Journal articles: 'Venationes'

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Flores Militello, Vicente. "Venationes en la poesía latina tardoimperial. El poder de la arena y su final." Nova Tellus 39, no. 2 (June 29, 2021): 113–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.19130/iifl.nt.2021.39.2.79286.

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This article analyzes various passages from Claudian’s and Gorippus’s political poems (Claud., Ruf., 2; Theod.; Stil., 3; VI Hon.; Goripp., Laud. Iust. Min., 3) which describe hunting games in the Roman arena (venationes) and have communicative aims: they either praise officeholders (consuls, generals, and emperors), or they criticize their opponents. This theme plays a fundamental role in early imperial poetry. But while early imperial poets (Calpurnius, Statius, Martial, and Juvenal) convey their message of praise or invective with briefer passages, Claudian and Gorippus present concatenated scenes, with the effect of increasingly persuading and impressing the reader. The role of the venatorial subject in Christian poets such as Prudentius (Prud., Ham.; c. Symm.) will be treated as well. Finally, this essay aims to establish when venationes are last attested in (late) Roman poetry.

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Houston, Jordon. "Spectacular Species: A Discussion Concerning Venationes at Pompeii." Historia 73, no. 1 (2024): 82–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.25162/historia-2024-0004.

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Flores Militello, Vicente. "Venationes y poder en la Roma imperial: poesía panegírica y crítica." Nova Tellus 38, no. 2 (August 1, 2020): 99–133. http://dx.doi.org/10.19130/iifl.nt.2020.38.2.0005.

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This article presents through selected passages the role played in Imperial Poetry by the theme venatio within a panegyrical or satirical discourse. It will offer a brief definition as well as a summary of the historical development of the venationes, considered as official spectacles in the arena in which wild animals fought with each other or were chased. The difference between venatio and cynegetic in poetry will also be discussed. Hence, the political importance of these spectacles will be clarified. The aim is thus an exposition of how different authors deal with this phenomenon in a positive or negative way, and show how poetry that thematizes the venatio partly through philosophical concepts proves itself as a suitable medium for this kind of representation. Some passages from Calpurnius Siculus’ seventh ecloga, and Martial’s Liber spectaculorum will play a central role, as well as some epigrams from his liber primus, Statius’ Silva, 2, 5, and finally, some passage from Juvenal’s fourth and tenth Saturae.

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Flores Militello, Vicente. "Venationes y poder en la Roma imperial: poesía panegírica y crítica." Nova Tellus 38, no. 2 (August 2, 2020): 99–133. http://dx.doi.org/10.19130/iifl.nt.2020.38.2.850.

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El presente artículo expone a través de ejemplos selectos el papel que el tema de la venatio jugó en la poesía de época imperial dentro de un discurso panegírico o en la crítica satírica. Tras una definición y resumen histórico breve de las venationes, entendidas como espectáculos oficiales de lucha y caza de animales salvajes en la arena, y la diferenciación entre poesía venatoria y poesía cinegética en general, se aclara el peso político que tales espectáculos tienen. El objetivo es, así, exponer cómo diversos autores tratan el fenómeno de manera positiva o negativa y demostrar cómo la poesía que tematiza la venatio se afirma, en parte a través de conceptos filosóficos, como un medio literario apto para tal fin. Centrales serán pasajes de la séptima égloga de Calpurnio Sículo, del Liber spectaculorum y del liber primus de los epigramas de Marcial, la Silva, 2, 5 de Estacio y pasajes de las Sátiras 4 y 10 de Juvenal.

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Jazdzewska, Katarzyna. "Not an “innocent spectacle”: hunting and venationes in Plutarch’s De sollertia animalium." Ploutarchos 7 (2010): 35–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.14195/0258-655x_7_3.

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Lindberg, Nicholas. "THE EMPEROR AND HIS ANIMALS: THE ACQUISITION OF EXOTIC BEASTS FOR IMPERIAL VENATIONES." Greece and Rome 66, no. 2 (September 19, 2019): 251–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0017383519000068.

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Where the dusty village of Smirat now sits hunched against the winds of the Tunisian desert, there once stood the country villa of a wealthy Roman named Magerius. Prominently displayed in Magerius’ villa was a (now well-known) mosaic depicting a beast hunt in the arena. But the presumed stars of the show, four pairs of hunters and leopards, are placed at the corners of the mosaic, while centre-stage is dominated by a figure bearing a plate of money, and a block of text explaining that these are the funds with which Magerius has generously offered to pay for the show. Contrary to the ancient donor's expectations, however, the modern observer is not struck by Magerius’ munificence, but rather by the meanness of his show compared to those put on in Rome. The emperor Titus (r. 79–81), for example, had 9,000 animals killed during the hundred-day-long inauguration of the Flavian Amphitheatre (Cass. Dio 66[66 Cary].25.1). Magerius’ leopards, worthy of a mosaic in the provinces, would have provided about ten minutes’ worth of entertainment in the capital.

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VANDERHEYDE, Catherine. "Rituels et jeux du cirque ? À propos d’un bas-relief du musée archéologique de Sofia." Δελτίον Χριστιανικής Αρχαιολογικής Εταιρείας 37 (October 25, 2016): 199. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/dchae.10705.

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Μια ανάγλυφη πλάκα που φυλάσσεται στο Αρχαιολογικό Μουσείο της Σόφιας παρουσιάζει σκηνές πάλης ανάμεσα σε ανθρώπους και ζώα, ή venationes, δηλ. αναπαραστάσεις κυνηγιού, που λάμβαναν χώρα στα ρωμαϊκά αμφιθέατρα. Άλλες σκηνές που παρουσιάζονται στο ανάγλυφο είναι μάλλον δύσκολο να αναγνωρισθούν. Οι σκηνές αυτές αναφέρονται σε κάποιο τελετουργικό; Αν ναι, ποιου τύπου και σε ποια θεότητα αναφέρονται; Οι εικονογραφικές ενδείξεις και οι πληροφορίες που αντλούνται από τα αρχαιολογικά και ιστορικά συμφραζόμενα με αυτήν πλάκα αναλύονται με στόχο την ταύτιση των επεισοδίων που παρουσιάζονται, και τα οποία, το πιθανότερο, σχετίζονται με τα τελούμενα στο αμφιθέατρο της Σερδικής κατά τον 4ο αιώνα.

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Kozłowski, Jan M. "Ornamenta sunt ista non vincula – a paradoxical reevaluation of the instruments of torment in the early Christian martyrological literature." Vox Patrum 63 (July 15, 2015): 227–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.31743/vp.3561.

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Zgodnie z teologią Nowego Testamentu śmierć chrześcijanina jest przejściem do życia wiecznego. Więcej, sam proces umierania, w myśl ewangelicznej dynamiki obumierania ziarna, jest rodzeniem się do nowego życia. Autorzy wczesnochrześcijańskiej literatury męczeńskiej mieli świadomość tego paradoksu. Już jej pobieżna lektura uzmysławia, jak wielką przykładali do niego wagę: nie tylko śmierć męczennika, ale także narzędzia kaźni, jakiej zostaje poddany, stają się już tu na ziemi objawieniem rzeczywistości zbawienia. Celem niniejszego artykułu jest wynotowanie i uporządkowanie tych miejsc z wczesnochrześcijańskiej literatury męczeńskiej, gdzie mamy do czynienia z owym paradoksalnym przewartościowaniem (podział na: więzienie, venationes, spalenie na stosie) oraz zestawienie ich z odpowiadającymi im miejscami z Pisma Świętego.

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Benincasa, Zuzanna. "Od ‘res nullius do fructus fundi’. Upolowana zwierzyna oraz zyski z polowania i połowu jako pożytek z gruntu w rozważaniach rzymskich jurystów." Zeszyty Prawnicze 20, no. 4 (December 15, 2020): 23–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.21697/zp.2020.20.4.03.

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W artykule omówione zostały teksty rzymskich jurystów podejmujące zagadnienie potraktowania dzikich zwierząt, ptactwa i ryb oraz dochodów pozyskiwanych z myślistwa i połowu jako fructus fundi. Co do zasady, dzika zwierzyna, ptactwo i ryby żyjące w stanie naturalis libertas nie mogły być potraktowane jako pożytek z gruntu, bowiem stanowiły element natury – res nullius, której własność mógł nabyć każdy przez zawłaszczenie. Zmianę przynosi dopiero schyłek republiki, kiedy to rosnący popyt na dzikie zwierzęta, ryby i ptactwo powoduje, że popularne staje się hodowanie ich dla zysku w zorganizowanych vivaria i rozległych rezerwatach. Te przemiany ekonomiczno-społeczne skłoniły rzymskich jurystów do rozszerzenia tradycyjnej koncepcji fructus fundi również na korzyści w postaci upolowanej zwierzyny, ptactwa i ryb oraz zysków z ich sprzedaży, jakie przynosił grunt przeznaczony na potrzeby venationes, a nawet na okazjonalne i nieregularne dochody, jakie mógł pozyskiwać użytkownik z tytułu sprzedaży i wynajmu upolowanej zwierzyny, ptactwa i złowionych ryb żyjących w stanie naturalis libertas na użytkowanym gruncie.

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BRUZZONE, Antonella. "Il “gran finale” del De consulatu Stilichonis di Claudiano." Classica et Christiana 19, no. 1 (2024): 57–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.47743/cetc-2024-19.1.57.

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The final episode of Claudian’s De consulatu Stilichonis (carm. 24, 237-369) describes the hunt of animals to be brought to Rome for the hunting spectacles (venationes) which the consul Stilicho generously aimed to offer to the city. The hunt covers an extraordinarily wide geographical area (Europe, Africa, India); the goddess Diana is the protagonist of the scene and directs the action; her companions, the Nymphs, collaborate with her. The passage offers many insights for analysis, from different perspectives: in this paper, I focus mainly on the encomiastic motifs that emerge, on several levels, from the staging of the hunt, and on the aesthetics of its representation, with its distinctly ecphrastic, visual, and spectacular character. Both aspects, ideological and poetic one, are related to literary references (in particular, Ovid and the poets of the Flavian period, Statius and Martial) and iconographic material culture (the great African mosaics of Late Antiquity, above all the “Great Hunt” of the Roman Villa of Piazza Armerina).

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UNIYAL, Priyanka, Dharmendra Singh RAWAT, and Satish CHANDRA. "Leaf venation patterns in Saxifraga L. species (Saxifragaceae) of Indian Western Himalaya and its taxonomic implications." Notulae Scientia Biologicae 13, no. 3 (August 18, 2021): 10915. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/nsb13310915.

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In the present study leaf venation types of 30 Saxifraga L. species, found in Indian Western Himalaya, were studied. Out of these, leaf venation patterns of 20 species were not previously studied. In total, five major types of leaf venations- acrodomous (perfect-basal; perfect-suprabasal; imperfect-suprabasal), camptodromous (eucamptodromous), campylodromous, hyphodromous, and palinactinodromous – were recorded. Section Micranthes show palinactinodromous; section Ciliatae show mainly acrodromous; section Mesogyne show palinactinodromous; and sect. Porphyrion show acrodromous, eucamptodromous and hyphodromous types of venation. Palinactinodromous appear as the ancestral venation type.

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Wang, Wei Yuan, Yuan Yuan Li, and Ping Wang. "Mechanical Analysis for Thin-Walled Stiffened Plates on the Base of Plants Venations Growth Algorithm." Applied Mechanics and Materials 541-542 (March 2014): 299–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.541-542.299.

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The reinforced shin shell structures are widely used in many fields such as mechanical, architecture, aerospace and shipbuilding, etc. The leaf can be seen as shin plate structures with stiffener (vein) and the venation distributions are closed related to the external environment load. Leaf venation growing algorithm is the abstract description of vein growing process and reflects an ideological of learning from nature. This article concerns the mechanical analysis for thin-walled stiffened plates, which consist of static mechanical behavior and dynamic performance. Numerical method is used to analyze three types of plants: non-stiffened plate, traditional stiffened plate and stiffened plate optimized by leaf venations growth algorithm (VGA) method. The calculation results proved that the VGA stiffened plate has better mechanical performances than traditional method and illustrated the effectiveness of the bionic venations layout method for stiffened structures.

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Patrich, Joseph. "The carceres of the Herodian hippodrome/stadium at Caesarea Maritima and connections with the Circus Maximus." Journal of Roman Archaeology 14 (2001): 269–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1047759400019929.

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The Herodian hippodrome/stadium at Caesarea was exposed between 1992 and 1998. It runs parallel to the shore between the Herodian harbour and the theatre, at the location specified by Josephus. Josephus refers to the structure as an amphitheatre but it is clear from him and from the archaeological evidence to be described below that equestrian events were an integral part of the games held in it. In the very late Republic and early Empire, the term amphitheatre was used indifferently to designate a stadium or a hippodrome rather than the traditional Roman oval amphitheatrum. Josephus also calls this building ‘the great stadium’ in conjunction with events at the time of the procurator Pontius Pilate in A.D. 26, and it was still known by that name in the 4th c. It was inaugurated in 10/9 B.C. The games held included athletics (gymnika), horse- and chariot-races (hippika), and Roman spectacles (munera gladiatorum and venationes), so the structure had to serve the needs of the contestants and spectators of all these events. The present article is a preliminary report that focuses on the carceres excavated by the team from the University of Haifa, but it will first be helpful to summarize the history of the building as a whole as known from the adjacent work by the Israel Antiquities Authority.

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MAKARKIN, VLADIMIR N., and SONJA WEDMANN. "First record of the genus Sympherobius (Neuroptera: Hemerobiidae) from Baltic amber." Zootaxa 2078, no. 1 (April 20, 2009): 55–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2078.1.3.

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Sympherobius completus sp. n. from the Eocene Baltic amber is described. Its venation is probably the most generalized in the genus. The systematic position of the species, as well as hemerobiid wing venational terminology are discussed.

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KHRAMOV, ALEXANDER V. "Osmyloberotha, an unusual new genus of beaded lacewings (Neuroptera: Berothidae) from Burmese amber." Zootaxa 5060, no. 2 (October 29, 2021): 95–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5060.2.5.

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A new beaded lacewing, Osmyloberotha simpla gen. et sp. nov. (Neuroptera: Berothidae), is described from Cenomanian Burmese amber (Myanmar, Kachin State). It has a rather peculiar osmylid-like venation with simple costal veinlets and CuA, CuP, A1 and A2 all pectinate in forewing, a venational pattern previously unknown in Berothidae.

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Hagan, Stephanie A. "Reverberations of Persepolis: Persianist Readings of Late Roman Wall Decoration." Arts 12, no. 3 (May 12, 2023): 102. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/arts12030102.

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Animal combats (venationes) were a popular entertainment in the Roman world. Splashy panels of inlaid marble (opus sectile) commemorate these bloody contests in several buildings in and around Rome. Among the most well-known are survivals from the 4th century CE Basilica of Junius Bassus and, several decades later, the marble-revetted hall from Porta Marina at Ostia. On the face of it, the wall decoration from these sites memorializes typical Roman activities, but the panels expose the vast geography implicated in these combat spectacles. The brilliant stones used to render them came from lands as far off as the Caspian tigers and Asiatic lions they depicted. The iconography of the panels was also foreign: the animal combat, or symplegma (intertwining), is seen on works from pre-Achaemenid sculpture to Sasanian textiles, and most recognizably, at the Achaemenid palace at Persepolis, where a lion attacks a bull in relief on the Apadana stairway. Reading these panels through a Persianist lens illuminates the ways in which the Persepolitan model animated Roman themes and visual programs. Though they recalled events in the Roman arena, they also imparted political and astrological signification to the decoration by means of their Persian associations. By alluding to the Achaemenid empire, a great power of the past and a continuing rival in the form of the Sasanians, the Roman patron accrued to himself some measure of the veneration for this culture and showed himself able to communicate in an idiom legible to an international clientele.

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AKINLABI, Adebisi A., and Olaniran T. OLADIPO. "Venation studies of some species in the genus Ficus Linn. in Southwestern Nigeria." Notulae Scientia Biologicae 13, no. 2 (June 23, 2021): 10760. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/nsb13210760.

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The present study investigates the venation of ten species of the genus Ficus collected from Obafemi Awolowo University Ile-Ife (latitude 7° 31' 14.7612'' N and longitude 4° 31' 49.1340'' E) and the NACGRAB, Ibadan, Nigeria (latitude 7°23¢4²N and longitude 3°50¢31²E). The leaf venations of the species were carried out using standard methods. All photomicrographs of the features were taken with the aid of Amscope digital camera mounted on a celesterone binocular microscope. All data were subjected of analysis of variance using SAS software. The result revealed the Leaf venation pattern based on areole shape, length and width, veinlets ending and trichomes. The leaf venation patterns of the species show that they are significant in identifying and delimiting studied species within the genus with respect to qualitative and quantitative data. Species specific variation were recorded for the venation patterns as areole shape, length and width, veinlets ending and trichomes and these features are either genetically fixed or as a result of environmental extremes. Presence of cystolith cells, trichomes and no veinlets ending is diagnostic of Ficus mucuso. The study concluded that venation patterns are therefore significant in delimitation of species in the genus Ficus and these characters can be employed as additional information in the existing taxonomical keys of the genus.

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Wang, Wei Yuan, Yuan Yuan Li, and Hai Sheng Shu. "Sound Insulation Property of Bionic Thin-Walled Stiffened Plate Based on Plants Venations Growth Mechanism." Journal of Biomimetics, Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering 20 (June 2014): 35–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/jbbbe.20.35.

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The leaf can be seen as shin plate structures with stiffener(vein) and the venation distributions are closed related to the external environment load. Leaf venation growing algorithm (VGA) is the abstract description of vein growing process and reflects an ideological of learning from nature. This article concerns the sound insulation property of thin-walled stiffened plates. Numerical method is used to analyze three types of plants: non-stiffened plate, traditional stiffened plate and VGA stiffened plate. The VGA stiffened plate optimized by leaf venations growth algorithm method can reflect the influence of venations layout structure on the noise reduction performance of forest belts. The computational model of sound transmission through a stiffened plate excited by a harmonic oblique incident plane wave and mounted in an infinite baffle using the coupled finite element/boundary element approach is presented. The proposed model also takes the acoustic fluid- structure coupling into account. The results show that the sound transmission losses are closely dependent on the natural frequency. The sound transmission losses of bionic thin-walled stiffened plate are 0.17-2.45dB more than that of traditional stiffened plate in the range of 900-2000Hz. It indicated that the layout of stiffeners is an influence factor for noise reduction for plate structures, just like that of vein layout for tree belts. There is a certain merit to use the method of bionic plant leaves for acoustic optimization.

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Kukalová-Peck, Jarmila, and John F. Lawrence. "EVOLUTION OF THE HIND WING IN COLEOPTERA." Canadian Entomologist 125, no. 2 (April 1993): 181–258. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/ent125181-2.

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AbstractA survey is made of the major features of the venation, articulation, and folding in the hind wings of Coleoptera. The documentation is based upon examination of 108 Coleoptera families and 200 specimens, and shown in 101 published figures. Wing veins and articular sclerites are homologized with elements of the neopteran wing groundplan, resulting in wing vein terminology that differs substantially from that generally used by coleopterists. We tabulate the differences between currently used venational nomenclature and the all-pterygote homologous symbols. The use of the neopteran groundplan, combined with the knowledge of the way in which veins evolved, provides many strong characters linked to the early evolutionary radiation of Coleoptera. The order originated with the development of the apical folding of the hind wings under the elytra executed by the radial and medial loop. The loops, which are very complex venational structures, further diversified in four distinctly different ways which mark the highest (suborder) taxa. The remaining venation and the wing articulation have changed with the loops, which formed additional synapomorphies and autapomorphies at the suborder, superfamily, and sometimes even family and tribe levels. Relationships among the four currently recognized suborders of Coleoptera are reexamined using hind wing characters. The number of wing-related apomorphies are 16 in Coleoptera, seven in Archostemata + Adephaga–Myxophaga, four in Adephaga–Myxophaga, seven in Myxophaga, nine in Archostemata, and five in Polyphaga. The following phylogenetic scheme is suggested: Polyphaga [Archostemata (Adephaga + Myxophaga)]. Venational evidence is given to define two major lineages (the hydrophiloid and the eucinetoid) within the suborder Polyphaga. The unique apical wing folding mechanism of beetles is described. Derived types of wing folding are discussed, based mainly on a survey of recent literature. A sister group relationship between Coleoptera and Strepsiptera is supported by hind wing evidence.

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Zahara, Innayah, Fahri Fahri, Jacobus S. A. Lamerkabel, Qashiratuttarafi Qashiratuttarafi, Berry Juliandi, and Rika Raffiudin. "Landmark-Based Geometric Morphometric of Apis dorsata and A. d. binghami Wing Venation in Indonesian Archipelagos." HAYATI Journal of Biosciences 29, no. 5 (June 9, 2022): 658–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4308/hjb.29.5.658-668.

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The giant honey bee Apis dorsata has a vast distribution in Asia, including in the Indonesian archipelagos, whereas A. d. binghami is endemic to Sulawesi Island. This research aimed to analyze the variations of landmarks in wing venation of A. dorsata from Sumatra, Belitung, Java, Sumbawa, Moluccas islands, and A. d. binghami in Sulawesi, based on geometric morphometric analysis. Nineteen landmarks from 200 wing venations were analyzed using Thin Plate Spline software. Our study found landmarks 16 and 17, known as Cubital Index in traditional morphometrics, contributed to the wing shape of A. dorsata and A. d. binghami Among all samples, these two landmarks show high displacement in the wing shape of A. d. binghami in Sulawesi and A. dorsata in the Moluccas. On the contrary, we found that the Sumatra, Belitung, and Java Apis dorsata revealed low displacement in the deformation grid; resulting in their shapes being more similar to the reference landmark. The variations of wing shape separate A. d. binghami from Sulawesi and Sumbawa in the Principle Component Analysis and agreement with the Neighbor-joining tree. Therefore, the geometric morphometric based on landmarks of wing venation is a powerful tool to discriminate the subspecies level of A. dorsata.

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CAI, YAPING, YUNYUN ZHAO, CHUNGKUN SHIH, and DONG REN. "A new genus of Scolebythidae (Hymenoptera: Chrysidoidea) from the Early Cretaceous of China." Zootaxa 3504, no. 1 (October 2, 2012): 56. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3504.1.2.

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A new genus Mirabythus Cai, Shih et Ren, gen. nov. (type species, M. lechrius Cai, Shih et Ren, sp. nov.) and M. liae Cai, Shih et Ren, sp. nov. from the family Scolebythidae are described from the Early Cretaceous Yixian Formation of Huangbanjigou Village, Liaoning Province, northeastern China. These findings extend the existence of Scolebythidae to the Early Cretaceous of China, while providing evidence to support Engel and Grimaldi’s hypothesis that the family was widely distributed throughout the Cretaceous. Our two new species with clear venation also provide a comprehensive understanding of the venational changes from the Early Cretaceous to now. A key to the fossil and extant genera of Scolebythidae is provided.

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Kukalová-Peck, Jarmila, and Carsten Brauckmann. "Wing folding in pterygote insects, and the oldest Diaphanopterodea from the early Late Carboniferous of West Germany." Canadian Journal of Zoology 68, no. 6 (June 1, 1990): 1104–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z90-163.

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The most primitive known wing articulation and wing folding in the Pterygota occurs in the extinct Palaeoptera the Diaphanopterodea. The oldest Diaphanopterodea Namurodiapha sippelorum n.gen., n.sp. (Namurodiaphidae n.fam.) is described from the early Late Carboniferous (Namurian B) of Hagen-Vorhalle, Ruhr area, West Germany. Unlike other Palaeoptera, the Diaphanopterodea show similar apomorphic venational features and parallel evolutionary trends in wing evolution, as in the unrelated Neoptera. This is explained (i) by convergence caused by the wing folding present in both Neoptera and Diaphanopterodea but absent in the rest of the Palaeoptera, and (ii) by a progressive diminution in size which affected the diaphanopterid and neopterous wing venation in a similar way. The wing articulation and the evolution of wing folding in the earliest known Palaeoptera and Neoptera are examined.

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Kukalová-Peck, Jarmila. "Ephemeroid wing venation based upon new gigantic Carboniferous mayflies and basic morphology, phylogeny, and metamorphosis of pterygote insects (Insecta, Ephemerida)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 63, no. 4 (April 1, 1985): 933–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z85-139.

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Gigantic as well as very large mayflies from the middle Upper Carboniferous (Westphalian) strata of Europe and North America are described: the adult and nymph of Bojophlebia prokopi n. gen., n. sp. (Bojophlebiidae n. fam.) and the nymphs of Lithoneura piecko n. sp. and Lithoneura clayesi n. sp. (Syntonopteridae). Evolution of ephemerid wing venation during 300 million years is summarized. Autapomorphic, apomorphic, and plesiomorphic character states of venation are categorized. Venational nomenclature of Recent Ephemerida is emended based on its evolutionary changes. Evidence that wing veins occurred primitively as a pair of fluted sectors is documented in Carboniferous mayflies in the costa, subcosta, radius, anal, and jugal. Ephemeroids and odonatoids are sister groups that share the veinal anal brace AA fused with CuP at an area important for flight. Ancestral Odonatoephemerida are the sister group of the extinct haustellate Paleoptera. The Carboniferous nymphs bear three pairs of almost homonomous thoracic wings and, on the abdomen, nine pairs of legs and nine pairs of tracheal gills (wing homologues). This proves that abdominal legs have been totally reduced in Recent Ephemerida except for the claspers (gonopods) and that tracheal gills are not flattened legs. The metamorphic instar probably originated in relatively young instars. Insectan cerci developed from segmented, arched, functional legs of abdominal segment 11, which were still present in this primitive condition in Carboniferous Monura.

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BÉTHOUX, OLIVIER, and ANDRÉ NEL. "Venation pattern and revision of Orthoptera sensu nov. and sister groups. Phylogeny of Palaeozoic and Mesozoic Orthoptera sensu nov." Zootaxa 96, no. 1 (November 8, 2002): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.96.1.1.

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After the revision of several fossils and observations of recent taxa, we propose a new interpretation of the wing venation pattern for the ‘orthopteroid lineage’. The Orthoptera and several taxa previously assigned to the paraphyletic group ‘Protorthoptera’ are included in a common clade, Archaeorthoptera taxon nov. The Orthoptera and some closest relative groups are included in the Panorthoptera sensu nov. These assignments are based on new autapomorphies based on venation patterns. A cladistic phylogenetic analysis of the Orthoptera is performed for the first time on the fossil record of this group, based on 74 characters (131 informative states). Three taxa assigned to the Archaeorthoptera nec Panorthoptera compose the outgroup. The ingroup is composed of three Panorthoptera nec Orthoptera and 63 Orthoptera, mainly from the Palaeozoic and Mesozoic. Following this initial phylogeny, we propose several nomenclatural changes; the Ensifera are redefined and the relationships between Caelifera and Ensifera sensu nov., and those between the major clades of modern Ensifera sensu nov., are clarified. Relationships within the ‘oedischioid’ stem-group remain unclear. The evolution of the venational structures within the Orthoptera is discussed and in this analysis the Orthoptera were not clearly affected by the Permo-Triassic biodiversity “crisis”. The capacity of the fossil taxa to be used in phylogenetic analyses is discussed, using the example of the ‘orthopteroid’ insects.

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Lu, Shenglian, Chunjiang Zhao, and Xinyu Guo. "Venation Skeleton-Based Modeling Plant Leaf Wilting." International Journal of Computer Games Technology 2009 (2009): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2009/890917.

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A venation skeleton-driven method for modeling and animating plant leaf wilting is presented. The proposed method includes five principal processes. Firstly, a three-dimensional leaf skeleton is constructed from a leaf image, and the leaf skeleton is further used to generate a detailed mesh for the leaf surface. Then a venation skeleton is generated interactively from the leaf skeleton. Each vein in the venation skeleton consists of a segmented vertices string. Thirdly, each vertex in the leaf mesh is banded to the nearest vertex in the venation skeleton. We then deform the venation skeleton by controlling the movement of each vertex in the venation skeleton by rotating it around a fixed vector. Finally, the leaf mesh is mapped to the deformed venation skeleton, as such the deformation of the mesh follows the deformation of the venation skeleton. The proposed techniques have been applied to simulate plant leaf surface deformation resulted from biological responses of plant wilting.

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PEDRAZA-PEÑALOSA, PAOLA, NELSON R. SALINAS, and WARD C. WHEELER. "Venation patterns of neotropical blueberries (Vaccinieae: Ericaceae) and their phylogenetic utility." Phytotaxa 96, no. 1 (April 26, 2013): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.96.1.1.

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The description of venation patterns in neotropical Vaccinieae has been problematic because of the lack of an operational definition. Moreover, the underlying homologies remain unknown across and within lineages, thus precluding the use of venation characters in phylogenetic analyses. Venation patterns are often obscured in herbarium and living specimens due to the characteristic coriaceous and thick nature of Ericaceae leaves. Therefore, to obtain an unobstructed view of the veins, leaf clearings of 16 putative generic lineages of Vaccinieae were prepared and described. The main venation patterns were then defined and traditional definitions of venation were discussed in the light of the observed patterns. Selected characters were scored and the evolution of venation characters was discussed using a phylogenetic framework derived from molecular data analyzed under Maximum Likelihood. Venation descriptions and photographs are provided for 33 species.

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Xue, Kai, Yong Xin Li, and Wei Yuan Wang. "Venation-Like Rib Layout Design in Plate under Bending Loads." Journal of Biomimetics, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering 13 (July 2012): 31–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/jbbte.13.31.

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This paper concerns a venation-like design method of rib layout and its application on some plates subjected to bending loads. Main topological characters of dicotyledonous venation and two determinative mechanical parameters in leaf venation morphogenesis theories are extracted, on the basis of those elicitations, a venation growing algorithm is proposed as an attempt at the proper layout of ribs in plate. Energy criterion and shear stress is specified as the factor orienting mainvein and subveins respectively. Vectorial equation equilibrium is used in reorganization to calculate widths and adjust vein cells slightly. Finite element method functions as background technique, under which several simple-shaped plates under bending loads are designed by venation growing algorithm. The resultant venation-like ribs offer multi-balanced improvements.

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Ambarwari, Agus, Yeni Herdiyeni, and Irman Hermadi. "Identification of Venation Type Based on Venation Density using Digital Image Processing." Jurnal Teknoinfo 12, no. 2 (July 15, 2018): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.33365/jti.v12i2.127.

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Leaf venation is one biometric feature of leaves that have an important role in growth processes of the plant, and to determine the relationship of the plant physiology and the environment in which plants grow. At every different environment, plants have different types of leaf venation. It can be seen from the level of the leaf vein density. In this study, the feature of leaf vein density was used to identify the leaves based on venation type. The venation density features obtained from segmentation, vein detection, and density feature extraction of leaf venation. Identification of the venation type was made using the artificial neural network (ANN). The results of this study indicate that the proposed method can classify the leaf correctly image based on the venation type. On the dataset with 324 samples, the accuracy of 82.71% was obtained. This shows that the leaf vein density features allow use as a plant identifier.Keywords: leaf vein density, vein detection, density feature extraction, artificial neural network

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Honek, Alois, and Vaclav Stejskal. "Anpassungsvorgänge im Fliigelgeader bei der Familie Chrysopidae (Neuroptera." Entomologia Generalis 17, no. 1 (May 1, 1992): 41–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/entom.gen/17/1992/41.

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Béthoux, O., and A. Nel. "Venation pattern of Orthoptera." Journal of Orthoptera Research 10, no. 2 (December 2001): 195–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1665/1082-6467(2001)010[0195:vpoo]2.0.co;2.

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Xue, Kai, Yong Xin Li, and Wei Yuan Wang. "Rib Design for Kirchhoff's Plate Inspired by Venation Configuration." Journal of Biomimetics, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering 16 (December 2012): 43–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/jbbte.16.43.

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A new reinforcement distribution design method inspired by venation configuration is discussed in the paper. Learned from dicotyledonous venation, venation growing algorithm is proposed, minimization of strain energy and shear stress determine growth direction of the mainveins and subveins respectively. Vectorial equilibrium equation is used to calculate vein widths and adjust the orientation of vein cells slightly. Sensitivity number is used to measure the change in strain energy and shear stress when a vein cell grows, necessary equations are derived for bending Kirchhoffs plate. Several examples are design for venation-like rib distribution. The resultant rib layout by VGA is applicable and effective.

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Nisa, Nisfia Rakhmatun, Berry Juliandi, Rika Raffiudin, Jauharlina Jauharlina, Mahardika Gama Pradana, Araz Meilin, Jasmi Jasmi, et al. "Intra- and Interspecies Wing Venation Variations of Apis cerana and Apis nigrocincta Species in Indonesia." HAYATI Journal of Biosciences 29, no. 2 (January 26, 2022): 222–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4308/hjb.29.2.222-233.

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Apis cerana has a wide distribution in Asia, including Sundaland, and is currently found in Wallacea, while the sister species, A. nigrocincta, is native in Sulawesi. The wide geographic distribution and the island isolation led to form morphological differences in the bees. The morph and wing venations are known to have a high genetic inheritance. Therefore, this research aimed to (1) analyze the landmark variation of wing venations of A. cerana from Sundaland and Wallacea, and A. nigrocincta from Sulawesi, (2) determine the relationship between these two bee species. The research was conducted by digitizing 550 wing venations based on nineteen landmarks. Our study on intraspecies showed that A. cerana Sumatra revealed a high variation in bending energy. Overall, the deformation grid of A. cerana from Sundaland has higher displacement than those from Wallacea, meaning higher variations of the Sundaland A. cerana. We found geometric morphometric markers of landmarks 16 and 17 in intraspecies and interspecies bees. Thus, these landmarks known as a cubital index can be used for species identification. The differentiation of interspecies has been shown in the PCA. Apis nigrocincta was separated from the single group of the centroid A. cerana and was supported by the Neighbor-Joining tree.

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Akinsulire, Opeyemi Philips, Olaniran Temitope Oladipo, Olawale Abdullahi Abdulraheem, Akinwumi Johnson Akinloye, and Herbert Chukwuma Illoh. "Taxonomic significance of epidermal and venation characters in the genus Diospyros L. (Ebenaceae) in Nigeria." Brazilian Journal of Biological Sciences 5, no. 10 (2018): 459–514. http://dx.doi.org/10.21472/bjbs.051026.

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This study investigated the foliar anatomy and venation patterns of thirteen species of the genus Diospyros in Nigeria with a view to identifying characters of great taxonomic value in the genus. Plant collections were made from different locations in Southwest Nigeria and the site of collection geo-referenced with a GPS device. Samples were identified at the Herbarium of Botany Department, Obafemi Awolowo University (IFE). Voucher Specimens were deposited in the herbarium and voucher number assigned to each of the species. The samples were subjected to foliar epidermal and venation examinations. Qualitative data were recorded as the quantitative data were subjected to statistical analysis and the characters vary significantly (P = 0.05). Epidermal and venation characters which separate the taxa include stomata type, size and index, shape and size of epidermal cell, trichome type, presence/absence of crystal/druses, as well as venation. Paxillate venation in D. suaveolens is diagnostic for the species. The presence of parenchymatous sheath over the veins and veinlets in D. tricolor is a spot character. The study reveals that leaf epidermal and venation characters are important in delimitation of species in the genus Diospyros.

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Filartiga, Arinawa Liz, Vanessa Bassinello, Gustavo Mortean Filippi, Aline Bertolosi Bombo, and Beatriz Appezzato-da-Glória. "Secretory duct distribution and leaf venation patterns of Aldama species (Asteraceae) and their application in taxonomy." Botany 94, no. 12 (December 2016): 1161–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjb-2016-0172.

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Features of leaf morphology such as secretory duct distribution and venation patterns are important taxonomical tools; however, some species can have variation in these traits. This study evaluates whether the secretory duct distribution in the midrib and venation is similar across different leaves of 17 Aldama species. Six fully expanded leaves (three each of the largest and smallest size) from five distinct plants were selected to analyze the duct distribution. The samples were histologically examined, and the quantitative data were statistically analyzed. The venation pattern was analyzed in five fully expanded leaves of different plants. In all, 23 secretory duct distribution patterns were identified; they showed intra- and inter-species variations except in Aldama anchusifolia (DC.) E.E.Schill. & Panero and A. trichophylla (Dusén) Magenta. The largest number of ducts was not correlated with leaf and midrib dimensions (width and length). Further, Aldama venation could be divided into two groups: (1) pinnate camptodromous brochidodromous type (four species), and (2) acrodromous venation type and its basal and suprabasal variations (13 species). Thus, distinct secretory duct arrangements of the midrib might assist in the discrimination of Aldama species. The venation patterns were also important for distinguishing the majority of species selected.

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Wu, San-an, and Han Xu. "Nomenclature of the veins of the fore wings of male scale insects (Hemiptera, Coccomorpha)." ZooKeys 1136 (December 19, 2022): 163–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1136.89528.

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The venation of the fore wings of male scale insects is strongly reduced and the nomenclature used for each vein is inconsistent among taxonomists. This paper reviews the different nomenclatural systems in the wing venation of male scale insects that have been suggested previously and puts forward a new system based mainly on newly found wing venation in males of Qinococcus podocarpus Wu, 2022 (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Qinococcidae).

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Trueman, John W. H., and Richard J. Rowe. "The wing venation of Odonata." International Journal of Odonatology 22, no. 1 (January 2, 2019): 73–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13887890.2019.1570876.

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Parsons-Wingerter, Patricia, Mary B. Vickerman, Anna-Lisa Paul, and Robert J. Ferl. "Mapping by VESGEN of Leaf Venation Patterning in Arabidopsis thaliana with Bioinformatic Dimensions of Gene Expression." Gravitational and Space Research 2, no. 1 (July 1, 2014): 68–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/gsr-2014-0006.

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ABSTRACT The leaf venation of angiosperms is key to their terrestirial dominance. These higher land plants include maple, corn, and ISS model organism Arabidopsis thaliana. The venation-dependent photosynthetic capacity of angiosperm leaves is largely responsible for terrestrial production of glucose and atmospheric oxygen, and may be fundamentally important to long-term space colonization. Leaf studies in orbit, where human-tended experiments are limited, can be enhanced by quantifying complex venation patterning. VESsel GENeration Analysis (VESGEN), a beta-level NASA software that analyzes vertebrate and human vascular branching for biomedical applications, is therefore being modified to map the branching venation patterns of dicot angiosperm leaves. By physiological branching rules, VESGEN decomposes a continuously connected vascular tree into its structural (dendritic) branching and reticulate (networked) capillary components. For an arabidopsis juvenile leaf flown on NASA Space Shuttle Mission (STS)-130, the venation patterning of larger structural vessel orders 1°-2° remained relatively constant compared to normal gravity (by vessel number density Nv , 1.24E-5/micron2, and 1.29E-5/micron2, respectively). However, as a measure of increased venation maturity, Nv of smaller reticulate orders ≥ 3° increased considerably from 7.7E-6/micron2 in ground control to 1.74E-5/micron2 in the STS-130 leaf. Vascular geometric complexity is another feature of plant development that is governed in part by changes in gene expression patterns responding to environmental influence. We therefore propose that the mapping of leaf venation patterns by VESGEN can provide additional insight into plant responses to the spaceflight environment.

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Liu, Jingjing, Wei Ye, Zhihui Zhang, Zhenglei Yu, Hongyan Ding, Chao Zhang, and Sen Liu. "Vein Distribution on the Deformation Behavior and Fracture Mechanisms of Typical Plant Leaves by Quasi In Situ Tensile Test under a Digital Microscope." Applied Bionics and Biomechanics 2020 (July 1, 2020): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8792143.

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Angiosperm leaf venation is based on two major patterns, typically dicotyledonous branching and monocotyledonous parallel veins. The influence of these patterns on deformation and fracture properties is poorly understood. In this paper, three species of dicotyledons with netted venation and three species of monocots with parallel venation were selected, and the effect of vein distribution of leaves on their mechanical properties and deformation behavior was investigated. Whole images of leaves were captured using a digital camera, and their vein traits were measured using the image processing software Digimizer. A self-developed mechanical testing apparatus with high precision and low load was used to measure the tensile properties of leaves. The deformation behavior of the leaf was captured using a digital microscope during the tensile test. Results showed that the vein architecture of monocots and dicots is different, which had a remarkable effect on their mechanical properties, deformation behavior, and crack propagation behavior. The greater the diameter and the more the number of veins parallel to the tensile direction, the higher the tensile force, tensile strength, and elastic modulus of the leaves. The netted venation leaves evinced the elastic-plastic fracture type, and the hierarchy venation provided resistance to fracture propagation of cracks in the leaves by lengthening the crack path. The leaves with parallel venation behaved in a predominantly brittle manner or elastic fracture type, and the parallel venation inhibited the initiation of cracks in the leaves by increasing the load at complete fracture of the leaves. The investigation provides reference for a stiffened plate/shell structure and bionic anticrack design.

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Powell, E. Ann, and S. P. Vander Kloet. "Foliar venation characteristics of Vaccinium sect. Macropelma and sect. Myrtillus (Ericaceae): a comparative analysis." Canadian Journal of Botany 75, no. 11 (November 1, 1997): 2015–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b97-913.

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A suite of eight foliar venation characteristics from two closely related sections of Vaccinium L., sect. Macropelma Klotzsch and sect. Myrtillus Dumortier, were analyzed to assess the level of similarity between these sister sections, address the questionable classification of Vaccinium cereum (L.f) Forster, and assess the diagnostic ability of venation characteristics. Our analysis revealed no significant differences in foliar venation characteristics between V. cereum and the Hawaiian species from sect. Macropelma. In addition, all the leaves of V. cereum examined contained the attenuated extended bundle sheath system as found in other representatives from sect. Macropelma. Taximetric analysis showed that these quantitative foliar venation characters were diagnostic at the sectional level but not at the species level. A cluster analysis of 108 operational taxonomic units did separate the two sections but did not discriminate among the 12 individual species. However, a similar taximetric analysis using the character means for each species (for the eight foliar characters), which "smoothed out" the variation due to environmental plasticity, produced a dendrogram which closely resembled the currently accepted Vaccinium classification. Although further investigations into the constancy and reliability of foliar venation characters in the remaining sections of Vaccinium are desirable, our results clearly show that these quantitative vegetative foliar characters do have diagnostic value and can be utilized in taximetric analyses. Key words: Vaccinium, venation, leaf, systematics.

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Chen, Jun, Haichun Zhang, Bo Wang, Xiaoting Zheng, and Xiaoli Wang. "New Jurassic Sinopalaeocossus and related genera with notes on their evolutionary implications (Hemiptera, Palaeontinidae)." Insect Systematics & Evolution 47, no. 2 (May 11, 2016): 113–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1876312x-47022136.

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SinopalaeocossusHong, 1983 and related genera (Hemiptera, Palaeontinidae) are revised on the basis of newly discovered materials from the Middle Jurassic of Daohugou, northern China. The genusHamicossusWang and Ren, 2007 is considered to be a junior synonym ofSinopalaeocossus, resulting inS. laevis(Wang and Ren, 2007), comb. nov. The new speciesSinopalaeocossus amoenusChen, Zhang and Wang is described based on fore and hindwings. TheSinopalaeocossusand related genera resembleMartynovocossusWang and Zhang, 2008 and were likely derived from the latter. TheSinopalaeocossusand related genera bear high diversity on wing venations. As compared toMartynovocossus, the crossveinm3+4-cuaof hindwing is absent forSynapocossusWang, Shih and Ren, 2013 and certain species ofSinopalaeocossus, and the crossveinr-mof forewing is absent forSynapocossus. The rapid evolution of wing venations is likely due to intense predation pressures of the newly evolved flying and insectivorous vertebrates.

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JONG, RIENK DE. "Fossil butterflies, calibration points and the molecular clock (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea)." Zootaxa 4270, no. 1 (May 25, 2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4270.1.1.

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Fossil butterflies are extremely rare. Yet, they are the only direct evidence of the first appearance of particular characters and as such, they are crucial for calibrating a molecular clock, from which divergence ages are estimated. In turn, these estimates, in combination with paleogeographic information, are most important in paleobiogeographic considerations. The key issue here is the correct allocation of fossils on the phylogenetic tree from which the molecular clock is calibrated.The allocation of a fossil on a tree should be based on an apomorphic character found in a tree based on extant species, similar to the allocation of a new extant species. In practice, the latter is not done, at least not explicitly, on the basis of apomorphy, but rather on overall similarity or on a phylogenetic analysis, which is not possible for most butterfly fossils since they usually are very fragmentary. Characters most often preserved are in the venation of the wings. Therefore, special attention is given to possible apomorphies in venational characters in extant butterflies. For estimation of divergence times, not only the correct allocation of the fossil on the tree is important, but also the tree itself influences the outcome as well as the correct determination of the age of the fossil. These three aspects are discussed. All known butterfly fossils, consisting of 49 taxa, are critically reviewed and their relationship to extant taxa is discussed as an aid for correctly calibrating a molecular clock for papilionoid Lepidoptera. In this context some aspects of age estimation and biogeographic conclusions are briefly mentioned in review. Specific information has been summarized in four appendices.

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Maiti, Ratikanta, Humberto Gonzalez Rodriguez, Jose Guadalupe Marmolejo Moncivais, and Mayela Isabel Linan Gonzalez. "Venation Pattern and Venation Density of Few Native Woody Species in Linares, Northeast of Mexico." International Journal of Bio-resource and Stress Management 6, no. 6 (2015): 719. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/0976-4038.2015.00110.4.

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Benincasa, Zuzanna. "‘ACCESSIO AB ALLUVIONE’ I ‘REDITUS VENATIONIS ET AUCUPII’ JAKO ‘FRUCTUS FUNDI’. KILKA UWAG NA MARGINESIE PS. 3,6,22." Zeszyty Prawnicze 15, no. 2 (December 4, 2016): 135. http://dx.doi.org/10.21697/zp.2015.15.2.08.

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“Accessio ab alluvione” and “reditus venationis et aucupii” as “fructus fundi.” Some Remarks on PS. 3,6,22Summary The paper examines the controversial text of Pauli Sententiae (PS. 3,6,22), in which the question of considering accessio ab alluvione and reditus venationis et aucupii as a fructus fundi is raised. As defined in Gaius’ Institutiones, an alluvio was an imperceptible deposit of soil upon the bank of the river, the process being so gradual and persistent that no-one could perceive how much was added at any specific moment of time. Since it was inseparable from the native soil of the bank, according to the naturalis ratio such a deposit became the property of the owner of the bank. The author of PS. 3,6,22 explains that such [25] ʽAccessio Ab Alluvioneʼ i ʽreditus venAtionis et Aucupiiʼ 159 a deposit (accessio ab alluvione) did not become the property of the usufructuary of the land since it could not be deemed a fruit obtained from the land (fructus fundi). He treats the potential profits deriving from occasional hunting and fowling on the land given in usufruct in a different manner, because in his opinion they belonged to the usufructuary being fructus fundi. According to the communis opinio, the author of PS. 3,6,22 put together two completely different legal questions as a result of misconstruing Ulpian’s view in D. 7,1,9,4-5. However, a more detailed analysis of texts on accessio ab alluvione and reditus venationis et aucupii shows a connection between the two questions. Accessio ab alluvione and wild animals, birds and fish caught on land subject to usufruct could not be considered fructus fundi, since they were part of nature or the result of a natural process (i.e. the natural action of the river), and their acquisition was only occasional and not frequent. But the usufructuary was allowed to gain profit from hunting on the property given in usufruct and uti frui of the land added by alluvio to the land subject to the usufruct. Accordingly, his gains from hunting and fishing and fruits drawn during the enjoyment of the piece of land added by the natural action of the river were conceived as fructus fundi.

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Carr, DJ, SGM Carr, and JR Lenz. "Leaf Venation in Eucalyptus and Other Genera of Myrtaceae: Implications for Systems of Classification of Venation." Australian Journal of Botany 34, no. 1 (1986): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt9860053.

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Two types of venation in leaves of eucalypts and other members of Myrtaceae are described and their ontogeny investigated in species of Eucalyptus. Primary seedling leaves of eucalypts have brochidodromous venation. A paramarginal vein is formed from the extensions of primary lateral veins and completed by the strengthening of commissural minor veins. Adult Eucalyptus leaves have intramarginal veins that are formed independently of the primary laterals which join them after their formation. The apparently brochidodromous venation of leaves of some species arises as a result of differential growth following the inception of intramarginal veins. Leaves with intramarginal veins are ontogenetically acrodromous. These conclusions are discussed in relation to the system of classification of venation put forward by L. J. Hickey. In particular, problems of ordination, affecting the terminology of veins, and of homology arising from the application of the rules of that system to the Myrtaceae, are dealt with.

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Santoso, M. A. D., B. Juliandi, and R. Raffiudin. "Honey Bees Species Differentiation using Geometric Morphometric on Wing Venations." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 197 (November 2, 2018): 012015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/197/1/012015.

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Li, Yong Xin, and Kai Xue. "Mechanics in Leaf Venation Morphogenesis and their Biomimetic Inspiration to Construct a 2-Dimensional Reinforcement Layout Model." Journal of Biomimetics, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering 10 (May 2011): 81–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/jbbte.10.81.

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This paper concerns biomimetic exploration of the leaf rib layout problem. Biological venation of organisms is observed to be similar to reinforced plate/shell systems. Similarity analysis makes it clear that dicotyledonous leaves are an ideal research subject. In this paper, global and local regularities are summarized and existing theories on venation morphogenesis are discussed and compared. An energy hypothesis is proposed to cater for interdisciplinary applications. A venation growing model was then used to construct a two-dimensional reinforcement layout model. The biomechanical expressions developed can be an alternative to describe rib-in-plate or fibre-in-composite materials.

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Prokop, Jakub, Zuzana Tippeltová, Patrick Roques, and André Nel. "A new genus and species of Breyeriidae and wings of immature stages from the Upper Carboniferous, Nord-Pas-de-Calais, France (Insecta: Palaeodictyoptera)." Insect Systematics & Evolution 44, no. 2 (2013): 117–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1876312x-44032098.

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A new palaeodictyopterid, Aviobreyeria gracilis gen.n., sp.n., is described from an outcrop of Upper Carboniferous (Westphalian C/D) deposits at Avion in the Nord-Pas-de-Calais department (France). This new taxon is placed in the family Breyeriidae based on a comparison of the pattern of venation in its forewing venation with that of other breyeriids and possibly related genera within the Breyerioidea. In addition, wings of different immature instars of palaeodictyopterids from the same strata with a similar pattern of venation but differing in having an enlarged RP and a broader anal area (supposed hind wings) were also tentatively attributed to Breyeriidae gen. et sp. indet.. These wings have a roughly identifiable venation and exhibit the gradual development of wings through different ontogenetic stages and their position on the thorax, which is sparsely documented for Paleozoic insects. Discovery of immature and adult stages of palaeodictyopterids in the same layers also indicates they lived in similar habitats.

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Sala, Florin, Alin Dobrei, and Mihai Valentin Herbei. "Leaf Area Calculation Models for Vines Based on Foliar Descriptors." Plants 10, no. 11 (November 13, 2021): 2453. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10112453.

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In the case of foliar area studies on vines, with a large number of determinations, a simple, fast, sufficiently accurate and low-cost method is very useful. The typology of leaves on the vine is complex, characterized by several descriptive parameters: median rib; secondary venations of the first and second order; angles between the median rib and the secondary venations; sinuses; length and width of the leaf. The present study aimed to evaluate models for calculating the leaf area based on descriptive parameters and KA (KA as the surface constant used to calculate the leaf area) for six vine cultivars, ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ (CS), ‘Muscat Iantarnîi’ (MI), ‘Muscat Ottonel’ (MO), ‘Chasselas’ (Ch), ‘Victoria’ (Vi) and ‘Muscat Hamburg’ (MH). The determined KA surface constants had subunit values (0.91 to 0.97), except for the cultivars ‘Muscat Iantarnîi’ and ‘Muscat Ottonel’ where the surface constant KA2 (in relation to the second-order secondary venations) had supraunitary values (1.07 and 1.08, respectively). The determination of the leaf area was possible under different conditions of statistical accuracy (R2 = 0.477, p = 0.0119, up to R2 = 0.988, p < 0.001) in relation to the variety and parametric descriptors considered. The models obtained from the regression analysis facilitated a more reliable prediction of the leaf area based on the elements on the left side of the leaf, in relation to the median rib, compared to those on the right. The accuracy of the results was checked on the basis of minimum error (ME) and confirmed by parameters R2, p and RMSE.

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Hongming Xu, and Dongjian He. "Venation-Skeleton Based Curly Leaf Modeling." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL ON Advances in Information Sciences and Service Sciences 4, no. 6 (April 30, 2012): 52–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4156/aiss.vol4.issue6.6.

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Saburi, W., L. R. Reato, and S. A. P. de Godoy. "Floral venation patterns in Siphocampylus (Campanulaceae)." American Journal of Botany 92, no. 5 (May 1, 2005): 797–801. http://dx.doi.org/10.3732/ajb.92.5.797.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Venationes'

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