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Ravary-Plumioën, Bérangère, Émilie Pierrot, and Vincent Plassard. "La thrombose de la veine cave caudale : une affection sporadique difficile à diagnostiquer chez les bovins." Le Nouveau Praticien Vétérinaire élevages & santé 14, no. 51 (September 2022): 38–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/npvelsa/2022058.
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Chez les bovins, la thrombose de la veine cave caudale (TVCC) voire de la veine cave crâniale est une affection sporadique, difficile à diagnostiquer du vivant de l’animal du fait d’une symptomatologie souvent fruste. Certains signes cliniques et résultats d’examens complémentaires (analyses sanguines, échographie) permettent cependant d’orienter le diagnostic face à cette affection sans possibilité de guérison. Au travers de 17 cas diagnostiqués à l’École Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort (EnvA), l’article relate les présentations cliniques et paracliniques de cette affection. La majorité des animaux atteints présentait des signes d’atteinte respiratoire chronique associés à une baisse de l’état général, et très rarement de l’épistaxis ou de l’hémoptysie secondaire aux hémorragies pulmonaires. L’échographie transcutanée de la région du foie effectuée chez 9 des 17 bovins a permis de mettre en évidence, du vivant des animaux, une dilatation de la veine cave caudale dans 100 % des cas (9 bovins), une congestion veineuse du foie dans 56 % des cas, un thrombus au sein de la lumière de la veine dans 44 % (4 bovins), une hépatomégalie dans 33 % et des abcès hépatiques dans 22 %. L’échographie reste toutefois l’examen de choix pour le diagnostic de la TVCC du vivant de l’animal. À défaut d’échographie, des examens sanguins permettent parfois de suspecter une TVCC ou d’exclure d’autres affections appartenant au diagnostic différentiel. Ainsi, s’il n’est pas aisé de poser un diagnostic de certitude de TVCC du vivant de l’animal, le diagnostic de l’affection est généralement post-mortem avec visualisation d’un volumineux thrombus septique au sein de la veine cave associée souvent à des lésions de pneumonie métastatique ou d’hémorragie pulmonaire. L’affection primaire à l’origine de la TVCC n’est pas toujours facile à identifier ; il peut s’agir d’abcès hépatiques (retrouvés ici dans 53 % des cas), de mammite, de réticulo-péritonite (RPT) ou encore d’infection de l’appareil locomoteur.
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Valin, Isabelle, and Dan Rosenberg. "Surrénalectomies." Le Nouveau Praticien Vétérinaire canine & féline 19, no. 82 (December 2022): 50–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/npvcafe/2022074.
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La surrénalectomie est une intervention qui consiste à retirer une ou les deux surrénales lors de la sécrétion anormale d’une des trois hormones physiologiquement produites par ces glandes. Le diagnostic médical doit permettre de déterminer si la dérive concerne la sécrétion de cortisol (syndrome de Cushing), d’adrénaline (phéochromocytome) ou d’aldostérone (hyperaldostéronisme). Cette détermination médicale permet de préparer l’animal en amont de l’acte chirurgical (trilostane, alpha-bloquants, potassium) pour l’emmener au bloc opératoire dans les meilleures conditions possibles. Le scanner est l’imagerie de choix qui permet de déterminer la faisabilité et les risques chirurgicaux engagés. L’acte chirurgical consiste en une dissection soignée de la tumeur en épargnant les vaisseaux majeurs et, si possible, en respectant sa capsule. La veine cave caudale est régulièrement embolisée par un thrombus tumoral au travers de la veine phrénico-abdominale qui draine la glande. L’équipe chirurgicale et anesthésique doit être préparée à son extraction par contrôle du débit sanguin dans la veine cave caudale, incision et suture de celle-ci. Dépassées les complications per- et postopératoires (complications hémorragiques, troubles cardiovasculaires et thrombo-emboliques, pancréatite), la surrénalectomie, quand elle est techniquement possible au moment du diagnostic, est la prise en charge optimum en termes de qualité de vie et de longévité lors de tumeur surrénalienne.
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Bach-Lijour, B., D. Crochet, R. Grossetete, T. Raffin, J. M. Nguyen, M. Hurtrel, G. Daculsi, and J. C. LE Nihouannen. "Etude Morphométrique de la Paroi de la Veine Cave Caudale après Implantation d'un Filtre chez le Mouton." Anatomia, Histologia, Embryologia 27, no. 4 (August 1998): 231–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0264.1998.tb00186.x.
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Korim, Filip, Mária Kuricová, and Lada Eberlová. "Anatomical Characteristics of Duplicated Caudal Vena Cava in Cats—A Case Report." Animals 13, no. 10 (May 9, 2023): 1585. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani13101585.
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Precise knowledge of the species-/breed-specific anatomy is important for accurate diagnosis and treatment. Existing literature has also been increasing in accordance with the growing demands of biomedical research, wherein mammals, including cats, have been used worldwide. Based on a vascular corrosion cast, complete duplication of the caudal vena cava (dCVC) was accidentally found in a 10-year-old male cat. The two separate symmetric veins corresponding to two caudal venae cavae cranially directed on both sides of the aorta; their first tributaries were the duplicated right and left deep circumflex iliac veins, and the median sacral vein ended in the right common iliac vein. At the L4 vertebra level, the left caudal vena cava crossed the aorta ventrally. It united with the right CVC immediately above the renal veins at the level of the cranial mesenteric artery (L2–L3). Embryologic knowledge is essential to understand the differences between the CVC variants in domestic mammals and the inferior vena cava in humans. However, views regarding the post-hepatic segment of the CVC during development vary considerably. Therefore, our case report also includes a summary of the CVC developmental theories and their clinical impact. We believe that this case and literature review contribute to the knowledge regarding the deep abdominal veins’ variability, concomitant pathologies, and accurate diagnosis and surgery. Additionally, the latest robust studies demonstrating the exclusive participation of the caudal cardinal veins in the CVC development are discussed.
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STAMATOVA-YOVCHEVA, Kamelia, Ömer Gürkan DİLEK, Rosen DIMITROV, and David YOVCVHEV. "Morphological Investigation of the Veins and Bile Vessels of Rabbit Liver." Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi 8, no. 2 (July 24, 2023): 118–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.24880/maeuvfd.1272564.
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The focus was to investigate the anatomical specifics of v. portae, vv. hepaticae and ductus choledochus by corrosion. We investigated 10 sexually mature, clinically healthy New Zealand White rabbits, 8 months old, weighing 2.8 kg to 3.2 kg. To determine the veins and bile vessels, a cold-curing acrylic-based plastic (Duracryl +) was used. The main portal vessel was an intraorganic continuation of v. portae, after its branching into caudate lobe. The main portal vein was divided into v. portae dextra and v. portae sinistra, when entering lobus hepatis dexter and lobus hepatis sinister. V. portae sinistra caudalis was a branch of v. portae sinistra. The venous drainage of the rabbit liver in was carried out by v. hepatica sinistra caudalis, v. hepatica sinistra, v. hepatica dextra, v. hepatica media and venous vessel in lobus caudatus. V. hepatica sinistra and v. hepatica media had a common origin and took blood from lobus hepatis sinister medialis. V. hepatica dextra drained lobus hepatis dexter. V. hepatica sinistra caudalis was a direct tributary of the caudal vena cava. Ductus hepaticus communis was well developed and collected the bile from the main bile duct. Ductus hepaticus dexter drained lobus hepatis dexter and evacuated the bile into the main bile duct. Ductus hepaticus sinister caudalis flowed directly into ductus hepaticus communis. Ductus hepaticus sinister passed into the main bile duct.
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Al- Sadi, S. "Anatomical and Radiographic study of the Portal and Hepatic Veins in Ovis Aris and Capras Hircus." Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Medicine 37, no. 2 (December 31, 2013): 244–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.30539/ijvm.v37i2.1387.
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The main purpose of this study was to convey a more precise explanation of the intrahepatic pattern of the tributaries of portal and hepatic veins in sheep and goats. Also to give broad information on the portal and hepatic vein and there topographic relation that may give a useful base for the hepatic segmentation, aiming to provide a correct base for surgical procedures and liver transplantation. Twelve livers collected from adult sheep and goats of both sexes. The portal and hepatic veins were studied by using cross dissection, corrosion cast and radiographic examination.Subject of this investigation show the portal vein of the sheep is slightly narrower than that of the goat. Also the pattern of intrahepatic branches of portal vein in sheep is similar to that of goat. on reaching the portal hepatic, gave of a right dorsal interlobular branch and then terminate into a right ventral interlobular and left interlobular branches , the right dorsal interlobular branch was short and large, supplied the caudate process and right dorsal hepatic lobe .The right ventral interlobular branch is distributed only in the ventral part of the right lobe, while the left branch was long and narrow, supplied the left and quadrate lobes as well as the papillary process, However the caudate process receives the separate branch from the parotid vein in goat. Moreover, the study revealed that the hepatic veins in sheep and goats can be classified into two groups ; large and small , the work also shows that there are (3-4) large hepatic veins in sheep, while in goats usually gives off a left large branch and two smaller right and intermediate branches, and in both animals the hepatic vein, pour in the caudal vena cava independently, the veins of the left, right and intermediate lobes empty themselves close to each other, while of these of the caudate and papillary processes open separately and a way from hepatic veins
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Bylinskaya, D. S., M. V. Shchipakin, and D. V. Vasilyev. "Intraorgan architectonics of hepatic veins in piglets." Legal regulation in veterinary medicine, no. 4 (January 9, 2023): 152–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.52419/issn2782-6252.2022.4.152.
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The liver of animals and humans is characterized by polyfunctionality. All the variety of liver functions and the intensity of their course is determined by the peculiarities of its hemodynamics. According to the morphological anatomy of the pig liver, I distinguish six lobes: the right lateral and medial, the left lateral and medial, square and caudate. The functional anatomy of the liver is based on the division of the liver into segments. In this case, the division is based on the fact that each segment has its own double blood supply, bile and lymph outflow routes. The aim of the study is to study the architectonics of the hepatic veins of newborn piglets, to give a morphometric characteristic of the branches of the intraorgan venous bed, as well as the segmental structure of the liver of piglets. The corpses of newborn piglets of the Landrace breed served as the material for the study. Vasorentgenography, fine anatomical dissection, and morphometry were chosen as research methods. The study included 15 piglets of the newborn period. During the study, it was found that four hepatic veins (right accessory, right, left and middle) flow into the caudal genital vein. Hepatic veins have complex intra-organ architectonics and take branches of the first and second order along their course. The maximum diameter is the left hepatic vein, which carries out the outflow of blood from the left lateral and medial lobes of the liver. The right hepatic vein drains blood from the right lateral and medial lobes, the middle hepatic vein drains from the square lobe, gallbladder and part of the left medial lobe. The smallest diameter is characteristic of the right accessory hepatic vein, which drains the caudate lobe.Having studied the intra–organ architectonics of the branches of the hepatic veins, it can be concluded that the liver of piglets has eight segments - one segment each in the caudate, left medial, right medial and square lobes, two segments each in the left and right lateral lobes.
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Matveev, O. A., A. A. Torshkov, and N. S. Pashinin. "MORPHOLOGY OF THE VENOUS SYSTEM OF KIDNEYS IN DOGS IN THE POSTNATAL PERIOD OF ONTOGENESIS." Scientific Notes Kazan Bauman State Academy of Veterinary Medicine 245, no. 1 (March 1, 2021): 92–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.31588/2413-4201-1883-245-1-92-97.
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The article presents data on the dynamics of morphometric parameters of the diameter of the caudal vena cava and renal veins of dogs in the postnatal period of ontogenesis, the peculiarities of the course and branching of extra- and intraorganic venous vessels of the kidneys of dogs, as well as the formation of the right and left renal veins in the gates of the organ. The increase in the diameter of the caudal vena cava and renal veins of dogs in the postnatal period of ontogenesis is uneven. An intense increase in the diameter of the caudal vena cava in dogs was detected at 3 months. and seven years. The diameter of the renal veins increases rapidly by 3 months. the age of the animals. In most cases, the intraorgan renal veins of the dogs on the right and left form one trunk of the efferent renal vein. The formation of the right renal vein in the gates of the organ occurs in three ways: two, three and four trunks, and the left renal vein by the fusion of two interlobar veins. The double trunk of the right renal vein is rarely recorded. The data obtained in the course of morphological study on the venous system of the kidneys of dogs can be used for op-erative access to organs.
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Pinheiro, V. L. C., L. C. Pereira, A. R. Lima, and E. Branco. "Dextrocardia with situs solitus and inversion apex-basis axis in lesser anteater (Tamandua tetradactyla): case report." Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia 66, no. 1 (February 2014): 116–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-09352014000100017.
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Dextrocardia is a rare cardiac anomaly where the heart is situated on the right antimeres of the thorax. This study had the objective of describing a case of dextrocardia with situs solitus and apex-basis axis inversion in a lesser anteater (Tamandua tetradactyla) between five evaluated animals, all from the area of Mine Bauxite - Paragominas - Para. The arterial system was filled with contrasted latex and the animals were fixed with 10% formaldehyde and a posterior dissection was done. The heart of an animal was found in right antimere with inversion of the base-apex axis. The right atrium was more developed then the left and the pulmonary veins arrived directly in the left ventricle. The main vases of the base were identified with some topographic alterations resulting in: aorta dorsal to the cava caudal vein, pulmonary artery dorsal and cranial to aorta, pulmonary veins ventral to the pulmonary artery, cava caudal vein in ventral plain and cava cranial vein in dorsal plan in relation to the other vessels. Internally there were four cardiac chambers, with absence of septal communication.
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Kisipan, M., D. Oduor-Okelo, A. Makanya, and D. Onyango. "The structure, morphometry and vascular perfusion of the testis in the rufous sengi (Elephantulus rufescens)." Journal of Morphological Sciences 31, no. 03 (July 2014): 146–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4322/jms.054613.
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Abstract Introduction and Materials and Methods: Sengis are testicondid, monogamous afrotherian mammals. The testes, pattern of testicular blood vessels and anatomical disposition of caudal vena cava were examined macroscopically in the rufous sengi (Elephantulus rufescens). Testicular structure was further studied microscopically and its components quantified using stereology. Results: The testes were cylindrical in shape and located caudolateral to the kidneys. The testicular arteries branched from renal arteries, ran to the respective testicles without close association with other vessels, while the veins ran straight to the caudal vena cava without pampiniform plexus or intimate association with cognate arteries. There were two caudal vena cavae that united after receiving the renal veins. The seminiferous tubules were bound by a peritubular boundary tissue with a single layer of myoid cells while the interstitial tissue had polyhedral or elongate Leydig cells and connective tissue elements. The testicular volume was estimated at 0.089 ± 0.0031 cm3 with the seminiferous tubules (mean diameter = 210 ± 5.7 μm) constituting 89.4 ± 0.8% of its volume and tubulosomatic index of 0.38%. The interstitial tissue and tunica albuginea constituted 8.9 ± 0.81% and 1.7 ± 0.1% of the testis volume respectively. Conclusion: The testis exhibited general mammalian features while its vascular pattern was simple without indications of a role in testicular thermoregulation as is the case for other afrotherians. The investment of body mass in seminiferous tubules suggests a spermatogenic activity higher than expected in monogamous animals. The double caudal vena cava could be a result of retention of the left supracardinal vein to adulthood.
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Karim, Yacouba Garba, C. Elmaslouhi, Assane Ndiaye, Ahmadou Deme, Rachid Sani, and Jean Marc Ndoye. "Anatomical study of the morphometry of portal caudate veins." Anatomy Journal of Africa 13, no. 1 (April 12, 2024): 2593–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/aja.v13i1.14.
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The caudate lobe is a relatively unknown part of the liver due to its location and many variations. The caudate lobe is a separate entity that is located behind the trunk of the portal vein.It constitutes the hepatic dorsal area that comprises of only segment I. Thus, this lobe can be vascularized by caudate veins (CV) born either from the right branch of the portal vein (PV),from the left branch or from both. Therefore, the work allows us to study the morphometry of caudate veins. Based on the exploitation of vascular mussels of the inferior vena cava and the portal vein after injection-corrosion of the liver, the study conducted from April 2018 to March 2019 involved 41 livers of which 30 were exploited for caudate veins. These were from fresh adult subjects, both sexes free of any hepatobilio-pancreatic pathology or trauma. The injection-corrosion parts of his vascular mussels included the hepatobasement junction and the hepatic pedicle. The PV and its right and left branches provided accessory caudate branches for the caudate lobe at the level of the hepatic hilum. Thus, for all livers, we found 102 branches cauded by accessories. The accessory caudate veins were born either from the left branch of the PV in 28 livers out of 30 (93.37% ), by 1 to 4 vessels with an average distance between its branches and the portal bifurcation being 17 mm with extremes ranging from 7 to 39 mm; either from the right branch of the PV in 23 livers out of 30(76.6%), by 1 to 3 vessels with an average distance of 12.9 mm between its branches and the portal bifurcation, with extremes ranging from 9 to 18 mm. The stem of the portal vein gave branches to the caudate lobe in 11 livers on 30(36.6%),by 1 to 2 vessels whose diameter varied from 1 mm to 3 mm. We studied on 30 liver samples the anatomical variations related to CV. This is a contribution to the fundamental foundations of liver removal surgery because too little work (and often radiological) exists in Africa on the subject. However, this lack of comparative anthropometric data confirms the diversity of anatomical variations in caudate veins. On the therapeutic level these anatomical data contribute to the peri-operative safety of liver surgery.
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Shchipakin, M. V., and V. Al Khvatov. "Skeletotopy of the caudal vena cava of Yorkshire piglets." Legal regulation in veterinary medicine, no. 2 (July 28, 2023): 167–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.52419/issn2782-6252.2023.2.167.
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The venous system of animals always arouses a certain interest among veterinary specialists. On the one hand, there are issues related to comparative anatomy in different animal species, and on the other hand, there is a practical interest put forward by veterinary surgeons and clinicians. First of all, it is certainly the valve apparatus of this system, which gives reason to believe that the valves of the veins not only direct the movement of blood through the venous vessels, but also contribute to balancing the blood pressure in the entire cardiovascular system. The purpose of our study is to study the skeletotopy of the caudal vena cava of Yorkshire piglets, to give anatomical and topographic characteristics of veins, to carry out morphometry of main collectors. To study the branching of the caudal vena cava of Yorkshire piglets, ten corpses aged 28-30 days of life were obtained, which were delivered from the pig breeding complex to the Department of Animal Anatomy of the St. Petersburg State University of Veterinary Medicine. During the study, such methods as: fine anatomical dissection, vasorentgenography, morphometry, photographing were used. As a result of our study, skeletotopy of the caudal vena cava of Yorkshire piglets with anatomical and topographic characteristics of veins was established and morphometry of the main collectors was performed. The topography of the iliac veins in Yorkshire piglets has certain patterns associated with the conditions of maintenance and movement. No valves were found in the common iliac vein, which ensures the outflow of blood from the parietal and visceral branches. A large number of anastomoses were established between the circumferential deep iliac, gluteal and internal sacral veins.
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Mittal, Sachendra Kumar, Rekha Parashar, Pankaj Kumar Singh, and Leena Jadon. "Persistent left superior vena cava and its clinical correlation - A cadaveric study." Asian Journal of Medical Sciences 12, no. 4 (April 1, 2021): 118–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ajms.v12i4.33321.
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Background: Presented is a case of persistent left superior vena cava draining into the right atrium through coronary sinus and finally opens into right atrium. Abnormalities of the vascular system are more commonly seen due to its importance in circulation. Persistent left superior vena cava is rare but important congenital vascular anomaly. It results when the left superior cardinal vein caudal to the innominate vein fails to regress.The venous anomaly of a persistent left superior vena cava (PLSVC) affects 0.3%–0.5% of the general population. Normally the superior vena cava is a single vascular structure formed by the union of right and left brachiocephalic veins which are in turn formed by the union of internal jugular and subclavian veins of corresponding side, draining the head and neck as well as the superior extremity.
Aims and Objective: To evaluate the accuracy of persistent left superior vena cava and to find out the opening of PLSVC and formations of both SVC.
Materials and Methods: During routine dissection of Thorax, we have opened the thoracic cage and take out the Heart. during that we found separate SVC and then we did the study on this PLSVC in the Department of Anatomy, Jaipur National University Institute for Medical Sciences and Research Centre (JNUIMSRC) Jaipur and National Institute of Medical Sciences and Research (NIMS & R).
Results: We found persistent left superior vena cava in two cadavers out of 30 cadavers (6.66%) one was 64-year-old male cadaver and another 72-year-old male cadaver. Both the vena cavae were formed as of brachiocephalic veins of the corresponding side. The persistent left superior vena cava opened into the enlarged coronary sinus that drained into the right atrium between the opening of inferior vena cava and right atrio-ventricular orifice.
Conclusion: It has important clinical implications in certain clinical interventions. It may complicate placementof cardiac catheters or pacemaker leads.
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Manakov, A. M., and S. M. Zavaleeva. "MORPHOLOGY OF RABBIT HEPATIC VEINS." Scientific Life 16, no. 6 (2021): 743–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.35679/1991-9476-2021-16-6-743-751.
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This article describes the features of the topography, drainage zones and the nature of the branching of the hepatic veins in the domestic rabbit. The studies were carried out in the laboratory of the Department of Biology and Soil Science of the Orenburg State University in the period 2020-2021. To study the venous outflow from the liver, sexually mature (six to seven months old) rabbits of the Butterfly breed were used. For this purpose, corrosive preparations of the hepatic veins (n=15) were obtained. To fill the venous system, Sherwin Williams Promar 400 latex paint was used. Corrosion was carried out in a 20-25% hydrochloric acid solution for seven days. The length and diameter of the vessels, the angles of their confluence and divergence were subjected to measurements. The obtained morphometric data were statistically processed using the Microsoft Excel program. Statistical study consisted in the construction of variational series, the determination of average values, the coefficient of reliability of the difference in average values. During the study, it was found that venous drainage is carried out through four independent hepatic veins, which form according to the main type and flow into the caudal vena cava. The caudate process of the caudate lobe and the left lateral lobe have independent venous vessels. The remaining lobes have common efferent venous trunks and have intraorgan communications within the main lobes. Morphometric parameters indicate the predominant development of the middle (4.48±0.18 mm) and left (1.51±0.11 mm) hepatic veins. It was determined that the drainage of each lobe is carried out by three veins of the third order, forming a three-level system of vascularization. The mastoid and caudate processes of the caudate lobe have different blood outflow systems that are not interconnected.
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Bialek, Ewa J., and Bogdan Malkowski. "Unusual Drainage of the Bifurcated Left Renal Vein Into a Dilated Lumbar Azygos Vein and Inferior Vena Cava." Vascular and Endovascular Surgery 53, no. 7 (June 24, 2019): 585–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1538574419858465.
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We report a unique case of unusual drainage of the bifurcated retroaortic left renal vein, with the cranial wider branch draining into a dilated lumbar azygos vein and caudal thinner branch connecting with the inferior vena cava. The right renal vein was duplicated. The anomaly was discovered on multimodal 18F-labeled fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography performed for oncological purposes. The basis enabling occurrence of such variation was probably persistent developmental extra left–right venous connections, intercardinal, or intersupracardinal, depending on the theory. The embryology of the chest and abdominal veins is a complicated process and there is no unanimity concerning its concepts. The old models are currently being questioned and reevaluated. Knowledge of possible variants of renal and azygos veins course is important from clinical, imaging, and surgical points of view. The retroaortic left renal veins course may sometimes cause pain, hematuria, proteinuria, and pelvic congestion syndromes. Dilated parts of uncommonly located veins, because of assuming a nodular shape on transverse images, may be mistaken for abnormal lymph nodes, other tumors or aneurysms on imaging. During a variety of surgical procedures, including venous sampling, renal transplantation, or any retroperitoneal surgery, knowledge of an aberrant venous course may be important for the success of the procedure and may be crucial even earlier during the qualification process.
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Bert, Robert J., Neesha Settipalle, Emily Tiwana, Dheeraj Muddasani, Ruponti Nath, Brandon Wellman, Frank Mihlon, Mohammadjavad Negahdar, Amir Amini, and Maxwell Boakye. "The relationships among spinal CSF flows, spinal cord geometry, and vascular correlations: evidence of intrathecal sources and sinks." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 317, no. 3 (September 1, 2019): R470—R484. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00101.2018.
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We studied relationships of cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) pulsatile flow at cervical, thoracic, and lumbar levels using phase-contrast cine MRI (PCCMRI) to determine the following: 1) instantaneous and average net flows at cervical, thoracic, and lumbar levels, 2) stochastic correlations of CSF flow with major arterial supplies and major draining veins, and 3) whether adjustments of cord-flow curves—using cord cross-sectional areas, caudal lengths, and caudal volumes—would normalize flow curves from different levels. We scanned 15 healthy volunteers without anesthesia, ages 23–46 yr, using external, retrocardiac-gated, two-dimensional PCCMRI at 3T. Transverse scans of the subarachnoid space, arteries, and veins were acquired and analyzed at cervical, thoracic, and lumbar levels. Instantaneous CSF flow decreased craniocaudally along the full time course of a cardiac cycle. Downward net flow generally increased craniocaudally. During diastole, instantaneous CSF flow decreased proportionally to cross-sectional area, caudal residual length, and caudal residual volume of the cord. The proportionalities were less consistent during systole. CSF, internal carotid artery (ICA), vertebral artery, and lower aorta temporal correlations were highest in systole and decreased craniocaudally. CSF flow temporally correlated better with lower aorta flow than with the ICA at T7 and L2 during systole but not diastole. Inferior vena cava temporal correlation increased craniocaudally. We conclude that whereas instantaneous flow is attenuated cranial caudally, net downward flow, per cardiac cycle, increases caudally, becoming statistically significant at T7 and below the conus medullaris. We can explain the results with the assumption of cord CSF production and peripheral-dominated CSF absorption.
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Kraschinski, S., A. Epple, and B. Nibbio. "Macrovascular dopamine release." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 270, no. 6 (June 1, 1996): R1244—R1249. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1996.270.6.r1244.
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In an animal model, the American eel, perifused elastic arteries and large veins, but not the heart and organs with extensive microvascular supply (gills and opisthonephric kidney), release spontaneously free dopamine. Only the region of the cardinal vein, which contains the adrenomedullary equivalent, also releases norepinephrine (NE) and epinephrine (E). Ca2+, KCl, and E stimulate dopamine release from the ventral aorta and caudal vein, indicating that this phenomenon is due to secretion and not to washout. E also stimulates NE release from the ventral aorta and caudal vein. In the rat, both aorta and vena cava spontaneously release dopamine and NE. Thus dopamine secretion from large blood vessels may be general in vertebrates. The dopamine response to high physiological concentrations of E in vivo and in vitro suggests that macrovascular dopamine may be involved in local stress responses.
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Feng, Xielin, Yong Hu, Junping Peng, Aixiang Liu, Lang Tian, and Hui Zhang. "A Left-Sided Approach for Resection of Hepatic Caudate Lobe Hemangioma: Two Case Reports and a Literature Review." International Surgery 100, no. 6 (June 1, 2015): 1054–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.9738/intsurg-d-14-00317.1.
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Resection of the hemangioma located in the caudate lobe is a major challenge in current liver surgery. This study aimed to present our surgical technique for this condition. Two consecutive patients with symptomatic hepatic hemangioma undergoing caudate lobectomy were investigated retrospectively. First, all the blood inflow of hemangioma from the portal vein and the hepatic artery at the base of the umbilical fissure was dissected. After the tumors became soft and tender, the short hepatic veins and the ligaments between the secondary porta hepatis were severed. At last the tumors were resected from the right lobe of the liver. The whole process was finished by a left-sided approach. Blood lost in Case 1 was 1650 mL because of ligature failing in one short hepatic vein, and in the other case, 210 mL. Operation time was 236 minutes and 130 minutes, respectively. Postoperative hospital stays were 11 and 5 days, respectively. The diameter of tumors was 9.0 cm and 6.5 cm. Case 1 required blood transfusion during surgery. No complications such as biliary fistula, postoperative bleeding, and liver failure occurred. The left-sided approach produced the best results for caudate lobe resection in our cases. The patients who recovered are living well and asymptomatic. Caudate lobectomy can be performed safely and quickly by a left-sided approach, which is carried out with optimized perioperative management and innovative surgical technique.
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Terada, N., and T. Takeuchi. "Postural changes in venous pressure gradients in anesthetized monkeys." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 264, no. 1 (January 1, 1993): H21—H25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.1993.264.1.h21.
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We examined the hypothesis that head-up and head-down tilt produce a symmetrical hydrostatic load on the veins. Venous pressure was measured in anesthetized monkeys with a transducer-tipped catheter. Changes in venous pressure gradients during head-up tilt corresponded to changes in hydrostatic load. However, changes in venous pressure gradients during head-down tilt were not symmetrical to those during head-up tilt. During head-down tilt, venous pressure in the superior vena cava rose, venous pressure around the right atrium did not change, and venous pressure in the inferior vena cava on the caudal side of the diaphragm rose considerably. The venous pressure of the inferior vena cava caudal to the renal vein then gradually decreased. The inferior vena cava passes through the central tendon of the diaphragm. Thus, during head-down tilt, the gravitational shift of venous blood is impeded by this anatomic structure, and venous pressure around the hepatic vein increases significantly. These data disproved our hypothesis that head-up and head-down tilt induced symmetrical but opposite influences on vena caval pressures.
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Vrachliotis, Thomas G., Athanassios Tachtaras, Nicholaos Doundoulakis, Robert G. Sheiman, Vassilios Papadopoulos, and Kiriakos A. Stringaris. "Percutaneous Management of Extensive Clot Trapped in a Temporary Vena Cava Filter." Journal of Endovascular Therapy 10, no. 5 (October 2003): 1001–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/152660280301000525.
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Purpose: To present percutaneous management of extensive clot trapped in a temporary inferior vena cava (IVC) filter. Case Report: A 20-year-old man with a large sacral tumor and left external iliac vein thrombosis had a wire-mounted Günther temporary filter (GTF) prophylactically placed in the infrarenal IVC prior to tumor resection. The 7-day postsurgical venogram prior to filter removal showed extensive clot trapped by the filter, as well as interval cephalic migration, with the filter tip now at the level of the renal veins. A Günther Tulip MReye (GTM) filter was deployed but not released above the renal veins to prevent clot migration during caudal withdrawal of the wire-mounted GTF. After creating enough space in the infrarenal IVC, the GTM was repositioned and fully released with its apex now below the renal veins. The GTF was then uneventfully removed. There was no clinical evidence for significant pulmonary embolism 12 months after placement. Conclusions: Cephalic migration of a clotted temporary IVC filter can be managed with intraprocedural protection against pulmonary embolism by first deploying a Günther Tulip filter above the renal veins, with subsequent advancement below the renal veins before temporary filter removal.
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Ricciardi, Biagio, Carlo Alberto Ricciardi, Antonio Lacquaniti, Giuseppe Carella, Domenico Puzzolo, Antonina Pisani, Debora Di Mauro, and Antonio Micali. "Persistent Left Superior Vena Cava and Partially Left Inferior Vena Cava: A Case Report of a Dangerous Central Venous Catheterization." Journal of Vascular Access 18, no. 5 (September 2017): e66-e69. http://dx.doi.org/10.5301/jva.5000722.
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Background The coexistence of a double superior vena cava (SVC) and a partially left inferior vena cava (PLIVC) with a circumaortic collar, associated with other congenital malformations, was not described previously. Case Description We present a 33-year-old woman in hemodialysis with complete exhaustion of the brachial routes for vascular access, admitted to our Nephrology Unit for a long-term central venous catheter (CVC) implant, usually by us performed under EchoScopic Technique (EST), an echographic venipuncture followed by continuous radioscopic control of guidewire and catheter in all the steps of implant. An intraoperative venography showed a complete stop of right internal jugular vein, a right SVC, a persistent left SVC, a left inferior vena cava in the iliac and subrenal tracts, a circumaortic venous collar in the renal tract, and normal right suprarenal and hepatic tracts. Conclusions The double SVC was related to the persistence of the caudal part of the anterior cardinal veins. As to the PLIVC, the iliac and subrenal parts of the inferior vena cava can be related to the persistent left supracardinal vein, while the circumaortic venous collar to the persistent intersupracardinal and left subsupracardinal anastomoses. All invasive procedures, and particularly those potentially complicated, must be performed under EST, now considered a mandatory tool for CVC implants, owing to the hypothesis of possible venous congenital anomalies.
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Blumgart, Leslie H. "Isolated Resection of Segment I (Caudate Lobe): Is it Justified?" HPB Surgery 10, no. 2 (January 1, 1996): 121–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/1996/87129.
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Background: Isolated caudate lobectomy is a challenging surgical procedure for which safe and reliable techniques have yet to be developed.Methods: Isolated caudate lobectomy was performed by initial inflow control of the caudate lobe, full mobilization of the liver from the inferior vena cava by dividing all short hepatic veins, and parenchymal division dorsal to the major hepatic veins with a clockwise rotation of the liver while the liver was selectively devascularised by Pringle's maneuver and occlusion of the confluence of the major hepatic veins flush with the inferior vena cava.Results: Two patients with cirrhosis underwent this procedure successfully without intraoperative hemodynamic instability or postoperative liver dysfunction.Conclusions: This technique allows safe and truly selective excision of the caudate lobe without the need for occlusion of the inferior vena cava or venovenous bypass.
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Shimamura, Yoshiyuki, Peter Gunvén, Masanori Ishii, and Hiroshi Hasegawa. "Juxtacaval Liver Resections with the Use of an Internal IVC Shunt Tube." HPB Surgery 2, no. 2 (January 1, 1990): 121–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/1990/97192.
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Almost one tenth of more than 370 hepatectomies, mostly for tumors, involved resection of major parts of the caudate lobe, subsegment 1. Five of them were for tumors or hemangiomas here, compressing or invading the vena cava; two were for metastases of colorectal cancer located very close to the junctions of the right and middle hepatic veins with the vena cava. We would previously have deemed these tumors unresectable. In these patients the vein was banded above and below the liver, an internal shunt tube placed in preparation for shunting of blood, and the afferent liver blood flow controlled. Control of the vena cava by tightening of the bands was needed in two cases. Tumor-invaded parts of the vein wall were resected in two other cases, in whom the presence of the tube facilitated the resection but the bands did not have to be tightened. The procedure did not cause morbidity and we conclude that tumors close to the vena cava can often be resected without complex vascular exclusion techniques, even when they invade the vein.
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Barreiro-Vázquez, J. Daniel, Marta Miranda, M. Isabel Barreiro-Vilanova, F. Javier Diéguez, and Andrés Barreiro-Lois. "Characterization of the Normal Portal and Hepatic Blood Flow of Adult Holstein-Friesian Cows." Animals 9, no. 6 (June 22, 2019): 386. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani9060386.
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In the past, hepatic blood flow in cows was invasively characterized to investigate different pathologies and physiological conditions. However, hepatic blood flow can be easily evaluated with transabdominal Doppler ultrasound. Sixteen healthy adult non-lactating, non-pregnant Holstein-Friesian cows were examined using B-mode and Doppler ultrasound between the right flank and 9th intercostal space to establish the best approach to the different parts of the portal and hepatic vein systems, and determine normal blood flow characteristics. The main portal vein was characterized by a turbulent, high-velocity flow due to the opposing confluence of the splenic and cranial mesenteric veins, while hepatic and caudal vena cava veins have laminar blood flow, in which the phasicity is considered mainly respiratory in origin. Reference values were determined in relation to the anatomical point of observation. In conclusion, transabdominal Doppler ultrasound of the portal system is a simple technique that allows non-invasive characterization of portal and hepatic blood haemodynamics in cows.
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Fernandes, Reinaldo, Klaus Steinbrück, Jan-Peter Périssé, Rodrigo Luz, Renato Cano, Fernanda Cruz-Nunes, Diego Garcia, et al. "Undifferentiated Embryonal Sarcoma of the Liver Involving All Major Hepatic Veins Treated by Left Extended Trisectionectomy." Case Reports in Surgery 2022 (May 30, 2022): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/9673901.
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Introduction. Over the past few years, liver surgery has been in constant evolution and gained many improvements that helped surgeons push limits further. A complex procedure such as left extended trisectionectomy, as described by Makuuchi in 1987, may be performed in selected cases. Aim. Describe a case of successful resection of a huge bilobar liver sarcoma involving all hepatic veins from a young female patient, in which the blood outflow was preserved through an inferior right hepatic vein, leaving only segment 6 as liver remnant. Case Report. A 19-year-old female with a 3-month history of abdominal pain, vomiting, and weight loss was referred for our evaluation. CT scan and MRI revealed a heterogeneous and bulky expansive hepatic lesion, sparing only segment 6, with an estimated volume of 530 cm3, corresponding to a 1.2 FLR/BW ratio. The tumor involved the three major hepatic veins, but an inferior right hepatic vein was present, draining the spared segment 6. She was submitted to a left trisectionectomy extended to the caudate lobe and segment 7, including resection of all hepatic veins and lymphadenectomy of the hepatic pedicle. She was discharged on the 7th postoperative day without complications. The histopathological and immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated an undifferentiated embryonal sarcoma of the liver. Conclusion. Inferior right hepatic vein-preserving left extended trisectionectomy is a safe and feasible procedure that should be performed by a hepatobiliary team experienced in major complex hepatectomies.
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Shapero, Kayle S., Qurat-Ul-Ain Jelani, and Carlos Mena. "Endovascular Treatment of Inferior Vena Cava Thrombosis in Metastatic Malignancy: A Case Report and Review of Literature." Vascular and Endovascular Surgery 53, no. 6 (June 19, 2019): 507–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1538574419857992.
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Inferior vena cava (IVC) thrombosis is a specific form of thromboembolism that occurs at a rate of 1.5% in all patients hospitalized with a deep vein thrombosis. Malignant IVC thrombosis may occur due to compression from a tumor mass or metastasis or may also occur through tumor invasion of the venous vasculature. Obstruction of the IVC can lead to IVC syndrome, marked by ascites, lower extremity edema, and even congestive hepatic failure. We present a case of extensive IVC thrombosis in a 69-year-old female with metastatic adrenal cell carcinoma, presenting with severe bilateral lower extremity edema and ascites. Computed tomography showed IVC compression by the caudate lobe due to a metastatic liver mass and extensive clot burden of the IVC extending from the renal veins to the right atrium (RA). She underwent percutaneous IVC stenting with 4 stents placed in tandem from the IVC to the RA. Her hospital course was complicated by gastrointestinal bleed requiring clipping, acute liver failure, and hypophysitis due to trial therapy. Although her IVC symptoms were partially relieved with percutaneous intervention, her acute liver failure worsened and she was ultimately transitioned to hospice care.
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Jaffe, MH, AM Grooters, BP Partington, AC Camus, and G. Hosgood. "Extensive venous thrombosis and hind-limb edema associated with adrenocortical carcinoma in a dog." Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association 35, no. 4 (July 1, 1999): 306–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.5326/15473317-35-4-306.
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A 10-year-old, spayed female, mixed-breed dog was referred for evaluation of bilateral hindlimb edema and weakness. Abdominal ultrasonography showed increased echogenicity of the lumen of the caudal vena cava from the level of the urinary bladder to the level of the cranial pole of the right kidney. Bilateral saphenous venograms displayed numerous filling defects in the caudal vena cava, right external iliac vein, right femoral vein, and the right common iliac vein. Extensive venous thrombosis was diagnosed, and the animal was euthanized. Necropsy confirmed the presence of venous thrombosis and revealed a right adrenocortical carcinoma that had invaded the caudal vena cava.
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Bacalbasa, Nicolae, Irina Balescu, Florin Ichim, Ion Barbu, Alexandru Ristea, Razvan Lazea, Ioana Danciuc, et al. "Major Hepatectomy En Bloc with Cava Vein Resection for Locally Invasive Caudate Lobe Hepatocarcinoma." Healthcare 9, no. 10 (October 19, 2021): 1396. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9101396.
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Background/Aim: Locally advanced liver tumours with vascular invasion have been considered for a long period of time as unresectable lesions, so the patient was further deferred to oncology services for palliation. However, improvement of the surgical techniques and the results reported so far came to demonstrate that extended hepatic and vascular resections might be safely performed in such cases and might significantly improve the long-term outcomes. Materials and Methods: A 61-year-old patient was diagnosed with a caudate lobe tumour invading the inferior cava vein and the right hepatic pedicle. Results: The patient was successfully submitted to surgery, and an extended right hepatectomy en bloc with cava vein resection was performed; the continuity of the cava vein was re-established by the placement of a synthetic graft. The postoperative outcome was uneventful. Conclusions: Although initially considered as a formal contraindication for resection, vascular invasion of the greater vessels should not preclude surgery if complete resection is achievable.
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Зиновьев, Сергей, Sergey Zinovev, Сергей Целуйко, Sergey Tseluyko, Сергей Селивёрстов, Sergey Seliverstov, Михаил Горбунов, and Mikhail Gorbunov. "STRESSING LUNG OF RATS AS AN EXPERIMENTAL MODEL OF PULMONARY HYPERTENSION AND HYPEREMIA." Bulletin physiology and pathology of respiration 1, no. 67 (March 6, 2018): 102–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/article_5a9f2dc7802aa6.48982296.
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A review of the literature is devoted to the peculiarities of the lung structure of white rats. Morphological features of rat lungs are an experimental model in the case of the study of the development of left ventricular pulmonary hypertension. Rats have the features of the lungs structure, which differ from the lungs of man. The construction of blood vessels of the rat lungs should be studied in the case of a stressor lung. Peculiarities of innervation of the pulmonary veins of rats in the root of the lung make the left lung of rats an object of study necessary for solving the problems of modern pulmonology, cardiology and morphology. In the anatomical study, the root of the diaphragmatic lobe is located in the caudal sulcus of the left lung. In studying the features of the sintopia and holotopia of the root and gates of the left lung of sexually mature rats, the structural apparatus of the caudal sulcus is discovered, which is located for more than 11-17 mm on the medial surface of the diaphragmatic lobe of the left lung. The structural apparatus consists of the left caudal pulmonary vein, furrows on the surface of the diaphragmatic lobe of the left lung, the adventitial shell of the caudal bronchus, the visceral pleura, the bronchial nerves and blood vessels, the encapsulated receptors. The presence of cardiomyocytes in the intrapulmonary veins in rats confirms the hypothesis of a rhythmic, valve-like action of the transverse striated muscle of the pulmonary venous wall during systole and a possible role in pulmonary circulation. Data obtained through experimental intervention indicate the valve-like effect of the striated muscle of the pulmonary venous wall.
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Giese, Alf, Peter A. Winkler, Christian Schichor, Sven Rainer Kantelhardt, Tobias Boeckh-Behrens, Joerg C. Tonn, and Veit Rohde. "A Transmedullary Approach to Occlusion of a Ventral Perimedullary Arteriovenous Fistula of the Thoracic Spinal Cord." Neurosurgery 66, no. 3 (March 1, 2010): 611–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1227/01.neu.0000365365.10977.48.
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Abstract OBJECTIVE A spinal perimedullary arteriovenous fistula (PMAVF) is a direct fistula of one or more spinal arteries into the perimedullary venous network with reversed venous flow and subsequent venous congestion of the spinal cord. The therapeutic goal of surgery is to normalize the venous drainage by obliterating the fistula. Strictly ventral lesions typically require an anterior approach to ensure adequate exposure of the fistula as well and the preservation of the physiological blood supply to the spinal cord. CLINICAL PRESENTATION We present a case of a ventral PMAVF at the level of T10 with feeders from the anterior spinal artery, caudally draining veins on the ventral spinal cord, and a dilated transmedullary vein filling cranially draining veins on the dorsal aspect of the spinal cord. TECHNIQUE The dilated transmedullary vein was approached by a laminectomy. The vein was coagulated, and the gliotic channel was used to approach the ventral fistula site from the dorsal surface of the spinal cord. Complete obliteration of the fistula was achieved, and the preoperative neurological deficit improved. CONCLUSION We conclude that transmedullarly draining veins offers a possible dorsal approach for the occlusion of some ventral PMAVFs, thus avoiding more complex anterior approaches to the ventral spinal cord.
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Akhaladze, D. G., P. M. Pavlushin, A. V. Gramzin, V. N. Tsyganok, D. Yu Kachanov, K. V. Gosteva, V. A. Tatarintsev, and I. A. Grekov. "Prosthetic replacement of the inferior vena cava and common iliac veins in a child with locally advanced Wilms tumor complicated by tumor thrombosis." Pediatric Hematology/Oncology and Immunopathology 22, no. 4 (December 20, 2023): 121–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.24287/1726-1708-2023-22-4-121-126.
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Tumor thrombosis of the inferior vena cava in children with nephroblastoma is a relatively rare complication that requires a multimodal approach to treatment and involves many specialists. This condition occurs in 10% of children with Wilms tumor but cases when a tumor thrombus extends to the orifices of the hepatic veins and more cranially, are much less common. In most patients, neoadjuvant chemotherapy can significantly reduce the size of a tumor thrombus, which may eliminate the need for revision surgery of the inferior vena cava. Due to the rarity of this clinical condition, the optimal surgical strategy for tumor thrombosis of the inferior vena cava in children has not been fully defined yet. Here, we present a clinical case of a child with locally advanced stage 4 Wilms tumor of the right kidney and tumor thrombosis of the inferior vena cava that extended mostly in the caudal direction, to the confluence of the iliac veins. The patient received 6 weeks of neoadjuvant therapy with AVD (actinomycin D, vincristine, doxorubicin) and underwent nephrectomy for local control, with prosthetic replacement of the terminal sections of the common iliac veins as well as of the inferior vena cava up to its subhepatic segment, and implantation of the left renal vein. In the early postoperative period, the child developed thrombosis of the prosthesis, without hemodynamically significant abnormalities. At the time of writing, the patient had been followed up for 12 months and was considered to be in remission. The patient’s parents gave their consent to the use of their child's data, including photographs, for research purposes and in publications.
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Tobias, Karen M. Swalec, and Thomas E. Besser. "Evaluation of leukocytosis, bacteremia, and portal vein partial oxygen tension in clinically normal dogs and dogs with portosystemic shunts." Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 211, no. 6 (September 15, 1997): 715–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/javma.1997.211.06.715.
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Objective To assees the relationship of WBC counts and partial oxygen tension in the portal vein and caudal vena cava with portal bacteremia, bacteria in the liver, and postoperative morbidity and mortality in dogs with portosystemic shunts. Design Prospective study. Animals 12 clinically normal dogs and 15 dogs with single congenital portosystemic shunts. Procedure Blood was collected from the portal vein and caudal vena cava for aerobic and anaerobic bacterial culture, WBC count, and measurement of partial oxygen tension. Samples of liver tissue, indwelling catheters, and fluids administered IV were also obtained for bacterial culture. Results Bacteria were cultured from samples obtained from the portal vein and caudal vena cava of 1 dog with a shunt and from the caudal vena cava of 1 clinically normal dog; neither dog had postoperative complications. In dogs with shunts and in clinically normal dogs, partial oxygen tension in the portal vein was significantly greater than that in the caudal vena cava. Postoperative complications were identified in 33% of dogs with shunts. Partial oxygen tensions of dogs with shunts with postoperative complications did not significantly differ from those of all dogs with shunts or dogs with shunts without complications. Significant differences in WBC counts were not found when comparing dogs with shunts with and without complications. Anaerobic bacteria were not cultured from the liver of any dog. Clinical Implications Leukocytosis, portal bacteremia, and portal hypoxemia were not notable findings in dogs with shunts and were not correlated with postoperative morbidity or mortality. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1997;211:715–718)
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Peters, A. R., and B. M. A. O. Perera. "Pulsatile secretion of oestradiol-17β in post-partum dairy cows." Animal Science 49, no. 3 (December 1989): 335–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003356100032542.
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ABSTRACTThirteen dairy cows between 7 and 20 days post partum were fitted with catheters in both the jugular vein and caudal vena cava, the latter with the tips anterior to the junction with the ovarian veins. Blood samples were taken from nine control cows from both sites at 15-min intervals for periods of between 8 and 16 h. Four more cows were sampled for 13 h and given 4 × 2·5 ug GnRH intravenously at 3-h intervals starting 1 h after sampling began. Plasma oestradiol-17(3 concentrations were significantly higher in the vena cava than in the jugular vein in the two cows in which they were compared. Twenty-eight LH pulses occurred in the nine control cows during the sampling periods. These were followed within 1 h by increases in caval oestradiol-17β concentrations in 26 cases. LH pulses occurred after 14 of the 16 GnRH injections and with one exception were associated with oestradiol pulses in the vena cava. Oestradiol concentrations generally peaked 15 to 45 min after each LH peak. It is concluded that ovarian follicles are responsive to LH pulses by releasing oestradiol pulses early in the post-partum period.
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Jallouli, A., H. Ouaya, M. Jarti, M. Aouroud, A. Ait Errami, S. Oubaha, Z. Samlani, and K. Krati. "Pyloric Stenosis Revealing Agenesis of the Retrohepatic Inferior Vena Cava: About A Rare Case." Scholars Journal of Medical Case Reports 10, no. 02 (February 15, 2022): 117–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.36347/sjmcr.2022.v10i02.017.
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Agenesis of the retrohepatic inferior vena cava (IVC) is a rare vascular malformation characterized by agenesis of the retrohepatic segment of the IVC and a dilated azygos vein draining venous blood from the caudal segments. Most patients are asymptomatic if the anomaly is isolated. Congenital heart diseases and asplenia or polysplenia syndromes have been reported in association with this entity. We report through this observation the case of agenesis of the retrohepatic inferior vena cava revealed by a pyloric stenosis.
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Simka, Marian, and Paweł Latacz. "Numerical modeling of blood flow in the internal jugular vein with the use of computational fluid mechanics software." Phlebology: The Journal of Venous Disease 36, no. 7 (February 20, 2021): 541–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0268355521996087.
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Objectives To determine the site and nature of altered hemodynamics in pathological internal jugular veins. Method With the use of computational fluid mechanics software we simulated blood flow in 3 D models of the internal jugular veins that exhibited different morphologies, including nozzle-like strictures in their upper parts and valves in the lower parts. Results In a majority of models with nozzle-like strictures, especially those positioned asymmetrically, abnormal flow pattern was revealed, with significant flow separation and regions with reversed flow. Abnormal valves had no significant impact on flow in a case of already altered flow evoked by stricture in upper part of the vein. Conclusions In our jugular model, cranially-located stenoses, which in clinical practice are primarily caused by external compression, cause more significant outflow impact respect to endoluminal defects and pathological valves located more caudally.
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Maria Ettorre, Giuseppe, Richard Douard, Valerio Corazza, Roberto Santoro, Giovanni Vennarecci, and Eugenio Santoro. "Anatomical Basis of Liver Hanging Maneuver: A Clinical and Anatomical in Vivo Study." American Surgeon 73, no. 11 (November 2007): 1193–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000313480707301124.
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Liver Hanging Maneuver (LHM) provides better exposure of the deeper section plane together with Inferior Vena Cava (IVC) protection during right hepatectomies without primary liver mobilization. This study assessed the feasibility and complication rates of LHM focusing on the anatomical distribution of the accessory hepatic veins in the retrohepatic portion of the IVC. From January 2002 to December 2005, LHM was planned in 49 consecutive major hepatectomies. The IVC retrohepatic portion was studied during the anhepatic phase in 17 liver transplantations with IVC preservation. The diameter and location of the vein openings were recorded after IVC division into nine portions. LHM was achieved in 47/49 patients (96%). Bleeding occurred in only one patient (2%) and did not entail procedure interruption. The anatomical study revealed a total of 86 veins present in 17 cases (5.18 ± 4 per patient) and classified them according to diameter (<3, 3 to 6, and >6 mm), as small (n = 40), medium (n = 29), and large (n = 17), respectively. Nine openings were found in the avascular channel for 6/17 (35%) patients (small n = 6, medium n = 3, large n = 0). LHM is a highly feasible procedure with minor bleeding risks due to the lower density and small diameter of short hepatic veins and caudate veins present in the avascular channel.
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Stocco, Anieli Vidal, Carlos Augusto dos Santos-Sousa, Paulo Souza-Junior, Karen Toledo, and Marcelo Abidu-Figueiredo. "Duplicity of caudal vena cava and renal veins in a Brazilian shorthaired cat - a case report." Veterinarski arhiv 89, no. 2 (April 15, 2019): 257–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.24099/vet.arhiv.0140.
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Thissen, Andrea K., Daniel Porres, David J. K. P. Pfister, Charlotte Piper, and Axel Heidenreich. "Vascular anomalies in patients undergoing retroperitoneal lymph node dissection." Journal of Clinical Oncology 32, no. 4_suppl (February 1, 2014): 382. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2014.32.4_suppl.382.
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382 Background: Anomalies of the renal vessels usually are clinically silent and might depicted during CT scanning of the abdomen for staging purposes of urological malignancies. Awareness of these rare anomalies is crucial especially in patients undergoing staging for germ cell tumors in order to avoid overstaging and unnecessary therapy. We report on the incidence of renal vessel anomalies in an unselected group of patients undergoing retroperitoneal lymph node dissection (RPLND) for testis cancer. Methods: 245 patients with testicular germ cell tumors underwent primary or secondary RPLND following inductive chemotherapy. Prior to RPLND, all patients underwent abdominal staging by CT scans or by MRI in selected cases. CT scans were reviewed with regard to the detection of vascular anomalies of the vena cava inf., renal veins, renal arteries, and iliac vessels. CT findings were correlated with intraoperative findings. Results: Overall, vascular anomalies were encountered in 39 patients (15.9%): retroaortic left renal vein in 10 (4.1%), circumaortic left renal vein in two (0.8%), reduplication of the common iliac vein in one (0.4%), accessory renal arteries in 14 (5.7%), thrombosis of the inferior vena cava in 12 (4.9%) patients with IIC disease. Anomalies of the renal vein were detected in 10 out of 12 (83%), in two cases venous anomalies were falsely diagnosed as lymph node disease in stage I NSGCT. All arterial anomalies were identified preoperatively. CT scan identified caval thrombosis in only eight cases (68%), four cases were identified by an additional MRI of the abdomen. Conclusions: Vascular anomalies are frequently encountered in patients with RPLND for testis cancer and have to be acknowledged during surgery even with negative imaging studies. Retroaortic renal veins represent a potential pitfall of CT imaging resulting in unnecessary therapy; it should be considered in pts with CT suspicious lymph nodes caudal to the renal hilus. IVC thrombosis is associated with advanced disease and is best diagnosed by MRI of the abdomen.
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Braun, Ueli, and David Gerber. "Influence of age, breed, and stage of pregnancy on hepatic ultrasonographic findings in cows." American Journal of Veterinary Research 55, no. 9 (September 1, 1994): 1201–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.1994.55.09.1201.
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Summary Influence of age, breed, and stage of pregnancy on hepatic ultrasonographic findings of cows was determined. In addition, the relation between body weight, height at the withers, milk production, and the measurements determined via ultrasonography was investigated. The liver of 186 cows was examined ultrasonographically. The cows comprised Swiss Braunvieh, Simmental, and Holstein breeds, and age ranged from 2.5 to 11.5 years. The ultrasonographic findings of the liver, gallbladder, caudal vena cava, and portal vein were described, and the position, size, thickness, and distal angle of the liver were determined. In addition, the position and diameter of the caudal vena cava and portal vein were determined. There was no significant difference between any of the variables determined and breed or age. Therefore, measurements for the 3 breeds and for the various ages were summarized into 1 group. There were significant correlations between body weight, milk production, and size and thickness of the liver. In 3 pregnant cows, the liver was examined ultrasonographically 8 times during the course of pregnancy. Positive correlation was detected between stage of pregnancy and diameter of the caudal vena cava. There was a negative correlation between stage of pregnancy and diameter of the portal vein. In 23 cows, the ultrasonographically determined measurements of the liver were compared with those determined at slaughter. Weight of the liver correlated well to thickness of the liver determined via ultrasonography.
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Arnold, P., L. K. von Segesser, and P. M. Montavon. "Chronic peritoneal effusion secondary to partial caudal vena cava obstruction following traumatic pneumothorax in a dog." Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology 20, no. 04 (2007): 340–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1160/vcot-06-12-0094.
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SummaryA three-year old, female Boxer Dog was treated initially with thoracocentesis for a right-sided pneumothorax. The dog was re-evaluated after three weeks because of an enlargement of the abdomen. A positive venogram revealed a ventral displacement of the caudal vena cava between the diaphragm and the heart, with a severe reduction of the diameter of the vein. An exploratory thoracotomy showed a displaced accessory lung lobe with an adhesion to the parietal pleura. Inflation of this lung lobe created a dynamic obstruction of the caudal vena cava, which resulted in ascites. Surgery offered successful treatment.
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Braun, Ueli, and Karin Hausammann. "Ultrasonographic examination of the liver in sheep." American Journal of Veterinary Research 53, no. 2 (February 1, 1992): 198–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.1992.53.02.198.
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Summary The purpose of the study reported here was to get detailed information about the normal size and texture of the liver in sheep by means of ultrasonographic examinations. Structure, location, and shape of the liver, gallbladder, portal vein, and caudal vena cava were examined ultrasonographically in 100 sheep. Furthermore, 10 sheep were scanned 10 times within 2 weeks to determine reproducibility of findings. Examinations were performed on the right side of the abdomen in the seventh through twelfth intercostal spaces. In each intercostal space, the dimensions of the liver, and, if visible, the location and diameter of the caudal vena cava and portal vein were determined. The angle of the liver, and location and size of the gallbladder also were determined. Ultrasonographic measurements of liver size and location in healthy sheep can be used as references for changes in liver size attributable to illness.
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Katkar, A. S., Anderson H. Kuo, S. Calle, K. Gangadhar, and K. Chintapalli. "Budd-Chiari Syndrome Caused by TIPS Malposition: A Case Report." Case Reports in Medicine 2014 (2014): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/267913.
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Budd-Chiari syndrome refers to hepatic pathology secondary to diminished venous outflow, most commonly associated with venothrombotic disease. Clinically, patients with Budd-Chiari present with hepatomegaly, ascites, abdominal distension, and pain. On imaging, Budd-Chiari syndrome is hallmarked by occluded IVC and or hepatic veins, caudate lobe enlargement, heterogeneous liver enhancement, intrahepatic collaterals, and hypervascular nodules. Etiopathological factors for Budd-Chiari syndrome include several systemic thrombotic and nonthrombotic conditions that can cause venous outflow obstruction at hepatic veins and/or IVC. While the transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) is used as a treatment option for Budd-Chiari syndrome, Budd-Chiari syndrome is not a well-known complication of TIPS procedure. We report a case of Budd-Chiari syndrome that occurred in a transplanted cirrhotic liver from malpositioned proximal portion of the TIPS in IVC causing occlusion of the ostia of hepatic veins which was subsequently diagnosed on contrast-enhanced CT.
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Sousa, Domingos, Sergio Antunes Silva, Catarina Jorge, Rita Martins Fernandes, Ana Isabel Rodrigues, Margarida Viana Coelho, Joana Filipa Guimarães, et al. "Case Report: A case of PAI-1 4G/5G heterozygosity causing Budd-Chiari Syndrome." F1000Research 8 (September 2, 2019): 1568. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.20170.1.
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Budd-Chiari syndrome (BCS) is a hepatic venous outflow obstruction. A 36-year old Caucasian female was admitted with symptomatic hypoglycaemia. Lab tests revealed mild leucocytosis, thrombocytopenia and hepatic cytolysis. The abdominal ultrasound showed mild hepatomegaly due to hypertrophy of the left and caudate lobes, no blood flow on the right and medium hepatic veins and multiple intra-hepatic collateral vessels. Upper endoscopy showed grade I varicose veins. Further studies ruled out common prothrombotic disorders but identified an inherited thrombophilia: a plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1) 4G/5G heterozygous polymorphism. On presentation, this patient had signs of cirrhosis and secondary portal hypertension from imaging results at the time of diagnosis but no symptoms. Four years after the diagnosis the patient continues asymptomatic, which is very unusual. This patient's outcome will be favourable as long as their cirrhosis is compensated by the collateral vessels' permeability. Our case highlights a new association between primary BCS secondary to a prothrombotic inherit mutation: the PAI-1 4G/5G polymorphism.
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Sousa, Domingos, Sergio Antunes Silva, Catarina Jorge, Rita Martins Fernandes, Ana Isabel Rodrigues, Margarida Viana Coelho, Joana Filipa Guimarães, et al. "Case Report: A case of PAI-1 4G/5G heterozygosity causing Budd-Chiari Syndrome." F1000Research 8 (January 16, 2020): 1568. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.20170.2.
Full textAbstract:
Budd-Chiari syndrome (BCS) is a hepatic venous outflow obstruction. A 36-year-old caucasian female was admitted with symptomatic hypoglycaemia. Lab tests revealed mild leucocytosis, thrombocytopenia and hepatic cytolysis. The abdominal ultrasound showed mild hepatomegaly due to hypertrophy of the left and caudate lobes, no blood flow on the right and medium hepatic veins and multiple intra-hepatic collateral vessels. Upper endoscopy showed grade I varicose veins. Further studies ruled out common prothrombotic disorders but identified an inherited thrombophilia: a plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1) 4G/5G heterozygous polymorphism. On presentation, this patient had signs of cirrhosis and secondary portal hypertension from imaging results at the time of diagnosis but no symptoms. Four years after the diagnosis the patient continues asymptomatic, which is very unusual. This patient's outcome will be favourable as long as the cirrhosis is compensated by the collateral vessels' permeability. Our case highlights a new association between primary BCS secondary to a prothrombotic inherited mutation: the PAI-1 4G/5G polymorphism.
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Imai, Daisuke, Kenei Furukawa, Hiroaki Shiba, Shigeki Wakiyama, Takeshi Gocho, and Katsuhiko Yanaga. "Balloon Venoplasty for Liver Failure Due to Stenosis of the Left Hepatic Vein After Right Tri-Segmentectomy." International Surgery 98, no. 2 (May 1, 2013): 160–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.9738/intsurg-d-12-00032.1.
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Abstract A 41-year-old male patient with hepatitis B underwent right tri-segmentectomy and total caudate lobectomy for a huge hepatocellular carcinoma associated with complete occlusion of the inferior vena cava with thrombosis of the infrahepatic inferior vena cava due to tumor compression. Five months later, he was readmitted for ascites and hyperbilirubinemia. Venography revealed stenosis and tortuosity of the left hepatic vein and the inferior vena cava, for which balloon angioplasty of the left hepatic vein and the inferior vena cava was performed using an 8-mm and 10-mm balloon, respectively. The left hepatic venous pressure decreased from 65 mmHg to 25 mmHg after dilatation. The patient made a satisfactory recovery thereafter and remains well with normal liver functions and without ascites. Balloon angioplasty may be useful for liver failure due to hepatic vein stenosis after hepatic resection.
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LeGrange, SN, TW Fossum, T. Lemire, RW Storts, and JS Thomas. "Thrombosis of the caudal vena cava presenting as an unusual cause of an abdominal mass and thrombocytopenia in a dog." Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association 36, no. 2 (March 1, 2000): 143–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5326/15473317-36-2-143.
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Thrombosis of the caudal vena cava in a dog secondary to metastatic neoplasia is described. The dog had a palpable abdominal mass and persistent thrombocytopenia due to a thrombosed caudal vena cava that was surgically removed. A few days after its removal, the dog died and neoplastic cells of neural crest origin were identified at the edge of the thrombus. Massive thrombosis can be an unusual cause of platelet consumption, leading to thrombocytopenia and disseminated intravascular coagulation. Deep vein thrombosis of the vena cava can occur in dogs and may mimic an abdominal mass. Multiple mechanisms may be involved in the development of venous thrombosis, including endothelial damage by neoplastic cells and the presence of a hypercoagulable state secondary to neoplasia. Extensive collateral circulation may allow removal of diseased vena cava.
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Macintire, DK, RH Henderson, C. Banfield, and RP Kwapien. "Budd-Chiari syndrome in a kitten, caused by membranous obstruction of the caudal vena cava." Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association 31, no. 6 (November 1, 1995): 484–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.5326/15473317-31-6-484.
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An eight-month-old, male domestic shorthair kitten developed progressive abdominal distension over a six-week period. Abdominocentesis revealed a fluid with high protein (3.8 g/dl) and moderate cellularity. Infectious, cardiovascular, and neoplastic causes of posthepatic obstruction were ruled out. Partial obstruction and stenosis of the caudal vena cava (CVC) at the level of the diaphragm were detected on a contrast venogram. Exploratory surgery revealed a fibrous, web-like membrane at the site of obstruction. Resection of the stenotic segment of the CVC was not possible because of the junction of the left hepatic veins and CVC just caudal to the lesion. A 3 by 6-mm, oval Dacron patch graft was sutured into the venotomy site. Postoperative complications included fever and leukocytosis, eosinophilic pleural effusion, and transient congestive heart failure associated with volume overload. The cat is normal 16 months after surgery, with no recurrence of ascites. This is the first reported case of Budd-Chiari syndrome (BCS) in a domestic kitten. Documented herein is the first successful treatment of BCS in a small animal using a vascular, prosthetic patch graft.
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Labbi, Ismail, Tarik Anis, Achraf Abaghrous, Khalid Ait Taleb, and Ouadii Mouaqit. "Left Pancreatectomy with Preservation of the Spleen: A Case Report." Scholars Journal of Medical Case Reports 12, no. 04 (April 16, 2024): 464–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.36347/sjmcr.2024.v12i04.021.
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Left pancreatectomies are, among pancreatic resections, the simplest and best-tolerated. Their main short and long term complications are pancreatic fistula and diabetes, respectively. If the indication for pancreatectomy is a presumably benign lesion, splenic conservation is the general rule to avoid post-splenectomy infectious complications. There are two alternative techniques; sparing of the splenic artery and vein (Kimua procedur), or splenic preservation with sacrifice of the splenic artery and vein (Warshaw procedure) [1]. We report the case of a 41-year-old patient, admitted to our department for the management of a cystic lesion located at the tail of the pancreas, the patient underwent a caudal pancreatectomy with preservation of the spleen by laparotomy.
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Stekolnikov, A. A., and A. E. Gladysheva. "Closing a longitudinal defect on a caudal hollow vein by using the technique for connecting paravasal tissues with adventitia of parallel going artery." International bulletin of Veterinary Medicine 1 (2020): 148–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.17238/issn2072-2419.2020.1.148.
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This article describes the use of the tech-nique for connection of paravasal tissues with adventitia of a parallel-going artery to close a longitudinal defect up to 2 millime-ters long in the caudal vena cava. The study was conducted on 6 male white rats. The goal of our work was to evaluate the effec-tiveness of haemostasis by using the method of connecting paravasal tissues of the caudal vena cava with adventitia of a parallel-running artery. All surgical interventions were performed under general anesthesia, in compliance with the rules of aseptics and antiseptics. A vessel defect was created by dissecting its paravasal tissue and the vein wall in the longitudinal direction with the tip of a 21G injection needle, then it was removed by connecting the paravasal tissue of the caudal vena cava and the aorta adventitia. For this, 2 sutures were applied by using Nylon USP 9-0 with a pricking atraumatic needle. The time taken to close the defect and the effec-tiveness of haemostasis were evaluated. As a result of the studies, we came to the follow-ing conclusions: the average time taken to close the defect was 3.3 ± 0.34 minutes. Un-like the classical method, we do not waste time isolating the vessel from surrounding tissues and the parallel artery, and also the suture is not placed through all layers of the vessel, causing a traumatic effect on the inti-ma. This technique is effective for haemo-stasis, in five out of six cases, the blood stopped 4 minutes after the closure of the defect on the vessel. And in one of six cases, blood stopped 6 minutes after the closure of the defect.
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Sattur, Mithun G., Karl R. Abi-Aad, Alexandra E. Richards, Brian W. Chong, Matthew E. Welz, Fucheng Tian, and Bernard R. Bendok. "Microsurgical Treatment of Foramen Magnum Cognard Type V Dural Arteriovenous Fistula: 2-Dimensional Operative Video." Operative Neurosurgery 17, no. 5 (March 28, 2019): E203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ons/opz030.
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Abstract Cognard type V dural fistulas represent a rare and unique entity, and present clinically with myelopathy. They are frequently located around the foramen magnum and are most commonly fed by dural branches of the vertebral and external carotid artery. Detection requires meticulous angiography to define the angioarchitecture of the fistula, which in turn defines the treatment modality. We present the case of a 63 yr old woman, after informed consent was obtained, with prolonged, severe and progressive lower extremity myelopathy for 6 yr, with T2-weighted signal changes in the thoracic spinal cord on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Cervical MRI was unremarkable. Following computed tomography (CT), angiography of the spinal canal that revealed tortuous and dilated veins on the thoracic spinal cord surface, catheter angiography was performed. This demonstrated a fistula in relation to a dural branch of left vertebral artery with a characteristic single draining vein coursing caudally to the thoracic level, with delayed outflow suggestive of venous hypertension. Given the fact that the dural feeder was tortuous and relatively small, thus, precluding distal microcatheter access, and with presence of a single accessible draining vein, microsurgical treatment was preferred. Following a midline suboccipital craniotomy in prone position, a limited vertical dural opening was performed. Careful microsurgical arachnoid dissection revealed the arterialized draining vein with the aid of Indocyanine Green angiography. The draining vein was clipped, coagulated, and disconnected. Postoperative recovery was uneventful and the patient is undergoing rehabilitation therapy. Follow-up angiography showed complete elimination of the fistula. Salient teaching points are narrated at conclusion.