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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Akin, Faith W. "VEMP Now!" Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2011. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/2439.

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2

Akin, Faith W., and Owen D. Murnane. "Vestibular Evoked Myogenic Potentials (VEMP)." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2004. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/1797.

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3

Rosengren, Sally Marie Clinical School Prince of Wales Hospital Faculty of Medicine UNSW. "Vestibular evoked potentials: Properties and clinical applications of extraocular reflexes." Publisher:University of New South Wales. Clinical School - Prince of Wales Hospital, 2008. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/41331.

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Vestibular-dependent surface potentials can be recorded from over the scalp following stimulation with intense air- (AC) and bone-conducted (BC) sound. However, sound-evoked responses may be confounded by parallel stimulation of the auditory system. To demonstrate the pure vestibular origin of the cortical potentials, patients with severe to profound bilateral hearing loss were stimulated with AC and BC sound. The responses had the same amplitude as those recorded in normal subjects, and were only present in patients with preserved vestibular function, confirming their vestibular origin. One negative surface potential, the N15, was largest when measured over the forehead, and detailed mapping of this potential localised it to the eyes. This extraocular response had the same polarity on each side of the eye and was altered by changing gaze direction, suggesting an extraocular muscle origin (i.e. an ocular vestibular evoked myogenic potential, or OVEMP). Galvanic vestibular stimulation (GVS) produces large eye movements with horizontal and torsional components directed away from the cathode. A modified electrode montage was used to characterise the OVEMPs produced by GVS. OVEMPs recorded from beneath the eyes had the appropriate polarity to produce the torsional eye movement and likely originated in the inferior oblique muscles. Sound-evoked OVEMPs were investigated in patients with superior canal dehiscence (SCD), as they have vestibular hypersensitivity to sound. The SCD patients had large sound-evoked OVEMPs with low threshold, similar to the VEMP. OVEMP amplitude was much larger in the patients than controls and could be an additional diagnostic marker for this condition. Although SCD patients have large VEMPs and eye movements evoked by AC sound, little is known about other vestibular reflexes. It was shown that patients also have large sound-evoked vestibulo-spinal reflexes, similar to those evoked by GVS. However, despite these large reflexes, there was little consistent whole body sway. Finally, a case is reported in which the combination of VEMP and OVEMP results indicated the location and nature of a central nervous system lesion. The patient had delayed potentials when stimulated on the left side, indicating a demyelinating lesion in the root entry zone of the left vestibulocochlear nerve.
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4

Akin, Faith W., J. Tampas, C. Clinard, and Owen D. Murnane. "A Comparison of VEMP Recording Techniques." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2006. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/1898.

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5

Akin, Faith W., Owen D. Murnane, J. Tampas, and C. Clinard. "A Comparison of VEMP Recording Techniques." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2005. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/1905.

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6

Murnane, Owen D., Faith W. Akin, C. Clinard, and J. Tampas. "The Effects of Stimulus Parameters on the VEMP." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2005. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/1904.

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7

Tampas, J., C. Clinard, Faith W. Akin, and Owen D. Murnane. ""The Effects of Aging on Tonic EMG and VEMP"." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2006. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/1899.

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8

Howard, J., Faith W. Akin, Owen D. Murnane, J. Tampas, and C. Clinard. "Effects of Rise/Fall Time on VEMP Amplitude and Latency." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2005. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/1908.

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9

Youssif, Mostafa A. "Vestibular Evoked Myogenic Potential (VEMP) in children with Enlarged Vestibular Aqueduct (EVA)." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1337288625.

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10

Felipe, Lilian. "Potencial evocado miogênico vestibular (VEMP) na evolução da mielopatia associada ao HTLV-1." Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1843/BUOS-8ZKMYH.

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Introduction: HTLV-1 associated Myelopathy / Tropical Spastic Paraparesis (HAM / TSP) is a chronic progressive demyelinating disease that affects the spinal cord and the brain's white matter. The Vestibular Evoked Myogenic Potential (VEMP) is a neural response from three-neuron reflex arc involving the inner ear, the brainstemand vestibular-spinal pathway. This test was evaluated in HTLV-1 infected individuais by cross-sectional study was more change in HAM / TSP compared to examine the asymptomatic individual. It is important to know the VEMP value for the monitoration of asymptomatic patients with symptoms but without the HAM / TSP criteria and the evolution to incipient neurological disorders. Objective: Longitudinal evaluation of theresults of VEMP in subjects with HTLV-1 in different disease progression stages, ranging from asymptomatic to individuais with established HAM / TSP. Methods: Prospective and comparative study, from 2006 to 2009. The participants underwent VEMP with an interval of six months, totaling four serial assessments. Were evaluated adults between 21 and 73 years, of both genders were divided into four groups: control group, consisting of healthy seronegative donors of the FoundationCenter of Hematology in Minas Gerais (Hemominas) and three other groups study comprised of HTLV-1 infected individuais, as follows: asymptomatic infected subjects, possible HAM / TSP and with defined HAM / TSP from the open cohort followed by the Group for interdisciplinary Research in HTLV (GIPH). For the record VEMP, were used tone burst at an intensity of 118 dB and in band-pass filter from 10Hz to 1500Hz, with 200 stimuli presented at a frequency of 1Hz with record time of60 ms. In the analysis, we considered P13 and N23 latency and amplitude. The amplitude variation was controlled by the asymmetry index. Results: 90 subjects, whereas 30 (33,3%) to the control group and 60 (66,7%) of the seropositive group, subdivided into subgroups 18 (30%) asymptomatic patients 25 (41,7%) with probableHAM / TSP and 17 (28,3%) defined HAM / TSP. A higher frequency of VEMP absent in individuais with HAM / TSP and no abnormal test reverted to normal examination or any absent VEMP test reverted to an increase of latency. Thus the altered response in VEMP latency prolongation has changed for the absence of evoked response to the evolution of neuronal damage. In the survival curve, it was observed that during the surveillance was more likely to change in VEMP response in ali groups, this finding being more pronounced in subjects with HAM / TSP, and there isa progression to a worse response. Conclusion: Vestibular Evoked Myogenic Potential (VEMP) was useful to monitoring HTLV-1 individuais and HAM / TSP progression, although is a progressive and slow course neurological disease. Possibly, asymptomatic individuais infected with HTLV-1 with altered VEMP will have more chance to develop neurological disease than those with normal VEMP.
Introdução: A Mielopatia associada ao HTLV-1/ Paraparesia Espástica Tropical (HAM/TSP) é uma doença desmielinizante crônica progressiva que afeta a medula espinal e a substância branca do cérebro. O Potencial Evocado Miogênico Vestibular - Vestibular Evoked Myogenic Potential - (VEMP) é uma resposta neural formada a partir de um arcoreflexo de três neurônios que envolvem a orelha interna, o tronco encefálico e a via vestíbulo-espinhal. Esse teste foi avaliado em indivíduos infectados pelo HTLV-1 a partir de estudo transversal mostrou-se mais alterado na HAM/TSP quando comparado ao exame doindivíduo assintomático. Por isso, é importante conhecer o valor do VEMP no acompanhamento de pacientes assintomáticos e com sintomas, mas sem os critérios definidos para HAM/TSP, quanto a sua evolução a partir de alterações neurológicas incipientes. Objetivo: avaliar, por meio de análise longitudinal do resultado do VEMP,sujeitos com HTLV-1 em diferentes estágios de progressão da doença, variando desde indivíduos assintomáticos até com HAM/TSP estabelecida. Métodos: Realizou-se estudo prospectivo, comparativo, de 2006 a 2009. Os participantes do estudo foram submetidos aoVEMP com intervalo de seis meses, totalizando quatro avaliações seriadas. Foram avaliados indivíduos adultos entre 21 e 73 anos de idade, de ambos os gêneros, subdivididos em quatro grupos: grupo-controle, composto de doadores soronegativos saudáveis da Fundação Centro de Hematologia e Hemoterapia de Minas Gerais (Hemominas); e outros três grupos de estudo compostos de indivíduos infectados pelo HTLV-1, a saber: sujeitos infectados assintomáticos, possível HAM/TSP e com HAM/TSP definida, selecionados da coorte aberta do Grupo Interdisciplinar de Pesquisa em HTLV (GIPH). Para o registro do VEMP, utilizou-se estímulo tone burst rarefeito, com intensidade de 118 dB Na e filtro passa-banda de 10Hz a 1500Hz, sendo apresentados 200 estímulos na freqüência de 1Hz com tempo de registro de 60 ms. Na análise, considerou-se latência e amplitude das ondas P13 e N23. A variação da amplitude foi controlada pelo índice deassimetria. Resultados: 90 sujeitos participaram do estudo, sendo que 30 (33,3%) pertenciam ao grupo controle e 60 (66,7%) ao grupo com sorologia positiva para o HTLV-1, subdividido nos subgrupos 18 (30%) assintomáticos, 25 (41,7%) com provável HAM/TSP e 17 com HAM/TSP definido. Verificou-se maior freqüência de VEMP ausente nos indivíduos com HAM/TSP e, nenhum exame alterado reverteu para exame normal, ou nenhum VEMP ausente reverteu para exame com aumento de latência. Assim, a resposta alterada no VEMP mudou de prolongamento de latência para ausência de resposta evocada com a evolução do dano neuronal. Na curva de sobrevivência, observou-se que ao longo do seguimento houve maior probabilidade de mudança de resposta do VEMP em todos os grupos, sendo mais acentuado este achado nos sujeitos com HAM/TSP, verificando-se progressão para pior resposta. Conclusão: O Potencial Evocado Miogênico Vestibular (VEMP) foi útil para o seguimento de indivíduos infectados pelo HTLV-1 quanto á evolução para HAM/TSP, apesar da evolução neurológica da doença ser progressiva e de curso lento. Possivelmente, indivíduos assintomáticos infectados pelo HTLV-1 com VEMP alterado terão mais chance de evoluir na doença neurológica do que aqueles com VEMP normal.
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11

Akin, Faith W., Owen D. Murnane, and Tina M. Proffitt. "The Effects of Click and Tone-Burst Stimulus Parameters on the Vestibular Evoked Myogenic Potential (vemp)." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2003. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/1790.

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Vestibular evoked myogenic potentials (VEMP) are short latency electromyograms (EMG) evoked by high-level acoustic stimuli and recorded from surface electrodes over the tonically contracted sternocleidomastoid (SCM) muscle and are presumed to originate in the saccule. The present experiments examined the effects of click and tone-burst level and stimulus frequency on the latency, amplitude, and threshold of the VEMP in subjects with normal hearing sensitivity and no history of vestibular disease. VEMPs were recorded in all subjects using 100 dB nHL click stimuli. Most subjects had VEMPs present at 500, 750, and 1000 Hz, and few subjects had VEMPs present at 2000 Hz. The response amplitude of the VEMP increased with click and tone-burst level, whereas VEMP latency was not influenced by the stimulus level. The largest tone-burst-evoked VEMPs and lowest thresholds were obtained at 500 and 750 Hz. VEMP latency was independent of stimulus frequency when tone-burst duration was held constant.
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12

Luft, Bettina [Verfasser], Hubertus [Akademischer Betreuer] Axer, Farsin [Akademischer Betreuer] Hamzei, and Joachim [Akademischer Betreuer] Böttcher. "Die anatomische Lokalisation des VEMP-Reflexes im Hirnstamm / Bettina Luft. Gutachter: Hubertus Axer ; Farsin Hamzei ; Joachim Böttcher." Jena : Thüringer Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Jena, 2012. http://d-nb.info/1026877407/34.

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13

Tomatis, Patrick. "Le “rhuthmème”, unité phonologique du rythme : hypothèse de l’implication de la fonction vestibulaire." Paris 10, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA100097.

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Afin de mieux cerner la notion de rythmicité dans les langues, nous avons cherché à dégager les qualités inhérentes à celle de rythme proprement dit. Se sont trouvés ainsi mis en relief les phénomènes d’accentuation, véritables impulsions qui entretiennent l’ordonnancement d’un mouvement et son maintien dans une durée, la capacité d’anticipation et l’imprégnation de l’habitus. Nous avons ensuite souligné la propriété d’incorporation du facteur rythmique, une spécificité qui le distingue de la notion de mesure, ou de métrique, sur laquelle il pose son organisation, en tant qu’acte générateur. Nous poserons, pour de multiples raisons, que la fonction vestibulaire constitue le vecteur principal de l’incorporation de cet acte. Dans le domaine du langage, l’application de cette hypothèse du rythme comme acte générateur conduit à légitimer, pour un même locuteur, des variations légères dans ses productions langagières. Nous avons forgé le terme “rhuthmème”, ou unité phonologique du rythme, pour représenter la classe correspondant à l’ensemble des réalisations rythmiques bien formées pour une langue donnée. Nous avons vérifié l’exactitude de nos hypothèses avec des expériences sur la perception tactile et/ou auditive de la parole, en prenant neuf langues qui couvrent les différentes classes rythmiques reconnues. Les sujets, choisis pour leur oreille musicienne et la diversité de leurs langues maternelles, accomplissaient une tâche de tapping synchronisée sur le rythme “ressenti”. Nous présentons également quelques expériences-pilotes avec le test VEMP qui nous encouragent dans notre hypothèse de l’implication de la fonction vestibulaire dans la perception-production du rythme
In order to better understand the notion of rhythmicity in languages, we tried to determine the inherent qualities of rhythm itself. The phenomena of accentuation, whose real impetus maintains movement sequencing and duration, as well as the capacity of anticipation and impregnation of the habitus, are thus highlighted. We then emphasized the property of incorporating the rhythmic factor, a unique characteristic that distinguishes the concept of measurement, or metric, on which its organization rests, as a generating act. For many reasons, we postulate that vestibular function is the primary vector for the incorporation of this act. In the realm of language, the application of this hypothesis, rhythm acting as generator, tends toward legitimizing slight variations in the same speaker’s linguistic productions. We have coined the term "rhuthmem", or phonological unit of rhythm, to represent the class corresponding to the overall, well-formed rhythmic production for a given language. We verified the correctness of our hypotheses with experiments on tactile perception and/or hearing the speech, taking nine languages that cover various recognized rhythmic classes. The subjects, chosen for their musical ear and the diversity of their native languages, performed a task of tapping in sync with the rhythm ‘felt’. We also present some pilot experiments with the VEMP test that encourage us in our hypothesis regarding the involvement of vestibular function in perception-production rate
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14

Su, Ting [Verfasser], and Roland [Akademischer Betreuer] Beckmann. "Structural basis of regulatory ribosome arrest by VemP and rescue of aberrant translational stalling by Vms1 / Ting Su ; Betreuer: Roland Beckmann." München : Universitätsbibliothek der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, 2021. http://d-nb.info/1232645478/34.

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15

Akin, Faith W., and Owen D. Murnane. "Vestibular Evoked Myogenic Potentials." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2008. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/1939.

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16

Akin, Faith W., and Owen D. Murnane. "Vestibular Evoked Myogenic Potentials." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2001. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/1916.

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17

Murnane, Owen D. "Vestibular Evoked Myogenic Potentials." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2004. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/1948.

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18

Murnane, Owen D. "Vestibular Evoked Myogenic Potentials." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2005. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/1947.

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19

Akin, Faith W., Owen D. Murnane, and T. Medley. "Clinical Application of Vestibular Evoked Myogenic Potentials." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2002. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/1910.

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20

Akin, Faith W., and Owen D. Murnane. "Vestibular Evoked Myogenic Potentials." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2007. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/1944.

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21

Akin, Faith W., and Owen D. Murnane. "Vestibular Evoked Myogenic Potentials." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2000. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/1920.

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22

Akin, Faith W., and Owen D. Murnane. "Vestibular Evoked Myogenic Potentials." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2006. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/1945.

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23

Murnane, Owen D. "Vestibular Evoked Myogenic Potentials." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2011. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/1933.

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24

Murnane, Owen D. "Vestibular Evoked Myogenic Potentials." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2013. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/1932.

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25

Tampas, J., C. Clinard, Owen D. Murnane, and Faith W. Akin. "A Comparison of Air And Bone-conducted VEMPs." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2006. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/1897.

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26

Akin, Faith W., and Owen D. Murnane. "Vestibular Evoked Myogenic Potentials: Stimulus Parameters." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2002. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/1913.

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27

Akin, Faith W., and Owen D. Murnane. "The Clinical Application of the Vestibular Evoked Myogenic Potentials." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2005. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/1946.

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28

Murnane, Owen D., and Faith W. Akin. "Vestibular Evoked Myogenic Potentials: I. Recording Methods." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2001. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/1917.

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29

Akin, Faith W., and Owen D. Murnane. "Update on the Clinical Utility of Vestibular Evoked Myogenic Potentials." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2013. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/1881.

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Vestibular-evoked myogenic potentials (VEMPs) supplement the vestibular test battery by providing diagnostic information about otolith organ function. The purpose of this presentation is to provide an update on the clinical use of the cervical VEMP and ocular VEMP as clinical tests of otolith function
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30

Murnane, Owen D., Faith W. Akin, and T. Medley. "Tone-Evoked Vestibular Myogenic Potentials." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2002. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/1911.

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31

Akin, Faith W., Owen D. Murnane, and T. Medley. "Vestibular Evoked Myogenic Potentials Using Tonal Stimuli." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2002. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/1914.

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32

Akin, Faith W., Owen D. Murnane, J. Tampas, C. Prieve, and R. H. Wilson. "The Effects of Stimulus and Recording Parameters on Vestibular Evoked Myogenic Potentials." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2005. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/1902.

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33

Murnane, Owen D., and Faith W. Akin. "Vestibular Evoked Myogenic Potentials: Recording Methods." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2002. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/1912.

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34

Fillon, S., Faith W. Akin, and Owen D. Murnane. "A Comparison of Recording Techniques for Vestibular Evoked Myogenic Potentials." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2004. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/1909.

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35

Felipe, Lilian. "O papel do potencial evocado Miogênico Vestibular (VEMP) na avaliação da via vestíbulo-espinhal em indivíduos com Mielopatia associada ao HTLV-1, Mielorradiculopatia Esquistossomótica, Esclerose Múltipla e Doença de Ménière." Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1843/ECJS-6XWPDF.

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The clinical usefulness of the Vestibular Evoked Myogenic Potential (VEMP) has been studied for detecting vestibulospinal inferior tract involvement. The aim of this study was to investigate the alteration role of the VEMP for HTLV-1 associated myelopathy, schistosomiasis myeloradiculopathy, multiple sclerosis and Ménières disease. For each group, the exam was defined as normal or abnormal and correlated with the complaints: walk difficulty, tinnitus, hearing loss and dizziness. The reference values were defined based on normal subjects and validated according to the literature. It was evaluate 126 individuals: 30 with absence of hearing or neurological complains and seronegative for HTLV-1 infection (control group); 52 HTLV-1 infected patients, being 35 asymptomatic, 10 with complaint of walk difficulty, but without HTLV-1 associated myelopathy and 7 with definite myelopathy; 12 with schistosomiasis myeloradiculopathy, 14 with multiple sclerosis and 18 with Ménières disease. In order to record VEMP, it was used 200 stimulations in the frequency of 1Hz with intensity of 118 dB NA tone burst, bandpass filter of 10Hz-1500Hz, with register time of 60 ms. For the analysis of P13 and N23 waves, latency, amplitude, interaural and interpical difference were considered. The variation of the amplitude was controlled by the asymmetry index. In relation to the results, the age varied from the third to the sixth decades, 49 men and 77 women. VEMP reference values were: P13=13,66 (DP=13,10 -14,98) and N23=23,23 (DP=20,36-24,57), with average asymmetry index of 26,36%. For the HTLV-1 infection, VEMP varied according to the complaint of walk difficulty, being abnormal in 50% of the asymptomatic carriers and in 71% of those with complaint of walk difficulty with or without definite HTLV-1 myelopathy. The absence of evoked potential were associated with HTLV-1 associated myelopathy (P=0,01). In the schistosomiasis myeloradiculopathy, 66,6% of the patients had abnormal VEMP, predominating prolonged P13 and N23 latencies. In the multiple sclerosis, abnormal findings were seen in 92,8% of the cases, with predominance of prolonged P13 and N23 latencies. In the Ménières disease, P13 prolonged latency was the most common find and VEMP were correlation with hearing loss degree (P=0,00), being abnormal in 40% of the cases with little loss and 92,3% of the cases with moderate/severe loss. The present study confirmed that VEMP is a good test for evaluating the inferior vestibule-spinal tract and may be of usefulness for schistosomiasis myeloradiculopathy and HTLV-1 associated myelopathy, diseases not evaluated by this test, so far. Perhaps, it may distinguish the degree of medular injury, according to the pattern of evoked response: latency delay or absence of the response. The evaluation of the capacity of the VEMP in predicting improvement or worsening of the medular state in HTLV-1 associated myelopathy and the evolution of schistosomiasis myeloradiculopathy before and after treatment is proposed.
O uso clínico do Potencial Evocado Miogênico Vestibular (VEMP) vem sendo estudado para doenças que comprometem a via vestíbulo-espinhal inferior. O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar o papel do VEMP para identificar alterações na mielopatia associada ao HTLV-1, mielorradiculopatia esquistossomótica, esclerose múltipla e doença de Ménière. Para cada grupo, o resultado do exame foi definido como normal ou alterado e correlacionado com as queixas: dificuldade para caminhar, zumbido, perda auditiva e tontura. A definição dos valores de referência para VEMP normal baseou-se nos parâmetros obtidos do grupo controle e validados pela literatura. Foram examinados 126 indivíduos, sendo: 30 selecionados pela ausência de queixas auditivas, neurológicas ou infecção pelo HTLV-1 (grupo controle); 52 infectados pelo HTLV-1, sendo 35 assintomáticos, 10 com queixa de dificuldade para caminhar sem mielopatia definida e 7 com mielopatia; 12 com mielorradiculopatia esquistossomótica, 14 com esclerose múltipla e 18 com doença de Ménière. Para o registro do VEMP utilizou-se estímulo tone burst rarefeito, com intensidade de 118 dB Na e filtro passa-banda de 10Hz a 1500Hz, sendo apresentados 200 estímulos na freqüência de 1Hz com tempo de registro de 60 ms. Na análise, considerou-se latência, amplitude, diferença interaural e interpico das ondas P13 e N23. A variação da amplitude foi controlada pelo índice de assimetria. Em relação aos resultados, a idade dos sujeitos variou da terceira a sexta décadas, 49 homens e 77 mulheres. Os valores de referência do VEMP foram: P13=13,66 (DP=13,10-14,98) e N23=23,23 (DP=20,36-24,57), com média do índice de assimetria de 26,36%. Nos infectados pelo HTLV-1, os resultados do VEMP variaram de acordo com a queixa de dificuldade para caminhar, estando alterado em 50% dos pacientes assintomáticos e em 70,5% daqueles com dificuldade para caminhar estando ou não com mielopatia definida. A ausência de resposta evocada associou-se com mielopatia associada ao HTLV-1 (P=0,01). Na mielorradiculopatia esquistossomótica, predominou prolongamento da latência de P13 e N23, estando o exame alterado em 66,6% dos pacientes. Na esclerose múltipla, predominou prolongamento da latência de P13 e N23, estando o exame alterado em 92,8% dos pacientes. Na doença de Ménière, predominou prolongamento da latência de P13 e VEMP correlacionou-se com o grau da perda auditiva (P=0,00), estando alterado em 40,0% dos casos de perda leve e 92,3% dos casos de perda modera/severa. O presente estudo permitiu concluir que o VEMP confirmou-se como exame com boa acuidade para avaliar a via vestíbulo-espinhal inferior, mostrando-se promissor para mielorradiculopatia esquistossomótica e mielopatia associada ao HTLV-1, doenças que ainda não haviam sido avaliadas por esse exame. O VEMP parece distinguir entre casos com maior ou menor injúria medular, a partir do padrão de alteração da resposta evocada: aumento da latência ou ausência da resposta evocada. Propõe-se avaliar a capacidade do VEMP em predizer melhora ou piora do estado medular, como, por exemplo, na evolução da mielopatia associada ao HTLV-1 e antes e após o tratamento da mielorradiculopatia esquistossomótica.
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Murnane, Owen D., Faith W. Akin, J. K. Kelly, Stephanie M. Byrd, and A. Pearson. "Bone Conduction Ocular Vestibular Evoked Myogenic Potentials." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2011. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/1890.

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Akin, Faith W., Owen D. Murnane, J. Tampas, and C. Clinard. "Air and Bone-Conducted Vestibular Evoked Myogenic Potentials." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2005. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/1906.

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38

Murnane, Owen D., Faith W. Akin, J. K. Kelly, Stephanie M. Byrd, and A. Pearson. "Comparative Properties of Cervical and Ocular Vestibular Evoked Myogenic Potentials." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2012. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/1886.

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39

Vikmanis, Anna. "Cosplayidentitet –vems identitet anpassas till vem? : Genderbending och subjektspositionering inom cosplay." Thesis, Konstfack, IBIS - Institutionen för bild- och slöjdpedagogik, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:konstfack:diva-5941.

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Detta examensarbete behandlar genus inom cosplaykulturen, specifikt den delen av kulturendär man väljer att ändra på en karaktärs identitet genom genderbend. Karaktären i fråga får enny könsidentitet. Jag som forskare är själv aktiv medlem och väl bekant med cosplaykulturen.Att arbeta med genus inom skola är viktigt, speciellt för de ungdomar som själva är mitt iprocessen av att finna sin plats i sig själv och i samhället. Cosplay är en kultur som för mångaungdomar blir en del av deras liv och ett sätt för identitetskapande. Att säga att cosplay endastär en skaparhobby som inte skulle ha något med identitetskapande är ignorant och därförviktigt att undersöka den som en ungdomskultur. Syftet med undersökningen är att se hurgenusidentiteter framträder inom cosplay, både bland karaktärerna och bland de som iklär sigde. Syftet är även att få en fördjupad kunskap om unga och deras identitetsarbete i relation tillen skolkontext.Denna undersökning lyckades jag även identifiera hur mitt cosplayskapande ser ut, där jagtvärt emot min fokusgrupp är intresserad av att bli så lik en karaktär som möjligt. Medansderas motiv till att förändra en karaktärs identitet hade att göra med att de anpassadekaraktären till sin egen identitet och därmed låta sig själva få skina igenom karaktären när deär utklädda, vill jag snarare att karaktärens identitet ska ta över min så att jag för tillfället kanfå vara lite mer ut av en pirat eller en prinsessa istället för mig själv. Detta presenteras främst imin gestaltning där jag skapat ett altarliknande monument som kretsar kring en specifikkaraktär jag vill fortsätta jobba med efter denna undersökning. Altaret är byggt på material,tyger, skisser och anteckningar som jag samlat på mig under processen av denna karaktär.Altaret var ett sätt att låta betraktare få en känsla och förståelse för hur jag kan uppfattacosplayprocessen, där det både kan vara en inspirerande underkastelse till karaktären likt ettandaktigt avgudande, men också något dramatiskt och överväldigande.
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Strängberg, Charlie. "”Vem får vara människa på vems villkor?” : En undersökning av institutionell mångfald på Museum Anna Nordlander." Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Genusvetenskap, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-45968.

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This essay researches institutional diversity in the unlikely combination of institution and feminist organization, Museum Anna Nordlander (MAN), a contemporary art museum with a gender and identity focus in Skellefteå, Sweden. Using mostly theories presented in Sara Ahmed’s work, On Being Included: Racism and Diversity in Institutional Life from 2012, this essay examines the museum’s preconditions for successful diversity work, how diversity is understood and made, and, finally, how diversity is expressed in its exhibitions. The essay finds that the museum’s biggest challenges to successful diversity work lie in the insufficient diversity displayed in its exhibitions and the homogenous internal representation, and that the key might lie in the selection process.
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Jonsson, Martin. "Vem började och vems fel var det? : En analys av första världskriget i läromedel för gymnasiet." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för kulturvetenskaper (KV), 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-51750.

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The purpose of this essay is to examine how different textbooks present World War I. Both the causes of the war and who got the blame are examined as well as how the different textbooks present these issues. To be able to study these issues four different periods of time were examined through four different textbooks that all has been used in Swedish secondary school. The overall view from the textbooks was that the general disturbances in the Balkans and the current alliance politics were the reasons for the emergence of the war. All textbooks agree that Germany alone was, through the treaty of Versailles, blame for the whole war. The textbooks are all influenced by the current curriculums and the prevailing society, reasons why they may differ. Despite this, the study shows that the differences are not that big.
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Akin, Faith W., Owen D. Murnane, Joanna W. Tampas, and Christopher G. Clinard. "The Effect of Age on the Vestibular Evoked Myogenic Potential and Sternocleidomastoid Muscle Tonic Electromyogram Level." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2011. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/1785.

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Objective: Cervical vestibular evoked myogenic potentials (cVEMPs) are short-latency electromyogram (EMG) evoked by high-level acoustic stimuli recorded from the activated sternocleidomastoid muscle and used to evaluate otolith organ function. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of aging on the cVEMP and on the sternocleidomastoid muscle EMG level. Design: A cross-sectional observational study was used to investigate differences in cVEMP and sternocleidomastoid muscle EMG level in a group of 24 younger and 24 older individuals. cVEMPs were recorded during activation of the sternocleidomastoid muscle at target EMG levels ranging from 0 to 90 μV and during maximum voluntary contraction of the sternocleidomastoid muscle. Results: The sternocleidomastoid muscle EMG amplitude increased as a function of target EMG level for both age groups; however, the mean EMG amplitude was greater for the younger group than the older group, and the variability of EMG amplitude was greater for the older group. The EMG amplitude at maximum voluntary contraction ranged from 88 to 279 μV for the younger subjects and from 32 to 230 μV for the older subjects, and the mean EMG amplitude at maximum voluntary contraction was significantly greater for the younger group than the older group. The cVEMP amplitude increased as a function of EMG target level for each age group. Although cVEMP amplitude increased as a function of target EMG level for both groups, the older group exhibited smaller cVEMP amplitudes, overall, compared with the younger group. To separate the influence of EMG level from aging on cVEMP amplitude, only the responses obtained at the 30 μV target EMG level were considered for the statistical analysis because there was no significant difference in EMG level between groups at the 30 μV target level. The mean cVEMP amplitudes at the 30 μV target level were 101 and 51 μV for the younger and older groups, respectively, and a statistical analysis indicated that cVEMP amplitude for the younger group was significantly greater than the older group. Conclusions: The findings suggest that the decrement in cVEMP amplitude is related to both age-related changes in the vestibular system and age-related changes in the sternocleidomastoid muscle.
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Bülling, Emelie, and Annchristine Lind. "Vem granskar vem?" Thesis, Högskolan i Borås, Institutionen Handels- och IT-högskolan, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hb:diva-20758.

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Senast som revisionsplikten var föremål för aktiebolagskommitténs arbete var 1995. Skälet som angavs då för inskränkning av revisionsplikten var att revisionen innebar en kostnad för företagen. Vid det tillfället skedde inga ändringar då revisionsplikten ansågs förhindra ekonomisk brottslighet i framförallt de mindre bolagen med ett litet aktiekapital. Vid ett möte i mars 2007 betonade det Europeiska rådet kraftiga gemensamma insatser för att minska de administrativa bördorna för företag. Det betonades att små och medelstora företags kostnader för revision och redovisning är särskilt betungande. Den 1 november 2010 avskaffades revisionsplikten i Sverige för aktiebolag som underskrider två av tre följande värden: 3 mnkr i nettoomsättning, 1,5 mnkr i balansomslutning och tre anställda.Uppsatsen fokuserar på hur aktören redovisningskonsult har påverkats av den frivilliga revisionen och följande fråga kan ställas: Innebär den frivilliga revisionen att auktoriserade redovisningskonsulter kan komma att få en alltmer framträdande och betydande roll bland de mindre bolagen och intressenterna och i sådana fall hur?Syftet med denna studie är att övergripande undersöka och belysa redovisningskonsultens mer framträdande roll och ansvar efter det att reglerna om frivillig revision trätt i kraft. I studien har vi även försökt klarlägga om redovisningskonsulten har fått något indirekt ökat ansvar efter det att reformen trätt i kraft och hur det kan ha påverkat intressenterna. Avsikten med litteraturgenomgången är att belysa samt är att ge en översiktsbild av redovisningskonsulten.Empirin består av kvalitativa intervjuer som har genomförts med intressenter som har påverkats av den frivilliga revisionen. Det empiriska materialet har sammanställts för att sedan analyseras genom vår fördjupade litteraturgenomgång. Från resultatet som framkommer ur vår analys kan slutsatsen dras att den frivilliga revisonen leder till att den auktoriserade redovisningskonsulten kommer få en mer betydande roll. Den nya situationen kommer att leda till omstruktureringar i branschen och redovisningskonsultens roll och ansvar blir mer framträdande. Studiens avsikt och resultat bidrar till att lyfta fram och skapa en helhetsbild av redovisningskonsulten som kan sättas in i en större kontext inom redovisningen.
Program: Civilekonomprogrammet
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44

Sekaric, Tamara. "Vems Möllevången." Thesis, Malmö högskola, Fakulteten för kultur och samhälle (KS), 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-23077.

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Syftet med studien är att sätta ord på förändringarna som sker på Möllevången i Malmö genom att testa om det skulle kunna förklaras med ordet gentrifiering. Samt hur dessa förändringar har påverkat och kommer att påverka människor.Metoden för genomförandet kommer till största del att bestå av djupgående intervjuer med människor som bor och vistas i området. Detta för att uppmärksamma vilka förändringar som sker, har skett och hur de upplevs. Sedan kommer berättelserna från intervjupersonerna att jämföras med gentrifieringen som den beskrivs av samhällsvetare och författare.Resultatet visar att det med högsta sannolikhet pågår en gentrifiering av Möllevången men att denna uppfattas olika av olika människor och inte behöver vara negativ.
The study aims to put into words the changes that occur on Möllevången in Malmö by testing whether it could be explained by the word gentrification. And how these changes have affected and will affect people. The method of implementation will largely consist of in-depth interviews with people who live and reside in the area. This is to pay attention to the changes taking place, the changes that have taken place and how they are perceived. Then come the stories of the interviewees which are compared with gentrification as outlined by social scientist and authors. The result shows that the highest probability is an ongoing gentrification of Möllevången but this is perceived differently by different people and not necessarily negative.
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Ehn, Thérèse. "Vems föremål, vems kulturarv ? : om staten, urbefolkningarna och kulturarvsdiskursen." Thesis, Uppsala University, Cultural Anthropology, 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-4813.

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46

Hedin, Petra, and Åsa Larsson. "Vem är du, vem är jag, vem är anställningsbar?" Thesis, Kristianstad University College, Department of Behavioural Sciences, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hkr:diva-4268.

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Arbetslösheten i Sverige är med historiska mått mätt hög och utgör ett samhällsproblem som kräver en lösning. För att om möjligt öka vår förståelse kring varför vissa får arbete och andra ställs utanför arbetsmarknaden inriktade vi oss på att undersöka vilka överväganden som rekryterare gör under en rekryteringsprocess. Vi valde att göra en kvalitativ studie som bygger på 8 intervjuer med rekryterare på ett större företag i Nordvästra Skåne. Resultatet av studien visar på att de intervjuade gör sina överväganden och fattar beslut om anställning utifrån antaganden baserade på olika bilder som de skapar sig av den sökande under processens gång. Vilka dessa antaganden och bilder är beror på rekryterarens sociala verklighet och påverkas av de sociala institutioner som de rör sig inom. Det man tittar på och som får ligga som bedömningsgrund utifrån vilka de skapar sina antaganden och fattar sina beslut är bland annat; den sökandes utbildning, erfarenhet och fritid. Utifrån dessa variabler tas ett beslut om huruvida den sökande passar in i organisationen, men det som slutligen avgjorde valet mellan olika kandidater var rekryterarnas magkänsla.

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Hamnqvist, Fabian. "Vems är finanskrisen?" Thesis, Stockholms universitet, JMK, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-173302.

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I denna uppsats har tidningsartiklar publicerade om finanskrisen 2007–2009 studerats. Artiklarna har hämtats från fem tidningar som tillsammans utgör en stor del av svensk rikstäckande nyhetspress. Uppsatsen studerar vilka samhällsgrupper som kom till tals i artiklarna under perioden, och även i vilka nyhetsämnesområden och på vilket sätt som finanskrisen beskrevs. Resultaten i uppsatsen förstärker befintliga studiers slutsatser om en hög representation av näringslivet i journalistiska artiklar med ekonomiskt fokus, både i urvalet av källor och i urvalet av nyhetsämnen. Vidare diskuteras undersökningens resultat i relation till journalistikens samhällsuppdrag. Metodiken i uppsatsen bygger på både kvantitativa och kvalitativa undersökningsmetoder. Det teoretiska underlaget i uppsatsen baseras på forskning kring gestaltning och dagordning i media, samt forskning i ekonomijournalistik. Uppsatsen behandlar skildrandet av finanskrisen i media. Den gör inte anspråk på att studera finanskrisen som fenomen, eller dess faktiska inverkan på samhället. Det som undersöks är den journalistiska skildringen av finanskrisen i svensk rikstäckande press.
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Hellman, Lotta, and Anne Persson. "Skoldaghem - Vems beslut?" Thesis, Malmö högskola, Lärarutbildningen (LUT), 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-29348.

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Skoldaghem - vems beslut? En intervjustudie av övergångsprocessen mot skoldaghem ur ett föräldraperspektiv.
Special day-school - who makes the decision? An interview study based on the transitional process towwards special day-schools from a parental perspectiv.
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Spångberg, Tove. "Miljökatastrofer och flyktingskap : Vem förföljer vem." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-295540.

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50

Akin, Faith W., and Owen Murnane. "Vestibular Evoked Myogenic Potentials: Preliminary Report." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2001. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/1792.

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Vestibular evoked myogenic potentials (VEMPs) are short-latency electromyograms evoked by high-level acoustic stimuli recorded from surface electrodes over the tonically contracted sternocleidomastoid (SCM) muscle. These responses are presumed to originate in the saccule. The purpose of this preliminary report is to provide an overview of our initial experience with the VEMP by describing the responses obtained in five subjects. Click-evoked VEMPs were present at short latencies in two normal-hearing subjects, one patient with profound congenital sensorineural hearing loss, and one patient with a severe sensorineural hearing loss due to Meniere's disease. Additionally, VEMPs were absent in a patient with profound sensorineural hearing loss following removal of a cerebellopontine angle tumor. The amplitude of the VEMP was influenced by the amount of background activity of the SCM muscle, stimulus level, and stimulus frequency. Tone-burst evoked responses showed an inverse relationship between stimulus frequency and response latency. VEMPs may prove to be a reliable technique in the clinical assessment of vestibular function.
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