Journal articles on the topic 'Veins'
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Ardeshiri, Ardavan, Ardeshir Ardeshiri, Jennifer Linn, Jörg-Christian Tonn, and Peter A. Winkler. "Microsurgical anatomy of the mesencephalic veins." Journal of Neurosurgery 106, no. 5 (May 2007): 894–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/jns.2007.106.5.894.
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Object The mesencephalic veins drain crucial brainstem areas. Due to the narrowness of the tentorial notch, these veins can become obstructed as a result of herniation or surgery, leading to hemorrhage and severe consequences for the patient. There is little in the literature about the mesencephalic veins. The aim of this study was to perform an exact analysis of their microanatomy. Methods Fifty-two cadaveric hemispheres were examined under an operating microscope, and measurements were made with a digital caliper. The authors focused on the basal vein (BV), pontomesencephalic vein (PMV), peduncular vein (PV), lateral mesencephalic vein (LMV), and other smaller veins. The PMV was identified in 84.6% of specimens (mean diameter 0.54 mm); the PV, in 86.5% (mean diameter 0.86 mm); and the LMV, in 100% (mean diameter 1.07 mm). Four types of LMV were identified on the basis of the vein's course. Other smaller veins were also differentiated according to whether they drained mainly the cerebral peduncle, the lemniscal trigone, or the tectum. These veins and their junctions with other veins were depicted. Conclusions A thorough understanding of the microanatomy of the mesencephalic veins is crucial in brainstem surgery in order to avoid brain damage due to venous infarction and subsequent edema. Because knowledge of the course, variations, and outflow system of these veins could improve surgical outcome, they warrant special attention during surgery.
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Maloor, P., S. Nayak, D. Reghunathan, S. Shetty, and G. Prabhu. "Multiple variations of azygos system of veins: a case report." Journal of Morphological Sciences 34, no. 01 (January 2017): 007–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4322/jms.097715.
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AbstractAzygos venous system drains the venous blood from thoracic wall. Knowledge of variations of its course and tributaries is important to cardiothoracic surgeons, radiologists and orthopedic surgeons. We observed the following variations in the azygos veins. Both azygos and hemiazygos veins were formed by union of lumbar azygos and subcostal veins of corresponding sides. The ascending lumbar vein did not drain into the azygos system. The hemiazygos vein had a larger diameter than the lower part of azygos vein and it joined azygos vein at the level of seventh thoracic vertebra. Accessory hemiazygos vein was totally absent. The azygos vein received 4th to 11th right posterior intercostal veins and also received 3rd to 6th left posterior intercostal veins. Hemiazygos vein received 7th to 11th left posterior intercostal veins.
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Belcaro, G., A. N. Nicolaides, G. Laurora, M. R. Cesarone, M. T. De Sanctis, L. Incande, and A. Ricci. "Laser Doppler Flux in the Venous Wall." Phlebology: The Journal of Venous Disease 11, no. 2 (June 1996): 68–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026835559601100208.
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Objectives: To evaluate in vivo the perfusion of the venous wall in normal veins, varicose veins and in femoral veins of post-phlebitic limbs recording wall flux with laser Doppler flowmetry. As there is some evidence that both structure and microcirculatory dynamic responses are altered in the abnormal vein wall, we also aimed to study the response of vein wall perfusion to locally induced vasodilatation following papaverine infusion. Design: Open prospective study in patients with venous insufficiency and in patients undergoing coronary revascularization with a normal venous system. Setting: Cardiovascular Institute, Chieti University, Pierangeli Clinic, Italy and Irvine Laboratory, St Mary's Hospital, London, UK. Patients: Twenty-four normal long saphenous veins and 11 common femoral veins (35 normal veins, 35 subjects) and 42 varicose veins (42 patients). Measurements: Venous wall flux was measured on the external surface of normal long saphenous veins and common femoral veins. Measurements were also made on varicose veins before ligation of the sapheno-femoral junction. All measurements were made when at least three-quarters of the adventitia and periadventitia tissue were still intact for a length of 3 cm. Results: Flux in the normal vein wall was higher ( t = 5.88; p<0.05) than in varicose veins and in veins of post-phlebitic limbs. There was no difference in flux between varicose veins and post-phlebitic veins. After intravenous papaverine injection in a subgroup of eight normal and eight varicose veins, in the wall of normal veins there was a significant increase in flux (from 8.5 (SD 5.1) units to 13.2 (SD 3.8) units; p<0.05) which was not observed in varicose veins. Conclusions: A higher vein wall perfusion was observed in normal veins compared with varicose veins and post-phlebitic limb veins. Greater vascular reactivity to intraluminal papaverine injection was observed in normal veins.
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Gillet, JL, M. Lausecker, M. Sica, JM Guedes, and FA Allaert. "Is the treatment of the small saphenous veins with foam sclerotherapy at risk of deep vein thrombosis?" Phlebology: The Journal of Venous Disease 29, no. 9 (July 17, 2013): 600–607. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0268355513497362.
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Objective To assess the deep vein thrombosis risk of the treatment of the small saphenous veins depending on the anatomical pattern of the veins. Method A multicenter, prospective and controlled study was carried out in which small saphenous vein trunks were treated with ultrasound-guided foam sclerotherapy. The anatomical pattern (saphenopopliteal junction, perforators) was assessed by Duplex ultrasound before the treatment. All patients were systematically checked by Duplex ultrasound 8 to 30 days after the procedure to identify a potential deep vein thrombosis. Results Three hundred and thirty-one small saphenous veins were treated in 22 phlebology clinics. No proximal deep vein thrombosis occurred. Two (0.6%) medial gastrocnemius veins thrombosis occurred in symptomatic patients. Five medial gastrocnemius veins thrombosis and four cases of extension of the small saphenous vein sclerosis into the popliteal vein, which all occurred when the small saphenous vein connected directly into the popliteal vein, were identified by systematic Duplex ultrasound examination in asymptomatic patients. Medial gastrocnemius veins thrombosis were more frequent ( p = 0.02) in patients with medial gastrocnemius veins perforator. A common outlet or channel between the small saphenous vein and the medial gastrocnemius veins did not increase the risk of deep vein thrombosis. Conclusion Deep vein thrombosis after foam sclerotherapy of the small saphenous vein are very rare. Only 0.6% medial gastrocnemius veins thrombosis occurred in symptomatic patients. However, the anatomical pattern of the small saphenous vein should be taken into account and patients with medial gastrocnemius veins perforators and the small saphenous vein connected directly into the popliteal vein should be checked by Duplex ultrasound one or two weeks after the procedure. Recommendations based on our everyday practice and the findings of this study are suggested to prevent and treat deep vein thrombosis.
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Dabbs, Emma B., Scott J. Dos Santos, Irenie Shiangoli, Judith M. Holdstock, David Beckett, and Mark S. Whiteley. "Pelvic venous reflux in males with varicose veins and recurrent varicose veins." Phlebology: The Journal of Venous Disease 33, no. 6 (August 31, 2017): 382–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0268355517728667.
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Objectives To report on a male cohort with pelvic vein reflux and associated primary and recurrent lower limb varicose veins. Methods Full lower limb duplex ultrasonography revealed significant pelvic contribution in eight males presenting with bilateral lower limb varicose veins. Testicular and internal iliac veins were examined with either one or a combination of computed tomography, magnetic resonance venography, testicular, transabdominal or transrectal duplex ultrasonography. Subsequently, all patients received pelvic vein embolisation, prior to leg varicose vein treatment. Results Pelvic vein reflux was found in 23 of the 32 truncal pelvic veins and these were treated by pelvic vein embolisation. Four patients have since completed their leg varicose vein treatment and four are undergoing leg varicose vein treatments currently. Conclusion Pelvic vein reflux contributes towards lower limb venous insufficiency in some males with leg varicose veins. Despite the challenges, we suggest that pelvic vein reflux should probably be investigated and pelvic vein embolisation considered in such patients.
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Yan, Li, Jinyuan Tang, Xiaoxuan Hu, Yongbo Xu, Kun Li, Hongyan Liu, Zhengui Nie, Haibo Chu, and Yuxu Zhong. "Imbalance in matrix metalloproteinases and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases from splenic veins and great saphenous veins under high hemodynamics." Phlebology: The Journal of Venous Disease 35, no. 1 (April 24, 2019): 18–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0268355519842432.
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Objectives Varicose vein is a common disorder involving extensive venous dilation and remodeling, yet the underlying mechanism is unclear. Studies have shown increased expression of matrix metalloproteinases in human varicose veins and animal models of venous hypertension. We investigated the differences in matrix metalloproteinases and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases from human splenic veins and great saphenous veins under high hemodynamics. Methods Seventy-two human diseased splenic vein, splenic vein, varicose great saphenous vein, and great saphenous vein specimens were collected. The mRNA and protein expression of matrix metalloproteinase-2, matrix metalloproteinase-9, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1, and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-2 were determined. Results The mRNA expression and protein positive expression ratio of matrix metalloproteinase-2, matrix metalloproteinase-9, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1, and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-2 as well as the content of relative-protein expression were significantly increased in the diseased splenic veins and varicose great saphenous veins compared with the splenic veins and great saphenous veins ( P < 0.05). The varicose great saphenous vein-to-great saphenous vein ratio in the protein positive expression ratio and mRNA expression were significantly increased compared with the diseased splenic vein-to-saphenous vein ratio ( P < 0.05). There was no significant change in the content of relative-protein expression of the varicose great saphenous vein-to-great saphenous vein and diseased splenic vein-to-splenic vein ratios analyzed by Western blot ( P>0.05). Conclusion Under high hemodynamics, dysequilibrium of matrix metalloproteinases and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases from human splenic veins and great saphenous veins may be one of the molecular mechanisms underlying vascular remodeling.
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Kun, Li, Li Ying, Wang Lei, Zhao Jianhua, Xu Yongbo, Wang Tao, Tang Jinyuan, and Chu Haibo. "Dysregulated apoptosis of the venous wall in chronic venous disease and portal hypertension." Phlebology: The Journal of Venous Disease 31, no. 10 (July 9, 2016): 729–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0268355515610237.
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Introduction The etiology of varicose veins remains elusive. We hypothesized that abnormal cell cycle events in the vein wall may contribute to changes in the structural integrity, thus predisposing to the development of varicosities. The present study was designed to determine whether or not the same molecular apoptotic pathway exists between great saphenous and splenic veins. Methods Thirty-six samples of diseased splenic veins and varicose great saphenous veins were collected. Twenty-five samples of control splenic and great saphenous veins were also collected. The apoptotic cell proteins expression was immunohistochemically stained with antibodies (anti-Bax and anti-Bcl-xl). Apoptosis was evaluated by the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated nick-end labeling (TUNEL) assay and immunofluorescence staining. The morphology of apoptotic cells was observed with an electron microscope. Results The apoptotic ratio in walls (intima and media) of diseased splenic vein and varicose great saphenous vein groups were significantly lower than the corresponding regions in the splenic vein and great saphenous vein groups ( p < 0.01), respectively. A significant difference was not noted in the ratio change of apoptotic cells between the diseased splenic vein and varicose great saphenous vein groups ( p > 0.05). The high positive expression of Bcl-xl proteins was detected in the diseased splenic vein and varicose great saphenous vein groups, respectively. While the high positive expression of Bax proteins was also observed in the splenic vein and great saphenous vein groups, respectively. Electron microscopic observations confirmed that endothelial and smooth muscle cells in diseased splenic vein, varicose great saphenous vein, splenic vein, and great saphenous vein walls exhibited apoptotic morphologic features, such as fuzzy mitochondrial cristae, medullary changes, and margination of the nuclear chromatin. Conclusions Our results showed the same dysregulation of apoptosis via the intrinsic pathway in diseased splenic veins and varicose great saphenous veins. This observational study suggests that apoptotic down-regulation in the veins wall is a cause of diseased splenic veins and varicose great saphenous veins, but does not exclude the possibility that other mechanisms are involved.
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Van Cleef, J. F., Ph Griton, M. Cloarec, C. Ribreau, and R. Lemaire. "Venous Valves and Tributary Veins." Phlebology: The Journal of Venous Disease 6, no. 4 (December 1991): 219–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026835559100600403.
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Our work on the four-stroke dynamic model of the muscular pump of the calf and our video films on venous ambulatory endoscopy allow us to set forth the following concept: there are always one or more openings of tributary veins close to a venous valve. A vein has a preferential axis of flattening, and its cross-sectional configuration can be defined as: an internal wall, an external wall, two borders and two extremities. The bicuspid valves' cornua are situated on the borders of the vein. Close to the valves we distinguish the commissural tributaries on the vein's borders from the sinusal tributaries on the internal or external walls of the vein. This configuration has consequences on the local dynamics of the blood; the valve by its protusion into the vein lumen alters the blood flow.
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K. Kotteeswaran, Pradeep kumar S, and Poojasree B. "Study on the Prevalence Rate of Varicose Veins among School Teachers." International Journal of Physiotherapy and Research 10, no. 5 (October 11, 2022): 4337–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.16965/ijpr.2022.110.
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Background: The teachers are the biggest asset of the society as they are the source of knowledge and teaches about morals to the children.They face many problems which mainly affect their quality of life. One of the problem is varicose veins which shows various symptoms like itching and ulceration. Aim: The aim of the study is to find the prevalence rate of varicose veins among school teachers. Objective: To determine the prevalence rate of varicose veins among school teachers using VEINES-symptoms questionnaire.To determine which gender has higher prevalence rate of Varicose veins. Materials: VEINES (venous insufficiency epidemiological and economic study). Results: The statistical analysis shows that the 40% of the school teachers were affected by varicose veins by using VEINES-symptoms questionnaire. Conclusion:Based on the present study findings,it was concluded that the school teachers are more prone to Varicose veins.The present study states that female school teachers has higher prevalence rate of Varicose veins than male teachers.Among the school teachers prolonged standing considered as the significant risk factors KEY WORDS: Varicose veins, School teachers, VEINES-symptoms questionnaire, Prevalence rate, Itching, Ulceration.
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Altus, DP, and MJ Canny. "Water Pathways in Wheat Leaves. I. The Division of Fluxes Between Different Vein Types." Functional Plant Biology 12, no. 2 (1985): 173. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pp9850173.
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This study concerns the pathway of water movement through the vascular system of the wheat leaf blades. These water pathways were followed using three kinds of markers dissolved in the transpiration stream by which the patterns of water reticulation were made visible. There was a partitioning of the total water flux between the veins of the different types. The lateral veins dominate the conduction of water along the leaf from the base, and also distribute water to the mesophyll in their immediate vicinity. The intermediate veins receive water from the lateral veins in the transverse direction, via the transverse veins. The intermediate veins are primarily involved in the distribution of water to the mesophyll in their vicinity. Since there are more intermediate veins than lateral veins across the leaf blade they are the more important distributors of water to the mesophyll. The transverse veins are the pathway by which water is moved transversely from the lateral veins to the intermediate veins. Water can also be conducted in both directions, or in either direction, from its point of entry into an intermediate vein from a transverse vein. This versatility enables the network of transverse and intermediate veins to act as alternative pathways for longitudinal water conduction in the event of damage to a lateral vein.
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Nayak, Gyanaranjan, Niranjan Sahoo, and Sujita Pradhan. "Abnormal communication between cephalic and basilic veins-a case report." International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 11, no. 9 (August 31, 2023): 3451–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20232807.
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The cephalic vein and basilic vein begin respectively from lateral and medial ends of the dorsal venous arch of hand. The basilic vein is confined to the medial side of upper limb and continues upwards as the axillary vein whereas the cephalic vein is confined to the lateral side of upper limb and drains into the axillary vein. The aforesaid veins communicate with one another through the median cubital vein that lies in the roof of cubital fossa. The superficial veins are used for venepuncture, cardiac catheterization, bypass grafting and arteriovenous fistula for hemodynamic access. The authors chanced upon a variation in the cephalic and basilic veins in the right upper limb of a cadaver of a sixty years old female dying due to natural causes. The cadaver was used for routine dissection classes of first year MBBS students in a medical college of Eastern India. The cephalic and basilic veins of the said cadaver joined with each other in the cubital fossa. The brachial vein began from the point of union of the two former superficial veins and the single brachial vein replaced the paired brachial veins which is usually the norm.
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Travers, J. P., C. M. Dalton, D. M. Baker, and G. S. Makin. "Biochemical and Histological Analysis of Collagen and Elastin Content and Smooth Muscle Density in Normal and Varicose Veins." Phlebology: The Journal of Venous Disease 7, no. 3 (September 1992): 97–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026835559200700303.
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Objective: Determination of the ratio of collagen and elastin to protein content of varicose/non-varicose veins from calf and determination of collagen, elastin and smooth muscle density of varicose/non-varicose vein walls. Design: Prospective study; control vein samples obtained from amputees for ischaemic vascular disease and varicose vein samples obtained from an equivalent Position following surgical stripping. Setting: Departments of Human Morphology and Vascular Surgery, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, UK. Patients: Seven patients with no evidence of venous disease treated by amputation of the lower limb for vascular disease and 12 patients treated for varicose veins by ligation and stripping of the long saphenous vein. Interventions: Vein sections were examined biochemically and histologically using stereological techniques. Main outcome measures: Biochemical quanitfication of collagen, elastin and protein and stereological analysis of collagen, elastin and smooth muscle density of varicose and non-varicose veins. Results: There was no difference between the collagen/Protein or elastin/protein ratio in varicose and normal veins but there was a significant increase in muscle density with corresponding decrease in collagen and elastin density in the walls of varicose veins compared with non-varicose vein controls. Conclusions: There were no differences in the collagen or elastin content of varicose veins when compared with non-varicose veins. Smooth muscle hypertrophy occurs in varicose veins, which appears to disrupt the collagen/elastin lattice of the vein wall.
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Taccoen, A., C. Lebard, and F. Zuccarelli. "Laser Doppler Flux in Normal and Varicose Long Saphenous Vein Wall." Phlebology: The Journal of Venous Disease 11, no. 4 (December 1996): 146–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026835559601100404.
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Objective: To assess the wall perfusion in normal and varicose veins. Design: Observational study. Setting: Departments of vascular surgery of private and public hospitals. Patients: Twenty-seven patients undergoing vein surgery (43 long saphenous veins) and eight controls operated on for femoral-popliteal bypass. Methods: Laser Doppler flowmetry assessing long saphenous vein wall perfusion 3 cm below the saphenofemoral junction. Results: Significantly reduced wall perfusion was shown in varicose long saphenous veins compared with normal veins: 16.3 (SD 10.3) versus 45.4 (SD 14.9); p<0.001. Conclusion: Our data suggest a primary or secondary role for lower perfusion within the vein wall in varicose veins.
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Parihar, Shweta, ,. Sarswati, ,. Chattarpal, and Devender Sharma. "A Brief Review on Herbs Used in the Treatment of Varicose Veins." Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 12, no. 1 (January 15, 2022): 158–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v12i1.5161.
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A weakening of the venous valves and walls is a common cause of varicose veins. Blood might flow back and pool in veins due to damaged valves, causing them to enlarge. Weakened vein walls are longer, broader, and less elastic than normal, causing valve flaps to split, resulting in increased blood pooling and twisted veins. Primary varicose veins are characterised by valvular incompetence and reflux, which have long been assumed to be the cause. Recent research, on the other hand, reveals that valve dysfunction may be preceded by alterations in the vein wall. This condition is referred to as "Siragranthi" in Ayurvedic literature (ie.Varicose vein). As a result, the current review critically assesses the possible utility of herbal medications in the treatment of varicose veins.
Keywords- Herbal Plants, Varicose veins, Types, Pathophysiology
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Schmidt, Benjamin A., Matthias Guenther, Kai Halbritter, Jan Beyer, and Sebastian M. Schellong. "Interobserver Agreement of Centrally Adjudicated Venous Ultrasound Video Documents in Asymptomatic Patients after Hip and Knee Replacement." Blood 106, no. 11 (November 16, 2005): 3208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v106.11.3208.3208.
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Abstract Feasibility of venous ultrasound as an endpoint measure in multicenter trials critically depends on the type and quality of documents which can be assessed by central adjudication. We evaluated the offline assessability of standardized video documents of complete compression ultrasound (CCUS) in asymptomatic patients 7 days after hip or knee replacement. The study was performed at a single study center. Consecutive asymptomatic patients one week after hip or knee replacement were screened for deep vein thrombosis by complete compression ultrasound of proximal and distal veins including muscle veins by one trained sonographer. Examinations were recorded on video tape in a standardized format. Video sequences with an approximate duration of 60 seconds demonstrated femoral veins, popliteal veins, peroneal veins and tibial posterior veins, respectively. The video documents were digitized and electronically stored in a central adjudication unit. All videos were read by two independent readers, and veins were scored as normal, thrombotic or nonevaluable. All thrombotic findings were re-assessed by two senior readers according to the same protocol. Analysis of inter-observer agreement was performed by Cohen’s Kappa coefficient. Video documents of 300 legs were recorded in 150 patients. Documents of 10 patients (6.7%) or 13 legs (4.3%) were scored as non-evaluable by at least one reader. Reading A revealed 5.5% proximal DVT and 18.7% distal DVT including muscle vein thrombosis. Reading B revealed 4.1% and 23.6%, respectively. Kappa values for different types of DVT are given in the table. Conclusion: In a single center setting, interobserver agreement of centrally adjudicated standardized CCUS documents in the diagnosis of asymptomatic postoperative DVT is strong for all categories of DVT. It remains to be established how these figures will be affected by a multicenter setting. Interobserver Agreement Vein segment Kappa (95% CI) 1) Interobserver agreement according to number of legs (n=300) All vein segments 0.92 (0.84–0.99) Proximal deep vein segments 0.87 (0.70–1.00) Distal deep vein segments 0.84 (0.73–0.94) Femoral veins - Popliteal and confluent veins 0.87 (0.70–1.00) Peroneal veins 0.79 (0.60–0.99) Posterior tibial veins 0.83 (0.60–1.00) Calf muscle veins 0.77 (0.64–0.91) 2) Interobserver agreement according to number of patients (n=150) All vein segments 0.90 (0.81–0.99) Proximal deep vein segments 0.85 (0.65–1.00) Distal deep vein segments 0.81 (0.65–0.97)
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Samsonava, I. V., M. M. Galishevich, and S. A. Sushkou. "Expression of the proinflammatory marker CD34 in varicose leg veins." Phlebologie 44, no. 01 (January 2015): 19–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.12687/phleb2221-1-2015.
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Summary Objective: To study the CD34 expression in the leg veins with primary varicose veins. Material and Methods: The study included 18 patients with lower limbs varicose veins and deep vein valves insufficiency of C3 and C4 clinical classes (CEAP). To correct blood flow phlebectomy was accompanied by posterior tibial veins resection. Using immunohistochemistry, we compared the expression of CD34 in resected posterior tibial veins specimens and vena saphena magna distal fragment. Results: Posterior tibial veins wall in patients with lower limb varicosity and deep veins valves insufficiency vary the CD34 degree expression comparing with the control group. Total area of expression was significantly greater than in control sample. CD34 expression area was also significantly greater in vena saphena magna than in control group. CD34 expression comparison in the specimens from patients with varicose veins showed its significantly higher degree in the vena saphena magna than in tibial veins. Conclusion: With primary varicose veins superficial and deep leg veins develop unidirectional increase of CD34 expression, that can be assumed as a pathogenetic factors of further disease progression and involvement of deep vein valves.
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Hirokawa, Masayuki, Katsushi Oda, Akira Yamamoto, Hideaki Nishimori, Atsushi Hata, Takashi Fukutomi, Kunihiko Hirose, and Shiro Sasaguri. "Endoscopic Vein Surgery in Lower Extremities with VasoView System." Asian Cardiovascular and Thoracic Annals 8, no. 2 (June 2000): 146–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/021849230000800213.
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The VasoView system was used for endoscopic saphenous vein harvesting in 10 coronary artery bypass patients and for endoscopic subfascial division of perforating veins in 8 patients with varicose veins. In both procedures, the surface of the saphenous vein and the subfascial plane were dissected using the VasoView dissection cannula. An operative tunnel was subsequently created by inflating and deflating the balloon and maintained by carbon dioxide insufflation. The branches of the saphenous vein and the perforating veins were divided with bipolar scissors under endoscopic vision. In endoscopic saphenous vein harvesting, the mean graft length was 31.5 ± 7.5 cm and the mean number of skin incisions was 3 ± 1.2. In endoscopic subfascial division of perforating veins, 3.4 ± 1.7 veins were divided. The VasoView system is attributed with a decrease in complications after vein surgery in the lower extremities.
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Phalgunan, Vijisha, N. Mugunthan, Devi Jansi Rani, and J. Anbalagan. "A study of renal and gonadal vein variations." National Journal of Clinical Anatomy 01, no. 03 (July 2012): 125–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-3401679.
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Abstract Background and aims : The development of the renal veins is a complex process with many possible alternative patterns of formation. Variations of renal veins are usually clinically silent until discovered during venography, operation or autopsy. In the era of renal transplantation, a meticulous knowledge of anatomy and variational patterns of renal vein is mandatory. The present study is aimed at finding out the incidence of variations in the drainage pattern of renal vein and gonadal vein and to correlate its clinical and embryological significance. Materials and methods : Twenty cadavers (twelve males and eight females) of adult age procured from Mahatma Gandhi Medical College and Research Institute, Puducherry were included in the study. Renal and gonadal veins on both sides were dissected and the pattern of termination of the renal and gonadal veins were observed and studied on both sides. Results : Out of twenty cadavers, two male cadavers showed the presence of termination of right testicular vein into right renal vein and both right kidneys showed multiple right renal veins. In the remaining 18 cadavers both renal and gonadal veins terminated in normal pattern. Conclusion: In present study 10% incidence of variation of right testicular vein draining into right renal vein was found, with the associated presence of multiple renal veins. The knowledge of these variations would be of definite help to renal transplant surgeons and clinicians.
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S., Ispas, Dina C., Bulbuc I., Iliescu D.M., and Bordei P. "Morphological aspects of the pulmonary veins." ARS Medica Tomitana 20, no. 1 (February 1, 2014): 50–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/arsm-2014-0010.
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ABSTRACT Our study was performed on 21 cases, of which 12 were plastic casts and 9 were CT reconstruction. We found that, most frequently (68.75% of the cases), the pulmonary veins were formed by two roots, one superior and one inferior. In 28.13% of cases, the pulmonary veins were formed from three roots (superior, middle and inferior) and in only one case the superior right pulmonary vein had five roots. The venous roots confluence to form the corresponding trunk was at a distance of between 0.5-2 cm. The termination of the superior pulmonary veins was on the upper part of the anterior atrial wall, most commonly in its lateral side. The distance between the right pulmonary veins was between 0.4-3 cm. The inferior pulmonary veins ended on the infero-lateral part of the posterior atrial wall. The distance between the left pulmonary veins was 1.2-3.4 cm. Among the variation in number of the pulmonary veins we met: three cases with three right pulmonary veins and one case when the inferior right pulmonary vein joined terminally the inferior left pulmonary vein, forming a single venous trunk. Supplementary pulmonary veins were encountered only on the right; in one case there were two posterior right pulmonary veins (superior and inferior), in the second case were anterior right pulmonary veins (superior and inferior) and in a third case were three veins, superior, middle and inferior
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de Cossart, Linda. "Quantitative Measurement of Plasminogen Activator in Soleal Veins." Phlebology: The Journal of Venous Disease 1, no. 2 (September 1986): 119–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026835558600100205.
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Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) in the lower limb has been associated with a low level of circulating plasminogen activator (pa) and low levels of pa in the superficial hand veins of affected patients. Little is known of the pa level in the veins commonly affected by DVT. Immediately after amputation of limbs for rest pain samples of soleal veins ( n = 9) and long saphenous vein (LSV) ( n = 9) were obtained and frozen in liquid nitrogen. Six normal veins from the groins of patients having hernia repairs were taken as controls. The median activity in the soleal veins was 6796 (range 2232 to 21 570), significantly different from the LSV 1675 range (777-119) P= >0.01, Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test. The normal vein activity median was 11 221 (range 7717 to 13 410). The level of pa in the soleal veins was considerably higher than might be expected in the veins most commonly affected by DVT.
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Tang, Tjun Y., Harsha P. Rathnaweera, Jia W. Kam, Tze T. Chong, Edward C. Choke, and Yih K. Tan. "Endovenous cyanoacrylate glue to treat varicose veins and chronic venous insufficiency—Experience gained from our first 100+ truncal venous ablations in a multi-ethnic Asian population using the Medtronic VenaSeal™ Closure System." Phlebology: The Journal of Venous Disease 34, no. 8 (January 28, 2019): 543–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0268355519826008.
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Objectives The aim of this prospective single-centre study is to assess the effectiveness and patient experience of the VenaSeal™ Closure System, a novel non-thermal, non-tumescent catheter technique, which uses cyanoacrylate glue to occlude the refluxing truncal superficial veins to treat varicose veins and chronic venous insufficiency, in a multi-ethnic Asian population from Singapore. Methods Seventy-seven patients (93 legs; 103 procedures) underwent VenaSeal™ Closure System ablation. Forty-nine (63.6%) for great saphenous vein incompetence, 16 (20.8%) bilateral great saphenous vein, 2 (2.6%) small saphenous vein and 10 (13.0%) combined unilateral great saphenous vein and small saphenous vein/anterior thigh vein reflux. In addition, 65/93 legs (69.9%) had C4–C6 disease. Patients were reviewed at 2 weeks, 3, 6 and 12 months post-procedure. Results There was 100% technical success. 28/77 (36.4%) underwent concomitant phlebectomies. All procedures were well tolerated with a mean post-operative pain score of 3.0 (range: 0–5). After three months, median patient satisfaction was 9.0 (interquartile range: 7.0–10.0). At two-week follow-up, the great saphenous vein was completely occluded in 88/88 (100%) veins and small saphenous vein completely closed in 11/11 (100%) veins. At three-month follow-up, the great saphenous vein was occluded in 51/53 (96.2%) veins and small saphenous vein completely closed in 5/5 (100%) veins. At six-month follow-up, the great saphenous vein was completely occluded in 42/45 (93.3%) veins and small saphenous vein completely closed in 5/7 (71.4%) veins. At one year, great saphenous vein and small saphenous vein occlusion rates were 54/59 (91.5%) and 5/8 (62.5%), respectively. There was one deep vein thrombosis. Transient superficial phlebitis was reported in 10/93 (10.8%) legs, which were all self-limiting. There were 9/103 (8.7%) anatomical recurrences, but no patients required re-intervention as they were asymptomatic. Conclusions Cyanoacrylate glue is a safe and efficacious modality to ablate refluxing saphenous veins in Asian patients in the short term. There is a high satisfaction rate and peri-procedural pain is low. Early results are promising but further evaluation and longer term follow-up are required.
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Lv, W., X.-J. Wu, M. Collins, Z.-L. Han, and X. Jin. "Analysis of a Series of Patients with Varicose Vein Recurrence." Journal of International Medical Research 40, no. 3 (June 2012): 1156–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/147323001204000336.
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OBJECTIVE: Varicose veins of the lower extremities is a common clinical condition. Although surgical treatment is often successful, the recurrence rate remains high. This retrospective study evaluated the reasons for postoperative recurrence of varicose veins by analysing ultrasonography and venography findings in patients with recurrent disease. METHODS: A series of consecutive cases of recurrent varicose veins of the lower limbs was reviewed. Data collected included clinical characteristics, symptoms and vascular imaging. RESULTS: The study included 109 legs with recurrent varicose veins (92 patients): 101/109 legs (92.7%) showed perforating vein insufficiency and 86/109 (78.9%) showed reflux of the superficial femoral vein, of varying degrees of severity. Residual saphenous vein was recorded for 82 legs (75.2%), while 19 (17.4%) had blocked iliac veins due to post-thrombotic syndrome. CONCLUSIONS: Several factors that may contribute to varicose vein recurrence have been identified. These include failure to ligate perforating veins and initial failure to perform the appropriate surgical intervention. Prevention of varicose vein recurrence after surgical correction requires a more extensive use of preoperative imaging, to tailor surgical intervention to suit individual patients.
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Ozudogru, Z., Z. Soyguder, G. Aksoy, and H. Karadag. "A macroscopical investigation of the portal veins of the Van cat ." Veterinární Medicína 50, No. 2 (March 28, 2012): 77–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/5599-vetmed.
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In this study veins that constituted the portal vein were investigated in eight adult Van cats. The portal vein of the Van cat was composed of five peripheral branches which supplied the abdominal organs and two intrahepatic branches at the hepatic porta. The peripheral branches were cranial mesenteric, splenic, gastroduodenal, right gastric and cystic veins. The cranial mesenteric vein was the largest vessel that joined to the portal vein, and was constituted by the caudal pancreaticoduodenal, ileal, ileocolic and jejunal veins. The splenic vein was formed by the left gastric, left gastroepiploic, pancreatic and short gastric veins. The gastroduodenal vein was formed by the cranial pancreaticoduodenal and right gastroepiploic veins. The right gastric vein separately joined to the portal vein. The caudal mesenteric vein joined to the portal vein either alone or by a common trunk receiving either the caudal pancreaticoduodenal vein or ileocolic vein. The caudal mesenteric vein also opened rarely into the splenic vein. Intrahepatic branches were the right branch which gave off the ramus caudatus and ramus dexter lateralis, and the left branch which gave off the ramus dexter medialis, ramus quadratus, ramus sinister lateralis and ramus sinister medialis.
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Vuylsteke, M., J. Van Dorpe, J. Roelens, Th De Bo, and S. Mordon. "Endovenous laser treatment: a morphological study in an animal model." Phlebology: The Journal of Venous Disease 24, no. 4 (July 20, 2009): 166–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/phleb.2009.008070.
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Objectives The destruction induced during endovenous laser treatment (ELT) of the saphenous vein and the perivenous tissue in an animal model (goats) was analysed. Differences in vein wall destruction produced by two laser types, the 980 and 1500 nm diode lasers, were evaluated histologically. Methods In 14 goats, 28 lateral saphenous veins were treated with ELT. In 14 veins we used the 980 nm diode laser and in the remnant a 1500 nm laser. Postoperatively the veins were removed at different stages and sent for histological examination. Results Immediately removed veins after ELT show an uneven destruction of the vein wall. Veins harvested one week postoperatively show inflammatory tissue at their periphery. Two and three weeks postoperatively, organization is very extensive. In some cases, recanalization begins in a semi-lunar manner at the contralateral side of the laser hit. Veins treated with a 980 nm laser show deeper ulceration with more perivenous tissue destruction compared with veins treated with a 1500 nm diode laser. Conclusions The ELT of veins produces an unevenly distributed damage. The cell necrosis is far more extensive than expected. Uneven vein wall destruction can lead to recanalization. Using a 1500 nm laser correlates with less penetrating ulcerations and more circumferential damage.
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Vasic, Dragan, Lazar Davidovic, Zivan Maksimovic, Aleksandra Crni, Miroslav Markovic, and Sinisa Pejkic. "Primary varicose veins: Frequency, clinical significance and surgical treatment." Srpski arhiv za celokupno lekarstvo 132, no. 11-12 (2004): 398–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sarh0412398v.
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INTRODUCTION According to the definition of the World Health Organization, varicose veins represent abnormally enlarged superficial veins having baggy or cylindrical shape. The most frequent cause of primary varicose veins is the insufficiency of long saphenous vein (LSV), but especially the basin of its connection with femoral vein and perforating veins. OBJECTIVE The objectives of these investigations were: the determination of insufficiency incidence of SSV in cases of LSV insufficiency; the establishment of association of insufficiency of perforating veins of the basin of LSV and SSV; the study of the results of surgical treatment of insufficiency and varicosity of both short and long saphenous veins. METHODS In this study, 100 patients (66 women and 34 men), average age 52.1 years, with clinical symptoms showing the insufficiency and varicosity of long saphenous vein with no change of deep vein system were examined. Ultrasonographic examinations were made using Color Doppler probes - 7.5 and 3.75 MHz (Toshiba Corevison SSA 350 A); the development of incompetence of long saphenous vein (LSV) and short saphenous vein (SSV) at the level of the junction as well as other incompetent valves were examined. The reflux was defined as a retrograde flow of the duration longer than 0.5 seconds. RESULTS The insufficiency of short saphenous vein was determined by ultrasonographic examination in 34%, while the insufficiency of perforating veins in 80% of patients. 40% of patients were operated (33.3% of females, and 52.9% of males). The most frequent indications for surgical treatment of superficial veins insufficiency were: strong varicosities, clear symptoms and signs, superficial thrombophlebitis and conditions after superficial thrombophlebitis. Surgical treatment was applied in 16% of patients due to recurrence in the basin of long saphenous vein, and in 6% of cases because of the recurrence in the basin of short saphenous vein. Data analysis failed to discover any statistically significant difference between the age of patients and varicosities in the basin of long saphenous vein as well as in the basin of short saphenous vein (51.98?9.97 years; 54.50?31.82 years; t=0.36; p>0.05), or any significant difference of BMI value, with regard to the obesity of patients and varicosities in the basin of long saphenous vein as well as in the basin of short saphenous vein (28.02?4.61 kg/m2; 24.50?6.36 kg/m2; t=0.50; p>0.05). No statistically significant correlation was found between Color Duplex findings of insufficiency of both long saphenous vein and short saphenous vein (p=-0.21 ; p>0.05), nor any significant correlation of Color Duplex findings of perforating veins insufficiency in the basin of long saphenous vein and short saphenous vein (p=-0.115; p>0.05). CONCLUSION The incidence of insufficiency is significant: approximately every third patient has short saphenous vein insufficiency, while three third of patients have perforating veins insufficiency. Color Duplex limb's veins ultrasonography is highly reliable method for the examination and study of superficial veins diseases, which is very important for preoperative decision-making and selection of surgical technique as well as for postoperative follow-up.
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Krnic and Sucic. "Bipolar radiofrequency induced thermotherapy and 1064 nm Nd:Yag laser in endovenous occlusion of insufficient veins: short term follow up results." Vasa 40, no. 3 (May 1, 2011): 235–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/0301-1526/a000098.
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Background: The aim of this study is to report our results in main stem vein closure using the bipolar radiofrequency induced thermotherapy (RFITT) system and the 1064nm Nd:Yag laser. Patients and methods: 44 incompetent main stem veins (37 great saphenous veins, one lesser saphenous vein, and 6 anterior accessory saphenous veins) in 29 patients were treated using RFITT. 53 incompetent main stem veins (45 great saphenous veins, 4 lesser saphenous veins, and 4 anterior accessory saphenous veins) in 43 patients were treated endovenously with 1064 nm Nd:Yag laser. All patients underwent postoperative duplex scanning within a month after procedure, as well as a short interview regarding postoperative discomfort. Results: In main stem veins treated with RFITT, the success rate within the first month was 86,4 % (38 out of 44 veins). Complete failure rate was 13,6 % (6 out of 44 veins). In 53 main stem veins treated by 1064 nm Nd:Yag laser, the success rate was 100 %, consisting of 98,1 % complete success (52/53 veins), and 1,9 % partial success (1/53 veins). None of the patients treated with RFITT experienced postoperative adverse effects, whereas 13/43 (30,2 %) patients treated with laser had to use oral analgesics after the treatment, and 21/43 (48,8 %) patients reported transient skin changes, such as bruising or skin redness. Conclusions: RFITT system was fairly efficient in the short term for closure of main trunk veins, whereas longer term results are still scarce. Postoperative side effects of RFITT were minimal. 1064nm Nd:Yag laser, according to short term results, proved to be very effective for main stem vein closure. Postoperative side effects related to 1064 nm Nd:Yag endovenous laser treatment proved to be minor, transient, and acceptable.
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Chaynes, Patrick. "Microsurgical anatomy of the great cerebral vein of Galen and its tributaries." Journal of Neurosurgery 99, no. 6 (December 2003): 1028–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/jns.2003.99.6.1028.
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Object. The deep cerebral veins may pose a major obstacle in operative approaches to deep-seated lesions, especially in the pineal region where multiple veins converge on the great cerebral vein of Galen. Because undesirable sequelae may occur from such surgery, the number of veins and branches to be sacrificed during these approaches should kept to a minimum. The purpose of this study was to examine venous drainage into the vein of Galen with a view to surgical approaches. If a vein hampering surgical access must be sacrificed, it can therefore be selected according to the smallest draining territory. Methods. The deep cerebral veins and their surrounding neural structures were examined in 50 cerebral hemispheres from 25 adult cadavers in which the arteries and veins had been perfused with red and blue silicone, respectively. Special consideration was given to the size and location of drainage of the vein of Galen and its tributaries. Conclusions. When a surgeon approaches the pineal region, several veins may hamper the access route. From posterior to anterior, these include the following: the superior vermian and the precentral or superior cerebellar veins, which drain into the posteroinferior aspect of the vein of Galen; and the tectal and pineal veins, which drain into its anterosuperior aspect. The internal occipital vein is the main vessel draining into the lateral aspect of the vein of Galen. It may be joined by the posterior pericallosal vein, and in that case has an extensive territory. To avoid intraoperative venous infarction, it is important to use angiography to determine the venous organization before surgery and to estimate the permeability and size of the branches of the deep venous system.
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Biehs, B., M. A. Sturtevant, and E. Bier. "Boundaries in the Drosophila wing imaginal disc organize vein-specific genetic programs." Development 125, no. 21 (November 1, 1998): 4245–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.125.21.4245.
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Previous studies have suggested that vein primordia in Drosophila form at boundaries along the A/P axis between discrete sectors of the larval wing imaginal disc. Genes involved in initiating vein development during the third larval instar are expressed either in narrow stripes corresponding to vein primordia or in broader ‘provein’ domains consisting of cells competent to become veins. In addition, genes specifying the alternative intervein cell fate are expressed in complementary intervein regions. The regulatory relationships between genes expressed in narrow vein primordia, in broad provein stripes and in interveins remains unknown, however. In this manuscript, we provide additional evidence for veins forming in narrow stripes at borders of A/P sectors. These experiments further suggest that narrow vein primordia produce secondary short-range signal(s), which activate expression of provein genes in a broad pattern in neighboring cells. We also show that crossregulatory interactions among genes expressed in veins, proveins and interveins contribute to establishing the vein-versus-intervein pattern, and that control of gene expression in vein and intervein regions must be considered on a stripe-by-stripe basis. Finally, we present evidence for a second set of vein-inducing boundaries lying between veins, which we refer to as paravein boundaries. We propose that veins develop at both vein and paravein boundaries in more ‘primitive’ insects, which have up to twice the number of veins present in Drosophila. We present a model in which different A/P boundaries organize vein-specific genetic programs to govern the development of individual veins.
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Richardson, G. D., T. C. Beckwith, and M. Sheldon. "Ultrasound Windows to Abdominal and Pelvic Veins." Phlebology: The Journal of Venous Disease 6, no. 2 (June 1991): 111–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026835559100600210.
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While ultrasound examination of leg veins has been largely accepted, assessment of the pelvic and lower abdominal veins has been largely ignored. The problem here is that the pelvic region contains important veins, which require assessment for deep vein thrombosis and pelvic and vulval varices, but these are superimposed by abdominal viscera. The need to assess the veins of the lower abdomen and pelvic cavity prompted us to develop a reproduceable technique of ‘windowing’ into the abdomen and pelvis to view certain veins. To view a certain vein, a nominated angle of approach from a particular anatomical point with the patient in a specific position will under most circumstances provide a sonic ‘window’ to that vein. There are eight of these such windows that can, in competent hands, be used to assess a variety of pelvic and lower abdominal veins.
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Moreira, Ricardo C. Rocha, Márcio Miyamotto, Ramzi Abdallah El-Hosni Jr., and Barbara D’Agnoluzzo Moreira. "The role of transillumination phleboscopy in the planning of cosmetic operations for varicose veins." Jornal Vascular Brasileiro 8, no. 4 (December 2009): 313–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1677-54492009000400006.
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Background: The cosmetic treatment of varicose veins is the main activity of most vascular surgeons in Brazil. In order to obtain satisfactory cosmetic results, careful planning of varicose vein operations is necessary. Objective: Marking (or "mapping") the varicose veins with indelible ink is an essential step in planning cosmetic surgeries for lower limb varicose veins. In the present study, the role of transcutaneous phleboscopy (TcPh) in planning varicose vein operations is evaluated. Methods: A series of 100 consecutive patients, all female, were evaluated with TcPH as part of their varicose vein operations planning. A total of 171 limbs with varicose veins (71 bilateral and 29 unilateral) were evaluated. The process of marking the varicose veins followed the same protocol in all cases. Firstly, the varicose veins were marked by inspection and palpation, with the patient standing, using an indelible black ink pen. Secondly, with the patients resting in supine and prone positions, the varicose veins detected with TcPh were marked again with red or blue ink. The marks made by the two methods were then compared. Results: In 41 patients, for a total of 80 limbs (46.8%), the marks were altered after use of TcPh. Reasons for such changes were: 1) identification of other varicose veins; 2) identification of reticular veins draining complex telangiectasias; and 3) changes in the position of the marks placed with the patient standing. Conclusions: TcPh has altered the planning of varicose vein surgeries in 46.8% of all limbs evaluated, especially when the patients had complex telangiectasias, associated with reticular varicose veins.
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Sugiyama, Kazuki, Yoshihiro Kubota, and Osamu Mochizuki. "Circuit analogy unveiled the haemodynamic effects of the posterior cross vein in the wing vein networks." PLOS ONE 19, no. 4 (April 2, 2024): e0301030. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0301030.
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We investigated the wing vein network topology in fruit flies and observed that the posterior cross vein (PCV) disrupts the symmetry of the entire network. The fluidic engineering function of this vein’s disposition remains unexplored although the wing vein network is known to transport blood. We examined the fluid mechanical effects of the PCV’s disposition on this blood-transporting network through numerical simulations involving the removal and rearrangement of the vein, avoiding impractical physical manipulation. We characterised the geometry of each wing membrane cell, a portion of the wing membrane surrounded by a group of veins, by determining the ratio of its surface area to the contact area with the veins. We considered this ratio in association with the flow velocities of seeping water from the blood within the veins to the membrane and evaporating water from the membrane, based on the mass conservation law. We observed that the division of a membrane cell by the PCV maximises the ratio of the areas in the divided cell on the wing-tip side by virtually shifting this vein’s connections in our geometric membrane model. We derived blood flow rate and pressure loss within the venous network from their geometry, using an analogy of the venous network with a circuit consisting of hydraulic resistors based on Kirchhoff and Ohm’s laws. The overall pressure loss in the network decreased by 20% with the presence of the PCV functioning as a paralleled hydraulic resistor. By contrast, any other cross-vein computationally arranged on another membrane cell as the PCV’s substitution did not exhibit a larger reduction in the pressure loss. Overall, our numerical analyses, leveraging geometry and a circuit analogy, highlighted the effects of the PCV’s presence and position on the blood-transporting vein network.
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Colman, T. B., and A. K. Appleby. "Volcanogenic quartz-magnetite-hematite veins, Snowdon, North Wales." Mineralogical Magazine 55, no. 379 (June 1991): 257–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/minmag.1991.055.379.14.
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AbstractIn the Ordovician Snowdon Volcanic Group caldera quartz-magnetite-hematite-pyrite assemblages occur in a breccia vein in rhyolitic tuff and vein swarms in basalt. The veins developed pre-cleavage. Elevated levels of tin and tungsten in the veins, and of fluorine in the wall rocks, suggest a magmatic contribution to the mineralising fluids. The chemistry of the veins differs from that of the base-metal sulphide veins found elsewhere in the caldera.
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Akulova, A. A., V. L. Soroka, D. V. Bondarchuk, A. E. Solomakhin, and K. V. Lobastov. "Dilatation of suprapubic veins as a manifestation of pelvic varicose veins: description of a clinical case." Ambulatornaya khirurgiya = Ambulatory Surgery (Russia) 20, no. 2 (November 21, 2023): 54–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.21518/akh2023-023.
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The presence of dilated suprapubic veins (suprapubic shunt) is considered to be a classic symptom of post-thrombotic and non-thrombotic venous outflow obstruction. Meanwhile, the descriptions of isolated cases of the creation of a suprapubic shunt during pregnancy in women with pelvic varicose disease are presented in the literature. We present a clinical case report of successful treatment of pelvic varicose disease with the presence of dilated veins in the suprapubic region. A 33-year-old patient complained of the presence of varicose veins in the lower extremities, in the perineum and suprapubic region, heaviness and pain in the lower extremities, a periodic heavy feeling and burning in the varicose vein area, painful menstruation and pain during intercourse. The symptoms appeared and progressed during four pregnancies, after the last one the patient noted the appearance of dilated veins in the suprapubic region. The ultrasound angiography of the lower extremity veins revealed valvular incompetence of the saphenofemoral junction and the trunks of the great saphenous vein bilaterally, the left anterior accessory saphenous vein, signs of pelvioperineal reflux, dilated veins of the perineum and round ligament of the uterus. The first stage surgery involved phlebography and embolization of the ovarian veins bilaterally. The patient showed positive response to treatment, which resulted in relief of dyspareunia and reduction of algodismenorrhea. The second stage surgery involved endovenous laser coagulation of the trunks of the great saphenous vein bilaterally and the left anterior accessory saphenous vein. Varicose vein tributaries on the lower extremities were removed by means of miniphlebectomy, while varicose veins of the perineum and suprapubic region were obliterated by foam sclerotherapy. Three months after the intervention, the patient had a stable obliteration of all target veins, clinical improvement, disappearance of dilated veins in the suprapubic region, regression of pain in the lower extremities and complete relief of dyspareunia and algodismenorrhea. Thus, the presence of varicose veins in the suprapubic region can be not only a consequence of venous obstruction, but also a symptom of pelvic varicose disease. If a suprapubic shunt is identified, a detailed examination of the patient, including imaging methods for evaluating abdominal or pelvic veins is required. The results of the tests will help develop an individual treatment plan.
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Earnshaw, J. J., B. Davies, K. Harradine, and B. P. Heather. "Preliminary Results of PTFE Patch Saphenoplasty to Prevent Neovascularization Leading to Recurrent Varicose Veins." Phlebology: The Journal of Venous Disease 13, no. 1 (March 1998): 10–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026835559801300103.
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Objective: Recurrence is common after varicose vein surgery. Neovascularization may be one cause of recurrent veins. This was a study of PTFE patch saphenoplasty to try and prevent recurrent veins. Design and setting: Prospective cohort study of patients treated in a vascular surgical unit. Patients and interventions: Fifty patients having surgery for symptomatic long saphenous varicose veins (66 legs, 51 primary and 15 recurrent veins) had a PTFE patch sutured over the saphenous opening after flush saphenofemoral ligation. Main outcome measures: The rate of varicose vein recurrence and neovascularization 1 year after surgery were determined using clinical examination and venous duplex imaging. Results: Forty patients (80%) remained pleased with the results of their surgery. Recurrent veins were visible in 14 (21%) legs: 10 were principally due to neovascularization, two to sapheno-popliteal incompetence and two to an incompetent mid-thigh perforating vein. Three other legs had neovascularization but no recurrent veins. Both recurrent veins (47% versus 14%) and neovascularization (40% versus 14%) were significantly more common in patients having surgery for recurrent veins. Conclusions: PTFE patching was safe but did not abolish neovascularization. Neovascularization was the principal cause of recurrent veins in this study and perseverance with investigations into other barrier methods is worthwhile.
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van der Wijk, Anne-Eva, Malou PH Schreurs, and Marilyn J. Cipolla. "Pregnancy Causes Diminished Myogenic Tone and Outward Hypotrophic Remodeling of the Cerebral Vein of Galen." Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism 33, no. 4 (January 2, 2013): 542. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/jcbfm.2012.199.
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Pregnancy increases the risk of several complications associated with the cerebral veins, including thrombosis and hemorrhage. In contrast to the cerebral arteries and arterioles, few studies have focused on the effect of pregnancy on the cerebral venous side. Here, we investigated for the first time the effect of pregnancy on the function and structure of the cerebral vein of Galen in rats. Our major finding was that cerebral veins from late-pregnant (LP, n = 11) rats had larger lumen diameters and thinner walls than veins from nonpregnant (NP, n = 13) rats, indicating that pregnancy caused outward hypotrophic remodeling of the vein of Galen. Moreover, veins from NP animals had a small amount of myogenic tone at 10 mm Hg (3.9 ± 1.0%) that was diminished in veins during pregnancy (0.8 ± 0.3%; P < 0.01). However, endothelium-dependent and -independent vasodilation of the veins was unchanged during pregnancy. Using immunohistochemistry, we show that the vein of Galen receives perivascular innervation, and that serotonergic innervation of cerebral veins is significantly higher in veins from LP animals. Outward hypotrophic remodeling and diminished tone of cerebral veins during pregnancy may contribute to the development of venous pathology through elevated wall tension and wall stress, and possibly by promoting venous blood stasis.
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Uhl, Jean-François, and Claude Gillot. "Anatomy of the veno-muscular pumps of the lower limb." Phlebology: The Journal of Venous Disease 30, no. 3 (January 10, 2014): 180–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0268355513517686.
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Objective To study the anatomy of the veno-muscular pumps of the lower limb, particularly the calf pump, the most powerful of the lower limb, and to confirm its crucial importance in venous return. Methods In all, 400 cadaveric limbs were injected with green Neoprene latex followed by an anatomical dissection. Results The foot pump is the starter of the venous return. The calf pump can be divided into two anatomical parts: the leg pump located in the veins of the soleus muscle and the popliteal pump ending in the popliteal vein with the unique above-knee collector of the medial gastrocnemial veins. At the leg level, the lateral veins of the soleus are the bigger ones. They drain vertically into the fibular veins. The medial veins of the soleus, smaller, join the posterior tibial veins horizontally. At the popliteal level, medial gastrocnemial veins are the largest veins, which end uniquely as a large collector into the popliteal vein above the knee joint. This explains the power of the gastrocnemial pump: during walking, the high speed of the blood ejection during each muscular systole acts like a nozzle creating a powerful jet into the popliteal vein. This also explains the aspiration (Venturi) effect on the deep veins below. Finally, the thigh pump of the semimembranosus muscles pushes the blood of the deep femoral vein together with the quadriceps veins into the common femoral vein. Conclusion The veno-muscular pumps of the lower limb create a chain of events by their successive activation during walking. They play the role of a peripheral heart, which combined with venous valves serve to avoid gravitational reflux during muscular diastole. A stiffness of the ankle or/and the dispersion of the collectors inside the gastrocnemius could impair this powerful pump and so worsen venous return, causing development of severe chronic venous insufficiency.
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de Haan, M. W., J. C. J. M. Veraart, H. A. M. Neumann, and P. A. F. A. van Neer. "Recurrent varicose veins below the knee after varicose vein surgery." Phlebologie 36, no. 03 (2007): 132–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1622175.
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SummaryThe objectives of this observational study were to investigate whether varicography has additional value to CFDI in clarifying the nature and source of recurrent varicose veins below the knee after varicose vein surgery and to investigate the possible role of incompetent perforating veins (IPV) in these recurrent varicose veins. Patients, material, methods: 24 limbs (21 patients) were included. All patients were assessed by a preoperative clinical examination and CFDI (colour flow duplex imaging). Re-evaluation (clinical and CFDI) was done two years after surgery and varicography was performed. Primary endpoint of the study was the varicographic pattern of these visible varicose veins. Secondary endpoint was the connection between these varicose veins and incompetent perforating veins. Results: In 18 limbs (75%) the varicose veins were part of a network, in six limbs (25%) the varicose vein appeared to be a solitary vein. In three limbs (12.5%) an incompetent sapheno-femoral junction was found on CFDI and on varicography in the same patients. In 10 limbs (41%) the varicose veins showed a connection with the persistent below knee GSV on varicography. In nine of these 10 limbs CFDI also showed reflux of this below knee GSV. In four limbs (16%) the varicose veins showed a connection with the small saphenous vein (SSV). In three limbs this reflux was dtected with CFDI after surgery. An IPV was found to be the proximal point of the varicose vein in six limbs (25%) and half of these IPV were detected with CFDI as well. Conclusion: Varicography has less value than CFDI in detecting the source of reflux in patients with recurrent varicose veins after surgery, except in a few cases where IPV are suspected to play a role and CFDI is unable to detect these IPV.
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Thomas, M. Lea, and G. Solis. "The Phlebographic Distribution of Deep Venous Thrombosis in the Calf and its Relevance to Duplex Ultrasound." Phlebology: The Journal of Venous Disease 7, no. 2 (June 1992): 64–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026835559200700204.
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Objective: To assess the distribution of deep vein thrombosis in the calf by phlebography. Setting: Department of Vascular Radiology, St. Thomas' Hospital, London, England. Patients: Seventy patients with suspected deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism were examined. Interventions: Bilateral ascending contrast phlebography was performed in all patients. Main Outcome Measures: The sites of any thrombus in the stem or muscle veins of the calf below the popliteal vein were recorded. Results: One hundred legs contained thrombus. In fifty-three legs thrombus was present solely in the calf veins below the popliteal vein. Isolated thrombus in either one or more of the three paired stem veins or the muscle veins was present in twenty-two calves. Conclusions: Because of the difficulty in visualising some calf veins by duplex ultrasound it is suggested that a detailed knowledge of the distribution of thrombus may assist ultrasonographers.
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Silva, M., J. Henriques, J. Silva, V. Camargos, and P. Moreira. "Venous arrangement of the head and neck in humans - anatomic variability and its clinical inferences." Journal of Morphological Sciences 33, no. 01 (January 2016): 022–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4322/jms.093815.
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Abstract Introduction: The knowledge of morphological variations of the veins of the head and neck is essential for health professionals, both for diagnostic procedures as for clinical and surgical planning. This study described changes in the following structures: retromandibular vein and its divisions, including the relationship with the facial nerve, facial vein, common facial vein and jugular veins. Material and Methods: The variations of the veins were analyzed in three heads, five hemi-heads (right side) and two hemi-heads (left side) of unknown age and sex. Results: The changes only on the right side of the face were: union between the superficial temporal and maxillary veins at a lower level; absence of the common facial vein and facial vein draining into the external jugular vein. While on the left, only, it was noted: posterior division of retromandibular, after unite with the common facial vein, led to the internal jugular vein; union between the posterior auricular and common facial veins to form the external jugular and union between posterior auricular and common facial veins to terminate into internal jugular. The absence of the anterior and posterior divisions of retromandibular vein was observed on both sides of the face. Conclusion: These findings provide relevant informations about important vessels of the head and neck and will contribute to the appropriate clinical and / or surgical planning, aiming at the preservation of important structures.
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Hoffmann, Jordan, Seth Donoughe, Kathy Li, Mary K. Salcedo, and Chris H. Rycroft. "A simple developmental model recapitulates complex insect wing venation patterns." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 40 (September 17, 2018): 9905–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1721248115.
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Insect wings are typically supported by thickened struts called veins. These veins form diverse geometric patterns across insects. For many insect species, even the left and right wings from the same individual have veins with unique topological arrangements, and little is known about how these patterns form. We present a large-scale quantitative study of the fingerprint-like “secondary veins.” We compile a dataset of wings from 232 species and 17 families from the order Odonata (dragonflies and damselflies), a group with particularly elaborate vein patterns. We characterize the geometric arrangements of veins and develop a simple model of secondary vein patterning. We show that our model is capable of recapitulating the vein geometries of species from other, distantly related winged insect clades.
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Beresford, T., J. J. Smith, L. Brown, R. M. Greenhalgh, and A. H. Davies. "A comparison of health-related quality of life of patients with primary and recurrent varicose veins." Phlebology: The Journal of Venous Disease 18, no. 1 (March 1, 2003): 35–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/026835503321236885.
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Aim: To determine whether recurrent varicose veins affect patient quality of life. The health-related quality of life (HRQL) scores of patients with recurrent varicose veins were compared with those of patients presenting with primary varicose vein disease. Methods: HRQL among patients attending outpatient appointments for recurrent and primary varicose veins was measured using the Aberdeen Varicose Vein Questionnaire (AVVQ) and the Short Form-36 General Health Survey (SF-36). Results: Questionnaires were given to 211 patients (150 primary, 61 recurrent), and 194 (133 primary, 61 recurrent) completed them. For the AVVQ, patients with recurrent varicose veins had significantly worse symptom scores compared with those with primary disease (24.87 ± 12.28 vs 17.77 ± 9.68, Mann-Whitney, P <0.01). The SF-36 recorded significantly worse HRQL (Mann-Whitney, P <0.05) for patients with recurrent varicose veins compared with those with primary varicose veins in all but one of the eight domains (role limitation attributed to emotional problems, RE, P = 0.073). Conclusion: Varicose vein recurrence is associated with a significantly worse HRQL than is found among patients with primary varicose veins.
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Kendler, M., J. Kratzsch, T. Wetzig, and J. C. Simon. "Sex steroid hormones are not altered in great saphenous veins after varicose vein treatment in male patients." Phlebology: The Journal of Venous Disease 29, no. 5 (March 18, 2013): 310–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0268355513478586.
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Objective: The objective of this study was to assess differences in blood samples (sex steroid hormone levels and blood counts) before and after surgical treatment of incompetent great saphenous veins (GSV) in males. Methods: Antecubital vein and GSV blood samples were taken from 11 men with varicose veins and GSV reflux before and after treatment. Six patients were treated with high ligation, stripping and phlebectomy. Five patients were treated with endoluminal radiofrequency ablation and phlebectomy. After a four-year follow-up period (FU) cubital vein and GSV blood samples were taken again. Results: In men with varicose veins, significantly higher ( P < 0.05) serum testosterone (median 25.18 nmol/L, range 8.82–225.1) and oestradiol (median 179 pmol/L, range 79–941) levels were found in the saphenous vein samples before and after the FU (testosterone 18.8 nmol/L, range 7.96–83.1, oestradiol 171 pmol/L range 125–304) compared with the cubital vein samples before therapy (testosterone 15.72 nmol/L, range 8.36–23.29; oestradiol 84 pmol/L, range 41–147) and after the FU (testosterone 14.5 nmol/L, range 6.10–22.2, oestradiol 117 pmol/L, range 95–165). After the FU, one patient demonstrated recurrent varicose veins with groin neovascularization. Another presented with axial reflux of the anterior accessory saphenous vein. Further differences in blood counts and serum androstenedione levels between the upper and lower extremities were not detected. Conclusion: The differences between testosterone and oestradiol levels in the leg veins compared with the cubital veins persist after treating men with refluxing saphenous veins. These results suggest that local hormone regulation may be different between leg and arm veins in men with varicose veins.
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Girish D Dahikar, Dipika D Giradkar, Shagufta A Khan, and Rajendra O Ganjiwale. "A review on remedies used in treatment of varicose veins and varicocele." GSC Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences 18, no. 2 (February 28, 2022): 244–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/gscbps.2022.18.2.0078.
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Varicose vein is clinical class of the (CVD) i.e. chronic venous disease, also called as the varicosities. Varicose veins are enlarged, swollen and twisting veins often appearing blue or dark purple. When valves in the veins do not work properly, the blood does not flow effectively. The expansion of varicose veins is often caused by a weakening of valves and walls. Generally varicose vein is found in females especially in case of pregnancy. Varicose veins generally found in lower extremity, leg and the epididymis. Epididymis is the highly convoluted duct behind the testis along which sperm passes to the vas deferens. A varicocele is an enlargement of the veins within the loose bag of skin that holds your testicles or scrotum. A varicocele is similar to a varicose vein you might see in your leg. Varicoceles are a common cause of low sperm production and decreased sperm quality, which can cause infertility. The aim of writing this review is to provide information about the varicose vein and varicocele the remedy to be used in its treatment and different tests available for its diagnosis.
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Gwozdzinski, Lukasz, Anna Pieniazek, Joanna Bernasinska-Slomczewska, Pawel Hikisz, and Krzysztof Gwozdzinski. "Alterations in the Plasma and Red Blood Cell Properties in Patients with Varicose Vein: A Pilot Study." Cardiology Research and Practice 2021 (June 30, 2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5569961.
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The varicose vein results from the inefficient functioning of the valves in the lower limb veins, making the blood flow slow down and leading to blood stasis and hypoxia. This type of vein dysfunction might be a result of the development of oxidative stress. We compared oxidative stress markers in the plasma and erythrocytes obtained from peripheral veins and varicose veins in the same patients (glutathione, nonenzymatic antioxidant capacity (NEAC), catalase (CAT) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity, thiols, thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance (TBARS), and protein carbonyls). We found a decrease in NEAC in the plasma obtained from the varicose veins compared to the peripheral veins. We detected a decrease in thiols in the plasma, hemolysate, and plasma membranes and increase in protein carbonyl compounds and TBARS levels in the varicose veins. These changes were accompanied by a decrease in CAT and AChE activity. For the first time, our results show changes in the plasma, erythrocyte membrane, and hemolysate protein properties in varicose vein blood in contrast to the plasma and erythrocytes in peripheral vein blood from the same patients. The increased oxidative stress accompanying varicose vein disease might result from the local inefficiency of the antioxidant defense system.
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Widagdo, Asmoro, I. Gde Sukadana, and Frederikus Dian Indrastomo. "Geological Structure Control on the Formation of Metal Mineralization at Quartz Veins in Jendi Village, Wonogiri Regency, Central Java." EKSPLORIUM 43, no. 2 (August 7, 2023): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.17146/eksplorium.2022.43.2.6623.
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Quartz veins in the Jendi area and its surroundings are formed by geological structures with distributions and patterns that need to be known. This study uses data on striation, quartz vein orientation, and metal content in quartz veins. The use of this data aims to determine the relationship between the vein direction pattern and its metal mineral content with the main structure that forms it. The results of this study can be useful in determining the structural model and distribution of veins in the study area. The research method was carried out through a series of field and laboratory work. Fieldwork includes measuring striation data, measuring the orientation of quartz veins, and taking quartz vein samples. Studio work includes stereographic analysis of striation data, rosette diagram analysis of vein measurement data, and analysis of metallic element content of quartz veins. The quartz vein mineralization zone in the study area is controlled by a right slip fault with a northwest-southeast trend that forms a transtension zone with a north-south trend. The north-south trending veins are generally thick, long/continuous, and have a high metal content.
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Ko, Hyunmin, and Hyung Joon Ahn. "Causes and symptoms of varicose veins." Journal of the Korean Medical Association 65, no. 4 (April 10, 2022): 193–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5124/jkma.2022.65.4.193.
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Background: Varicose veins are a common disease that cause edema, heaviness, pigmentation, and skin ulcers, ultimately affecting the quality of life. Various treatments have recently been developed; therefore, clinicians need to understand the anatomy, pathophysiology, risk factors, and symptoms of varicose veins to provide optimal treatment.Current Concepts: Lower extremity veins are composed of deep, superficial, perforating, and communicating vein systems, and the main axial superficial veins are composed of the great and small saphenous veins. Venous circulation primarily relies on muscle pumps in the foot and calf. Pressure on the sole and contraction of calf muscles compress the veins, sending blood upward or to the deep vein system. Varicose veins are caused by valvular abnormalities, muscle pump failure, etc., and associated risk factors include age, pregnancy, obesity, and family history. The main symptoms include heaviness, fatigue, and edema.Discussion and Conclusion: Varicose veins have complex anatomical structures and are developed by various factors. Therefore, appropriate treatments should be selected considering patients’ symptoms, anatomical structure, and economic aspects.
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Ko, Hyunmin, and Hyung Joon Ahn. "Causes and symptoms of varicose veins." Journal of the Korean Medical Association 65, no. 4 (April 10, 2022): 193–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5124/jkma.2022.65.4.193.
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Background: Varicose veins are a common disease that cause edema, heaviness, pigmentation, and skin ulcers, ultimately affecting the quality of life. Various treatments have recently been developed; therefore, clinicians need to understand the anatomy, pathophysiology, risk factors, and symptoms of varicose veins to provide optimal treatment.Current Concepts: Lower extremity veins are composed of deep, superficial, perforating, and communicating vein systems, and the main axial superficial veins are composed of the great and small saphenous veins. Venous circulation primarily relies on muscle pumps in the foot and calf. Pressure on the sole and contraction of calf muscles compress the veins, sending blood upward or to the deep vein system. Varicose veins are caused by valvular abnormalities, muscle pump failure, etc., and associated risk factors include age, pregnancy, obesity, and family history. The main symptoms include heaviness, fatigue, and edema.Discussion and Conclusion: Varicose veins have complex anatomical structures and are developed by various factors. Therefore, appropriate treatments should be selected considering patients’ symptoms, anatomical structure, and economic aspects.
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Matsumoto, Hidetaka, Ryo Mukai, Kazuma Saito, Junki Hoshino, Shoji Kishi, and Hideo Akiyama. "Vortex vein congestion in the monkey eye: A possible animal model of pachychoroid." PLOS ONE 17, no. 9 (September 1, 2022): e0274137. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0274137.
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Purpose To create vortex vein congestion in the monkey eye as a possible pachychoroid model. Methods We ligated superotemporal and inferotemporal vortex veins at the surface of the sclera in monkey eyes. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) and indocyanine green angiography (ICGA) were performed before and 2, 7, and 28 days after the vortex vein ligations to investigate changes in vortex vein morphology and alterations in choroidal blood flow. Results Before the vortex vein ligations, en face OCT and ICGA images showed well organized vortex veins as well as horizontal and vertical watershed zones. Two days after the vortex vein ligations, dilatation of the superotemporal and inferotemporal vortex veins as well as intervortex venous anastomoses were seen on en face OCT and ICGA images. B-mode OCT images showed choroidal thickening associated with dilatation of the outer choroidal vessels. Moreover, video ICGA revealed choriocapillaris filling delay and pulsatile flow in the dilated vortex veins. At 7 and 28 days after we ligated the vortex veins, these findings were reduced, except for the intervortex venous anastomoses. Conclusions We created a monkey model of vortex vein congestion by ligating two vortex veins. This animal model demonstrated pachychoroid-related findings, indicating that vortex vein congestion is involved in the pathogenesis of pachychoroid. However, remodeling of the choroidal drainage route via intervortex venous anastomosis appeared to compensate for the vortex vein congestion created in this model.
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Zolotukhin, Igor A., Olga Ya Porembskaya, Mariya A. Smetanina, Aleksandr V. Sazhin, Maksim L. Filipenko, and Aleksandr I. Kirienko. "Varicose veins: on the verge of discovering the cause?" Annals of the Russian academy of medical sciences 75, no. 1 (March 30, 2020): 36–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.15690/vramn1213.
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Varicose veins of the lower limbs are one of the most common and wide-spread pathology all around the world. What triggers the specific changes in a vein wall still remains unclear as well as what happens in the layers of the vein wall after the disease starts. The aim of the article is to analyze published data and results of researches on epidemiology, genetics, cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying varicose veins pathogenesis. It is now commonly accepted that vein wall changes in patients with varicose veins result from vein-specific inflammation. This process includes leukocytes adhesion to venous endothelium with their subsequent migration into the vein wall and surrounding tissues. Activated leukocytes express a number of molecules that lead to vein wall remodeling and dilation. Comprehensive assessment of the epidemiological data on the prevalence of varicose veins and risk factors, of the findings from genetic studies, of data on molecular-cell interactions as well as results of various surgical interventions in patients with varicose veins, shows that remodeling is a reversible process that can be stopped and reversed by different stimuli including some chemical substances. For the first time in the literature, the authors assume that varicose veins can be successfully cured pharmacologically with no surgical interventions needed.
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Holdstock, JM, SJ Dos Santos, CC Harrison, BA Price, and MS Whiteley. "Haemorrhoids are associated with internal iliac vein reflux in up to one-third of women presenting with varicose veins associated with pelvic vein reflux." Phlebology: The Journal of Venous Disease 30, no. 2 (April 22, 2014): 133–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0268355514531952.
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Objectives: To determine the prevalence of haemorrhoids in women with pelvic vein reflux, identify which pelvic veins are associated with haemorrhoids and assess if extent of pelvic vein reflux influences the prevalence of haemorrhoids. Methods: Females presenting with leg varicose veins undergo duplex ultrasonography to assess all sources of venous reflux. Those with significant reflux arising from the pelvis are offered transvaginal duplex ultrasound (TVS) to evaluate reflux in the ovarian veins and internal Iliac veins and associated pelvic varices in the adnexa, vulvar/labial veins and haemorrhoids. Patterns and severity of reflux were evaluated. Results: Between January 2010 and December 2012, 419 female patients with leg or vulvar varicose vein patterns arising from the pelvis underwent TVS. Haemorrhoids were identified on TVS via direct tributaries from the internal Iliac veins in 152/419 patients (36.3%) and absent in 267/419 (63.7%). The prevalence of the condition increased with the number of pelvic trunks involved. Conclusion: There is a strong association between haemorrhoids and internal Iliac vein reflux. Untreated reflux may be a cause of subsequent symptomatic haemorrhoids. Treatment with methods proven to work in conditions caused by pelvic vein incompetence, such as pelvic vein embolisation and foam sclerotherapy, could be considered.