designed for integration with existing rooftop ventilation systems. Design considerations are discussed, and the outcomes of a full-scale experiment conducted in Bilbao (Spain) along 2019 presented.

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Bottarelli, Michele, Francisco Javier González Gallero, Ismael Rodríguez Maestre, Gang Pei, and Yuehong Su. "Solar gain mitigation in ventilated tiled roofs by using phase change materials." International Journal of Low-Carbon Technologies 15, no. 3 (February 2, 2020): 434–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ijlct/ctaa001.

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Abstract Several passive cooling design techniques are known for reducing solar heat gain through building envelope in summer season. These include the use of phase change materials (PCM), which has received an increased attention over the last years, and the strategy of increasing the above-sheathing ventilation (ASV) in ventilated roofs. However, few studies combine both technologies to maximise the building resilience in hot season. The effect of including a PCM layer into a ventilated roof is numerically analysed here in two different configurations: firstly, laid on the roof deck (PCM1 case) and, secondly, suspended in the middle of the ASV channel (PCM2 case). A computational fluid dynamics model was implemented to simulate airflow and heat transfer around and through the building envelope, under 3 days of extreme hot conditions in summer with high temperatures and low wind speed. Results showed slight differences in terms of mean temperatures at the different roof layers, although temperature fluctuations at deck in the PCM1 case were smaller than half of those estimated for the benchmark case. However, PCM2 configuration achieved a daily reduction of about 10 Wh/m2 (18%) in building energy load with respect to the benchmark case, whilst PCM1 got only 4% due to the lower ventilation at night time. Therefore, a suspended PCM layer in the ASV channel would be a better measure in terms of energy performance than laid on the deck surface, although this last option significantly decreases thermal stress of the insulation layer.

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Ferrantelli, Andrea, Camilla Vornanen-Winqvist, Milla Mattila, Heidi Salonen, and Jarek Kurnitski. "Positive pressure effect on moisture performance in a school building." Journal of Building Physics 43, no. 2 (April 2, 2019): 121–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1744259119837144.

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Moisture excess in buildings constitutes a complex problem affecting indoor air quality, energy consumption and the lifetime of the building envelope. We investigate the effect on moisture transfer in structures as a positive pressure is applied inside the enclosure. It is found that, contrary to established belief, the positive pressure does not induce any negative effects on the structures’ moisture content in normally ventilated classrooms, even with high occupancy. Our case study consists of a school building in Finland, subject to temperature and relative humidity measurements after a small (5–7 Pa) positive pressure was realized through ventilation control. We first address analytically the moisture excess generated inside the classrooms for 14 days, using dynamical balance equations that account for both ventilation effects and occupants’ moisture release in the environment. It is found that the average moisture excess is very small, largely below 1 g/m3, even for ventilation rates that are half the design value. We also examine the moisture performance of the envelope, by addressing the moisture migration at upper and lower joints of the external walls for both measured and design values of the indoor absolute humidity (AH). A coupled numerical model of diffusion and convection shows that moisture accumulation in the envelope and the according stresses are negligible for any realistic AH values. This result is in agreement with field measurements at the school. In conclusion, it seems that applying a small overpressure in a well-ventilated school building during a standard service period resulted in no accumulation inside the external walls, even at high occupancy and with low ventilation. Remarkably, it slightly dried out the moisture content in structures under actual occupancy conditions. The positive pressure has accordingly no negative effects on moisture performance, and is capable to guarantee a good indoor air quality as well.

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Girma, G., and F. Tariku. "Preliminary Experimental Assessment of Building Envelope Integrated Ventilative Cooling design." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2069, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012124. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2069/1/012124.

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Abstract To minimize energy consumption, high-performance buildings are being built with highly insulated and airtight building envelopes, high-performance glazing and efficient mechanical systems. But it has been observed that these buildings are prone to an overheating problem during the summertime. Literature suggests a ventilative cooling method, which is the use of natural ventilation for space cooling, as an ideal system for energy saving and overheating prevention. In this study, the behaviour of a building envelope integrated ventilative cooling (EV wall) design is experimentally studied to assess its cooling potential and ventilation capacity. The EV wall design has an opening at the bottom of the wall that allows ventilative air exchange between the indoor and the outdoor through the cavity behind the cladding. The suction pressure created by the buoyancy effect in the wall cavity drives the ventilation air. The experimental assessment has shown that there are two distinct night-time and day-time flows driven by indoor/outdoor temperature difference and solar radiation respectively. This preliminary study indicated the huge potential of ventilative cooling design and ways to further enhance the EV wall performance. For future studies, the EV wall will be considered by implementing an opening control system in a naturally ventilated building.

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CUI, Dongjin, Xianglu ZHAO, Lei YUAN, and Hongfeng ZHONG. "Effects of envelope features and upstream buildings on ventilation performance of naturally-ventilated building." Journal of Shenzhen University Science and Engineering 36, no. 06 (November 1, 2019): 635–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3724/sp.j.1249.2019.06635.

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Pereira, Cláudia Donald, and Enedir Ghisi. "The influence of the envelope on the thermal performance of ventilated and occupied houses." Energy and Buildings 43, no. 12 (December 2011): 3391–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2011.09.001.

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López-Aparicio, S., J. Smolík, L. Mašková, M. Součková, T. Grøntoft, L. Ondráčková, and J. Stankiewicz. "Relationship of indoor and outdoor air pollutants in a naturally ventilated historical building envelope." Building and Environment 46, no. 7 (July 2011): 1460–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2011.01.013.

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Zuazua-Ros, Amaia, César Martín-Gómez, Elia Ibáñez-Puy, Marina Vidaurre-Arbizu, and María Ibáñez-Puy. "Design, assembly and energy performance of a ventilated active thermoelectric envelope module for heating." Energy and Buildings 176 (October 2018): 371–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2018.07.062.

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Martín-Gómez, César, Amaia Zuazua-Ros, Kattalin Del Valle de Lersundi, Bruno Sánchez Saiz-Ezquerra, and María Ibáñez-Puy. "Integration development of a Ventilated Active Thermoelectric Envelope (VATE): Constructive optimization and thermal performance." Energy and Buildings 231 (January 2021): 110593. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2020.110593.

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Ujma, Adam, and Marta Pomada. "Analysis of the temperature distribution in the place of fixing the ventilated facade." E3S Web of Conferences 97 (2019): 01041. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20199701041.

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Designers more and more often choose facade systems with ventilated layers for external walls, especially in the case of new buildings. They are also used to modernize existing buildings. Mechanical connectors are a characteristic element of these constructions. Often, they are ignored in calculating the heat balance of rooms and the entire building. Because they pierce the thermal insulation layer they cause point thermal bridges. The influence of thermal point bridges, usually made of aluminum, i.e. a material with very high thermal conductivity, for heat transfer turns out to be significant. Such thermal bridges significantly increase heat losses through building partitions. This situation increases the heat demand in the rooms to compensate for the heat loss. The article presents the results of the analysis of the impact of mechanical fasteners in ventilated facade systems on heat transfer in the building envelope. The influence of various materials and constructional solutions on the thermal conditions in these walls was investigated.

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Colinart, T., H. Noel, M. Batard, A. Fuentes, A. Magueresse, and P. Glouannec. "Air preheating potential with high Opaque Ventilated Façade under natural and forced convection." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2069, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2069/1/012023.

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Abstract Opaque ventilated façades (OVF) are increasingly used in building envelope because of their positive impact on building energy efficiency. Usually, air flow is driven by natural ventilation. Recently, there were some attempts to drive air flow mechanically to preheat or precool air in combination with HVAC, Heat pump or Latent Heat Thermal Energy Storage (LHTES) systems. In this framework, an experimental real-scale module of an OVF was built (1.9 m width and 3.5 m height). In this study, OVF is tested during autumn under natural and under forced convection by means of ventilator placed at cavity outlet. Inlet air flowrate are changed from day to day or during the day. For each test, temperature, air velocity, air flow rate and thermal flux are monitored at different locations of OVF. Their analysis shows that collector efficiency and amount of collected energy depend mainly on cavity air flow rate. The measurements are compared to simulation results obtained from two thermal models describing OVF: Trnsys Type 1230 and home-developed pseudo 2D. A good agreement is found for air temperature at cavity outlet while differences are observed in opaque layers due to modelling assumptions. Last, sensitivity analysis on two design parameters is carried out.

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Zhangabay, Nurlan. "Development of models and analysis of temperature fields of new energy-saving enclosing structures with an air layer." E3S Web of Conferences 474 (2024): 01009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202447401009.

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The author of the article propose new models of energy-saving envelope structures with air interlayers. To calculate the temperature fields in the enclosing structures they used the finite element modeling method in ANSYS environment. The authors analyzed the temperature fields at different variants of the outdoor temperature index. To calculate the temperature field in the envelope was used finite element model of the envelope, in which the influence of the ventilated air layer is replaced by the Convection type boundary condition with the temperature value. The result of the study is the analysis of temperature fields of new models of enclosures in different variants. So when analyzing the values of thermal resistance of traditional (scheme-1) and developed envelope structures (schemes 2-4) it was found that the thermal resistance of scheme-2 relative to the traditional scheme-1 value of thermal resistance at minimum temperature is 6.2 % higher. The authors also calculated by analogy the thermal resistance index at maximum temperature (4.5 %), at five days (5.8 %) and for the month of April (5.7 %). The analysis showed that scheme-2 is the most efficient of the new envelope schemes considered. In the comparative analysis of schemes - 3,4 with traditional scheme-1, the value of thermal resistance showed a negative effect. The authors determined that the temperature field is insignificantly different when using horizontal and vertical closed channels. The developed new energy-saving designs of external enclosure with air layer can be used in the design and construction of buildings, as well as in the teaching of relevant disciplines in universities.

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Nemova, Darya, Evgeny Kotov, Darya Andreeva, Svyatoslav Khorobrov, Vyacheslav Olshevskiy, Irina Vasileva, Daria Zaborova, and Tatiana Musorina. "Experimental Study on the Thermal Performance of 3D-Printed Enclosing Structures." Energies 15, no. 12 (June 8, 2022): 4230. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15124230.

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Three-dimensional printing, or additive manufacturing, is one of the modern techniques emerging in the construction industry. Three-Dimensional Printed Concrete (3DPC) technology is currently evolving with high demand amongst researchers, and the integration of modular building systems with this technology would provide a sustainable solution to modern construction challenges. This work investigates and develops energy-efficient 3D-printable walls that can be implemented worldwide through energy efficiency and sustainability criteria. Numerical research and experimental investigations, bench tests with software packages, and high-precision modern equipment have been used to investigate the thermal performance of 3DPC envelopes with different types of configurations, arrangements of materials, and types of insulation. The research findings showed that an innovative energy-efficient ventilated 3DPC envelope with a low thermal conductivity coefficient was developed following the climatic zone. The annual costs of heat energy consumed for heating and carbon footprint were determined in the software package Revit Insight to assess the energy efficiency of the 3D-printed building. The thermal properties of the main wall body of the tested 3D-printed walls were calculated with on-site monitoring data. The infrared thermography technique detected heterogeneous and non-uniform temperature distributions on the exterior wall surface of the 3DPC tested envelopes.

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Pracucci, Alessandro, Laura Vandi, Francesco Belletti, Amanda Ramos Aragão Melo, Marios Vlachos, Angelos Amditis, Maria Teresa Calcagni, and David Seixas Esteves. "Integration of Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting Systems into Building Envelopes for Structural Health Monitoring with Fiber Optic Sensing Technology." Energies 17, no. 7 (April 8, 2024): 1789. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en17071789.

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This paper presents a study about the integration of Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting Systems (PE-EHSs) into building envelopes for powering Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) sensors, enabling efficient and low-consumption monitoring with the objective of leveraging structural health monitoring (SHM). The research includes preliminary tests conducted in a real environment to validate the PE-EHS when fully integrated into a ventilated façade, capturing mechanical vibrations generated mainly by wind loads. Based on these activities, the final configuration of PE-EHSs is defined to provide a complete system for façade monitoring. This integrated system includes the piezoelectric generator (PEG), supercapacitor (SC), Power Conditioner Circuit (PCC), Fiber Optic Sensing (FOS) interrogator, and the IoT gateway transmitting measurement data within an Internet of Things (IoT) monitoring platform. This configuration is tailored to address the challenges related to the structural integrity of building envelopes. Results demonstrate a potential for a stand-alone solution in the façade sector but raise issues for certain limitations, requiring further investigation. In particular, the study emphasizes constraints related to the energy production of PE-EHSs for façade integration. It highlights the necessity to carefully consider these limitations within the broader context of their applicability, providing insights for the informed deployment of piezoelectric energy harvesting technology in building envelope monitoring.

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Zhang, Chong, Zhanzhi Yu, Qiuyuan Zhu, Hongqi Shi, Zhongyi Yu, and Xinhua Xu. "Air-Permeable Building Envelopes for Building Ventilation and Heat Recovery: Research Progress and Future Perspectives." Buildings 14, no. 1 (December 22, 2023): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings14010042.

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Air-permeable building envelopes (APBEs) utilize the infiltrated or exfiltrated airflow within porous materials to directly change their temperature distribution to reduce heat loss/gain. APBEs effectively integrate building ventilation and heat recovery to achieve excellent thermal insulation while improving indoor air quality. This paper presents a comprehensive review of the fundamentals and classifications, historical evolution over time, opportunities and benefits, and future views on APBEs. It can be treated as a responsive building envelope that enables building envelopes to dynamically change the U-values by varying the infiltrated or exfiltrated airflow rate within a porous material. Previous studies have indicated that the U-value of 0.1 W/(m2·K) can be realized by employing APBEs. Moreover, some research demonstrates that APBEs could act as high-performance air filters that reduce over 90% of particulate matter within fresh, ventilated air. Some factors, such as airflow rate, thickness, and thermal conductivity of porous materials, have a significant influence on the effectiveness of APBEs. For practical applications, integrating the APBE with passive building ventilation can help reduce the initial cost and facilitate decarbonization in buildings. Moreover, advanced control strategies could collaboratively optimize the operation of ABPEs and build energy systems to maximize their energy-saving potential.

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Alderucci, Tiziana, Luigi Patrono, Piercosimo Rametta, and Placido Munafo. "The effectiveness of an internet of things-aware smart ventilated insulation system." Thermal Science 22, Suppl. 3 (2018): 909–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci170906024a.

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The considerable thicknesses of common insulation systems, applied to the internal or external building envelope, can be inappropriate in the Mediterranean climates for improving buildings? energy efficiency and their internal comfort at the same time; in fact, the high thicknesses of insulating material provided by legislation standards can be cause of environments? over-heating and formation of condensation. In this framework, the S-MUnSTa system is an innovative dynamic ventilated insulation system able to overcome condensation and overheating phenomena, also exploiting Internet of Things technologies; the main characteristic of the proposed smart insulation is that the ventilated external layer is equipped with dynamic valves of insulating material, for opening and closing the air channel, with the aim to optimize the thermal performance. In order to guarantee the expected performance of the system, as it has been patented, in this paper an innovative fixing system to install the insulating panels is presented. This new method allows a rapid and easy installation, without any specialization required and with low maintenance costs.

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Sohail, Maha. "An Attempt to Design a Naturally Ventilated Tower in Subtropical Climate of the Developing Country; Pakistan." Environmental and Climate Technologies 21, no. 1 (December 1, 2017): 47–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/rtuect-2017-0015.

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Abstract A large proportion of the world’s population resides in developing countries where there is a lack of rigorous studies in designing energy efficient buildings. This study is a step in designing a naturally ventilated high rise residential building in a tropical climatic context of the developing country, Pakistan. Karachi, the largest city of Pakistan, lies in the subtropical hot desert region with constant high temperature of average 32 °C throughout the summer and no particular winter season. The Design Builder software package is used to design a 25 storey high rise residential building relying primarily on natural ventilation. A final conceptual design is proposed after optimization of massing, geometry, orientation, and improved building envelope design including extensive shading devices in the form of trees. It has been observed that a reduction of 8 °C in indoor ambient temperature is possible to achieve with passive measures and use of night time ventilation. A fully naturally ventilated building can reduce the energy consumption for cooling and heating by 96 % compared to a building using air conditioning systems.

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Gaillard, Leon, Stéphanie Giroux-Julien, Christophe Ménézo, and Hervé Pabiou. "Experimental evaluation of a naturally ventilated PV double-skin building envelope in real operating conditions." Solar Energy 103 (May 2014): 223–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2014.02.018.

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Goncharov, Yu M. "Experience gained with the construction and occupancy of buildings on three-dimensional ventilated envelope foundations." Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering 31, no. 5 (September 1994): 181–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02336748.

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Ibañez-Puy, María, César Martín-Gómez, Javier Bermejo-Busto, José Antonio Sacristán, and Elia Ibañez-Puy. "Ventilated Active Thermoelectric Envelope (VATE): Analysis of its energy performance when integrated in a building." Energy and Buildings 158 (January 2018): 1586–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2017.11.037.

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Cui, Dongjin, Zhengtao Ai, Cheuk-ming Mak, Kenny Kwok, and Peng Xue. "The influence of envelope features on interunit dispersion around a naturally ventilated multi-story building." Building Simulation 11, no. 6 (July 18, 2018): 1245–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12273-018-0460-x.

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Fernández-Agüera, Jesica, Miguel Ángel Campano, Samuel Domínguez-Amarillo, Ignacio Acosta, and Juan José Sendra. "CO2 Concentration and Occupants’ Symptoms in Naturally Ventilated Schools in Mediterranean Climate." Buildings 9, no. 9 (August 29, 2019): 197. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings9090197.

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A large part of the school building stock in Andalusia lacks ventilation facilities, so that the air renewal of the classrooms is achieved through the building envelope (air infiltration) or the opening of windows. This research analyses the airtightness of the classrooms in Andalusia and the evolution of CO2 concentration during school hours through in situ monitoring. Pressurization and depressurization tests were performed in 42 classrooms and CO2 concentration was measured in two different periods, winter and midseason, to study the impact of the different levels of aperture of windows. About 917 students (11–17 years of age) were surveyed on symptoms and effects on their health. The mean n50 values are about 7 h−1, whereas the average CO2 concentration values are about 1878 ppm, with 42% of the case studies displaying concentrations above 2000 ppm with windows closed.

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Yasa, Enes. "The Interaction of Wind Velocity and Air Gap Width on the Thermal Comfort in Naturally Ventilated Buildings with Multiple Skin Facade." Athens Journal of Τechnology & Engineering 9, no. 3 (August 31, 2022): 213–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.30958/ajte.9-3-4.

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A Multiple (MSF) or Double Skin Facade (DSF) is a building envelope system. It has an external and internal layer that contains buffer space used for controlled windy conditions, ventilation and solar protection. Employing a multiple or double-skin facade for natural ventilation is not an innovative idea, but the background on this mechanism and the impacts of these environmental and designing factors on its performance are still unknown and critically needed. Therefore, with this study, the influences of the Multiple or Double Skin Facade with different width air gaps configurations, alongside the environmental factor on buoyant-driven natural ventilation, are discussed. Naturally ventilated MSFs are often very intriguing in terms of a microclimatic comfort, but an optimum design is crucial to enhance the microclimatic comfort and therefore the proper operation of the entire system. Especially, the development of the system is important when working in a hot climate. There is a significant lack of data within the current literature to demonstrate the complexity and challenges in designing large, naturally ventilated buildings. For these sorts of buildings, it is important to possess the tools to gauge a design’s predicted performance to realize successful natural ventilation concepts. However, with the utilization of glass, heat loss during the winter and solar gain during the summer will increase energy loads. At the same time, this will also negatively effect the microclimatic comfort. Through this study, both the effect of the utilization of multiple facades on indoor comfort conditions and thus the effects of distances at different distances from the facade on wind flow and therefore microclimatic comfort at the situation of the Multiple Skin Facades were investigated. This paper demonstrates through a sensitivity analysis, an optimal strategy for completing a CFD simulation of this special building envelope. This study also attempts to research a mechanically ventilated building with DSF configuration—a building in terms of indoor microclimatic thermal comfort. The aim of this study is to work out the effect of wind velocity and wind distribution on naturally ventilated buildings with DSF configuration, to work out if a DSF configuration will provide a far better microclimatic thermal comfort through natural ventilation. This study not only defines and analyzes the dimensional parameters of the air gap to maximize airflows, but also explores the importance of design decisions on system performance, such as the interaction between thermal mass and air gap distances and the building facade. Keywords: double skin facade, microclimatic thermal performance, airflow modelling, ındoor microclimatic thermal comfort, wind velocity, wind distribution, CFD, natural ventilation performance simulation

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Ali, Asmaa, Esther Kieseritzky, Anna Bogacz, Vaia Tsiokou, and P. B. Sousa Susana. "Innovative Integration of Phase Change Materials and Conceptional Design of Test Cases – New Products for the Building Envelope." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2654, no. 1 (December 1, 2023): 012101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2654/1/012101.

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Abstract The building sector contributes to a great part of energy consumption and has a major impact on climate in Europe. Development of climate-friendly and energy-efficient products is required to reach low and net-zero energy buildings and to facilitate the energy transition. The building envelope is critical in defining the demand for space heating and cooling as well as ensuring thermal comfort and indoor environmental quality through proper ventilation. This paper presents the conceptual test cases integrating phase change materials (PCMs) in the building envelope. PCM absorbs, stores, and releases the heat energy in a controlled manner taking advantage of the temperature difference between night and day. Hence PCM can support the thermal management of the building by minimizing unwanted heat gains and losses while integrated into walls or support the energy efficiency of ventilation while supplying fresh air. Smart ventilated heat harvesting windows and multifunctional sandwich panels are developed within the EU-funded iclimabuilt project. Additionally, commercial air-guided PCM storages are presented as ready-to-install products for decentralized ventilation and heat recovery systems.

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Ibe, Ekaterina, Galina Shibaeva, Svyatoslav Mironov, and Danil Litvin. "Problems of thermal protection of two-layer external walls with hinged facade systems." E3S Web of Conferences 263 (2021): 02013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202126302013.

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Currently, in the Republic of Khakassia, much attention is paid to research aimed at reducing air pollution due to fuel combustion. In this aspect, the issue of increasing the energy efficiency of buildings is relevant. The use of ventilated facade systems with an air gap makes it possible to improve the energy efficiency class of buildings and modernize the facades. However, these facade systems have weak points that require detailed and high-quality study. Often, design solutions are used that are used in warm climates without taking into account the peculiarities of a cold climate - frequent changes in temperature, humidity, wind loads, and other influences, which can lead to negative manifestations. Facade systems with a ventilated air gap must provide the ability to monitor the operability of all system elements and, if necessary, carry out repair and reconstruction work with minimal operating costs. The article presents an analysis of the thermal properties of an external fence using a hinged facade structure. The influence of installation defects and heat-conducting inclusions on the heat-shielding properties of the building envelope is shown. It was determined that during operation the moisture-windproof membrane loses its vapor-permeable properties.

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Serdyuk, Vasyl. "EXPANSION OF THE FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES OF HINGES VENTILATED FACADES WHEN INSULATING BUILDINGS." Modern technology, materials and design in construction 34, no. 1 (July 30, 2023): 91–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.31649/2311-1429-2023-1-91-100.

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The article shows that a large percentage of the housing stock of Ukraine is represented by panel houses of the mass series of construction in the 1960s-1980s, which were built with understated indicators of the normative requirements for the thermal resistance of the enclosing structures.It is shown that the underestimated indicators of the thermal resistance of the building envelope led to excessive energy consumption per m2 of the outdated housing stock, which exceeds the indicators of the EU countries by 2.0-2.5 times. The construction industry accounts for more than 30-40% of all energy sources for the maintenance of outdated housing.The article compares the growth of the thermal resistance of fencing structures in European countries and Ukraine.An important place in the protection of buildings from the influence of atmospheric phenomena of the environment, their increased energy efficiency and giving a modern appearance to outdated objects is occupied by hinged ventilated facades. Prospects for expanding the functional properties of hinged facades are shown, which provide energy generation due to their cladding with solar panels and energy savings during building cooling due to the installation of textile ventilated facades.

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Brozovsky, J., A. Nocente, and P. Rüther. "In-use conditions of air-tightening materials applied in the air gap of ventilated building envelope constructions: A parametric study for different European climates." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2654, no. 1 (December 1, 2023): 012108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2654/1/012108.

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Abstract Materials used in the building envelope have to withstand a wide range of varying and harsh conditions over their life cycle. Particular relevance falls upon the materials used for tightening buildings, such as wind barriers and tapes, as air infiltration was found to be responsible for between 10 and 30 % of heat losses of different national building stocks in Europe. However, there is large uncertainty about the conditions a material is exposed to over a building’s service life. A validated, hygrothermal model of a zero emission office building in Trondheim, Norway was simulated with 10-year climate files from different European locations: Bergen (NO), Berlin (DE), Oslo (NO), Paris (FR), Rome (IT), Tromsø (NO), and Trondheim (NO). This was done to investigate the temperature and humidity conditions in the ventilated air gap. The results show the total and median values for temperature in the ventilated air gaps of the simulated building’s walls and roof for the investigated locations. Moreover, the maximum change compared to the previous hour and the distribution of hours in 5 °C temperature and 10 % relative humidity intervals of the roofing underlay and wall to the west are reported.

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Chen, Y. H., R. L. Hwang, and K. T. Huang. "Sensitivity analysis of envelope design on the summer thermal comfort of naturally ventilated classrooms in Taiwan." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 609 (October 23, 2019): 042035. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/609/4/042035.

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Iqbal, Muhammad, Akihito Ozaki, Younhee Choi, and Yusuke Arima. "Performance Improvement Plan towards Energy-Efficient Naturally Ventilated Houses in Tropical Climate Regions." Sustainability 15, no. 16 (August 9, 2023): 12173. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su151612173.

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The majority of the population in Indonesia lives in naturally ventilated and unconditioned residential buildings because they cannot afford energy services. This situation is common in many countries in tropical regions, negatively affecting the occupants’ health due to overheating. Therefore, housing types that can cool down indoor temperatures to the extent possible using a passive approach, rather than an active approach, should be developed. This study aims to improve naturally ventilated houses by considering the louver area and insulation of houses. First, we employ an on-site measurement for collecting data such as the indoor/outdoor temperature and relative humidity in an Indonesian city, Lhokseumawe. In addition, the experimental data are used to validate a numerical simulation model. Second, the numerical simulation is utilized to establish energy-efficient design solutions for houses in 14 Indonesian locations. The results show that, compared with the insulation cases, different louver areas insignificantly change indoor air conditions by approximately 0.3 to 1 °C. Additionally, the application of a combined performance improvement for both louver areas and building envelope insulation levels can reduce the indoor air temperature and relative humidity by 2.2 °C and 8%, respectively. Moreover, the daily cooling demand for the proposed improvement plan is reduced by 18.90% compared with that for the existing case. Furthermore, the annual cooling loads for the entire simulated regions are reduced by 46.63 GJ/year (23.09%). This study is a potential starting point for achieving zero-energy housing and occupants’ sufficient thermal comfort in unconditioned and naturally ventilated houses in Indonesia.

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Bagarić, M., I. Banjad Pečur, and B. Milovanović. "Application of developed facade panel from recycled CDW: A case study." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2069, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012187. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2069/1/012187.

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Abstract Using waste materials for production of sustainable exterior façade panel, that can be recycled at the end of its life cycle as part of a circular economy model, can significantly reduce environmental footprint of buildings and help preserve natural resources. The envelope system under consideration is a ventilated prefabricated wall panel from recycled construction and demolition waste (CDW). In this paper, hygrothermal simulations together with field monitoring of hygrothermal performance, energy consumption, indoor comfort and air quality in real environment conditions have been presented. Results show that developed panel is a robust, moisture-safe panel suitable for constructing energy high performing buildings. Thermal discomfort in summer is related to the architectural design of the building.

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Elgheriani, Lobna Hassan Ali Hassan, Parid Wardi, and AbdulBasit Ali Ali Ahmed. "Thermal Performance of a High-Rise Residential Building with Internal Courtyard in Tropical Climate." Environment-Behaviour Proceedings Journal 3, no. 7 (March 2, 2018): 357. http://dx.doi.org/10.21834/e-bpj.v3i7.1240.

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Natural ventilation is an effectual passive design approach to create a better indoor thermal condition as well as energy efficiency. The primary goal of building design is providing a healthy and comfortable indoor environment titled as sustainable architecture. Literature suggests that the significant feature that alteration has to take place on for better energy performance is the envelope design. This paper aims to augment the Window to Wall Ratio (WWR), orientation and courtyard corridor size for improving the design of naturally ventilated courtyard high-rise residential buildings. Briefly, the findings indicate that contending with WWR, orientation and courtyard corridor size could increase the potential of improving its natural ventilation and thus, thermal performance.

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Davidsson, H., D. Johansson, and S. K. Chowdary. "Decentralized ventilation unit for window frame integration." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1085, no. 1 (September 1, 2022): 012030. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1085/1/012030.

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Abstract Swedish National Board of Housing, Building and Planning reported in “Energi i bebyggelsen” that 80 % of the detached houses in Sweden were under-ventilated, and had a flow of 0.23 l/(s·m2) on average instead of, by the code, required 0,35 l/(s·m2). Well known concerns here are lacking indoor environmental quality and a risk of moisture problems in certain rooms and in the envelope. The naturally ventilated houses have a higher airflow at low outdoor temperatures which increases the energy use for heating. Adding proper ventilation to all Swedish detached houses could according to Besmå’s pre-study “Potential för energieffektivisering i småhus (2019)” increase the annual energy need by 5.5 TWh. Many of these use electric heating resulting in a heavy pressure on the electricity production and distribution. One way to solve this problem is to install mechanical ventilation with heat recovery. Installing such system in older houses is however often costly and often carries technical and practical problems. Ducts must be installed in every room in the building, requiring space which often leads to reconstruction of walls and ceilings. Another way to solve this is reinforce the existing ventilation in the house with a decentralised ventilation unit with heat recovery. The technical solution is to mount several smaller ventilation unit with heat recovery in the building skin in order to ventilate individual rooms. The solution does not require any ducts to be installed. This simplifies the installation and reduces the maintenance. In this report we study a decentralised ventilation unit with heat recovery intended to be installed in window frame to lower the cost of the combination of ventilation and window renovation. In this report we measure draft, short-circuiting between inlet and outlet air, air mixing in the room, noise and heat recovery efficiency of the ventilation unit. The results show that no draft and no short-circuit occurs and that the mixing of the air in the room is high and an efficiency of the heat recovery of approximately 70 %.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Ventilated Envelope'

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